Publications

nudc is required for plk1 targeting to the kinetochore and chromosome congression.	the equal distribution of chromosomes during mitosis is critical for maintaining the integrity of the genome. essential to this process are the capture of spindle microtubules by kinetochores and the congression of chromosomes to the metaphase plate . polo-like kinase 1 (plk1) is a mitotic kinase that has been implicated in microtubule-kinetochore attachment, tension generation at kinetochores, tension-responsive signal transduction, and chromosome congression . the tension-sensitive substrates ...	2006	16860740
arugosins g and h: prenylated polyketides from the marine-derived fungus emericellanidulans var. acristata.	the fungus emericella nidulans var. acristata was isolated as an endophyte from a mediterranean green alga. cultivation of this fungus yielded two new compounds, arugosins g (1) and h (2), together with the known metabolites 3-9. arugosins (1-4) are benzophenone derivatives, biosynthetically related to the xanthones 5, 6, and 9. the indole alkaloid 7 displayed antitumor activity in a panel of 36 human tumor cell lines, exhibiting a mean ic(50) value of 5.5 microg/ml in an in vitro survival and p ...	2006	16872131
parasexuality in asexual development mutants of aspergillus nidulans.	the parasexual cycle with parameiosis has been characterized previously by the occurrence of genetic recombination and haploidization inside heterokaryotic hyphae prior to conidial formation. the aim of current research was to characterize, through genetic and cytological analyses, an asexual development mutant strain of a. nidulans and to use it to obtain parameiotic segregants. analyses showed the medusa phenotype of the b84 strain, whose mutant allele was mapped in the chromosome i. the heter ...	2006	16874405
generation and analysis of expressed sequence tags from botrytis cinerea.	botrytis cinerea is a filamentous plant pathogen of a wide range of plant species, and its infection may cause enormous damage both during plant growth and in the post-harvest phase. we have constructed a cdna library from an isolate of b. cinerea and have sequenced 11,482 expressed sequence tags that were assembled into 1,003 contigs sequences and 3,032 singletons. approximately 81% of the unigenes showed significant similarity to genes coding for proteins with known functions: more than 50% of ...	2006	16874411
nmr metabolic profiling of aspergillus nidulans to monitor drug and protein activity.	we describe a general protocol for using comparative nmr metabolomics data to infer in vivo efficacy, specificity and toxicity of chemical leads within a drug discovery program. the methodology is demonstrated using aspergillus nidulans to monitor the activity of urate oxidase and orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase and the impact of 8-azaxanthine, an inhibitor of urate oxidase. 8-azaxanthine is shown to inhibit a. nidulans hyphal growth by in vivo inactivation of urate oxidase.	2006	16889413
fungal surface remodelling visualized by atomic force microscopy.	most fungal growth is localized to the tips of hyphae, however, early stages of spore germination and the growth of certain morphological mutant strains exhibit non-polarized expansion. we used atomic force microscopy (afm) to document changes in aspergillus nidulans wall surfaces during non-polarized growth: spore germination, and growth in a strain containing the hypa1 temperature sensitive morphogenesis defect. we compared wall surface structures of both wild-type and mutant a. nidulans follo ...	2006	16891105
fungal metabolic model for tyrosinemia type 3: molecular characterization of a gene encoding a 4-hydroxy-phenyl pyruvate dioxygenase from aspergillus nidulans.	mutations in the human hpd gene (encoding 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid dioxygenase) cause hereditary tyrosinemia type 3 (ht3). we deleted the aspergillus nidulans homologue (hpda). we showed that the mutant strain is not able to grow in the presence of phenylalanine and that it accumulates increased concentrations of tyrosine and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, mimicking the human ht3 phenotype.	2006	16896227
cloning, sequence analysis and heterologous expression of the myrothecium gramineum orotidine-5'-monophosphate decarboxylase gene.	a 2918 bp sequence coding for the orotidine-5'-monophosphate decarboxylase enzyme (ompd) was isolated from the genome of myrothecium gramineum. this sequence was analysed and, remarkably, it is the first ompd gene of a sordariomycete that has an intron. the gene codes for an enzyme of 282 amino acids. the nucleotide sequence and the amino acid sequence were compared with fungal ompd sequences. they show the highest similarity to ompd genes and enzymes of aspergillus sp., penicillium sp. and clad ...	2006	16907730
aspergillus genomes: secret sex and the secrets of sex.	the genomic sequences of three species of aspergillus, including the model organism a. nidulans (which is homothallic: having no differentiated mating types, a strain being able to cross with itself), suggest that a. fumigatus and a. oryzae, considered to be asexual, might in fact be heterothallic (having two differentiated mating types, a strain being able to cross only with strains of opposite mating type). the genomic data have implications for the understanding of the evolution and the mecha ...	2006	16911845
comparative kinetic analysis of azga and fcy21p, prototypes of the two major fungal hypoxanthine-adenine-guanine transporter families.	in fungi, uptake of salvageable purines is carried out by members of two evolutionarily distinct protein families, the purine-related transporters (prt/ncs1) and the azga-like transporters. we carried out a comparative kinetic analysis of two prototypes of these transporter families. the first was fcy21p, a herein characterized protein of candida albicans, and the second was azga, a transporter of aspergillus nidulans. our results showed that: (i) azga and fcy21p are equally efficient high-affin ...	2006	16923723
the first transmembrane segment (tms1) of uapa contains determinants necessary for expression in the plasma membrane and purine transport.	uapa, a member of the nat/ncs2 family, is a high affinity, high capacity, uric acid-xanthine/h+ symporter in aspergillus nidulans. determinants critical for substrate binding and transport lie in a highly conserved signature motif downstream from tms8 and within tms12. here we examine the role of tms1 in uapa biogenesis and function. first, using a mutational analysis, we studied the role of a short motif (q85h86), conserved in all nats. q85 mutants were cryosensitive, decreasing (q85l, q85n, q8 ...	2006	16923727
investigation of the functional properties and regulation of three glutamine synthetase-like genes in streptomyces coelicolor a3(2).	streptomyces coelicolor a3(2) has three additional glna-type genes besides the glutamine synthetase genes glna (encoding gsi) and glnii (encoding gsii). the aim of this work was to characterize their functional properties and regulation. sequence analyses revealed that glna2, glna3, and glna4 are dissimilar to s. coelicolor gsi and lack highly conserved amino acid residues involved in catalysis. in heterologous expression experiments, glna2, glna3, and glna4, in contrast to glna and glnii, were ...	2006	16932908
a caps test allowing a rapid distinction of penicillium expansum among fungal species collected on grape berries, inferred from the sequence and secondary structure of the mitochondrial ssu-rrna.	penicillium expansum is a fungal species highly damageable for the postharvest conservation of numerous fruits. in vineyards, this fungus is sometimes isolated from grape berries where its presence may lead to the production of geosmin, a powerful earthy odorant, which can impair grapes and wines aromas. however, the discrimination of p. expansum from related fungi is difficult because it is based on ambiguous phenotypic characters and/or expensive and time-consuming molecular tests. in this con ...	2006	16935376
plant growth-promoting methylobacterium induces defense responses in groundnut (arachis hypogaea l.) compared with rot pathogens.	this study, framed in two different phases, studied the plant-growth promotion and the induction of systemic resistance in groundnut by methylobacterium. seed imbibition with methylobacterium sp. increased germination by 19.5% compared with controls. combined inoculation of methylobacterium sp. with rhizobium sp. also significantly increased plant growth, nodulation, and yield attributes in groundnut compared with individual inoculation of rhizobium sp. methylobacterium sp. challenge-inoculated ...	2006	16941245
posaconazole for treatment of refractory invasive fungal disease.	invasive fungal infections are usually associated with immunocompromised states about 40-60% of these patients are refractory to standard antifungal therapy we describe the effect of posaconazole in the treatment of a 12 years-old girl with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus with life-threatening cerebral mucor mycosis and a 4 year old girl boy with chronic granulomatous disease presenting with invasive aspergillus nidulans infection.	2006	16961581
phylogenomic analysis of non-ribosomal peptide synthetases in the genus aspergillus.	fungi from the genus aspergillus are important saprophytes and opportunistic human fungal pathogens that contribute in these and other diverse ways to human well-being. part of their impact on human well-being stems from the production of small molecular weight secondary metabolites, which may contribute to the ability of these fungi to cause invasive fungal infections and allergic diseases. in this study, we identified one group of enzymes responsible for secondary metabolite production in five ...	2006	16962256
nonsense-mediated mrna decay mutation in aspergillus nidulans.	an aspergillus nidulans mutation, designated nmda1, has been selected as a partial suppressor of a frameshift mutation and shown to truncate the homologue of the saccharomyces cerevisiae nonsense-mediated mrna decay (nmd) surveillance component nmd2p/upf2p. nmda1 elevates steady-state levels of premature termination codon-containing transcripts, as demonstrated using mutations in genes encoding xanthine dehydrogenase (hxa), urate oxidase (uaz), the transcription factor mediating regulation of ge ...	2006	16963627
evidence for novel ph-dependent regulation of candida albicans rim101, a direct transcriptional repressor of the cell wall beta-glycosidase phr2.	candida albicans is a commensal fungus of mucosal surfaces that can cause disease in susceptible hosts. one aspect of the success of c. albicans as both a commensal and a pathogen is its ability to adapt to diverse environmental conditions, including dramatic variations in environmental ph. the response to a neutral-to-alkaline ph change is controlled by the rim101 signal transduction pathway. in neutral-to-alkaline environments, the zinc finger transcription factor rim101 is activated by the pr ...	2006	16963637
secondary metabolic gene cluster silencing in aspergillus nidulans.	in contrast to most primary metabolism genes, the genes involved in secondary metabolism and certain nutrient utilization pathways are clustered in fungi. recently a nuclear protein, laea, was found to be required for the transcription of several secondary metabolite gene clusters in aspergillus nidulans. here we show that laea regulation does not extend to nutrient utilization or the spoc1 sporulation clusters. one of the secondary metabolite clusters regulated by laea contains the positive reg ...	2006	16968230
developmental regulation of the glyoxylate cycle in the human pathogen penicillium marneffei.	penicillium marneffei is a thermally dimorphic opportunistic human pathogen with a saprophytic filamentous hyphal form at 25 degrees c and a pathogenic unicellular yeast form at 37 degrees c. during infection. p. marneffei yeast cells exist intracellularly in macrophages. to cope with nutrient deprivation during the infection process, a number of pathogens employ the glyoxylate cycle to utilize fatty acids as carbon sources. the genes which constitute this pathway have been implicated in pathoge ...	2006	17427290
differential expression of genes involved in iron metabolism in aspergillus fumigatus.	the ability of fungi to survive in many environments is linked to their capacity to acquire essential nutrients. iron is generally complexed and available in very limited amounts. like bacteria, fungi have evolved highly specific systems for iron acquisition. production and uptake of iron-chelating siderophores has been shown to be important for certain human bacterial pathogens, as well as in fungal pathogens such as cryptococcus neoformans and fusarium graminearum. this system also enables the ...	2006	17236162
effects of mutations in the ganb/rgsa g protein mediated signalling on the autolysis of aspergillus nidulans.	physiological changes taking place in carbon-starved, autolysing cultures of aspergillus (emericella) nidulans strains with mutations in the ganb/rgsa heterotrimeric g protein signalling pathway were studied and compared. deletion of the ganb, rgsa or both genes did not alter markedly either the autolytic loss of biomass or the extracellular chitinase production. however, they caused a significant decrease in the proteinase formation, which was detected by measuring both extracellular enzyme act ...	2006	17139616
identification of a novel gene, ure2, that functionally complements a urease-negative clinical strain of cryptococcus neoformans.	a urease-negative serotype a strain of cryptococcus neoformans (b-4587) was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of an immunocompetent patient with a central nervous system infection. the ure1 gene encoding urease failed to complement the mutant phenotype. urease-positive clones of b-4587 obtained by complementing with a genomic library of strain h99 harboured an episomal plasmid containing dna inserts with homology to the suda gene of aspergillus nidulans. the gene harboured by these plasmids ...	2006	17159224
fvve1 regulates filamentous growth, the ratio of microconidia to macroconidia and cell wall formation in fusarium verticillioides.	the velvet gene, vea, co-ordinates asexual and sexual development in the homothallic fungal species aspergillus nidulans. studies in aspergillus parasiticus and aspergillus fumigatus demonstrated that vea also regulates morphological differentiation in these species. whether vea has the same role in morphogenesis in other fungal genera has not been investigated. in this work, we studied the role of the vea homologue, fvve1, in the heterothallic fungus fusarium verticillioides. deletion of fvve1 ...	2006	17054442
regulatory genes controlling fatty acid catabolism and peroxisomal functions in the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans.	the catabolism of fatty acids is important in the lifestyle of many fungi, including plant and animal pathogens. this has been investigated in aspergillus nidulans, which can grow on acetate and fatty acids as sources of carbon, resulting in the production of acetyl coenzyme a (coa). acetyl-coa is metabolized via the glyoxalate bypass, located in peroxisomes, enabling gluconeogenesis. acetate induction of enzymes specific for acetate utilization as well as glyoxalate bypass enzymes is via the zn ...	2006	16682457
identification and analysis of essential aspergillus nidulans genes using the heterokaryon rescue technique.	in the heterokaryon rescue technique, gene deletions are carried out using the pyrg nutritional marker to replace the coding region of target genes via homologous recombination in aspergillus nidulans. if an essential gene is deleted, the null allele is maintained in spontaneously generated heterokaryons that consist of two genetically distinct types of nuclei. one nuclear type has the essential gene deleted but has a functional pyrg allele (pyrg+). the other has the wild-type allele of the esse ...	2006	17406500
fusion pcr and gene targeting in aspergillus nidulans.	we describe a rapid method for the production of fusion pcr products that can be used, generally without band purification, to transform aspergillus nidulans. this technique can be used to replace genes; tag genes with fluorescent moeties or epitope tags; or replace endogenous promoters with regulatable promoters, by introducing an appropriate selective cassette (e.g., fluorescent protein + selectable marker). the relevant genomic fragments and cassette are first amplified separately by pcr usin ...	2006	17406574
a defect in nir1, a nira-like transcription factor, confers morphological abnormalities and loss of pathogenicity in colletotrichum acutatum.	summary a non-pathogenic mutant of colletotrichum acutatum, designated ca5, exhibited epiphytic hyphal growth and did not cause lesions on strawberry plants but grew necrotrophically when inoculated directly onto wounded stolons. in the absence of an external nitrogen source, the mutant exhibited extended germ-tube growth prior to appressorium formation. the deduced product of the impaired gene (nir1) is similar to nira, an aspergillus nidulans transcriptional regulator of nitrogen metabolism. i ...	2006	20507451
in vitro activation, purification, and characterization of escherichia coli expressed aryl-alcohol oxidase, a unique h2o2-producing enzyme.	aryl-alcohol oxidase (aao), a flavoenzyme with unique spectral and catalytic properties that provides h2o2 for fungal degradation of lignin, has been successfully activated in vitro after escherichia coli expression. the recombinant aao (aao) protein was recovered from inclusion bodies of e. coli w3110 transformed with pflag1 containing the aao cdna from pleurotus eryngii. optimization of in vitro refolding yielded 75% active enzyme after incubation of aao protein (10 microg/ml) for 80 h (at 1 ...	2006	16039872
structure-activity relationships and enzyme inhibition of pantothenamide-type pantothenate kinase inhibitors.	a set of novel pantothenamide-type analogues of the known staphylococcus aureus pantothenate kinase (sapank) inhibitors, n-pentyl, and n-heptylpantothenamide, was synthesized in three series. the first series of analogues (1-3) were designed as molecular probes of the pank binding site to elucidate important structure-activity relationships (sar). the second series of analogues (4-16) were designed using structural information obtained from the escherichia coli pank (ecpank) structure by targeti ...	2006	16213731
efficient pcr-based gene targeting with a recyclable marker for aspergillus nidulans.	the rapid accumulation of genomic sequences from a large number of eukaryotes, including numerous filamentous fungi, has created a tremendous scientific potential, which can only be realized if precise site-directed genome modifications, like gene deletions, promoter replacements, in-frame gfp fusions and specific point mutations can be made rapidly and reliably. the development of gene-targeting techniques in filamentous fungi and other higher eukaryotes has been hampered because foreign dna is ...	2006	16289954
g protein-coupled receptor gpr4 senses amino acids and activates the camp-pka pathway in cryptococcus neoformans.	the galpha protein gpa1 governs the camp-pka signaling pathway and plays a central role in virulence and differentiation in the human fungal pathogen cryptococcus neoformans, but the signals and receptors that trigger this pathway were unknown. we identified seven putative proteins that share identity with known g protein-coupled receptors (gpcrs). one protein, gpr4, shares limited sequence identity with the dictyostelium discoideum camp receptor car1 and the aspergillus nidulans gpcr protein gp ...	2006	16291861
visualization of the endocytic pathway in the filamentous fungus aspergillus oryzae using an egfp-fused plasma membrane protein.	endocytosis is an important process for cellular activities. however, in filamentous fungi, the existence of endocytosis has been so far elusive. in this study, we used aouapc-egfp, the fusion protein of a putative uric acid-xanthine permease with enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) in aspergillus oryzae, to examine whether the endocytic process occurs or not. upon the addition of ammonium into the medium the fusion protein was internalized from the plasma membrane. the internalization of ...	2006	16380079
flug-dependent asexual development in aspergillus nidulans occurs via derepression.	the asexual spore is one of the most crucial factors contributing to the fecundity and fitness of filamentous fungi. although the developmental activator flug was shown to be necessary for activation of asexual sporulation (conidiation) and production of the carcinogenic mycotoxin sterigmatocystin (st) in the model filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans, the molecular mechanisms underlying the developmental switch have remained elusive. in this study, we report that the flug-mediated conidiatio ...	2006	16387865
a versatile and efficient gene-targeting system for aspergillus nidulans.	aspergillus nidulans is an important experimental organism, and it is a model organism for the genus aspergillus that includes serious pathogens as well as commercially important organisms. gene targeting by homologous recombination during transformation is possible in a. nidulans, but the frequency of correct gene targeting is variable and often low. we have identified the a. nidulans homolog (nkua) of the human ku70 gene that is essential for nonhomologous end joining of dna in double-strand b ...	2006	16387870
the gata factor area regulates localization and in vivo binding site occupancy of the nitrate activator nira.	the gata factor area is a wide-domain regulator in aspergillus nidulans with transcriptional activation and chromatin remodelling functions. area interacts with the nitrate-specific zn(2)-c(6) cluster protein nira and both proteins cooperate to synergistically activate nitrate-responsive genes. we have previously established that nira in vivo dna binding site occupancy is area dependent and in this report we provide a mechanistic explanation for our previous findings. we now show that area regul ...	2006	16390440
distinct ceramide synthases regulate polarized growth in the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans.	in filamentous fungi, the stabilization of a polarity axis is likely to be a pivotal event underlying the emergence of a germ tube from a germinating spore. recent results implicate the polarisome in this process and also suggest that it requires localized membrane organization. here, we employ a chemical genetic approach to demonstrate that ceramide synthesis is necessary for the formation of a stable polarity axis in the model fungus aspergillus nidulans. we demonstrate that a novel compound ( ...	2006	16394102
the presence of gc-ag introns in neurospora crassa and other euascomycetes determined from analyses of complete genomes: implications for automated gene prediction.	a combination of experimental and computational approaches was employed to identify introns with noncanonical gc-ag splice sites (gc-ag introns) within euascomycete genomes. evaluation of 2335 cdna-confirmed introns from neurospora crassa revealed 27 such introns (1.2%). a similar frequency (1.0%) of gc-ag introns was identified in fusarium graminearum, in which 3 of 292 cdna-confirmed introns contained gc-ag splice sites. computational analyses of the n. crassa genome using a gc-ag intron conse ...	2006	16406724
regulation of hyphal morphogenesis and the dna damage response by the aspergillus nidulans atm homolog atma.	ataxia telangiectasia (a-t) is an inherited disorder characterized by progressive loss of motor function and susceptibility to cancer. the most prominent clinical feature observed in a-t patients is the degeneration of purkinje motor neurons. numerous studies have emphasized the role of the affected gene product, atm, in the regulation of the dna damage response. however, in purkinje cells, the bulk of atm localizes to the cytoplasm and may play a role in vesicle trafficking. the nature of this ...	2006	16415361
identification of the mste gene encoding a glucose-inducible, low affinity glucose transporter in aspergillus nidulans.	the mste gene encoding a low affinity glucose transporter active during the germination of aspergillus nidulans conidia on glucose medium has been identified. mste expression also occurs in hyphae, is induced in the presence of other repressing carbon sources besides glucose, and is dependent on the function of the transcriptional repressor crea. the expression of mste and its subcellular distribution have been studied using a mste-sgfp fusion protein. concordant with data on mste expression, ms ...	2006	16418173
farnesol-induced apoptosis in aspergillus nidulans reveals a possible mechanism for antagonistic interactions between fungi.	the dimorphic fungus candida albicans secretes farnesol, which acts as a quorum-sensing molecule and prevents the yeast to mycelium conversion. in this study we examined the effect of farnesol in the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans. we show that externally added farnesol has no effect on hyphal morphogenesis; instead, it triggers morphological features characteristic of apoptosis. additional experiments suggest that mitochondria and reactive oxygen species (ros) participate in farnesol-i ...	2006	16420349
tmpa, a member of a novel family of putative membrane flavoproteins, regulates asexual development in aspergillus nidulans.	asexual reproduction (conidiation) in aspergillus nidulans is induced by environmental signals like exposure to air or nutrient starvation, and depends on brla gene activation. the study of 'fluffy' mutants showing delayed asexual development and reduced brla expression has defined the flug pathway, involved in regulation of this differentiation process. genetic characterization of a 'fluffy' mutant identified tmpa as a new gene involved in regulation of conidiation. tmpa defines a new family of ...	2006	16420356
oxylipins act as determinants of natural product biosynthesis and seed colonization in aspergillus nidulans.	secreted, hormone-like lipogenic molecules, called oxylipins, mediate the balance of asexual to sexual spore ratio in aspergillus nidulans. oxylipin production in this fungus is dependent on developmental regulation of three conserved fatty acid oxygenases, ppoa, ppob and ppoc. here, we show that in addition to altering spore ratios, loss of ppo genes affect natural product biosynthesis and seed colonization. deltappoa;deltappoc and deltappoa;deltappob;deltappoc mutants were unable to produce th ...	2006	16420358
a global view of metabolites.	fungi are rich sources of medically useful, as well as toxic, secondary metabolites. in this issue of chemistry & biology, bok et al. show that, in aspergillus nidulans, microarray analysis and manipulation of a global regulator can identify novel metabolite genes.	2006	16426964
genomic mining for aspergillus natural products.	the genus aspergillus is renowned for its ability to produce a myriad of bioactive secondary metabolites. although the propensity of biosynthetic genes to form contiguous clusters greatly facilitates assignment of putative secondary metabolite genes in the completed aspergillus genomes, such analysis cannot predict gene expression and, ultimately, product formation. to circumvent this deficiency, we have examined aspergillus nidulans microarrays for expressed secondary metabolite gene clusters b ...	2006	16426969
evaluation of agrobacterium-mediated transformation of agaricus bisporus using a range of promoters linked to hygromycin resistance.	there is interest in establishing genetic modification technologies for the cultivated mushroom agaricus bisporus, both for improved crop characteristics and for molecular pharming. for these methods to be successful, it is necessary to establish a set of transformation systems that include robust and reliable vectors for gene manipulation. in this article, we report the evaluation of a series of promoters for driving expression of the escherichia coli hph gene encoding hygromycin phosphotransfe ...	2006	16444014
the aflatoxin biosynthesis cluster gene, aflx, encodes an oxidoreductase involved in conversion of versicolorin a to demethylsterigmatocystin.	biosynthesis of the toxic and carcinogenic aflatoxins by the fungus aspergillus flavus is a complicated process involving more that 27 enzymes and regulatory factors encoded by a clustered group of genes. previous studies found that three enzymes, encoded by vera, ver-1, and afly, are required for conversion of versicolorin a (va), to demethylsterigmatocystin. we now show that a fourth enzyme, encoded by the previously uncharacterized gene, aflx (ordb), is also required for this conversion. a ho ...	2006	16461654
a novel-type substrate-selectivity filter and er-exit determinants in the uapa purine transporter.	we present a functional analysis of the last alpha-helical transmembrane segment (tms12) of uapa, a uric acid-xanthine/h+ symporter in aspergillus nidulans and member of the nucleobase-ascorbate transporter (nat) family. first, we performed a systematic mutational analysis of residue f528, located in the middle of tms12, which was known to be critical for uapa specificity. substitution of f528 with non-aromatic amino acid residues (ala, thr, ser, gln, asn) did not affect significantly the kineti ...	2006	16464466
the aspergillus nidulans xprg (phog) gene encodes a putative transcriptional activator involved in the response to nutrient limitation.	the aspergillus nidulans xprg gene is involved in the regulation of extracellular proteases. a plasmid which complemented the xprg2 mutation was shown to carry the phog gene, reported to encode an acid phosphatase. two phogdelta mutants were constructed and were identical in phenotype to an xprg2 mutant. null mutants were unable to use protein as a carbon or nitrogen source, have lost a repressible acid phosphatase and have pale conidial color. xprg shows similarity to the ndt80 transcriptional ...	2006	16464624
intrinsic in vitro susceptibility of primary clinical isolates of aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus terreus, aspergillus nidulans, candida albicans and candida lusitaniae against amphotericin b.	a total of 60 clinical fungal isolates from patients without prior amphotericin b treatment and three control strains were evaluated for their intrinsic susceptibility to amphotericin b (amb) using microdilution, etest and disc diffusion assays, on three media each, roswell park memorial institute (rpmi) 1640, antibiotic medium 3 (am3) and high resolution medium. the fungal strains included isolates of aspergillus fumigatus (n = 10), aspergillus terreus (n = 12), aspergillus nidulans (n = 9), ca ...	2006	16466441
clip-170 homologue and nude play overlapping roles in nudf localization in aspergillus nidulans.	proteins in the cytoplasmic dynein pathway accumulate at the microtubule plus end, giving the appearance of comets when observed in live cells. the targeting mechanism for nudf (lis1/pac1) of aspergillus nidulans, a key component of the dynein pathway, has not been clear. previous studies have demonstrated physical interactions of nudf/lis1/pac1 with both nude/nudel/ndl1 and clip-170/bik1. here, we have identified the a. nidulans clip-170 homologue, clipa. the clipa deletion did not cause an obv ...	2006	16467375
differential expression of aspergillus nidulans ammonium permease genes is regulated by gata transcription factor area.	the movement of ammonium across biological membranes is mediated in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes by ammonium transport proteins (amt/mep) that constitute a family of related sequences. we have previously identified two ammonium permeases in aspergillus nidulans, encoded by the meaa and mepa genes. here we show that meaa is expressed in the presence of ammonium, consistent with the function of meaa as the main ammonium transporter required for optimal growth on ammonium as a nitrogen source. i ...	2006	16467464
the phosducin-like protein phna is required for gbetagamma-mediated signaling for vegetative growth, developmental control, and toxin biosynthesis in aspergillus nidulans.	phosducin or phosducin-like protein (phlp) is a positive regulator of gbetagamma activity. the gbeta (sfad) and ggamma (gpga) subunits function in vegetative growth and developmental control in the model filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans. to better understand the nature of gbetagamma-mediated signaling, phna, encoding an a. nidulans phlp, has been studied. deletion of phna resulted in phenotypes almost identical to those caused by deletion of sfad, i.e., reduced biomass, asexual sporulatio ...	2006	16467480
aspergillus nidulans class v and vi chitin synthases csma and csmb, each with a myosin motor-like domain, perform compensatory functions that are essential for hyphal tip growth.	the polarized synthesis of cell wall components such as chitin is essential for the hyphal tip growth of filamentous fungi. the actin cytoskeleton is known to play important roles in the determination of hyphal polarity in aspergillus nidulans. previously, we suggested that csma, a chitin synthase with a myosin motor-like domain (mmd), was involved in polarized chitin synthesis in a manner dependent on the interaction between the mmd and the actin cytoskeleton. the genome database indicates that ...	2006	16468983
genetic transformation of ascochyta rabiei using agrobacterium-mediated transformation.	in order to study pathogenic mechanisms of the plant pathogen ascochyta rabiei, conditions for efficient transformation using agrobacterium-mediated transformation were investigated. hygromycin b resistance (hph) was superior to geneticin resistance (nptii) for selecting transformants, and the hph gene was more efficiently expressed by the aspergillus nidulans trpc promoter than by the cauliflower mosaic virus 35s promoter camv35s. co-cultivation on solid media for 72 h was optimal for generatin ...	2006	16369840
analysis of the aspergillus nidulans thaumatin-like ceta gene and evidence for transcriptional repression of pyr4 expression in the ceta-disrupted strain.	the asexual spore or conidium plays a critical role in the life cycle of many filamentous fungi. however, the process of conidial germination remains surprisingly obscure. to better understand this process at the molecular level we characterized the aspergillus nidulans ceta gene which is uniquely transcribed in conidiating cultures and whose transcript is significantly enriched in mature conidia. ceta is a member of a novel family of fungal genes of unknown function with homology to plant thaum ...	2006	16376592
impact of fungal drug transporters on fungicide sensitivity, multidrug resistance and virulence.	drug transporters are membrane proteins that provide protection for organisms against natural toxic products and fungicides. in plant pathogens, drug transporters function in baseline sensitivity to fungicides, multidrug resistance (mdr) and virulence on host plants. this paper describes drug transporters of the filamentous fungi aspergillus nidulans (eidam) winter, botrytis cinerea pers and mycosphaerella graminicola (fückel) schroter that function in fungicide sensitivity and resistance. the f ...	2006	16475240
nonribosomal peptide synthesis in schizosaccharomyces pombe and the architectures of ferrichrome-type siderophore synthetases in fungi.	a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (nrps) in schizosaccharomyces pombe, which possesses an unusual structure incorporating three adenylation domains, six thiolation domains and six condensation domains, has been shown to produce the cyclohexapeptide siderophore ferrichrome. one of the adenylation domains is truncated and contains a distorted key motif. substrate-binding specificities of the remaining two domains were assigned by molecular modelling to glycine and to n-acetyl-n-hydroxy-l-ornithine ...	2006	16502473
common features and interesting differences in transcriptional responses to secretion stress in the fungi trichoderma reesei and saccharomyces cerevisiae.	secretion stress is caused by compromised folding, modification or transport of proteins in the secretory pathway. in fungi, induction of genes in response to secretion stress is mediated mainly by the unfolded protein response (upr) pathway. this study aims at uncovering transcriptional responses occurring in the filamentous fungi trichoderma reesei exposed to secretion stress and comparing these to those found in the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae.	2006	16504068
induction of temperate cyanophage as-1 by heavy metal--copper.	it has been reported that some marine cyanophage are temperate and can be induced from a lysogenic phase to a lytic phase by different agents such as heavy metals. however, to date no significant reports have focused on the temperate nature of freshwater cyanophage/cyanobacteria. previous experiments with cyanophage as-1 and cyanobacteria anacystis nidulans have provided some evidence that as-1 may have a lysogenic life cycle in addition to the characterized lytic cycle.	2006	16504132
depletion of aspergillus nidulans cota causes a severe polarity defect which is not suppressed by the nuclear migration mutation nuda2.	the aspergillus nidulans homologue of neurospora crassa cot-1, cota, encoding a member of the ndr protein kinase family, has been cloned and expressed under the control of the conditional alca promoter. depletion of cota by repression of the alca promoter led to a severe growth defect accompanied by loss of polarity. germlings show greatly enlarged volume of the spores and hyphae, accompanied by an increase in number of nuclei per compartment, though the nucleus/volume ratio is not significantly ...	2006	16506053
functional characterization of the putative aspergillus nidulans poly(adp-ribose) polymerase homolog prpa.	poly(adp-ribose) polymerase (parp) is a highly conserved enzyme involved in multiple aspects of animal and plant cell physiology. for example, parp is thought to be intimately involved in the early signaling events that trigger the dna damage response. however, the genetic dissection of parp function has been hindered by the presence of multiple homologs in most animal and plant species. here, we present the first functional characterization of a putative parp homolog (prpa) in a microbial syste ...	2006	16510786
the product of the shr3 orthologue of aspergillus nidulans has restricted range of amino acid transporter targets.	the shra gene of aspergillus nidulans codes for a structural and functional homologue of shr3p, a yeast er membrane protein, which plays a crucial role in the secretory pathway of yeast amino acid permeases. shra is a single-copy gene, whose expression is early activated during germination of a. nidulans conidiospores. shra is localized in the er of the fungal cells and partially complements the shr3delta phenotype. differently from saccharomyces cerevisiae, where shr3p is necessary for membrane ...	2006	16531082
functional analysis of alcs, a gene of the alc cluster in aspergillus nidulans.	the ethanol utilization pathway (alc system) of aspergillus nidulans requires two structural genes, alca and alda, which encode the two enzymes (alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase, respectively) allowing conversion of ethanol into acetate via acetyldehyde, and a regulatory gene, alcr, encoding the pathway-specific autoregulated transcriptional activator. the alcr and alca genes are clustered with three other genes that are also positively regulated by alcr, although they are dispen ...	2006	16531087
detection of unknown toxic mycotoxins inaspergillus nidulans using a structure-activity approach.	mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of filamentous fungi that can cause various acute and chronic toxic effects in humans. previous work by büngeret al. exhibited that the cytotoxicityof aspergillus nidulans, one of the most frequent toxigenic moulds in composting plants, could not be explained by its content of identified mycotoxins. the presence of additional mycotoxins or other toxic prinpiples was assumed, which may be detected by a structure-activity approach.an hplc-diode array detector m ...	2006	23605709
occurrence of fungal species and mycotoxins from decayed sugarcane (saccharrum officinarum) in egypt.	seventy-three fungal species belonging to forty-three genera were isolated from 40 samples of saccharrum officinarum (collected from naage-hamadi canal in qena governorate, egypt). aspergillus, trichoderma, mucor and pythium were the most common genera on the two isolation media. the dominant species of aspergillus were a. niger, a. flavus, a. ustus, a. terreus and a. wentii. some species were dominant on 40 g/l sucrose such as aspergillus niger, a. flavus, emericella nidulans, trichoderma virid ...	2005	24049478
mapping the primary structure of copper/topaquinone-containing methylamine oxidase from aspergillus niger.	the amino acid sequence of methylamine oxidase (meao) from the fungus aspergillus niger was analyzed using mass spectrometry (ms). first, meao was characterized by an accurate molar mass of 72.4 kda of the monomer measured using maldi-tof-ms and by a pi value of 5.8 determined by isoelectric focusing. maldi-tof-ms revealed a clear peptide mass fingerprint after tryptic digestion, which did not provide any relevant hit when searched against a nonredundant protein database and was different from t ...	2005	16475499
agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of mucor circinelloides.	the agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of the zygomycetous fungus mucor circinelloides is described. a method was also developed for the hygromycin b-based selection of mucor transformants. transformation with the hygromycin b phosphotransferase gene of escherichia coli controlled by the heterologous aspergillus nidulans trpc promoter resulted in hygromycin b-resistant clones. the presence of the hygromycin resistance gene in the genome of the transformants was verified by polymer ...	2005	16475501
genomics of aspergillus fumigatus.	aspergillus fumigatus is a filamentous fungal saprophyte that is ubiquitous in the environment. it is also a human pathogen and induces allergenic response, negatively impacting health care and associated costs significantly around the world. much of the basic biology of this organism is only poorly understood, but the recent completion and publication of its genome sequence provides an excellent tool for researchers to gain insight into these processes. in this review we will summarize some of ...	2005	16499415
development of a modified positive selection medium that allows to isolate aspergillus oryzae strains cured of the integrated niad-based plasmid.	the nitrate reductase gene (niad) is the most frequently utilized as a selectable marker for homologous integration at the niad locus of aspergillus oryzae. in this study we developed a method for curing of the niad-based plasmid integrated on the a. oryzae genome. positive selection using a modified chlorate medium containing leucine as a nitrogen source enabled efficient isolation of the strains deficient in nitrate assimilation from the niad(+) transformant. pcr analysis of the strains confir ...	2005	16377911
sequencing of aspergillus nidulans and comparative analysis with a. fumigatus and a. oryzae.	the aspergilli comprise a diverse group of filamentous fungi spanning over 200 million years of evolution. here we report the genome sequence of the model organism aspergillus nidulans, and a comparative study with aspergillus fumigatus, a serious human pathogen, and aspergillus oryzae, used in the production of sake, miso and soy sauce. our analysis of genome structure provided a quantitative evaluation of forces driving long-term eukaryotic genome evolution. it also led to an experimentally va ...	2005	16372000
genome sequencing and analysis of aspergillus oryzae.	the genome of aspergillus oryzae, a fungus important for the production of traditional fermented foods and beverages in japan, has been sequenced. the ability to secrete large amounts of proteins and the development of a transformation system have facilitated the use of a. oryzae in modern biotechnology. although both a. oryzae and aspergillus flavus belong to the section flavi of the subgenus circumdati of aspergillus, a. oryzae, unlike a. flavus, does not produce aflatoxin, and its long histor ...	2005	16372010
purification and properties of an extracellular endo-1,4-beta-xylanase from penicillium citrinum and characterization of the encoding gene.	an extracellular endo-1,4-beta-xylanase was purified from the culture filtrate of a filamentous fungus penicillium citrinum ferm p-15944 grown on birch-wood xylan. the purified enzyme showed a single band on sds-page with an apparent m(r) of 20,000 and had an isoelectric point below 3.5. xylanase activity was optimal at ph 5.0 and 55 degrees c. the genomic dna and cdnas encoding this protein were cloned and sequenced. southern blot analysis indicated that the xylanase gene (xyna) was present as ...	2005	16473771
glass-fiber disks provide suitable medium to study polyol production and gene expression in eurotium rubrum.	eurotium species often dominate the fungal population in stored grain and are responsible for spoilage. in this study we tested the usefulness of glass fiber disks to aid the analysis of growth, polyol content and gene expression in e. rubrum in response to various water activities. growth measurements based on ergosterol content and conidial production indicated that e. rubrum grew as well at 0.86 aw as 0.98 aw. the rate of growth was considerably reduced at 0.83 aw and 0.78 aw. in contrast, un ...	2005	16457343
genomics reveals traces of fungal phenylpropanoid-flavonoid metabolic pathway in the f ilamentous fungus aspergillus oryzae.	fungal secondary metabolites constitute a wide variety of compounds which either play a vital role in agricultural, pharmaceutical and industrial contexts, or have devastating effects on agriculture, animal and human affairs by virtue of their toxigenicity. owing to their beneficial and deleterious characteristics, these complex compounds and the genes responsible for their synthesis have been the subjects of extensive investigation by microbiologists and pharmacologists. a majority of the funga ...	2005	16410762
screening of growth- or development-related genes by using genomic library with inducible promoter in aspergillus nidulans.	using the genomic library constructed at the downstream of the niia promoter, which induces the over-expression of an inserted dna fragment, we have attempted to screen the genes affecting growth or development by over-expression. the wild-type strain was transformed using the ama-niia(p) library and cultured on 1.2 m sorbitol media, in which asexual sporulation is induced, but sexual development is repressed. over 100,000 strains transformed to pyrg(+) were analyzed with regard to any changes i ...	2005	16410769
deletions of endocytic components vps28 and vps32 affect growth at alkaline ph and virulence through both rim101-dependent and rim101-independent pathways in candida albicans.	ambient ph signaling involves a cascade of conserved rim or pal products in ascomycetous yeasts or filamentous fungi, respectively. recent evidences in the fungi aspergillus nidulans, saccharomyces cerevisiae, yarrowia lipolytica, and candida albicans suggested that components of endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (escrt) involved in endocytic trafficking were needed for signal transduction along the rim pathway. in this study, we confirm these findings with c. albicans and show ...	2005	16299290
c21orf5, a new member of dopey family involved in morphogenesis, could participate in neurological alterations and mental retardation in down syndrome.	availability of the human genome sequence promises important progress in the understanding of human pathologies, particularly for multifactorial diseases. among these, down syndrome (ds) is the most frequent genetic cause of mental retardation. a critical region of chromosome 21, the down syndrome chromosomal region-1 (dcr-1), is responsible for many features of the ds phenotype including mental retardation. we studied dcr-1 c21orf5 as a new candidate gene for ds considering its restricted expre ...	2005	16303751
a mapk gene from dead sea fungus confers stress tolerance to lithium salt and freezing-thawing: prospects for saline agriculture.	the dead sea is one of the most saline lakes on earth ( approximately 340 g/liter salinity) and is approximately 10 times saltier than the oceans. eurotium herbariorum, a common fungal species, was isolated from its water. ehhog gene, encoding a mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) that plays an essential role in the osmoregulatory pathway in yeast and many other eukaryotes, was isolated from e. herbariorum. the deduced amino acid sequences of ehhog indicated high similarity with homologous g ...	2005	16365289
comparison of gene expression signatures of diamide, h2o2 and menadione exposed aspergillus nidulans cultures--linking genome-wide transcriptional changes to cellular physiology.	in addition to their cytotoxic nature, reactive oxygen species (ros) are also signal molecules in diverse cellular processes in eukaryotic organisms. linking genome-wide transcriptional changes to cellular physiology in oxidative stress-exposed aspergillus nidulans cultures provides the opportunity to estimate the sizes of peroxide (o2(2-)), superoxide (o2*-) and glutathione/glutathione disulphide (gsh/gssg) redox imbalance responses.	2005	16368011
tracing the endocytic pathway of aspergillus nidulans with fm4-64.	simple procedures using fm4-64 to follow membrane internalization and transport to the vacuolar system and endomembranes in aspergillus nidulans are described. fm4-64 internalization is energy, temperature and f-actin dependent, strongly suggesting that it occurs by endocytosis. the dye sequentially labels: (i) cortical punctuate organelles whose motility resembles that of yeast actin patches; (ii) approximately 0.7 microm circular, hollow structures representing mature endosome/vacuole; and (ii ...	2005	16291501
cloning and expression analysis of two catalase genes from aspergillus oryzae.	fungi contain distinct genes encoding the same class of enzyme that are differentially regulated according to conditions. we cloned two catalase genes, cata and catb, from aspergillus oryzae. the cata gene predicts a 747-amino-acid polypeptide sharing 81% identity with aspergillus fumigatus catalase (cata) and 77% with aspergillus nidulans catalase (cata). the catb gene predicts a 725-amino-acid polypeptide sharing 82% identity with a. fumigatus catalase (catb) and 75% with a. nidulans catalase ...	2005	16233832
photosensing fungi: phytochrome in the spotlight.	red light triggers asexual development and represses sexual development in the fungus aspergillus nidulans. this response has been shown to require a phytochrome red/far-red light photoreceptor, fpha, which is cytoplasmic and binds a tetrapyrrole chromophore. fpha exhibits similarities to both plant and bacterial phytochromes.	2005	16243020
the aspergillus nidulans phytochrome fpha represses sexual development in red light.	phytochrome photoreceptors sense red and far-red light through photointerconversion between two stable conformations, a process mediated by a linear tetrapyrrole chromophore. originally, phytochromes were thought to be confined to photosynthetic organisms including cyanobacteria, but they have been recently discovered in heterotrophic bacteria and fungi, where little is known about their functions. it was shown previously in the ascomycetous fungus aspergillus nidulans that asexual sporulation i ...	2005	16243030
protein o-mannosyltransferase a of aspergillus awamori is involved in o-mannosylation of glucoamylase i.	industrially important extracellular enzymes from filamentous fungi are often o-mannosylated. the structure and function of the pmta (aapmta) gene encoding the protein o-d-mannosyltransferase of aspergillus awamori were characterized. the aapmta disruptant, designated aapmta, was constructed by homologous recombination. the strain aapmta exhibited fragile cell morphology with respect to hyphal extension, as well as swollen hyphae formation and conidia formation in potato dextrose medium. moreove ...	2005	16272387
surface ultrastructure and elasticity in growing tips and mature regions of aspergillus hyphae describe wall maturation.	this study reports the first direct, high-resolution physical and structural evidence of wall changes during hyphal tip growth, visualized by atomic force microscopy (afm) in aspergillus nidulans. images from afm and cryo-scanning electron microscopy provided comparable information, but afm was also able to image and physically probe living cells. afm images showed changes in the surface ultrastructure of a. nidulans hyphae, from newly deposited walls at hyphal tips to fully mature walls, as wel ...	2005	16272389
cloning, expression, and characterization of an oligoxyloglucan reducing end-specific xyloglucanobiohydrolase from aspergillus nidulans.	an oligoxyloglucan reducing end-specific xyloglucanobiohydrolase from the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans was cloned and expressed in pichia pastoris as a secreted histidine-tagged protein and purified by affinity chromatography. the enzyme acts on xyloglucan oligomers and releases the first two glycosyl residue segments from the reducing end, provided that neither the first glucose nor the xylose attached to the third glucose residue from the reducing end is not further substituted. the ...	2005	16214120
nuclear accumulation of the gata factor area in response to complete nitrogen starvation by regulation of nuclear export.	both the availability and the quality of nutrients affect cellular functions by controlling gene activity. area, a member of the gata family of transcription factors, globally activates expression of genes involved in nitrogen source utilization in aspergillus nidulans. the quality of the nitrogen source determines the level and activation capacity of area through controls at the level of area mrna stability and by interaction of area with the corepressor nmra. the availability of potential nitr ...	2005	16215172
hdaa, a major class 2 histone deacetylase of aspergillus nidulans, affects growth under conditions of oxidative stress.	histone deacetylases (hdacs) catalyze the removal of acetyl groups from the epsilon-amino group of distinct lysine residues in the amino-terminal tail of core histones. since the acetylation status of core histones plays a crucial role in fundamental processes in eukaryotic organisms, such as replication and regulation of transcription, recent research has focused on the enzymes responsible for the acetylation/deacetylation of core histones. very recently, we showed that hdaa, a member of the sa ...	2005	16215180
csma, a class v chitin synthase with a myosin motor-like domain, is localized through direct interaction with the actin cytoskeleton in aspergillus nidulans.	one of the essential features of fungal morphogenesis is the polarized synthesis of cell wall components such as chitin. the actin cytoskeleton provides the structural basis for cell polarity in aspergillus nidulans, as well as in most other eukaryotes. a class v chitin synthase, csma, which contains a myosin motor-like domain (mmd), is conserved among most filamentous fungi. the deltacsma null mutant showed remarkable abnormalities with respect to cell wall integrity and the establishment of po ...	2005	15703213
a c-terminal fragment of an intron-encoded maturase is sufficient for promoting group i intron splicing.	group i introns often encode proteins that catalyze site-specific dna hydrolysis. some of these proteins have acquired the ability to promote splicing of their cognate intron, but whether these two activities reside in different regions of the protein remains obscure. a crystal structure of i-anii, a dual function intron-encoded protein, has shown that the protein has two pseudo-symmetric domains of equal size. each domain contacts its dna substrate on either side of two cleavage sites. as a fir ...	2005	15769873
aspergillus cyclooxygenase-like enzymes are associated with prostaglandin production and virulence.	oxylipins comprise a family of oxygenated fatty acid-derived signaling molecules that initiate critical biological activities in animals, plants, and fungi. mammalian oxylipins, including the prostaglandins (pgs), mediate many immune and inflammation responses in animals. pg production by pathogenic microbes is theorized to play a role in pathogenesis. we have genetically characterized three aspergillus genes, ppoa, ppob, and ppoc, encoding fatty acid oxygenases similar in sequence to specific m ...	2005	16040966
virulence comparisons of aspergillus nidulans mutants are confounded by the inflammatory response of p47phox-/- mice.	while investigating the requirement for phagosomal alkalinization in the host defense against pulmonary aspergillosis, we observed high morbidity of p47(phox)(-/-) mice infected with ph-insensitive aspergillus nidulans mutants despite a paucity of fungal growth. fatal infection also resulted from a normally avirulent p-aminobenzoate auxotroph. this demonstrates that p47(phox)(-/-) murine immunity contributes significantly to a. nidulans lethality. these data have wider implications for microbial ...	2005	16041040
lysine is catabolized to 2-aminoadipic acid in penicillium chrysogenum by an omega-aminotransferase and to saccharopine by a lysine 2-ketoglutarate reductase. characterization of the omega-aminotransferase.	the biosynthesis and catabolism of lysine in penicillium chrysogenum is of great interest because these pathways provide 2-aminoadipic acid, a precursor of the tripeptide delta-l-2-aminoadipyl-l-cysteinyl-d-valine that is an intermediate in penicillin biosynthesis. in vivo conversion of labelled l-lysine into two different intermediates was demonstrated by hplc analysis of the intracellular amino acid pool. l-lysine is catabolized to 2-aminoadipic acid by an omega-aminotransferase and to sacchar ...	2005	16049680
identification and molecular cloning of a gene encoding phospholipase a2 (plaa) from aspergillus nidulans.	the plaa gene encoding a protein that contains the cytosolic phospholipase a(2) (cpla(2)) motif is cloned for the first time from the filamentous fungus, aspergillus nidulans. the translated 837 amino acid protein product of plaa comprises conserved lipase regions that are present in most mammalian cpla(2) homologs. high expression of plaa was observed in glucose-lactose medium by northern blot analyses. deletion mutants of plaa grew and formed conidia similar to the wild-type strain, but showed ...	2005	16051517
rnase p cleaves transient structures in some riboswitches.	rnase p from escherichia coli cleaves the coenzyme b12 riboswitch from e. coli and a similar one from bacillus subtilis. the cleavage sites do not occur in any recognizable structure, as judged from theoretical schemes that have been drawn for these 5' utrs. however, it is possible to draw a scheme that is a good representation of the e. coli cleavage site for rnase p and for the cleavage site in b. subtilis. these data indicate that transient structures are important in rnase p cleavage and in ...	2005	16061811
regulation of secondary metabolism in filamentous fungi.	fungal secondary metabolites are of intense interest to humankind due to their pharmaceutical (antibiotics) and/or toxic (mycotoxins) properties. in the past decade, tremendous progress has been made in understanding the genes that are associated with production of various fungal secondary metabolites. moreover, the regulatory mechanisms controlling biosynthesis of diverse groups of secondary metabolites have been unveiled. in this review, we present the current understanding of the genetic regu ...	2005	16078891
the csnd/csne signalosome genes are involved in the aspergillus nidulans dna damage response.	the signalosome (csn) is a conserved multiprotein complex involved in regulation of eukaryotic development and is also required to activate ribonucleotide reductase for dna synthesis. in aspergillus nidulans, csnd/csne are key regulators of sexual development. here, we investigated whether the csnd/csne genes are involved in the dna damage response in this fungus. the growth of the csnd/csne deletion mutants was reduced by subinhibitory concentrations of hydroxyurea, camptothecin, 4-nitroquinoli ...	2005	16079239
expression of asexual developmental regulator gene abaa is affected in the double mutants of classes i and ii chitin synthase genes, chsc and chsa, of aspergillus nidulans.	the chsa and chsc encode classes ii and i chitin synthases, respectively, of the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans. the deltachsa deltachsc double mutants (deltaac mutants) show defects in asexual development: a striking reduction in the number of conidiophores and aberrant conidiophore morphology. here, we examined the involvement of regulatory genes for asexual development (brla, abaa, and meda) in the conidiation defects of the deltaac mutants. spatial expression patterns of brla, abaa, ...	2005	16082523
the pkab gene encoding the secondary protein kinase a catalytic subunit has a synthetic lethal interaction with pkaa and plays overlapping and opposite roles in aspergillus nidulans.	filamentous fungal genomes contain two distantly related cyclic amp-dependent protein kinase a catalytic subunits (pkas), but only one pka is found to play a principal role. in aspergillus nidulans, pkaa is the primary pka that positively functions in vegetative growth and spore germination but negatively controls asexual sporulation and production of the mycotoxin sterigmatocystin. in this report, we present the identification and characterization of pkab, encoding the secondary pka in a. nidul ...	2005	16087751