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effects of solvents and extraction methods on the content and antiradical activity of polyphenols from fruits actinidia arguta, crataegus monogyna, gaultheria procumbens and schisandra chinensis.in line with the current tendency towards the production of the so-called safe foods, the use of environmentally-friendly methods for the extraction of polyphenols from fruits has been sought. citric acid is a good solvent in the preparation of phenolic compounds for the food and pharmaceutical industries because it is a natural antioxidant and is non-toxic for the environment. furthermore, new sources of polyphenols from fruit of orchard plants that are less known in poland have been looked for ...201728071039
post-dispersal seed predation and the establishment of vertebrate dispersed plants in mediterranean scrublands.the post-dispersal fate of seeds and fruit (diaspores) of three vertebrate-dispersed trees, crataegus monogyna, prunus mahaleb and taxus baccata, was studied in the andalusian highlands, south-eastern spain. exclosures were used to quantify separately the impact of vertebrates and invertebrates on seed removal in relation to diaspore density and microhabitat. the three plant species showed marked differences in the percentage of diaspores removed, ranging from only 5% for c. monogyna to 87% for ...199728307510
seed dispersal and fitness determinants in wild rose: combined effects of hawthorn, birds, mice, and browsing ungulates.factors not directly related to either the plants or their avian seed-dispersal agents are ultimately responsible for the sign and magnitude of the average contribution of seed vectors to the fitness of rosa canina plants in southern spain. coexistence with simultaneously fruiting crataegus monogyna, reproductive depression caused by browsing ungulates, and seed predation by mice, are some of these factors. disperser behaviour may either enhance, depress, or be neutral to rosa fitness depending ...198428311216
fruit fate, frugivory, and fruit characteristics: a study of the hawthorn, crataegus monogyna (rosaceae).the fate of fruits from a population of european hawthorn (crataegus monogyna) in western oregon, usa, was examined over a two-year period. only one frugivore, the american robin (turdus migratorius) foraged on the c. monogyna fruits, making this an unusually straightforward fruit-frugivore system. dispersal efficiency was low, with an average 21% of seeds being dispersed (carried away from parent plants) each year; the most common fate of fruits was to simply fall. robins dropped 20% of the fru ...199228313473
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