Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| accumulation and persistence of hepatitis a virus in mussels. | accumulation and persistence of hepatitis a virus (hav) in the mussel mytilus chilensis was evaluated. under optimal filtration activity of mussels (temperature 12 degrees c, salinity 3%, feeding twice a day with dunaliella marina), hav was concentrated 100-fold from the surrounding water. similar concentrations of hav were reached in the filtration apparatus and in the digestive system (hepatopancreas). hav persisted for about 7 days in mussels. elimination of hav from mussels was slower than e ... | 1992 | 1331305 |
| identification of precursors of structural proteins vp1 and vp2 of hepatitis a virus. | the morphogenetic pathway of hepatitis a virus (hav), classified as a member of the enteroviruses within the picornaviridae, still remains obscure and seems to differ considerably from that of poliovirus, the most studied representative of this genus. in order to elucidate the precursor/product relationship of hav structural proteins, subviral particles, which represent more than 50% of the viral antigen produced in infected cells, were separated from mature virions and their polypeptide pattern ... | 1992 | 1331311 |
| myristate-protein interactions in poliovirus: interactions of vp4 threonine 28 contribute to the structural conformation of assembly intermediates and the stability of assembled virions. | the vp4 capsid protein of poliovirus is n-terminally modified with myristic acid. within the poliovirus structure, a hydrogen bond is observed between the myristate carbonyl and the hydroxyl side chain of threonine 28 of vp4. this interaction is between two fivefold symmetry-related copies of vp4 and is one of several myristoyl-mediated interactions that appears to structurally link the promoters within the pentamer subunit of the virus particle. site-specific substitutions of the threonine resi ... | 1992 | 1331497 |
| a second gene for the african green monkey poliovirus receptor that has no putative n-glycosylation site in the functional n-terminal immunoglobulin-like domain. | using cdna of the human poliovirus receptor (pvr) as a probe, two types of cdna clones of the monkey homologs were isolated from a cdna library prepared from an african green monkey kidney cell line. either type of cdna clone rendered mouse l cells permissive for poliovirus infection. homologies of the amino acid sequences deduced from these cdna sequences with that of human pvr were 90.2 and 86.4%, respectively. these two monkey pvrs were found to be encoded in two different loci of the genome. ... | 1992 | 1331508 |
| n glycosylation of the virus binding domain is not essential for function of the human poliovirus receptor. | the human poliovirus receptor (hpvr) is a glycoprotein with three immunoglobulin-like extracellular domains, of which the n-terminal domain (v-type domain) is necessary and sufficient for virus binding and uptake. the effect of n glycosylation of the v domain of hpvr on binding and entry of poliovirus was studied. stable mouse l-cell lines were generated that express pvr-specific cdna. one of the cell lines expressed a mutant of hpvr, in which both asparagine residues of the two n-glycosylation ... | 1992 | 1331527 |
| purification and characterization of poliovirus polypeptide 3cd, a proteinase and a precursor for rna polymerase. | a cdna clone encoding the 3cd proteinase (3cdpro) of poliovirus type 2 (sabin), the precursor to proteinase 3cpro and rna polymerase 3dpol, was expressed in bacteria by using a t7 expression system. site-specific mutagenesis of the 3c/3d cleavage site was performed to generate active proteolytic precursors impaired in their ability to process themselves to 3cpro and 3dpol. of these mutations, the exchange of the thr residue at the p4 position of the 3c/3d cleavage site for a lys residue (3cdpro ... | 1992 | 1331532 |
| isolation of wild type poliovirus type 1 from cerebrospinal fluid in sub-acute sclerosing panencephalitis. | 1992 | 1331555 | |
| evaluation of three methods for the concentration of poliovirus from oysters. | three methods for the concentration of poliovirus from oyster homogenates were compared. the adsorption-elution-precipitation method gave the lowest average virus recovery (24.1%), while the beef extract elution-acid precipitation method and the non-fat dry milk elution-acid precipitation methods gave recoveries of 47.2% and 39.6%, respectively. although the overall recovery rates with these methods were lower than those reported in previous studies, recoveries of 40-47% obtained with the elutio ... | 1992 | 1331717 |
| translational enhancement of the poliovirus 5' noncoding region mediated by virus-encoded polypeptide 2a. | genetic and biochemical studies have revealed that the 5' noncoding region of poliovirus mediates translation of the viral mrna by an unusual mechanism involving entry of ribosomes in internal sequences of mrna molecules. we have found that mrnas bearing the 5' noncoding region of poliovirus were translated at an enhanced rate in poliovirus-infected mammalian cells at a time when translation of cellular mrnas was not yet inhibited. this translational enhancement of the polioviral 5' noncoding re ... | 1992 | 1332040 |
| [poliovirus vector and in vitro construction of chimera polioviruses]. | 1992 | 1332127 | |
| in vitro antiviral activity of four isothiazole derivatives against poliovirus type 1. | the in vitro effects of four isothiazoles [5,5'-diphenyl-3,3'-diisothiazole disulfide, 5-phenyl-3-mercapto-isothiazole, 5,5'-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,3'- diisothiazole disulfide, and 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-mercapto-isothiazole] on poliovirus type 1 were studied. the derivatives tested demonstrated remarkable viral inhibition, with a higher selectivity index than the previously studied iminodithiole precursors. under one-step growth conditions, all the isothiazole derivatives caused the greatest activity ... | 1992 | 1332598 |
| inducible expression of a toxic poliovirus membrane protein in escherichia coli: comparative studies using different expression systems based on t7 promoters. | the poliovirus 3ab gene has been cloned and overproduced in t7 expression vectors using different approaches to allow reduction of basal levels of expression. expression of the poliovirus 3ab gene is highly toxic for e. coli cells, due to drastic changes induced in membrane permeability of the bacteria that lead to cell lysis when the t7 lysozyme is present. the best production of 3ab was achieved with the t7/lac system in cells lacking t7 lysozyme, where this toxic protein was synthesized to hi ... | 1992 | 1332717 |
| intracellular localization of poliovirus rna by in situ hybridization at the ultrastructural level using single-stranded riboprobes. | polioviral rna was localized by electron microscopic in situ hybridization on sections of poliovirus-infected hep-2 cells. viral plus-strand rna was found accumulated in the close surroundings of the membrane-bound replication complex. two different regions of the viral genome were detected with the same frequency, which indicates the predominant presence of full-length genomic rna. viral proteins of the p2 and the p3 genomic region were detected mainly over the core of the replication complex, ... | 1992 | 1333118 |
| deletion and insertion mutants of hbsag particles. | we have found previously that hybrid 22-nm hbsag particles can be created by insertion of short antigenic sequences into the hbv major envelope protein. we have now performed a detailed deletion mutagenesis of the s gene of hbv encoding hbsag. deletion of the 51 c-terminal amino acids including most of the third and all of the fourth hydrophobic domain of the s protein did not affect particle assembly and secretion. however, secretion of 22-nm particles was abolished by minor deletions in the n- ... | 1992 | 1333319 |
| isolation of enteroviruses and adenoviruses in continuous simian cell lines. | the ability of five simian cell lines--bgm, llc-mk2, ma104, vero and bsc-1--to isolate enteroviruses and adenoviruses from faeces was assessed and compared with that of primary or secondary rhesus monkey kidney (rhmk) and hep2 cultures. for enteroviruses, llc-mk2 and bgm were best of the five lines, detecting 77% and 73% respectively of 88 strains isolated, but neither was as good as rhmk, which detected 88%. both vero and bsc-1 detected less than 50%. all cell types were good at isolating polio ... | 1992 | 1333563 |
| seroimmunity to poliomyelitis in an albanian immigrant population. | the immunity against poliomyelitis in a representative sample of the albanian population recently immigrant to italy was evaluated. a significant number of the subjects examined lacked protective antibodies against one or more polioviruses. the most prevalent seronegativity related to poliovirus type 3 (41.3%), followed by poliovirus type 1 (21.5%). this result was more consistent in the younger age groups. our data suggest the hypothesis that this problem arises from the use of a vaccine of dis ... | 1992 | 1333689 |
| the second international standard for anti-poliovirus sera types 1, 2 and 3. | the second international standard for anti-poliovirus sera types 1, 2 and 3 was established by the who expert committee on biological standardization in 1991 on the basis of an extensive collaborative study. nine laboratories from eight countries participated and all used neutralizing antibody assays. the standard is a human serum pool which contains antibodies to all three poliovirus types and replaces the three previously established monovalent standards which were all hyperimmune monkey sera. ... | 1992 | 1333776 |
| [vaccination against measles at 6 months of age]. | measles immunization with the edmonston zagreb stain was carried out in 71 six-month-old infants. proportions of subjects with immunity were 91% among the 47 subjects retested before one year of age and 100% among the 28 subjects retested between two and three years of age. these results support the who recommendation that measles immunization should be given at the age of six months. the concerns expressed by some about possible adverse effects of early measles immunization (decreased immune de ... | 1992 | 1334394 |
| the environment in childhood and risk of motor neuron disease. | to investigate a possible link between subclinical infection with poliovirus in childhood and increased risk of motor neuron disease in adult life, environmental determinants of infection in early life were compared in 98 cases of motor neuron disease and 335 age and sex matched controls. a weak but consistent relation was found between motor neuron disease and factors in the childhood environment known to increase likelihood of enteric infection. relative risks associated with spending the firs ... | 1992 | 1335035 |
| the postpolio syndrome: no evidence for poliovirus persistence. | to investigate the possibility of poliovirus persistence in patients with the postpolio syndrome, we examined skeletal muscle biopsy specimens, cerebrospinal fluid specimens, and sera for the presence of poliovirus rna by the polymerase chain reaction, and for igm antibodies by a poliovirus type-specific igm antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. in none of these specimens was poliovirus rna or a poliovirus type-specific igm response detected. these results argue against the hypothe ... | 1992 | 1335224 |
| preparative separation of foreign antigens for highly efficient presentation to t cells in vitro. | a method is described for the separation and purification of proteins from complex mixtures of foreign antigens in a form suitable for stimulating t cells in vitro. the technique involves electrophoretic separation of proteins followed by elution, concentration and adsorption of the polypeptide subunits to latex microspheres. alternatively, where a specific antibody is available, proteins may be affinity-purified from a heterogeneous mixture of antigens, using antibody-coated latex microspheres. ... | 1992 | 1335464 |
| possible approaches to develop vaccines against hepatitis a. | more than a decade ago, successful replication of hepatitis a virus (hav) in cell culture opened the way to the development of live attenuated and inactivated vaccine candidates. serial passages of hav in cell culture led to attenuation as demonstrated by experiments in non-human primates. several live vaccine candidates obtained through serial passages have been evaluated in volunteers. significant improvements in the yield of viral antigen from infected cell cultures stimulated the development ... | 1992 | 1335659 |
| antibody response of children immunized with poliovaccines: an evaluation using two strains of poliovirus type 1. | neutralizing antibody response of children immunized with either opv (3 doses), or ipv (2 doses) was evaluated against poliovirus type 1 sabin vaccine strain and a local neurovirulent isolate. both vaccines elicited significantly better antibody response against the vaccine strain than against the neurovirulent isolate. moreover, approximately 35 per cent of sera contained very low levels of antibody against the virulent virus in spite of good antibody titre against the vaccine strain. the obser ... | 1992 | 1335965 |
| activity of glutaraldehyde at low concentrations against capsid proteins of poliovirus type 1 and echovirus type 25. | the activity of glutaraldehyde (gta) against capsid proteins of poliovirus type 1 and echovirus type 25 was studied to understand the mode of action of this reagent against enteroviruses. the viruses were treated with gta concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.10%. in the poliovirus particles, high-molecular-weight products were formed by 0.05% gta, whereas in the echovirus particles, they were formed at 0.005% gta. these products consist of complexes composed essentially of vp1 and vp3. there s ... | 1992 | 1336351 |
| immunogenicity of enhanced potency inactivated polio vaccine. | fifty two children were immunized with two doses of enhanced potency inactivated polio vaccine in order to determine its efficacy. the vaccine was very efficacious with 92.3, 92.3 and 88.3% of the children seroconverting to the three poliovirus types, respectively. the vaccine was equally efficacious whether the two doses were given at 4-week or 8-week intervals or when immunization was started at 6-7 weeks of age or later. the presence of maternal antibodies did not interfere significantly with ... | 1992 | 1338200 |
| poliovirus surveillance: isolation of polioviruses in japan, 1980-1991. a report of the national epidemiological surveillance of infectious agents in japan. | this report presents an overall distribution of poliovirus isolations in japan, where poliomyelitis has been under control over two decades as a result of legal administration of two doses of the trivalent live oral poliovirus vaccine of the sabin strains (opv) to children under 48 months of age. during the past 12 years from 1980 through 1991, a total of 1,126 poliovirus isolations from humans and 268 isolations from sewage/river water were reported by respectively 49 and nine of the participat ... | 1992 | 1338392 |
| [a comparison of the effectiveness of mass immunization campaign of trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (topv) by epidemiological serosurvey. shandong collaborating group for poliomyelitis control and surveillance, jinan, shandong]. | in order to evaluate the effect of topv mass immunization campaign, 902 serum samples from two counties of shandong province were assayed by micro-neutralization test for the neutralization antibodies against poliovirus. the results showed that among children of 0 to 9 year-old groups, the antibody-positive rates and geometric mean titres (gmts) with poliovirus type 1 to 3 after mass immunization campaign were significantly higher than those before the campaign, respectively. the author consider ... | 1992 | 1338626 |
| comparability of poliovirus neutralizing antibody tests. | a serology panel was used to assess the comparability of results of poliovirus neutralizing antibody assays. five laboratories from three countries provided results with seven in-house methods. a high degree of within-laboratory reproducibility was seen for all laboratories and methods, with 94% of results for repeat titrations within plus or minus one twofold dilution. considerable differences in sensitivity between methods were, however, observed. the period of serum/virus incubation prior to ... | 1992 | 1339040 |
| disinfection of irreversible hydrocolloid impressions: a comparative study. | this paper demonstrates the potential for cross contamination with bacteria and viruses from impression materials and evaluates the efficacy of four disinfection systems on irreversible hydrocolloid impressions contaminated with streptococcus sanguis or poliovirus. an irreversible hydrocolloid impression was made of a contaminated acrylic resin template. the impression was disinfected and residual microorganisms were harvested by sonication, cultured, and counted. the results showed that the imp ... | 1992 | 1339136 |
| lack of in vitro interference between sa-11 rotavirus and attenuated poliovirus type 1. | to determine if rotavirus interferes with the multiplication of poliovirus, and hence the efficiency of the polio vaccine, the effect of timing and concentration of simian rotavirus (ssa-11) on polio-1 infection in ma-104 cells was studied in vitro by evaluating the cytopathic effect, the reduction of the infectivity titers and the visualization of viral particles by electron microscopy. we found that poliovirus 1 was able to replicate when the challenge dose was administered within the first 8 ... | 1992 | 1339225 |
| choice between inactivated and oral poliovirus vaccines in india. | 1992 | 1346868 | |
| new approaches to poliovirus diagnosis using laboratory techniques: memorandum from a who meeting. | laboratory diagnosis of poliomyelitis is an important part of the who initiative for global eradication of poliomyelitis. during the last year, new methods have been developed for the detection of poliovirus in clinical specimens, for intratypic differentiation, for the analysis of poliovirus neurovirulence, and for the detection of poliovirus antibodies. progress in laboratory techniques for detection of poliovirus antibodies and for characterization of poliovirus isolates has suggested several ... | 1992 | 1348972 |
| origins of hiv. | 1992 | 1350845 | |
| method to increase the sensitivity of poliovirus isolation. | 1992 | 1357372 | |
| methods for increased poliovirus diagnosis. | 1992 | 1360072 | |
| effect of enterovirus infection on susceptibility of hela cells to shigella flexneri invasivity. | invasiveness of shigella flexneri m90t in hela cells was significantly increased when cells were preinfected with poliovirus 1, coxsackievirus b3 and echovirus 6. this effect was dependent on the dose of virus used, evident at early stages of viral infection and lasted hours before the appearance of a cytopathic effect. an increase of bacterial invasion ability was also noticed when hela cells were incubated with uv-inactivated enteroviruses. this enhancing effect obtained with both viable and u ... | 1992 | 1364020 |
| growth of poliovirus using alginate entrapped-anchorage dependent vero cells. | obligatory anchorage dependant vero cells were successfully grown in gelatinous-like macrocarriers made of calcium alginate. entrapped single cells were immobilized within the polymerized alginate matrix divide to form large spherical clumps of cells. a cell density of 17 x 10(6) cells/ml of alginate with over 95% viability was obtained after 14 days in spinner flasks. when subjected to poliovirus type i infection, spherical masses of vero cells progressively showed extensive cytopathic effect b ... | 1990 | 1369301 |
| poliovirus rna recombination. | we are developing an in vitro system for poliovirus rna recombination. in this system, two mutant rnas are replicated with poliovirus rna-dependent rna polymerase. recombination will produce rnas containing neither mutation and will be the only progeny rnas that are infectious. we will use this system to determine what proteins and reaction conditions are required for recombination and to study the details of the mechanism of recombination. | 1991 | 1369321 |
| poliovirus antigen chimeras. | poliovirus, the aetiological agent of paralytic poliomyelitis, is arguably the best characterized of all animal viruses. using recombinant-dna technology, this information, together with the availability of infectious cdna clones of the notably safe and efficacious live attenuated sabin 1 vaccine strains of poliovirus, has enabled the creation of hybrid viruses (chimeras) possessing novel antigenicity. the potential applications of these 'epitope-presentation systems' include their use as immuno ... | 1991 | 1369352 |
| viral proteases as targets for chemotherapeutic intervention. | many viruses encode proteinases that are essential for infectivity, and are consequently attractive chemotherapeutic targets. the biochemistry and structure of the human immunodeficiency virus proteinase have been characterized extensively, and potent peptide-mimetic inhibitors have been developed. techniques and strategies used to improve the efficiency of these compounds are likely to be applicable to other viral proteinases. | 1992 | 1369416 |
| human poliovirus receptor gene expression and poliovirus tissue tropism in transgenic mice. | expression of the human poliovirus receptor (pvr) in transgenic mice results in susceptibility to poliovirus infection. in the primate host, poliovirus infection is characterized by restricted tissue tropism. to determine the pattern of poliovirus tissue tropism in pvr transgenic mice, pvr gene expression and susceptibility to poliovirus infection were examined by in situ hybridization. pvr rna is expressed in transgenic mice at high levels in neurons of the central and peripheral nervous system ... | 1992 | 1370085 |
| poliovirus antigenic hybrids simultaneously expressing antigenic determinants from all three serotypes. | we have constructed six hybrid polioviruses (pvs) modified to express pv type 2 and type 3 antigenic determinants on a pv type 1 (mahoney) capsid. the hybrids were modified in neutralizing antigenic site (nag) i and/or nagii. they were viable, but impaired for growth in comparison to pv1 (mahoney). some hybrids modified to express type 2 and type 3 nagi determinants simultaneously displayed some type 2 but no type 3 antigenicity (in addition to type 1 antigenicity associated with other antigenic ... | 1992 | 1372037 |
| interaction between viruses and monoclonal antibodies studied by surface plasmon resonance. | an automated biosensor system designed for measuring molecular interactions in real time and without any labelling of the reactants has been used to study the interaction of two animal viruses (vaccinia virus and poliovirus) and two plant viruses (cowpea mosaic virus and tobacco mosaic virus) with monoclonal antibodies. using monoclonal antibodies specific for different conformational states of viral protein, it was found that the virus particles retained their conformational integrity when immo ... | 1992 | 1372280 |
| gliotoxin: inhibitor of poliovirus rna synthesis that blocks the viral rna polymerase 3dpol. | the mode of action of gliotoxin against poliovirus has been analyzed in detail. this fungal metabolite inhibits the appearance of poliovirus proteins when present from the beginning of infection but has no effect on viral translation when added at late times. in agreement with previous findings, this toxin potently inhibited the incorporation of [3h]uridine into poliovirus rna soon after its addition to the culture medium. analysis of the synthesis of poliovirus plus- or minus-stranded rna in th ... | 1992 | 1372367 |
| the surveillance challenge: final stages of eradication of poliomyelitis in the americas. | current levels of surveillance have contributed to substantial reductions in morbidity and mortality due to poliomyelitis in the americas. despite the success of the poliomyelitis eradication initiative, it has become critical that surveillance be intensified so that the absence of wild poliovirus circulation can be verified with confidence in countries not reporting confirmed cases of poliomyelitis. cases of acute flaccid paralysis continue to be classified as compatible with poliomyelitis, bec ... | 1992 | 1372951 |
| identification of t-helper epitopes in the vp1 capsid protein of poliovirus. | poliovirus-specific t lymphocytes were isolated from virus-immunized mice of different h-2 haplotypes. immunological characterization of this population indicates that the effector population involved in the observed poliovirus-specific proliferative response was that of cd4-positive t-helper cells. proliferative responses also were induced within these t-lymphocyte populations upon stimulation with either purified vp1 capsid protein or vp1 synthetic peptides. by using these synthetic peptides, ... | 1992 | 1373200 |
| poliovirus chimeras expressing sequences from the principal neutralization domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. | sequences from the principal neutralization domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) strain lai or rf have been expressed in antigenic site 1 of the capsid of the sabin strain of poliovirus type 1. a number of the resulting chimeras were viable. viable variants bearing mutations within the insertion site spontaneously arose from several nonviable chimeras. in general, these mutations result in a decrease in positive charge in the substituted antigenic site 1. two of the chimeras wer ... | 1992 | 1373205 |
| expression of heterologous peptides at two permissive sites of the male protein: antigenicity and immunogenicity of foreign b-cell and t-cell epitopes. | we previously determined a number of 'permissive' sites in the periplasmic maltose-binding protein (male) from escherichia coli. these sites accept the insertion of heterologous peptides without major deleterious consequences for the activities, structure and cellular location of the protein. this study explores the versatility of two such permissive sites for the synthesis of foreign peptides, and examines the antigenicity and the immunogenicity of the inserts. one site is located after amino a ... | 1992 | 1373395 |
| monoclonal antibodies to the c4 region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120: use in topological analysis of a cd4 binding site. | we have raised antisera and monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to the c4 region of hiv-1 gp120, using an antigen chimaera of poliovirus as immunogen. these mabs and sera, together with mabs to the same region raised by other methods, fall into three groups defined by their abilities to bind to recombinant gp120 and/or the immunogenic peptide. in some cases, the amino acids recognized by the mabs have been identified by pep-scan and by solution phase peptide inhibition of binding to recombinant gp120. ... | 1992 | 1376134 |
| molecular basis of antigenic structures of poliovirus: implications for their evolution during morphogenesis. | neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against poliovirus type 1 were obtained after conventional immunization or combined in vivo-in vitro immunization. antibody binding sites were determined by sequence analysis of neutralization-resistant mutants. site 3 variants had several amino acid substitutions in previously unidentified positions for neutralization resistance. evidence for a linkage of subsites 3a and 3b is presented. some site 3b antibodies as defined previously precipitated 14s subunits, ... | 1992 | 1376371 |
| poliovirus rna recombination: mechanistic studies in the absence of selection. | direct and quantitative detection of recombinant rna molecules by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) provides a novel method for studying recombination in rna viruses without selection for viable progeny. the parental poliovirus strains used in this study contained polymorphic marker loci approximately 600 bases apart; both exhibited wild-type growth characteristics. we established conditions under which the amount of pcr product was linearly proportional to the amount of input template, and the re ... | 1992 | 1379178 |
| update: eradication of paralytic poliomyelitis in the americas. | on august 23, 1991, a 2-year-old boy in the district of junin, peru, had onset of symptoms of culture-confirmed paralytic poliomyelitis. this is the last case of paralytic poliomyelitis with a wild poliovirus isolate reported to the pan american health organization (paho) and the first time since reporting of poliomyelitis began in the western hemisphere that no such paralytic disease has been detected for an entire year. this report updates the poliomyelitis eradication effort in the americas. | 1992 | 1381040 |
| poliovirus-specific major histocompatibility complex class i-restricted cytolytic t-cell epitopes in mice localize to neutralizing antigenic regions. | a major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i-restricted cytotoxic t-lymphocyte (ctl) response is induced in balb/c mice upon immunization with poliovirus serotype 1 (mahoney strain). a similar class i-restricted response is also induced upon immunization with purified vp1 capsid proteins. thus, poliovirus-specific mhc class i ctl responses can be induced independently of viral infection in murine hosts. in experiments using recombinant vaccinia virus vectors expressing different segments of ... | 1992 | 1382144 |
| antibody response to bordetella pertussis antigens after immunization with american and canadian whole-cell vaccines. | because of apparent differences in the incidence and epidemiology of pertussis in the united states and canada, we measured the antibody response to four bordetella pertussis antigens and to a whole-bacteria preparation in children immunized with american and canadian whole-cell pertussis vaccines. all infants received combined pertussis, tetanus, and diphtheria vaccines from one of two american manufacturers or a single canadian manufacturer. the canadian children received either oral poliomyel ... | 1992 | 1403383 |
| cap-independent translation by the 5' untranslated region of theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus. | the rna genome of theiler's murine encephalomyelitis viruses, a picornavirus belonging to the genus cardiovirus, is translated in infected cells to a polyprotein. unlike cellular messages, the 5' end of the rna is not capped, and the untranslated region (utr) is quite long (1,064 nucleotides in size). in poliovirus and encephalomyocarditis virus, the 5'utr is thought to mediate cap-independent translation. we report here experiments to determine the role of the theiler's murine encephalomyelitis ... | 1992 | 1404591 |
| effect of concurrent viral infection on systemic and local antibody responses to live attenuated and enhanced-potency inactivated poliovirus vaccines. | to determine the effect of an asymptomatic nonpolioviral infection on the immune response to poliovirus vaccines. | 1992 | 1415071 |
| amino acid sequence of the human protein synthesis initiation factor eif-4 gamma. | eukaryotic protein synthesis initiation factor (eif) 4 gamma, also known as p220, is a component of the protein complex eif-4, which is involved in the recognition of the mrna cap, atp-dependent unwinding of 5'-terminal secondary structure and recruitment of mrna to the ribosome. peptide sequence data from rabbit reticulocyte eif-4 gamma was used to synthesize oligonucleotide probes and polymerase chain reaction primers. these were used to screen lambda-cdna libraries from rabbit and human brain ... | 1992 | 1429670 |
| [postvaccinal reactions to simultaneous administration of the triple viral, oral polio and diphtheria-tetanus vaccines compared with their administration in sequence]. | to compare the frequency and characteristics of post-vaccination reactions, between on the one hand the simultaneous administration of the oral antipolio (op), the triple virus (tv) and the anti-diphtheria and anti-tetanus (dt) vaccines; and on the other hand, their administration in sequence. | 1992 | 1457705 |
| progress towards the global eradication of poliomyelitis. | poliomyelitis has been virtually eliminated from the industrialized countries by mass campaigns conducted with oral polio vaccine (opv). in 1988, the world health assembly set the goal of global eradication of poliomyelitis by the year 2000. the current who strategy for eradication uses three primary activities beyond routine immunization with opv. they are: (i) improved disease surveillance, (ii) building a global network of laboratories, and (iii) supplemental immunization strategies which inc ... | 1992 | 1462662 |
| presence of human immunodeficiency virus nucleic acids in wastewater and their detection by polymerase chain reaction. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) released by infected individuals or present in human and hospital wastes can potentially cause contamination problems. the presence of hiv-1 was investigated in 16 environmental samples, including raw wastewater, sludge, final effluent, soil, and pond water, collected from different locations. a method was developed to extract total nucleic acids in intact form directly from the raw samples or from the viral concentrates of the raw samples. the iso ... | 1992 | 1476440 |
| hazards of vaccine production. | 1992 | 1478477 | |
| the c terminus of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix protein is involved in early steps of the virus life cycle. | deletion mutations at the c terminus of the matrix (ma) protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) were generated by site-directed mutagenesis. the resultant mutant viruses had a severe defect in virus infectivity. this defect did not involve late steps of the virus life cycle, as the synthesis and processing of the gag polyprotein and the assembly and release of mutant virions were not greatly affected. the incorporation of viral proteins and the viral rna genome was similar for mut ... | 1992 | 1501299 |
| aberrations in titre and avidity of serum igm and igg antibodies to microbial and food antigens in iga deficiency. | the antibody levels and relative avidity of serum igm and igg antibodies against e. coli o antigens, poliovirus type 1 and beta-lactoglobulin were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent techniques in iga deficient (igad) patients with frequent respiratory tract infections and healthy igad individuals. healthy individuals with normal immunoglobulin levels served as controls. the igm antibody levels against the bacterial, viral and food antigens and the igg antibody levels against the bacteri ... | 2006 | 1502496 |
| predictors of poliomyelitis case confirmation at initial clinical evaluation: implications for poliomyelitis eradication in the americas. | in 1985, the pan american health organization adopted the goal of eradication of poliomyelitis from the americas by 1990. strategies to accomplish this included high vaccination coverage, aggressive outbreak control, and active surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis (afp). although the sensitivity of afp surveillance for detecting paralytic poliomyelitis cases is high, studies have shown the specificity to be low. in 1990, 2497 notified cases of afp were investigated in the americas of which 2 ... | 1992 | 1521986 |
| inactivation of measles virus and herpes simplex virus by saikosaponin d. | saikosaponin d, isolated from the roots of bulpleurum falcatum l. was investigated for both its inactivating effects on some viruses and its antiviral effects against the viruses in vitro. saikosaponin d at a concentration of more than 5 microm had direct inactivating effects on both measles virus and herpes simplex virus after incubation of the viruses with the agent for more than 10 min at room temperature. in contrast, exposure of poliovirus to even 500 microm of saikosaponin d resulted in no ... | 1992 | 1529029 |
| simultaneous injection of hepatitis b vaccine with bcg and killed poliovirus vaccine. | in most developing countries, hepatitis b virus is endemic and prevention has to be carried out early in life and on a mass scale. in these regions, simultaneous administration of multiple antigens is normal practice. we have therefore investigated the interaction of hepatitis b vaccine with bcg and inactivated polio vaccine. the serological antibody response to poliovirus and hbsag as well as the cellular immune response to tuberculin post bcg immunization were assessed. the immune responses to ... | 1992 | 1533479 |
| attributable risk of dtp (diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine) injection in provoking paralytic poliomyelitis during a large outbreak in oman. | although injections administered during the incubation period of wild poliovirus infection have been associated with an increased risk of paralytic poliomyelitis, quantitative estimates of the risk have not been established. during a poliomyelitis outbreak investigation in oman, vaccination records were reviewed for 70 children aged 5-24 months with poliomyelitis and from 692 matched control children. a significantly higher proportion of cases received a dtp (diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and p ... | 1992 | 1538150 |
| poliomyelitis: eradication in sight. | eradication of poliomyelitis most likely will occur. in fact, it is almost gone from the western hemisphere. health workers in sweden, finland, and the netherlands routinely vaccinate almost all children with the inactivated poliovaccines (ipv). despite good vaccination coverage, polio can still occur. for example, in 1978-1979, polio outbreaks occurred among people of closely knit interconnected religious groups in the netherlands. the virulent type 1 poliovirus was imported from the middl ... | 1992 | 1547830 |
| debate on aids origin: rolling stone weighs in. | 1992 | 1549779 | |
| epidemic poliomyelitis in the gambia following the control of poliomyelitis as an endemic disease. ii. clinical efficacy of trivalent oral polio vaccine. | an epidemic of poliomyelitis caused by poliovirus type 1 occurred in the gambia from may to november 1986. descriptive findings and vaccination coverage levels are reported in part i. this article (part ii) describes a case-control study to estimate the clinical efficacy of three or more doses of trivalent oral polio vaccine compared with zero doses. "cases" were 1- to 7-year-old children paralyzed during the epidemic who were diagnosed as having poliomyelitis by designated referral physicians. ... | 1992 | 1550091 |
| epidemiology of poliomyelitis in the united states one decade after the last reported case of indigenous wild virus-associated disease. | poliomyelitis caused by wild poliovirus has been virtually nonexistent in the united states since 1980, and vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (vapp) has emerged as the predominant form of the disease. we reviewed national surveillance data on poliomyelitis for 1960-1989 to assess the changing risks of wild-virus, vaccine-associated, and imported paralytic disease; we also sought to characterize the epidemiology of poliomyelitis for the period 1980-1989. the risk of vapp has remained exc ... | 1992 | 1554844 |
| childhood immunizations: a practical approach for clinicians. | family physicians can play a key role in reversing the resurgence of vaccine-preventable illnesses by making sure that patients are fully immunized. childhood immunization schedules have recently changed. a second dose of measles, mumps and rubella (mmr) vaccine should be given at age four to six years. it has been recommended that hepatitis b vaccine be administered routinely to all infants in the united states. both hepatitis b vaccine and hepatitis b immunoglobulin should be given to offsprin ... | 1992 | 1558051 |
| molecular cloning and expression of a murine homolog of the human poliovirus receptor gene. | the poliovirus receptor (pvr) is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of proteins, but its function in the cell is not known. southern blot hybridization analysis indicated that the murine genome contains a sequence homolog of pvr. as a first step toward using the murine pvr homolog (mph) to study the function of pvr, murine genomic and cdna clones encoding mph were isolated. mph encodes a polypeptide with extensive sequence similarity to the extracellular domains of the human pvr. mph mrn ... | 1992 | 1560525 |
| poliomyelitis outbreak in natal/kwazulu, south africa, 1987-1988. 2. immunity aspects. | an extensive poliomyelitis outbreak due to type 1 poliovirus took place in natal/kwazulu, south africa, in 1987-1988, causing 412 paralytic cases. this epidemic differed from a previously described outbreak in gazankulu, south africa, in 1982 in that it occurred against a background of relatively good immunity. thus, only 12% of patients lacked antibodies to types 2 and 3, indicating lack of previous immunization, and 76% of healthy children sampled in the epidemic area had serological immunity ... | 2004 | 1566318 |
| serological and virological assessment of oral and inactivated poliovirus vaccines in a rural population in kenya. | a study was carried out in a rural community in kenya to compare the humoral and intestinal immunity provided by three doses of oral poliovirus vaccine (opv) and two or three doses of enhanced-potency inactivated poliovirus vaccine (ipv). the immunization series was started at 8-12 weeks of age and the interval between doses was 2 months. in children with low levels of maternal antibodies (i.e., those most at risk), the first dose of either vaccine stimulated antibody response. children with hig ... | 1992 | 1568283 |
| translational control by influenza virus. selective and cap-dependent translation of viral mrnas in infected cells. | in cells infected by influenza virus type a, host protein synthesis undergoes a rapid and dramatic shutoff. to define the molecular mechanisms underlying this selective translation, a transfection/infection protocol was developed utilizing viral and cellular cdna clones. when cos-1 cells were transfected with cdnas encoding nonviral genes and subsequently infected with influenza virus, protein expression from the exogenous genes was diminished, similar to the endogenous cellular genes. however, ... | 1992 | 1577765 |
| vaccinia virus-mediated inhibition of host protein synthesis involves neither degradation nor underphosphorylation of components of the cap-binding eukaryotic translation initiation factor complex eif-4f. | recent reports indicated that vaccinia virus late mrnas contain a unique 5' poly(a) leader sequence and that the in vitro translation of these mrnas may be relatively cap-independent. these observations led us to examine the possibility that the mechanism of inhibition of host protein synthesis by vaccinia virus, like that of certain other viruses, involves specific modifications of the cap-binding translation initiation factor complex eif-4f. the eif-4f complex was affinity-purified from human ... | 1992 | 1585660 |
| the use of selected interventions in monitoring primary health care implementation in rural nigeria. | nigeria's primary health care (phc)-based health system development aims to strengthen phc in the local government areas (lga) through technical planning and implementation that emphasize maternal and child health services. convenient variables, including expanded programme on immunization (epi), antenatal care (anc) utilization and attended births, were selected as interventions to monitor the progress of implementation of phc activities during 1985-90 in odukpani lga. analysis of available dat ... | 1992 | 1589661 |
| immunization opportunities missed among urban poor children. | low immunization rates among us preschool children suggest a need for improved immunization practices. immunization and encounter records were reviewed to ascertain immunization rates and missed opportunities for vaccine administration among 515 preschool children who were active patients at a hospital-based primary care center serving lower socioeconomic status families in rochester, ny. the point prevalence at a mean age of 4.4 years for lack of one or more recommended immunizations was 27%; 7 ... | 1992 | 1594341 |
| possible origins of aids. | 1992 | 1598560 | |
| possible origins of aids. | 1992 | 1598561 | |
| statistical evaluation of virus titres of working standard of oral polio vaccine. | 1992 | 1598789 | |
| conservation of rna-protein interactions among picornaviruses. | picornavirus genomes encode unique 5' noncoding regions (5' ncrs) which are approximately 600 to 1,300 nucleotides in length, contain multiple upstream aug codons, and display the ability to form extensive secondary structures. a number of recent reports have shown that picornavirus 5' ncrs are able to facilitate cap-independent internal initiation of translation. this mechanism of translation occurs in the absence of viral gene products, suggesting that the host cell contains the necessary comp ... | 1992 | 1602550 |
| lack of direct correlation between p220 cleavage and the shut-off of host translation after poliovirus infection. | poliovirus induces a drastic inhibition of host protein synthesis soon after infection of susceptible cells. the correlation between this inhibition and the cleavage of p220, a polypeptide that forms part of protein synthesis initiation factor elf-4f, has been examined in detail. measurements of protein synthesis at half-hourly intervals after infection with poliovirus show the lack of direct correlation between p220 cleavage and the blockade of cellular translation. moreover, the use of inhibit ... | 1992 | 1604809 |
| a comparison of secretory antibodies in breast-fed and formula-fed infants over the first six months of life. | in the present study salivary iga, anti-escherichia coli, anti-beta-lactoglobulin and anti-poliovirus type 1 iga and igm in serum and saliva were evaluated longitudinally in 13 breast-fed and 14 formula-fed infants over the first six months of life. salivary iga was quantified by electroimmunodiffusion; specific iga and igm antibodies were determined in serum and saliva by elisa. salivary iga was significantly lower at age one month in breast-fed compared with formula-fed infants but in breast-f ... | 1992 | 1606387 |
| neurovirulence tests of type 3 oral poliovirus vaccine manufactured by lederle laboratories, 1964-1988. | oral poliovirus vaccine (opv) is tested for safety by evaluation of neurovirulence in rhesus and cynomolgus macaques. after intraspinal or intrathalamic injection of varying doses of vaccine, monkeys are followed for 17-21 days, killed, and a histopathological evaluation is made of the severity of poliomyelitis lesions in the spinal cord and brainstem. each production lot of vaccine is compared with a type 1 opv reference virus tested by the same method. records of neurovirulence tests on produc ... | 1992 | 1609550 |
| no aids risk from polio vaccines. | 1992 | 1611175 | |
| effects of two viral inactivation methods on platelets: laser-uv radiation and merocyanine 540-mediated photoinactivation. | two viral inactivation methods suggested for use with cellular blood products have been evaluated as to their effects on platelets. in the first study, it was proposed that pulsed laser-ultraviolet radiation (uvb) at 308 nm could favor photodamage to uvb-sensitive viral nucleic acid with minimal effects on blood platelets. a "window of efficacy" was observed with uvb doses of 10.5-21.5 j/cm2 at which 4-6 log10 poliovirus were inactivated while platelets were relatively tolerant. however, this "w ... | 1992 | 1617186 |
| children's vaccine initiative. | who, unicef, the un development program, the world bank, the rockefeller foundation, industry, and national programs have joined together to launch the children's vaccine initiative. its intent is to develop improved and new vaccines. for example, it hopes to promote development of a single-dose tetanus vaccine to expand coverage and rid the world of neonatal tetanus. another goal is development of a thermostable oral poliovirus vaccine thus eliminating the need for refrigeration of the vaccine ... | 1992 | 1637484 |
| different susceptibilities to attenuated poliovirus of cynomolgus monkeys from the philippines and other southeast asian countries. | susceptibilities to attenuated poliovirus of cynomolgus monkeys were assessed by the intraspinal inoculation method with the same single bulk lot as the reference for each of the three poliovirus types. the lesion-inducing virus dose in the spinal cord of 50% of monkeys inoculated (lid50) varied widely from 10(6.4) to lower than 10(2.5), the difference being as much as 10,000-fold, depending on the birth place of the monkey. the birth places of the monkeys used were traced and categorized into t ... | 1992 | 1640648 |
| correlation of rna secondary structure and attenuation of sabin vaccine strains of poliovirus in tissue culture. | part of the 5' noncoding regions of all three sabin vaccine strains of poliovirus contains determinants of attenuation that are shown here to influence the ability of these strains to grow at elevated temperatures in bgm cells. the predicted rna secondary structure of this region (nt 464-542 in p3/sabin) suggests that both phenotypes are due to perturbation of base-paired stems. ts phenotypes of site-directed mutants with defined changes in this region correlated well with predicted secondary st ... | 1992 | 1641974 |
| the laboratory's role in prevention and control of infectious diseases. | the laboratory is essential for optimal prevention and control of infectious diseases. its major functions are identification and characterization of infectious agents and development of serological tests. isolation of the agent and characterization of the immune response can lead to development of some of the most effective prevention tools--vaccines. after prevention/control programs are under way, confirmation of diagnosis remains important. as programs near the state of disease elimination o ... | 1992 | 1643735 |
| antibody response to inactivated polio vaccine (e-ipv) in children born to hiv positive mothers. | in order to evaluate the response to immunization of hiv-infected children we studied the humoral response to an enhanced potency inactivated poliovaccine (e-ipv) of 43 children born of hiv seropositive mothers. all these subjects have been followed for 32 (15-48) months in order to ascertain their infection status. after a course of 2 doses of e-ipv, 88% of children had neutralizing antibody (n.a.) titers greater than 1:4 to the 3 poliovirus serotypes and 100% to at least 2 polio strains. no st ... | 1992 | 1644138 |
| a replication-defective variant of sabin 3 poliovirus. | a variant of sabin type 3 poliovirus, 265b, only produces 2-3% of the yields of control virus and has a protracted growth cycle in hela cells. attachment and penetration do not appear to account for defective growth of 265b. viral protein and rna syntheses are reduced, and blockage of cell protein synthesis is delayed considerably as compared with the parent virus. nucleotide sequence analysis failed to detect mutations in protein 2aprot or changes in the 5'-noncoding region that could account f ... | 1991 | 1645703 |
| oligonucleotide probes for the specific detection of the wild poliovirus types 1 and 3 endemic to brazil. | synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide probes, 21-23 nucleotides in length, were prepared which specifically hybridize to the genomes of the wild type 1 and 3 polioviruses currently endemic to the northeastern region of brazil. the probes are complementary to sequences near the 5'-terminus of the vp1 gene that differ substantially among genetically distant polioviruses but are largely conserved among related isolates. the probes have been routinely used in the laboratory surveillance of poliomyelitis ca ... | 1991 | 1645704 |
| mutational analysis of the cellular receptor for poliovirus. | to identify sequences of the cellular poliovirus receptor (pvr) involved in viral infection, mutant pvr cdnas were constructed and assayed for biological activity in mouse l cells. to confirm that mutant pvrs reached the cell surface, an immunological tag, consisting of part of ch3 from human immunoglobulin g1, was engineered into the pvr. deletion of pvr amino acids 256 to 320 or 385 to the carboxy terminus yielded receptors that were able to support poliovirus infection. pvrs lacking amino aci ... | 1991 | 1645795 |
| use of protamine sulphate for elimination of substrate dna in poliovaccines produced on continuous cell lines. | cell substrate dna was shown to be an abundant contaminant in the clarified preparations of the sabin type 1, 2 and 3 poliovaccines produced on a continuous cell line (4647). the size of the dna, as evaluated for the sabin type 1 poliovaccine, was highly heterogeneous, ranging from 100 to 20,000 base pairs. in view of potential oncogenicity of this dna a simple and efficient procedure for its elimination is proposed. the method is based on use of protamine sulphate which at the concentration of ... | 1991 | 1645900 |
| perspectives on rapid elimination and ultimate global eradication of paralytic poliomyelitis caused by polioviruses. | poliomyelitis caused by polioviruses has already been eradicated from industrialized countries of north america, europe, asia and oceania, but the procedures by which this eradication was achieved are not adequate for the poor tropical and subtropical countries. the major challenge now is first to eliminate it rapidly from asia and africa where an estimated 250,000 cases and 25,000 deaths currently occur annually. the great progress toward eradication of "wild" polioviruses from poor tropical an ... | 1991 | 1646116 |
| recombinant poliovirus 3c protease. the enzyme application to protein specific fragmentation. | active 3c protease of poliovirus 1(m) was obtained when cloning and expressing fragment hindii-hindiii (bases from 5240 to 6056) of cdna in vector pttq8 in e.coli cells. as shown, fragment 3d of polymerase covalently bound to 3c does not deprive the enzyme of its specific proteolytic activity. the absence of 26 n-terminal amino acids in 3c entails its inactivation. the recombinant 3c protease cleaved peptide bond gln-gly not only in virus polyprotein, but also in molecules of beta-galactosidase ... | 1991 | 1646125 |
| regulation of a double-stranded rna modification activity in human cells. | a double-stranded rna (dsrna)-specific modification activity from xenopus oocytes and human cells dsrna modifier) converts adenosine residues present in dsrna to inosines. the function of the dsrna modifier is unknown, although it has been suggested that it may be part of the cellular antiviral response. we investigated the relationship between the activity of the dsrna modifier, viral infection, and the antiviral response in human cells induced by poly(ri)-poly(rc) [poly(i.c)] treatment. we fou ... | 1991 | 1646394 |