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quantitative one-step rt-pcr assay for rapid and sensitive identification and titration of polioviruses in clinical specimens.rapid identification and quantitation of polioviruses in clinical specimens is important for surveillance and analysis of virus shedding by vaccine recipients, which could be used to assess the level of mucosal immunity. a quantitative one step rt-pcr was developed for identification and titration of all three poliovirus serotypes. the assay could be an alternative to the traditional procedure based on cell culture isolation and subsequent determination of poliovirus serotype and virus titration ...201323305817
toll-like receptor 3 recognizes incomplete stem structures in single-stranded viral rna.endosomal toll-like receptor 3 (tlr3) serves as a sensor of viral infection and sterile tissue necrosis. although tlr3 recognizes double-stranded rna, little is known about structural features of virus- or host-derived rnas that activate tlr3 in infection/inflammatory states. here we demonstrate that poliovirus-derived single-stranded rna segments harbouring stem structures with bulge/internal loops are potent tlr3 agonists. functional poliovirus-rnas are resistant to degradation and efficiently ...201323673618
phase ii and iii clinical studies of diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine containing inactivated polio vaccine derived from sabin strains (dtap-sipv).phase ii and iii clinical studies were conducted to evaluate immunogenicity and safety of a novel dtap-ipv vaccine consisting of sabin inactivated poliovirus vaccine (sipv) and diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine (dtap).201323568174
structures of coxsackievirus, rhinovirus, and poliovirus polymerase elongation complexes solved by engineering rna mediated crystal contacts.rna-dependent rna polymerases play a vital role in the growth of rna viruses where they are responsible for genome replication, but do so with rather low fidelity that allows for the rapid adaptation to different host cell environments. these polymerases are also a target for antiviral drug development. however, both drug discovery efforts and our understanding of fidelity determinants have been hampered by a lack of detailed structural information about functional polymerase-rna complexes and t ...201323667424
[new, newer, newest human polyomaviruses: how far?].polyomaviruses, classified in polyomaviridae family, are non-enveloped small (40-45 nm) viruses with icosahedral symmetry and circular double-stranded dna genome. polyomaviruses can infect a variety of vertebrates including birds, rodents, cattle, monkeys and humans. the characteristics such as establishment of latent infections, reactivations during immunosuppression and oncogenic potencies render the human polyomaviruses (hpyvs) of considerable importance for public health. the first polyomavi ...201323621738
developing countries vaccine manufacturers network: doing good by making high-quality vaccines affordable for all.the developing countries vaccine manufacturers network (dcvmn) is a unique model of a public and private international alliance. it assembles governmental and private organizations to work toward a common goal of manufacturing and supplying high-quality vaccines at affordable prices to protect people around the world from known and emerging infectious diseases. together, this group of manufacturers has decades of experience in manufacturing vaccines, with technologies, know-how, and capacity to ...201323598479
vaccine poliovirus shedding and immune response to oral polio vaccine in hiv-infected and -uninfected zimbabwean infants.with prolonged replication, attenuated polioviruses used in oral polio vaccine (opv) can mutate into vaccine-derived poliovirus (vdpv) and cause poliomyelitis outbreaks. individuals with primary humoral immunodeficiencies can become chronically infected with vaccine poliovirus, allowing it to mutate into immunodeficiency-associated vdpv (ivdpv). it is unclear if children perinatally infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), who have humoral as well as cellular immunodeficiencies, mig ...201323661792
genome characterisation of enteroviruses 117 and 118: a new group within human enterovirus species c.the more than 120 genotypes of human enteroviruses (hevs) reflect a wide range of evolutionary divergence, and there are 23 currently classified as human enterovirus c species (hev-c). two new hev-c (ev-c117 and ev-c118) were identified in the community-acquired pneumonia pediatric research initiative (cap-pri) study, and the present paper describes the characterisation of the complete genome of one ev-c117 strain (lit22) and two ev-c118 (isr38 and isr10) strains. the ev-c117 and ev-c118 5'utr s ...201323565264
structure of human cytomegalovirus ul141 binding to trail-r2 reveals novel, non-canonical death receptor interactions.the trail (tnf-related apoptosis inducing ligand) death receptors (drs) of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (tnfrsf) can promote apoptosis and regulate antiviral immunity by maintaining immune homeostasis during infection. in turn, human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) expresses immunomodulatory proteins that down-regulate cell surface expression of tnfrsf members as well as poliovirus receptor-related proteins in an effort to inhibit host immune effector pathways that would lead to viral c ...201323555243
antibody responses of macaca fascicularis against a new inactivated polio vaccine derived from sabin strains (sipv) in dtap-sipv vaccine.antibody responses of macaca fascicularis against a new tetravalent vaccine composed of diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, acellular pertussis antigens, and inactivated poliovirus derived from sabin strains (sipv) was investigated to predict an optimal dose of sipv in a new tetravalent vaccine (dtap-sipv) prior to conducting a dose-defined clinical study. monkeys were inoculated with dtap-sipvs containing three different antigen units of sipvs: vaccine a (types 1:2:3 = 3:100:100 du), vaccine b ( ...201323375165
inactivation of pathogenic viruses by plant-derived tannins: strong effects of extracts from persimmon (diospyros kaki) on a broad range of viruses.tannins, plant-derived polyphenols and other related compounds, have been utilized for a long time in many fields such as the food industry and manufacturing. in this study, we investigated the anti-viral effects of tannins on 12 different viruses including both enveloped viruses (influenza virus h3n2, h5n3, herpes simplex virus-1, vesicular stomatitis virus, sendai virus and newcastle disease virus) and non-enveloped viruses (poliovirus, coxsachievirus, adenovirus, rotavirus, feline calicivirus ...201323372851
acute viral infections of the central nervous system in immunocompetent adults: diagnosis and management.patients with viral infections of the central nervous system (cns) may present with a variety of neurological symptoms, most commonly dominated by either encephalitis or meningitis. the aetiological panorama varies in different parts of the world as well as over time. thus, virological first-line diagnostics must be adapted to the current epidemiological situation and to the individual patient history, including recent travels. this review focuses on the diagnostics and treatment of viral cns in ...201323377760
priming after a fractional dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine.to reduce the costs of maintaining a poliovirus immunization base in low-income areas, we assessed the extent of priming immune responses after the administration of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (ipv).201323363495
previous maternal infection protects offspring from enterovirus infection and prevents experimental diabetes development in mice.enterovirus (e.g. coxsackie b virus serotypes [cvbs]) infections may be associated with development of type 1 diabetes. studies conducted in several european countries have, however, shown an inverse correlation between the incidence of type 1 diabetes and the prevalence of enterovirus infections. these findings could in part be explained by an extension of the poliovirus hypothesis, suggesting that the absence of maternally transferred antibodies protecting offspring from early infection increa ...201323344730
dtap-ipv-hep b-hib vaccine (hexaxim®) : a review of its use in primary and booster vaccination.hexaxim(®) (dtap-ipv-hep b-hib) is a new, thiomersal-free, fully liquid, hexavalent combination pediatric vaccine containing diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, acellular pertussis, inactivated poliovirus, recombinant hepatitis b virus surface antigen produced in the yeast hansenula polymorpha, and haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide (polyribosylribitol phosphate) conjugated to tetanus toxoid. it is currently registered in markets outside of the eu for primary vaccination of infants from 6 ...201323338932
poliovirus receptor (cd155) regulates a step in transendothelial migration between pecam and cd99.the movement of leukocytes across endothelium [referred to as diapedesis or transendothelial migration (tem)] is a critical step in the inflammatory process. recently, it was demonstrated that treatment of endothelial cells and monocytes with antibodies against poliovirus receptor (pvr; cd155) and dnax-associated molecule-1 (dnam-1; cd226) arrested monocytes over endothelial junctions and prevented tem, suggesting that these molecules are involved in diapedesis. however, nothing was known about ...201323333754
uncoating of non-enveloped viruses.non-enveloped viruses enclose their genome in capsids built of repetitive polypeptides interlinked with cementing proteins, divalent cations or disulphides. interactions are broken in a stepwise manner during entry into cells leading to genome uncoating. receptor or proteases induce conformational changes in case of rhinovirus, poliovirus or adenovirus, and thereby provide direct uncoating cues. chemical cues from low endosomal ph activate rhinovirus or aphtovirus, and oxido-reductases mediate d ...201323332135
rna transfer from poliovirus 135s particles across membranes is mediated by long umbilical connectors.during infection, the binding of poliovirus to its cell surface receptor at 37°c triggers an expansion of the virus in which internal polypeptides that bind to membranes are externalized. subsequently, in a poorly understood process, the viral rna genome is transferred directly across an endosomal membrane, and into the host cell cytoplasm, to initiate infection. here, cryoelectron tomography demonstrates the results of 37°c warming of a poliovirus-receptor-liposome model complex that was produc ...201323365424
review and assessment of poliovirus immunity and transmission: synthesis of knowledge gaps and identification of research needs.with the intensifying global efforts to eradicate wild polioviruses, policymakers face complex decisions related to achieving eradication and managing posteradication risks. these decisions and the expanding use of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (ipv) trigger renewed interest in poliovirus immunity, particularly the role of mucosal immunity in the transmission of polioviruses. sustained high population immunity to poliovirus transmission represents a key prerequisite to eradication, but poliovir ...201323550968
modeling poliovirus risks and the legacy of polio eradication.this introduction to the special issue on modeling poliovirus risks provides context about historical efforts to manage polioviruses and reviews the insights from models developed to support risk management and policy development. following an overview of the contents of the special issue, the introduction explores the road ahead and offers perspective on the legacy of polio eradication.201323550939
neutral red assay for murine norovirus replication and detection in a mouse.neutral red (nr) is a dye that must be actively imported into the cell, and, therefore, the dye has been used for decades to selectively stain living cells. in addition, nr can also be incorporated into virus particles, although the mechanism behind this is poorly understood. once encapsulated into the virion, nr, a light sensitive dye, can be photoactivated to inactivate the virus. the proposed mechanism explaining this observation is that activation of nr allows the dye to cross-link viral gen ...201327446977
outbreak news. poliovirus isolation, egypt. 201323540048
antibody persistence and booster vaccination of a fully liquid hexavalent vaccine coadministered with measles/mumps/rubella and varicella vaccines at 15-18 months of age in healthy south african infants.to assess antibody persistence and booster immunogenicity and safety of a new, fully liquid, hexavalent dtap-ipv-hep b-prp-t vaccine.201323538523
joys and surprises of a career studying eukaryotic gene expression.in this reflections, i review a few early and very lucky events that gave me a running start for the rest of a long and wonderfully enjoyable career. for the main part, a discussion is provided of what i recall as the main illuminating results that my many dozens of students and postdoctoral fellows (approximately 140 in all) provided to our biochemical/molecular biological world.201323525107
characterizing poliovirus transmission and evolution: insights from modeling experiences with wild and vaccine-related polioviruses.with national and global health policymakers facing numerous complex decisions related to achieving and maintaining polio eradication, we expanded our previously developed dynamic poliovirus transmission model using information from an expert literature review process and including additional immunity states and the evolution of oral poliovirus vaccine (opv). the model explicitly considers serotype differences and distinguishes fecal-oral and oropharyngeal transmission. we evaluated the model by ...201323521018
world health organization regional assessments of the risks of poliovirus outbreaks.while global polio eradication requires tremendous efforts in countries where wild polioviruses (wpvs) circulate, numerous outbreaks have occurred following wpv importation into previously polio-free countries. countries that have interrupted endemic wpv transmission should continue to conduct routine risk assessments and implement mitigation activities to maintain their polio-free status as long as wild poliovirus circulates anywhere in the world. this article reviews the methods used by world ...201323520991
polyprotein context regulates the activity of poliovirus 2catpase bound to bilayer nanodiscs.positive-strand rna viruses generally replicate in large membrane-associated complexes. for poliovirus, these replication complexes are anchored to the membrane via the viral 2b, 2c, and 3a proteins. 2c is an aaa+ family atpase that plays a key role in host cell membrane rearrangement, is a putative helicase, and is implicated in virion assembly and packaging. however, the membrane-binding characteristics of all of these viral proteins have made it difficult to elucidate their exact roles in vir ...201323514879
anti-poliovirus activity of protease inhibitor ag-7404, and assessment of in vitro activity in combination with antiviral capsid inhibitor compounds.the national research council has recommended that at least one, preferably two, polio antiviral drugs be developed as a supplement to the tools currently available for control of polio outbreaks post-eradication. the primary application of such drugs is expected to be the resolution of chronic poliovirus excretion in persons with primary immunodeficiency disorders. we have assessed the in vitro activity of ag-7404 (also known as "compound 1"), an inhibitor of picornaviral 3c protease, against a ...201323499651
reduced poliovirus vaccine neutralising-antibody titres in infants with maternal hiv-exposure.maternally hiv-exposed (mhiv-eu) infants have poor health even without hiv-1 infection. the responses to vaccination are less well defined. immunity to oral poliovirus vaccine (opv) was studied in zambian infants participating in a randomised controlled trial of micronutrient fortification to improve child health.201323474309
oral poliovirus vaccine evolution and insights relevant to modeling the risks of circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cvdpvs).the live, attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine (opv) provides a powerful tool for controlling and stopping the transmission of wild polioviruses (wpvs), although the risks of vaccine-associated paralytic polio (vapp) and circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cvdpv) outbreaks exist as long as opv remains in use. understanding the dynamics of cvdpv emergence and outbreaks as a function of population immunity and other risk factors may help to improve risk management and the development of strategi ...201323470192
structural features of a picornavirus polymerase involved in the polyadenylation of viral rna.picornaviruses have 3' polyadenylated rna genomes, but the mechanisms by which these genomes are polyadenylated during viral replication remain obscure. based on prior studies, we proposed a model wherein the poliovirus rna-dependent rna polymerase (3d(pol)) uses a reiterative transcription mechanism while replicating the poly(a) and poly(u) portions of viral rna templates. to further test this model, we examined whether mutations in 3d(pol) influenced the polyadenylation of virion rna. we ident ...201323468507
in vivo regulation of gene transcription by alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in murine t lymphocytes.of the 8 different analogues (α-, β-, γ-, δ-tocopherols and tocotrienols) designated as vitamin e, alpha-tocopherol (α-t) has been mostly studied, together with gamma-tocopherol (γ-t) which is abundant in the us diet. we compared the effect of dietary supplementation with adequate or high doses of α-t or γ-t on the number and type of genes expressed following t cell activation. c57bl/6 mice were fed diets containing adequate (30 ppm) or high (500 ppm) amounts of α-t or γ-t for 4 weeks. spleen t ...201323993952
global rna structure analysis of poliovirus identifies a conserved rna structure involved in viral replication and infectivity.the genomes of rna viruses often contain rna structures that are crucial for translation and rna replication and may play additional, uncharacterized roles during the viral replication cycle. for the picornavirus family member poliovirus, a number of functional rna structures have been identified, but much of its genome, especially the open reading frame, has remained uncharacterized. we have now generated a global rna structure map of the poliovirus genome using a chemical probing approach that ...201323966409
intradermal fractional booster dose of inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine with a jet injector in healthy adults.for global eradication of poliomyelitis, inactivated poliovirus vaccine (ipv) needs to become available in all countries. using fractional-doses (reduced-doses) may impact affordability and optimize the utilization of the production capacity. intradermal administration has the potential to lower the dose without reducing immunogenicity. a needle-free jet injector may be a reliable way to administer vaccines intradermally. the primary objective of this randomized controlled trial was to compare t ...201323770332
enter at your own risk: how enteroviruses navigate the dangerous world of pattern recognition receptor signaling.enteroviruses are the most common human viral pathogens worldwide. this genus of small, non-enveloped, single stranded rna viruses includes coxsackievirus, rhinovirus, echovirus, and poliovirus species. infection with these viruses can induce mild symptoms that resemble the common cold, but can also be associated with more severe syndromes such as poliomyelitis, neurological diseases including aseptic meningitis and encephalitis, myocarditis, and the onset of type i diabetes. in humans, polarize ...201323764548
inactivated polio vaccine: its proposed role in the final stages of polio eradication. 201323717717
eradicating poliomyelitis: india's journey from hyperendemic to polio-free status.india's success in eliminating wild polioviruses (wpvs) has been acclaimed globally. since the last case on january 13, 2011 success has been sustained for two years. by early 2014 india could be certified free of wpv transmission, if no indigenous transmission occurs, the chances of which is considered zero. until early 1990s india was hyperendemic for polio, with an average of 500 to 1000 children getting paralysed daily. in spite of introducing trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (topv) in the ...201323760372
the measles virus hemagglutinin β-propeller head β4-β5 hydrophobic groove governs functional interactions with nectin-4 and cd46 but not those with the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule.wild-type measles virus (mv) strains use the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (slam; cd150) and the adherens junction protein nectin-4 (poliovirus receptor-like 4 [pvrl4]) as receptors. vaccine mv strains have adapted to use ubiquitous membrane cofactor protein (mcp; cd46) in addition. recently solved cocrystal structures of the mv attachment protein (hemagglutinin [h]) with each receptor indicate that all three bind close to a hydrophobic groove located between blades 4 and 5 (β4-β5 gr ...201323760251
sulfated polysaccharide of caesalpinia ferrea inhibits herpes simplex virus and poliovirus.herpes simplex virus (hsv) is one of the most regular human pathogens, being a public health problem, and causal agent of several diseases. poliovirus (pv) is an enteric virus and about 1% of infected individuals develop paralytic poliomyelitis due to viral invasion of the central nervous system and destruction of motor neurons. this work evaluated the activity of a sulfated polysaccharide of caesalpinia ferrea (splcf) in hsv and pv replication. the antiviral effect of splcf at varying concentra ...201323707733
development of poliovirus extraction method from stool extracts by using magnetic nanoparticles sensitized with soluble poliovirus receptor.a method for extracting poliovirus (pv) from stool extracts was developed. magnetic nanoparticles sensitized with soluble pv receptor efficiently extracted pv pseudovirus (>99% extraction) or endogenous infectious pvs (>90% extraction) from stool extracts. this method would be useful for extraction of pv from crude biological samples.201323698530
progress towards global interruption of wild poliovirus transmission, january 2012 – march 2013. 201323696980
poliovirus: generation, quantification, propagation, purification, and storage.poliovirus (pv) is the prototypical picornavirus. it is a non-enveloped rna virus with a small (~7.5-kb) genome of positive polarity. it has long served as a model to study rna virus biology, pathogenesis, and evolution. cdna clones of several strains are available, and infectious virus can be produced by the transfection of in vitro transcribed viral genomes into an appropriate host cell. pv infects many human and non-human primate cell lines including hela and hela s3 cells, and can grow to hi ...201323686830
poliovirus: generation and characterization of mutants.poliovirus (pv) is the prototypical picornavirus. it is a non-enveloped rna virus with a small (~7.5-kb) genome of positive polarity. cdna clones of several strains are available, and infectious virus can be produced by the transfection of in vitro-transcribed viral genomes into an appropriate host cell. the ease of genetic studies in poliovirus is a primary reason that it has long served as a model to study rna virus biology, pathogenesis, and evolution. protocols for the generation and charact ...201323686829
evaluation of commercial kits for the extraction and purification of viral nucleic acids from environmental and fecal samples.the extraction and purification of nucleic acids is a critical step in the molecular detection of enteric viruses from environmental or fecal samples. in the present study, the performance of three commercially available kits was assessed: the mo bio powerviral environmental dna/rna isolation kit, the qiagen qiaamp viral rna mini kit, and the zymo zr virus dna/rna extraction kit. viral particles of adenovirus 2 (adv), murine norovirus (mnv), and poliovirus type 1 (pv1) were spiked in molecular g ...201323578704
development of a new cell culture-based method and optimized protocol for the detection of enteric viruses.the development of rapid and effective methods to detect water- and food-borne enteric viruses is important for the prevention and control of mass infection. this study represents an attempt to develop a reliable cell culture-based detection system and optimize an effective and rapid protocol for the assaying of environmental samples for the presence of infectious enteric viruses. six enteric viruses were used in this study: poliovirus, coxsackie virus a9, coxsackie virus b5, human rotavirus g1, ...201323578702
genetic diversity of cosaviruses in nonpolio acute flaccid paralysis cases of undefined etiology, northern india, 2010-2011.no cases of wild poliovirus have been reported for more than one and a half years from india. cases of acute flaccid paralysis (afp) of undefined etiology continue to occur in the region. despite the recent discovery of the human cosavirus (hcosv) in the feces of children from developing countries, there have been no studies of cosavirus infection in india.201323726418
an intriguing hypothesis on why poliovirus does exist. 201323612273
the human qualities needed to complete the global eradication of polio.although the 99% decrease seen in global polio incidence between 1988 and 2000 represented remarkable progress towards polio eradication, tackling the last 1% of polio has proved tantalizingly difficult. pockets of endemic transmission currently persist both on the border between afghanistan and pakistan and in northern nigeria. these pockets have permitted the reinfection of countries that were previously polio-free. global strategic plans for polio eradication set out the activities, resources ...201323599552
notes from the field: outbreak of poliomyelitis--somalia and kenya, may 2013.on may 9, 2013, the somalia ministry of health and the world health organization (who) reported a confirmed wild poliovirus type 1 (wpv1) case in a girl aged 32 months from mogadishu (banadir region), with onset of acute flaccid paralysis (afp) on april 18, 2013. subsequently, eight additional wpv1 cases have been confirmed in somalia, seven in banadir region and one in bay region. these are the first reported polio cases in somalia since march 2007.201323760191
poliovirus vaccination options for achieving eradication and securing the endgame.in 1988, the world health assembly resolved to globally eradicate poliomyelitis. as part of a four-pronged strategy with establishment of enhanced surveillance, institution of national immunization days, strengthening routine immunization, and carrying-out mopping-up activities, oral poliovirus vaccine (opv) was selected as the vaccine-of-choice for eradication. massive opv use decreased the number of polio-endemic countries from >125 countries in 1988 to only 3 in 2012 and led to a >99.9% decre ...201323759252
polypyrimidine tract binding protein-1 (ptb1) is a determinant of the tissue and host tropism of a human rhinovirus/poliovirus chimera pv1(ripo).the internal ribosomal entry site (ires) of picornavirus genomes serves as the nucleation site of a highly structured ribonucleoprotein complex essential to the binding of the 40s ribosomal subunit and initiation of viral protein translation. the transition from naked rna to a functional "iresome" complex are poorly understood, involving the folding of secondary and tertiary rna structure, facilitated by a tightly concerted binding of various host cell proteins that are commonly referred to as i ...201323593313
successes and shortcomings of polio eradication: a transmission modeling analysis.polio eradication is on the cusp of success, with only a few regions still maintaining transmission. improving our understanding of why some regions have been successful and others have not will help with both global eradication of polio and development of more effective vaccination strategies for other pathogens. to examine the past 25 years of eradication efforts, we constructed a transmission model for wild poliovirus that incorporates waning immunity (which affects both infection risk and tr ...201323592542
efficacy of hand rubs with a low alcohol concentration listed as effective by a national hospital hygiene society in europe.some national hospital hygiene societies in europe such as the french society for hospital hygiene (sfhh) have positive lists of disinfectants. few hand disinfectants with a rather low concentration of ethanol are listed by one society as effective for hygienic hand disinfection with 3 ml in 30 s including a virucidal activity in 30 s or 60 s, but published data allow having doubts. we have therefore evaluated the efficacy of three commonly used hand disinfectants according to en 1500 and en 144 ...201323759059
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate inhibits herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 replication, and its activity may be mediated through dysregulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system.pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (pdtc) is widely used as an antioxidant or an nf-κb inhibitor. it has been reported to inhibit the replication of human rhinoviruses, poliovirus, coxsackievirus, and influenza virus. in this paper, we report that pdtc could inhibit the replication of herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2). pdtc suppressed the expression of hsv-1 and hsv-2 viral immediate early (ie) and late (membrane protein gd) genes and the production of viral progeny. this antiviral propert ...201323740985
inactivation of an enterovirus by airborne disinfectants.the activity of airborne disinfectants on bacteria, fungi and spores has been reported. however, the issue of the virucidal effect of disinfectants spread by fogging has not been studied thoroughly.201323587047
surface for catalysis by poliovirus rna-dependent rna polymerase.the poliovirus rna-dependent rna polymerase, 3dpol, replicates the viral genomic rna on the surface of virus-induced intracellular membranes. macromolecular assemblies of 3dpol form linear arrays of subunits that propagate along a strong protein-protein interaction called interface-i, as was observed in the crystal structure of wild-type poliovirus polymerase. these "filaments" recur with slight modifications in planar sheets and, with additional modifications that accommodate curvature, in heli ...201323583774
evaluating surveillance indicators supporting the global polio eradication initiative, 2011-2012.the global polio eradication initiative (gpei) was established in 1988 by the world health assembly to interrupt transmission of wild poliovirus (wpv); completion of this initiative was declared a programmatic emergency of public health in january 2012. polio cases are detected through surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis (afp) with linked stool specimens tested for polioviruses (pvs) at accredited laboratories within the global polio laboratory network (gpln). afp surveillance findings are ...201323575241
investigation of a regulatory agency enquiry into potential porcine circovirus type 1 contamination of the human rotavirus vaccine, rotarix: approach and outcome.in january 2010, porcine circovirus type 1 (pcv1) dna was unexpectedly detected in the oral live-attenuated human rotavirus vaccine, rotarix (glaxosmithkline [gsk] vaccines) by an academic research team investigating a novel, highly sensitive analysis not routinely used for adventitious agent screening. gsk rapidly initiated an investigation to confirm the source, nature and amount of pcv1 in the vaccine manufacturing process and to assess potential clinical implications of this finding. the inv ...201324056737
prognostic significance of cd155 mrna expression in soft tissue sarcomas.cd155 was initially identified as a receptor for poliovirus. several studies have demonstrated that cd155 overexpression in cancer cells is significant in their migration, invasion, proliferation and metastasis. the objective of the present study was to investigate the correlation between cd155 expression and the clinical aggressiveness of soft tissue tumors. the cd155 expression levels in 43 surgically-resected soft tissue tumors were evaluated using the quantitative real-time polymerase chain ...201323833639
[state of collective immunity against poliomyelitis in some regions of russia].study the state of collective immunity against poliomyelitis in 7 regions of russia in the last 3 years.201323805674
diversity of picornaviruses in rural bolivia.the family picornaviridae is a large and diverse group of viruses that infect humans and animals. picornaviruses are among the most common infections of humans and cause a wide spectrum of acute human disease. this study began as an investigation of acute flaccid paralysis (afp) in a small area of eastern bolivia, where surveillance had identified a persistently high afp rate in children. stools were collected and diagnostic studies ruled out poliovirus. we tested stool specimens from 51 afp cas ...201323804569
assessing the risks for poliovirus outbreaks in polio-free countries--africa, 2012-2013.in 2012, the world health assembly of the world health organization (who) declared the completion of polio eradication a programmatic emergency. indigenous wild poliovirus (wpv) transmission remains uninterrupted in nigeria (in the who african region [afr]) and in afghanistan and pakistan (in the who eastern mediterranean region [emr]). in the who afr, multiple wpv outbreaks have occurred since 2003 after importation of indigenous west african wpv into 21 previously polio-free countries in a "wp ...201324048153
emergence of vaccine-derived polioviruses, democratic republic of congo, 2004-2011.polioviruses isolated from 70 acute flaccid paralysis patients from the democratic republic of congo (drc) during 2004-2011 were characterized and found to be vaccine-derived type 2 polioviruses (vdpv2s). partial genomic sequencing of the isolates revealed nucleotide sequence divergence of up to 3.5% in the viral protein 1 capsid region of the viral genome relative to the sabin vaccine strain. genetic analysis identified at least 7 circulating lineages localized to specific geographic regions. m ...201324047933
[the effect of aluminum adjuvant and immunization schedule on immunogenicity of sabin inactivated poliovirus vaccine].to study the effect of aluminume adjuvant and immunization schedule on immunogenicity of sabin inactivated poliovirus vaccine.201324044212
detection of human enteroviruses and parechoviruses as part of the national enterovirus surveillance in the netherlands, 1996-2011.laboratories of the dutch working group on clinical virology have routinely performed enterovirus diagnostics in the netherlands since the early 1960s, with country-wide coverage. enterovirus-positive samples are typed for clinical and epidemiological purposes, as well as to document the absence of poliovirus circulation. human parechoviruses 1 and 2, initially recognized as enteroviruses, and since 2006 also the higher numbered human parechovirus types, have been detected as part of this survei ...201323780695
ccr5 deficiency and severe polio infection in the 1984 outbreak in finland.ccr5, a leukocyte chemoattractant receptor for chemokines ccl3, ccl4, and ccl5, promotes innate and adaptive immune responses by mediating leukocyte trafficking within lymph nodes and to peripheral tissues and is also known as a co-receptor for hiv cell entry. homozygous inheritance of a complete loss-of-function mutation in ccr5 (ccr5δ32/ccr5δ32) is associated with symptomatic neuroinflammatory disease in humans with west nile and tickborne encephalitis flavivirus infections. this study sought ...201324037958
insidious reintroduction of wild poliovirus into israel, 2013.israel was certified as polio-free country in june 2002, along with the rest of the world health organization european region. some 11 years later, wild-type polio virus ₁ (wpv₁) was isolated initially from routine sewage samples collected between 7 and 13 april 2013 in two cities in the southern district. wpv₁-specific analysis of samples indicated wpv₁ introduction into that area in early february 2013. national supplementary immunisation with oral polio vaccine has been ongoing since august 2 ...201324084337
assessing and mitigating the risks of wild poliovirus outbreaks in polio-free african countries, january 2012– july 2013. 201324073464
poliovirus 2a protease triggers a selective nucleo-cytoplasmic redistribution of splicing factors to regulate alternative pre-mrna splicing.poliovirus protease 2a (2a(pro)) obstructs host gene expression by reprogramming transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory events during infection. here we demonstrate that expression of 2a(pro) induces a selective nucleo-cytoplasm translocation of several important rna binding proteins and splicing factors. subcellular fractionation studies, together with immunofluorescence microscopy revealed an asymmetric distribution of hur and tia1/tiar in 2a(pro) expressing cells, which modulates ...201324066065
the final stages of the global eradication of poliomyelitis.the global incidence of poliomyelitis has dropped by more than 99 per cent since the governments of the world committed to eradication in 1988. one of the three serotypes of wild poliovirus has been eradicated and the remaining two serotypes are limited to just a small number of endemic regions. however, the global polio eradication initiative (gpei) has faced a number of challenges in eradicating the last 1 per cent of wild-virus transmission. the polio endgame has also been complicated by the ...201323798688
an open-label randomized clinical trial of prophylactic paracetamol coadministered with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and hexavalent diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, 3-component acellular pertussis, hepatitis b, inactivated poliovirus, and haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine.in two clinical trials, low-grade fever was observed more frequently after coadministration than after separate administration of two recommended routine pediatric vaccines. since fever is an important issue with vaccine tolerability, we performed this open-label study on the efficacy and safety of prophylactic use of paracetamol (acetaminophen, benuron®) in children administered routine 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv-7) coadministered with hexavalent vaccine (diphtheria-tetanus-ac ...201323786774
the global polio eradication initiative stop transmission of polio (stop) program - 1999-2013.in 1988, the global polio eradication initiative (gpei) was established through a partnership between the world health organization (who), rotary international, cdc, and the united nations children's fund (unicef). by 2012, the annual incidence of polio had decreased by >99%, compared with 1988, and the number of countries in which wild poliovirus (wpv) circulation has never been interrupted was reduced to three: afghanistan, nigeria, and pakistan. however, because of the persistence of endemic ...201323784015
safety and immunogenicity of inactivated poliovirus vaccine based on sabin strains with and without aluminum hydroxide: a phase i trial in healthy adults.an inactivated poliovirus vaccine (ipv) based on attenuated poliovirus strains (sabin-1, -2 and -3) was developed for technology transfer to manufacturers in low- and middle income countries in the context of the global polio eradication initiative.201324063976
[investigation and response to an outbreak of wild poliovirus in kinshasa]. 201324062866
national, state, and local area vaccination coverage among children aged 19-35 months - united states, 2012.the national immunization survey (nis) is a random-digit-dialed telephone survey used to monitor vaccination coverage among u.s. children aged 19-35 months. this report describes national, state, and selected local area vaccination coverage estimates for children born during january 2009-may 2011, based on results from the 2012 nis. healthy people 2020* objectives set childhood vaccination targets of 90% for ≥1 doses of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (mmr); ≥3 doses of hepatitis b vaccine ( ...201324025754
characteristics of an environmentally monitored prolonged type 2 vaccine derived poliovirus shedding episode that stopped without intervention.vaccine derived poliovirus (vdpv) type 2 strains strongly divergent from the corresponding vaccine strain, sabin 2, were repeatedly isolated from sewage in slovakia over a period of 22 months in 2003-2005. cell cultures of stool specimens from known immune deficient patients and from an identified putative source population of 500 people failed to identify the potential excretor(s) of the virus. the occurrence of vdpv in sewage stopped without any intervention. no paralytic cases were reported i ...201323935826
detection and distribution of culturable human enteroviruses through environmental surveillance in milan, italy.human enteroviruses (hevs) infections have a significant impact on public health, being implicated in outbreaks of meningitis, encephalitis, hand-foot-mouth disease and other acute and chronic manifestation. in the strategic plan for poliomyelitis eradication, the environmental surveillance of poliovirus (pv) has been identified by the world health organization (who) as an activity that can complement the surveillance of polio. having wastewater samples available for pv surveillance allows us to ...201323910458
genomic analysis of coxsackieviruses a1, a19, a22, enteroviruses 113 and 104: viruses representing two clades with distinct tropism within enterovirus c.coxsackieviruses (cv) a1, cv-a19 and cv-a22 have historically comprised a distinct phylogenetic clade within enterovirus (ev) c. several novel serotypes that are genetically similar to these three viruses have been recently discovered and characterized. here, we report the coding sequence analysis of two genotypes of a previously uncharacterized serotype ev-c113 from bangladesh and demonstrate that it is most similar to cv-a22 and ev-c116 within the capsid region. we sequenced novel genotypes of ...201323761409
dual mechanisms of translation initiation of the full-length hiv-1 mrna contribute to gag synthesis.the precursor group-specific antigen (pr55(gag)) is central to hiv-1 assembly. its expression alone is sufficient to assemble into virus-like particles. it also selects the genomic rna for encapsidation and is involved in several important virus-host interactions for viral assembly and restriction, making its synthesis essential for aspects of viral replication. here, we show that the initiation of translation of the hiv-1 genomic rna is mediated through both a cap-dependent and an internal ribo ...201323861855
evolution of type 2 vaccine derived poliovirus lineages. evidence for codon-specific positive selection at three distinct locations on capsid wall.partial sequences of 110 type 2 poliovirus strains isolated from sewage in slovakia in 2003-2005, and most probably originating from a single dose of oral poliovirus vaccine, were subjected to a detailed genetic analysis. evolutionary patterns of these vaccine derived poliovirus strains (svk-avdpv2) were compared to those of type 1 and type 3 wild poliovirus (wpv) lineages considered to have a single seed strain origin, respectively. the 102 unique svk-avdpv vp1 sequences were monophyletic diffe ...201323840537
molecular simulations illuminate the role of regulatory components of the rna polymerase from the hepatitis c virus in influencing protein structure and dynamics.the rna polymerase (gene product ns5b) from the hepatitis c virus is responsible for replication of the viral genome and is a validated drug target for new therapeutic agents. ns5b has a structure resembling an open right hand (containing the fingers, palm, and thumb subdomains), a hydrophobic c-terminal region, and two magnesium ions coordinated in the palm domain. biochemical data suggest that the magnesium ions provide structural stability and are directly involved in catalysis, while the c-t ...201323738897
wild poliovirus importation, central african republic. 201323735864
conformational shift of a major poliovirus antigen confirmed by immuno-cryogenic electron microscopy.small, interfacial conformational changes occur in some ag-ab interactions. using cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-em), we have demonstrated such changes in a major antigenic site of a poliovirus capsid protein. during cell entry, native human poliovirus (160s particle) converts to a cell entry intermediate (135s particle) and later to an rna-released (80s) particle. by mixing particles with fabs of the neutralizing c3 mab, we labeled the external loop connecting the b and c β-strands (bc loo ...201323772035
reemergence of recombinant vaccine-derived polioviruses in healthy children, madagascar. 201323735779
polio field census and vaccination of underserved populations--northern nigeria, 2012-2013.in 2012, the world health assembly declared completion of polio eradication a public health emergency. however, wild poliovirus (wpv) transmission remains endemic in three countries (afghanistan, nigeria, and pakistan). in nigeria, the national stop transmission of polio (n-stop) program, under the umbrella of the nigerian field epidemiology and laboratory training program (feltp), has been developed to implement innovative strategies that address the remaining polio eradication challenges in ni ...201323965829
antipoliovirus activity of the organic extract of eupatorium buniifolium: isolation of euparin as an active compound.the antiviral activity of the organic extract (oe) of eupatorium buniifolium against poliovirus type 1 was determined by in vitro assays with an effective concentration 50 (ec50) of 23.3 ± 3.3 µg/ml. bioassay-guided fractionation of the oe allowed the isolation of an active principle that was identified by spectroscopic methods ((1)h- and (13)c-nmr, ei-ms, uv, and ir spectroscopy) as the benzofuran euparin. the plaque reduction assay in vero cells was used to assess the antiviral activity of eup ...201323956770
the therapeutic role of interleukin-10 after spinal cord injury.spinal cord injury (sci) is a devastating condition affecting 270,000 people in the united states. a potential treatment for decreasing the secondary inflammation, excitotoxic damage, and neuronal apoptosis associated with sci, is the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10. the best characterized effects of il-10 are anti-inflammatory-it downregulates pro-inflammatory species interleukin-1β (il-1β), interleukin-2 (il-2), interleukin-6 (il-6), tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, matrix meta ...201323731227
survival of respiratory viruses on fresh produce.in addition to enteric viruses of fecal origin, emerging zoonotic viruses such as respiratory coronaviruses and influenza viruses may potentially be transmitted via contaminated foods. the goal of this study was to determine the recovery efficiencies and the survival of two respiratory viruses, namely, adenovirus 2 (ad2) and coronavirus 229e (cov229e), on fresh produce in comparison to the enteric poliovirus 1 (pv1). adenovirus was recovered with efficiencies of 56.5, 31.8, and 34.8 % from lettu ...201323681671
seroprevalence of antipolio antibodies among children <15 years of age in border provinces in china.despite remarkable progression toward polio eradication worldwide, wild poliovirus (wpv) importation has been a great challenge for china, as it shares borders with countries where wpv is endemic. the objective of this study was to estimate poliovirus antibody seroprevalence among children <15 years of age in 3 border provinces (yunnan province, tibet autonomous region, and xinjiang uygur autonomous region) in china. a cross-sectional, hospital-based study was undertaken in 3 border provinces in ...201323677325
wild-type measles virus infection upregulates poliovirus receptor-related 4 and causes apoptosis in brain endothelial cells by induction of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand.small numbers of brain endothelial cells (becs) are infected in children with neurologic complications of measles virus (mv) infection. this may provide a mechanism for virus entry into the central nervous system, but the mechanisms are unclear. both in vitro culture systems and animal models are required to elucidate events in the endothelium. we compared the ability of wild-type (wt), vaccine, and rodent-adapted mv strains to infect, replicate, and induce apoptosis in human and murine brain en ...201323771216
increased long chain acyl-coa synthetase activity and fatty acid import is linked to membrane synthesis for development of picornavirus replication organelles.all positive strand (+rna) viruses of eukaryotes replicate their genomes in association with membranes. the mechanisms of membrane remodeling in infected cells represent attractive targets for designing future therapeutics, but our understanding of this process is very limited. elements of autophagy and/or the secretory pathway were proposed to be hijacked for building of picornavirus replication organelles. however, even closely related viruses differ significantly in their requirements for com ...201323762027
the potential impact of routine immunization with inactivated poliovirus vaccine on wild-type or vaccine-derived poliovirus outbreaks in a posteradication setting.the "endgame" for worldwide poliomyelitis eradication will entail eventual cessation of the use of oral poliovirus vaccine (opv) in all countries to prevent the reintroduction of vaccine-derived polioviruses--exposing some populations to an unprecedented, albeit low, risk of poliovirus outbreaks. inactivated poliovirus vaccine (ipv) is likely to play a large part in post--opv management of poliovirus risks by reducing the consequences of any reintroduction of poliovirus. in this article, we exam ...201324100955
outbreak news. wild poliovirus in the horn of africa. 201324159664
revision of the national action plan in response to poliovirus importation in korea.the polio outbreak in china in 2011 makes it necessary to revise the 2010 polio national action plan (nap) in korea. the revised plan was provided after evaluation of the 2010 nap, literature reviews, and expert advice. it was discussed and confirmed by the polio national certificate committee (ncc). the revised nap (2012 nap) has structured the action to take by patient phase and the role of each institution. it also provides the specified classification and management actions on the contacts. ...201324159541
cross-neutralizing human anti-poliovirus antibodies bind the recognition site for cellular receptor.most structural information about poliovirus interaction with neutralizing antibodies was obtained in the 1980s in studies of mouse monoclonal antibodies. recently we have isolated a number of human/chimpanzee anti-poliovirus antibodies and demonstrated that one of them, mab a12, could neutralize polioviruses of both serotypes 1 and 2. this communication presents data on isolation of an additional cross-neutralizing antibody (f12) and identification of a previously unknown epitope on the surface ...201324277851
a phase i randomized clinical trial of candidate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vaccine mva.hiva administered to gambian infants.a vaccine to decrease transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) during breast-feeding would complement efforts to eliminate infant hiv-1 infection by antiretroviral therapy. relative to adults, infants have distinct immune development, potentially high-risk of transmission when exposed to hiv-1 and rapid progression to aids when infected. to date, there have been only three published hiv-1 vaccine trials in infants.201324205185
cellular mrna decay protein auf1 negatively regulates enterovirus and human rhinovirus infections.to successfully complete their replication cycles, picornaviruses modify several host proteins to alter the cellular environment to favor virus production. one such target of viral proteinase cleavage is au-rich binding factor 1 (auf1), a cellular protein that binds to au-rich elements, or ares, in the 3' noncoding regions (ncrs) of mrnas to affect the stability of the rna. previous studies found that, during poliovirus or human rhinovirus infection, auf1 is cleaved by the viral proteinase 3cd a ...201323903828
population immunity to polioviruses in the context of a large-scale wild poliovirus type 1 outbreak in tajikistan, 2010.a serosurvey to evaluate population immunity to polioviruses (pvs) in the context of the importation-related wild pv1 outbreak in tajikistan in 2010 (461 confirmed cases among children and young adults) was conducted.201323891502
translation of viral mrnas that do not require eif4e is blocked by the inhibitor 4egi-1.high throughput screening has rendered new inhibitors of eukaryotic protein synthesis. one such molecule, 4egi-1 has been reported to selectively block the initiation factor eif4e. we have investigated the action of this inhibitor on translation directed by several viral mrnas which, in principle, do not utilize eif4e. we found that 4egi-1 inhibits translation directed by poliovirus ires, in rabbit reticulocyte lysates, to a similar extent as capped mrna. moreover, 4egi-1 inhibits translation dr ...201323870416
adverse events following immunization with oral poliovirus in kinshasa, democratic republic of congo: preliminary results.we investigated the nature and frequency of adverse events following immunization (aefi) associated with oral polio vaccines (opv) in the general population in kinshasa, democratic republic of congo (dr congo).201324392682
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