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viral myocarditis: potential defense mechanisms within the cardiomyocyte against virus infection.virus infection can inflict significant damage on cardiomyocytes through direct injury and secondary immune reactions, leading to myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. while viral myocarditis or cardiomyopathy is a complication of systemic infection of cardiotropic viruses, most individuals infected with the viruses do not develop significant cardiac disease. however, some individuals proceed to develop severe virus-mediated heart disease. recent studies have shown that viral infection of card ...201121585262
effects of yiqi huoxue recipe () and coxsackie virus b type 3 on the expression of ribosomal protein s20 in rat cardiac myocytes.to study the effects of yiqi huoxue recipe () and coxsackie b virus type 3 (cvb3) on the expression of ribosomal protein s20 in rat cardiac myocytes, to explore the pathogenesis of myocarditis induced by cvb3 and the mechanism of yiqi huoxue recipe on gene level, and to further investigate whether yiqi huoxue recipe is an effective prescription for cvb3 myocarditis.201121611902
multiplex rt-pcr detection and microarray typing of vesicular disease viruses.a vesicular disease multiplex reverse transcription (rt)-pcr with an accompanying microarray assay was developed for simultaneous detection and typing of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), and for the detection of swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) and vesicular exanthema of swine virus (vesv). the multiplex rt-pcr successfully detected viral rna from a collection of 49 strains of vesicular viruses, including multiple strains from all seven serotypes of f ...201121620898
virus inactivation by salt (nacl) and phosphate supplemented salt in a 3d collagen matrix model for natural sausage casings.due to possible presence and spread of contagious animal viruses via natural sausage casings the international trade in these food products is subject to veterinary and public health requirements. in order to manage these restrictions we determined the effect of casing preservation on four highly contagious viruses for livestock: foot-and-mouth-disease virus (fmdv), classical swine fever virus (csfv), swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) and african swine fever virus (asfv). we used an in vitro ...201121632134
isolation, identification and antiviral activities of metabolites of calycosin-7-o-+¦-d-glucopyranoside.in vivo and in vitro metabolites of calycosin-7-o-+¦-d-glucopyranoside in rats were identified using a specific and sensitive high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (hplc-ms(n)) method. the parent compound and twelve metabolites were found in rat urine after oral administration of calycosin-7-o-+¦-d-glucopyranoside. the parent compound and six metabolites were detected in rat plasma. in heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney samples, respectively, six, eight, seven, nine ...201121703796
calcium signals and calpain-dependent necrosis are essential for release of coxsackievirus b from polarized intestinal epithelial cells.coxsackievirus b (cvb), a member of the enterovirus family, targets the polarized epithelial cells lining the intestinal tract early in infection. although the polarized epithelium functions as a protective barrier, this barrier is likely exploited by cvb to promote viral entry and subsequent egress. here we show that, in contrast to nonpolarized cells, cvb-infected polarized intestinal caco-2 cells undergo nonapoptotic necrotic cell death triggered by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor-depen ...201121737691
molecular determinants of disease in coxsackievirus b1 murine infection.to understand better how different genomic regions may confer pathogenicity for the coxsackievirus b (cvb), two intratypic cvb1 variants, and a number of recombinant viruses were studied. sequencing analysis showed 23 nucleotide changes between the parental non-pathogenic cvb1n and the pathogenic cvb1nm. mutations present in cvb1nm were more conserved than those in cvb1n when compared to other cvb sequences. inoculation in c3h/hej mice showed that the p1 region is critical for pathogenicity in m ...201121739448
[investigation on one vaccine-derived poliovirus (vdpv) case in yunnan province].to find out epidemiological feature of paralytic cases caused by type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus (vdpv) and the excretion status of the case and to explore the enterovirus infection status among healthy children under five years old around the case in zhaotong city, yunnan province in 2010. field epidemiological studies at the epidemic area were conducted and a total of 108 stool samples were collected, three from the case, seven from the close contacts and 98 from the healthy children. vdpv w ...201121774255
coxsackieviral infections involved in aseptic meningitis: a study in slovakia from 2005 to 2009. 201121813079
structural basis for antiviral inhibition of the main protease 3c from human enterovirus 93.the enteroviruses genus of the picornaviridae family is abundant with common human pathogens that belong to rhinoviruses (hrvs) and enteroviruses (evs), including diverse echo-, coxsackie- and polio- viruses. they cause a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic to severe diseases with neurological and/or cardiac manifestations. pandemic outbreaks of evs may be accompanied with meningitis and/or paralysis and can be fatal. however, there is no effective prophylaxis or a ...201121835784
Application of GP5 protein to develop monoclonal antibody against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.In this study, a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV), named as 8C9 and4B4, were produced by fusing SP2/0 myeloma cells and spleen cells of BALB/c mice immunized with the PRRSV (TCID(50)=5.5), screened by the indirect ELISA and subjected to several limiting dilutions. mAbs were then identified by biological characterization. Among the two fusion cell strains, 8C9 belonged to the IgG1 subclass and 4B4 belonged to the IgG2a subcla ...201121847758
[expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in myocardium of mice with viral myocarditis].to investigate the dynamic changes of expression of matrix metalloproteinases-9 in myocardium of mice with viral myocarditis (vmc) and its significance in the pathogenesis of viral myocarditis.201121849121
critical cytokine pathways to cardiac inflammation.infectious disease is frequently cited as a precursor of subsequent autoimmune disease in genetically susceptible hosts. however, the precise mechanisms required for the transition from infection to autoimmunity have not been well defined. we have developed a mouse model of autoimmune myocarditis initiated by infection with coxsackievirus b3 to trace the cytokine pathways involved. we found that greater production of interleukin-1β (il-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α during the early innate resp ...201121861699
[Molecular typing of enteroviruses from healthy children in the border areas of Yunnan Province and Myanmar and the genetic characteristics of ECHO7 and ECHO13 in 2009].To explore the enteroviruses surveillance among healthy children under 15 years old in the border areas of Yunnan Province and Myanmar in 2009. The stool samples were collected from the healthy children under 15 years old who came from the border areas of Myanmar and Yunnan Province, virus isolation and sequencing were conducted for all the 271 samples. 6 strains of polioviruses (PVs) were detected from 271 stools with an isolation rate of 2.8%, which belonged to vaccine strains and 24 non-polio ...201121874903
A case of neonatal coxsackie B2 meningo-encephalitis in which serial magnetic resonance imaging findings reveal the development of lesions.We report a patient with neonatal Coxsackie B2 meningo-encephalitis in whom magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could be performed serially from the early stage of the disease. The patient was a 12-day-old girl born at a gestational age of 37 weeks. She was hospitalized due to poor suckling. During her hospital stay, she developed clonic seizures in the right upper and lower limbs. Coxsackie B2 virus was detected, and a diagnosis of viral encephalitis was made. The first diffusion-weighted images ( ...201121877311
Impairment of immunoproteasome function by ß5i/LMP7 subunit deficiency results in severe enterovirus myocarditis.Proteasomes recognize and degrade poly-ubiquitinylated proteins. In infectious disease, cells activated by interferons (IFNs) express three unique catalytic subunits ß1i/LMP2, ß2i/MECL-1 and ß5i/LMP7 forming an alternative proteasome isoform, the immunoproteasome (IP). The in vivo function of IPs in pathogen-induced inflammation is still a matter of controversy. IPs were mainly associated with MHC class I antigen processing. However, recent findings pointed to a more general function of IPs in r ...201121909276
Decay-accelerating factor binding determines the entry route of echovirus 11 in polarized epithelial cells.The interaction between echovirus 11 strain 207 (EV11-207) and decay-accelerating factor (DAF or CD55) at the apical surface of polarized Caco-2 cells results in rapid transport of the virus to tight junctions and in its subsequent uptake. A virus mutant (EV11-207R) which differs at 6 amino acids and whose affinity for DAF is apparently significantly lower remains at the apical surface, from where its uptake occurs. Binding of EV11-207 to DAF and its transport to tight junctions result in a loss ...201121917947
The transformation of enterovirus replication structures: a three-dimensional study of single- and double-membrane compartments.All positive-strand RNA viruses induce membrane structures in their host cells which are thought to serve as suitable microenvironments for viral RNA synthesis. The structures induced by enteroviruses, which are members of the family Picornaviridae, have so far been described as either single- or double-membrane vesicles (DMVs). Aside from the number of delimiting membranes, their exact architecture has also remained elusive due to the limitations of conventional electron microscopy. In this stu ...201121972238
Virus-host coevolution in a persistently coxsackievirus B3-infected cardiomyocyte cell line.Coevolution of virus and host is a process that emerges in persistent virus infections. Here we studied the coevolutionary development of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) and cardiac myocytes representing the major target cells of CVB3 in the heart in a newly established persistently CVB3-infected murine cardiac myocyte cell line, HL-1(CVB3). CVB3 persistence in HL-1(CVB3) cells represented a typical carrier-state infection with high levels (10(6) to 10(8) PFU/ml) of infectious virus produced from only ...201121976640
the role of th17 cells and regulatory t cells in coxsackievirus b3-induced myocarditis.il-17-producing (th17) and regulatory t (treg) cells have been well established in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases. to assess whether th17 and treg were altered in acute virus-induced myocarditis (avmc) mice, we assessed th17/treg functions on different levels in avmc. it was shown that the expression of splenic th17 cells and th17-related cytokines (il-17a, il-21) markedly increased. interestingly, the expression of splenic treg cells and treg-related cytokines (tgf-β, il-10) als ...201121993400
[Study on the etiological and molecular characteristics of aseptic meningitis epidemic in Zhejiang Province in 2002-2004].In order to confirm the cause of the outbreak of aseptic meningitis in Zhejiang Province in 2002-2004, trace the pathogen and analyze the molecular characteristics, 271 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and faeces specimens were collected from suspected patients. The virus strains from the specimens were isolated with RD and Hep-2 cell lines. The VP1 and VP4/VP2 genes of the isolated viruses were sequenced, and their phylogenetic and homology trees were also constructed. Of the total 271 samples, 78 Ech ...201121998959
Cytolytic replication of echoviruses in colon cancer cell lines.Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world, killing nearly 50% of patients afflicted. Though progress is being made within surgery and other complementary treatments, there is still need for new and more effective treatments. Oncolytic virotherapy, meaning that a cancer is cured by viral infection, is a promising field for finding new and improved treatments. We have investigated the oncolytic potential of several low-pathogenic echoviruses with rare clinical occurrence. Ec ...201121999585
[the etiological identification of an aseptic encephalitis outbreak (ten cases) in a hospital of xiamen city, 2011].to identify the etiology of an aseptic encephalitis outbreak (ten cases) in a hospital of xiamen city from 11 to 17 may, 2011.201122041567
detection of non-polio enteroviruses from 17 years of virological surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis in the philippines.acute flaccid paralysis (afp) surveillance has been conducted as part of the world health organization (who) strategy on poliomyelitis eradication. aside from poliovirus, which is the target pathogen, isolation, and identification of non-polio enteroviruses (npevs) is also done by neutralization test using pools of antisera which can only identify limited number of npevs. in the philippines, despite the significant number of isolated npevs, no information is available with regard to its occurren ...201222337302
simultaneous identification of dna and rna viruses present in pig faeces using process-controlled deep sequencing.animal faeces comprise a community of many different microorganisms including bacteria and viruses. only scarce information is available about the diversity of viruses present in the faeces of pigs. here we describe a protocol, which was optimized for the purification of the total fraction of viral particles from pig faeces. the genomes of the purified dna and rna viruses were simultaneously amplified by pcr and subjected to deep sequencing followed by bioinformatic analyses. the efficiency of t ...201222514648
[molecular epidemiological analysis of species b enteroviruses isolated from henan province of china during the six months in 2010].this report presents an overview of human enterovirus b species in henan province. a total of 14 isolates of hev-b species isolated under hfmd surveillance network during the six months in 2010 were examined. based on molecular typing results targeting vp1 region, 14 isolates were classified into 6 serotypes of hev-b. furthermore, comparison of these 14 isolates with reference strains and strains in mainland china was conducted. the phylogenetic analysis revealed that e25, e11 and e6 showed homo ...201222519171
isolation and characterization of a chinese strain of human enterovirus 74 from a healthy child in the tibet autonomous region of china.human enterovirus 74 (hev74) is a recently described serotype within the species human enterovirus b (hev-b). few nucleotide sequences of hev74 are available, and only one complete genome sequence (the prototype strain) has been published. in this study, we report the complete genome sequence of an hev74 strain isolated from a healthy child during a stool survey in the tibet autonomous region of china. the results indicated that hev74 may be a prevalent and common enterovirus type, and that hev7 ...201222576315
the survey of porcine teschoviruses, sapeloviruses and enteroviruses b infecting domestic pigs and wild boars in the czech republic between 2005 and 2011.this study presents results of epidemiological survey and genetic characterisation of porcine enteric picornaviruses belonging to the genera teschovirus, sapelovirus, and porcine enterovirus b. faecal or gut content samples from domestic pigs (sus scrofa f. domestica) and the cecal content of wild boars (sus scrofa) of different ages (collected between 2005 and 2011) were analysed by molecular methods. porcine enterovirus b was the most prevalent virus detected in both domestic pigs and wild boa ...201222579481
cytokine and chemokine production by human pancreatic islets upon enterovirus infection.enteroviruses of the human enterovirus b species (hev-bs) (e.g., coxsackie b viruses [cvbs] and echoviruses) have been implicated as environmental factors that trigger/accelerate type 1 diabetes, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. the aim of this study was to gain insight into the cytokines and chemokines that are produced by human pancreatic islets upon infection with cvbs. to this end, we studied the response of human islets of langerhans upon mock or cvb3 infection. using quantitat ...201222596052
viral infection of central nervous system in children: one year prospective study.viral infection of central nervous system (cns) is a common problem worldwide, especially in children. the clinical manifestations of viral cns infection are the most important clues for diagnosis and treatment. the 1-year prospective study to explore the prevalence, clinical manifestations, and laboratory findings of viral cns infection in children, including human herpes virus (hhv) type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6a, 6b, 7, enterovirus b, mumps virus, measles virus, japanese encephalitis virus, jc virus, ...201122619903
natural interspecies recombinant bovine/porcine enterovirus in sheep.members of the genus enterovirus (family picornaviridae) are believed to be common and widespread among humans and different animal species, although only a few enteroviruses have been identified from animal sources. intraspecies recombination among human enteroviruses is a well-known phenomenon, but only a few interspecies examples have been reported and, to our current knowledge, none of these have involved non-primate enteroviruses. in this study, we report the detection and complete genome c ...201222647375
symmetry-related clustering of positive charges is a common mechanism for heparan sulfate binding in enteroviruses.coxsackievirus a9 (cav9), a member of the picornaviridae family, uses an rgd motif in the vp1 capsid protein to bind to integrin αvβ6 during cell entry. here we report that two cav9 isolates can bind to the heparan sulfate/heparin class of proteoglycans (hspg). sequence analysis identified an arginine (r) at position 132 in vp1 in these two isolates, rather than a threonine (t) as seen in the nonbinding strains tested. we introduced a t132r substitution into the hspg-nonbinding strain griggs and ...201222855495
complete genome analysis of porcine enterovirus b isolated in korea.the complete genome sequence of porcine enterovirus b (pev-b) from a korean isolate was analyzed. the genome size was 7,393 bp. previously, full genome sequences of pev-b had been reported from the united kingdom, hungary, and china. the korean pev-b isolate presented polyprotein gene nucleotide sequence similarities of 77.9, 73.7, 78.9, and 80.3%, respectively, to pev-b ukg/410/73, lp54, pev15, and chinese strains (ch-ah-f1).201222923807
complete genome sequence of a recombinant coxsackievirus b4 from a patient with a fatal case of hand, foot, and mouth disease in guangxi, china.the coxsackievirus b4 (cvb4) belongs to human enterovirus b species within the family picornaviridae. here we report a novel complete genome sequence of a recombinant cvb4 strain, cvb4/gx/10, which was isolated from a patient with a fatal case of hand, foot, and mouth disease in china. the complete genome consists of 7,293 nucleotides, excluding the 3' poly(a) tail, and has an open reading frame that maps between nucleotide positions 742 and 7293 and encodes a 2,183-amino-acid polyprotein. phylo ...201222966193
full genome sequence of a novel coxsackievirus b5 strain isolated from neurological hand, foot, and mouth disease patients in china.coxsackievirus b5 (cvb5) belongs to the human enterovirus b species within the family picornaviridae. we report the complete genome sequence of a novel cvb5 strain, cvb5/sd/09, that is associated with neurological hand, foot, and mouth disease in china. the complete genome consists of 7,399 nucleotides, excluding the 3' poly(a) tail, and has an open reading frame that maps between nucleotide positions 744 and 7301 and encodes a 2,185-amino-acid polyprotein. phylogenetic analysis based on differe ...201222997425
characterization of non-polio enterovirus isolates from acute flaccid paralysis children in pakistan reflects a new genotype of ev-107.enteroviruses comprise a group of genetically diverse rna viruses that usually cause respiratory illnesses, myocarditis, enteritis, meningitis, encephalitis and poliomyelitis. in this study, 23 non-polio enteroviruses, isolated during september-october 2009 from stool specimens of children suffering from acute flaccid paralysis (afp) were subjected to serotype determination by using rivm antiserum pools. twenty-two isolates were identified as members of human enterovirus b (hev-b) species except ...201223041515
complete genome sequence of an enterovirus 80 strain isolated in china.enterovirus 80 (ev80) is a newly identified serotype of the species human enterovirus b. an ev80 strain designated hz01/sd/chn/2004 was isolated from an acute flaccid paralysis case in shandong, china, in 2004. complete genome comparison revealed 79.5% similarity with the prototype strain and an insertion of 36 nucleotides in the 3' end of the vp1 coding region. intertypic recombination with other serotypes was observed. this is the first report of the complete genome of ev80 in china.201223118457
genomic characterization of echovirus 6 causing aseptic meningitis in hokkaido, japan: a novel cluster in the nonstructural protein coding region of human enterovirus b.we determined four complete nucleotide sequences of echovirus 6 (e6) isolated from an epidemic of aseptic meningitis (am) in hokkaido, japan, in 2011. phylogenetic analysis of the genes encoding viral capsid protein 1 revealed that the strains were closely related to e6 strains isolated in china in recent years, but they were distantly related to e6 strains isolated from patients with am in osaka prefecture, japan, in 2011. the genes encoding the viral protease and rna-dependent rna polymerase ( ...201323178967
molecular diagnosis of echovirus 30 as the etiological agent in an outbreak of aseptic meningitis in panama: may-june 2008.aseptic meningitis outbreaks are commonly caused by viral pathogens with enterovirus a common etiological agent. between may and june of 2008, an outbreak of 173 cases of aseptic meningitis occurred in the chiriqui province of panama. molecular techniques were used to identify the etiological agent.201223276736
[typing and identification of non-polio enterovirus from acute flaccid paralysis cases in ningxia, 1997-2011].to identify the serotype of 73 non-polio enterovirus (npev) strains from acute flaccid paralysis (afp) cases in ningxia province, during 1997 - 2011.201223290905
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine inhibits replication of human enteroviruses b and d by targeting viral protein 2c.although the genus enterovirus contains many important human pathogens, there is no licensed drug for either the treatment or the prophylaxis of enterovirus infections. we report that fluoxetine (prozac)--a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor--inhibits the replication of human enterovirus b (hev-b) and hev-d but does not affect the replication of hev-a and hev-c or human rhinovirus a or b. we show that fluoxetine interferes with viral rna replication, and we identified viral protein 2c as the ...201323335743
transmission of human enterovirus 85 recombinants containing new unknown serotype hev-b donor sequences in xinjiang uighur autonomous region, china.human enterovirus 85 (hev85), whose prototype strain (strain ban00-10353/ban/2000) was isolated in bangladesh in 2000, is a recently identified serotype within the human enterovirus b (hev-b) species. at present, only one nucleotide sequence of hev85 (the complete genome sequence of the prototype strain) is available in the genbank database.201323383202
complete genome sequence of enterovirus 87 isolated from a child with acute flaccid paralysis in china in 2000.enterovirus 87 (ev87) is a new member of species human enterovirus b. so far, only the genome sequence of the prototype strain from bangladesh is available. here, we report the genome sequence of ev87 strain ly02/sd/chn/2000 isolated from an acute flaccid paralysis case in shandong province, china, in 2000. it has a genome of 7423 nucleotides. compared with the prototype strain, it had 80.3% nucleotide and 95.5% amino acid similarity in the vp1 coding region and 82.8% complete genome similarity, ...201323546825
differential susceptibility and response of primary human myeloid bdca1(+) dendritic cells to infection with different enteroviruses.coxsackie b viruses (cvbs) and echoviruses (evs) form the human enterovirus-b (hev-b) species within the family picornaviridae. hev-b infections are widespread and generally cause mild disease; however, severe infections occur and hev-b are associated with various chronic diseases such as cardiomyopathy and type 1 diabetes. dendritic cells (dcs) are the professional antigen-presenting cells of our immune system and initiate and control immune responses to invading pathogens, yet also maintain to ...201323638101
[study on the molecular typing and epidemiology of non-polio enterovirus in yunnan province, china during 2006-2010].in order to explore the genotype distribution and molecular evolution of non-polio enterovirus (npevs)in yunnan province,the people's republic of china, we sequenced and analyzed the partial vp1 coding region of 105 npevs isolated from acute flaccid paralysis (afp) surveillance in yunnan province during a 5- year study period from 2006 to 2010. the viral genomes of 105 npevs were translated to corresponding amino acid sequences and compared with those of the prototype strains, and the phylogenet ...201323757848
high frequency of enterovirus serotype circulation in a densely populated area of india.in the state of uttar pradesh in india, enteroviruses are a significant cause of infection presenting in endemic or epidemic forms. the present study aimed to use molecular methods to identify enterovirus serotypes in clinical specimens to determine their circulation in the community.201323771291
epidemics and frequent recombination within species in outbreaks of human enterovirus b-associated hand, foot and mouth disease in shandong china in 2010 and 2011.the epidemiology and molecular characteristics of human enterovirus b (hev-b) associated with hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) outbreaks in china are not well known. in the present study, we tested 201 hev isolates from 233 clinical specimens from patients with severe hfmd during 2010-2011 in linyi, shandong, china. of the 201 isolates, 189 were fully typed and 18 corresponded to hev-b species (six serotypes cva9, cvb1, cvb4, echo 6, echo 25 and echo 30) using sensitive semi-nested polymerase ...201323840610
[isolation and characterization of a human enterovirus 74 isolated in shandong province, china].human enterovirus hev 74 is a new member of species human enterovirus b (hev-b). to understand its evolution and restructuring characteristics, we report the complete genome sequence of a hev74 strain 05293/sd/chn/2005(abbreviated as 05293) isolated from an acute flaccid paralysis (afp) case in shangdong province, china, 2005. analysis of the complete genomic sequence of 05293 showed that its genome was collinear with that of previously described 2 hev74 strains, except for insertions and deleti ...201323895004
outbreak of herpangina in the brazilian amazon in 2009 caused by enterovirus b.in october 2009, our laboratory was contacted by a brazilian public health organization regarding a severe community outbreak of an acute exanthematic and febrile disease in the brazilian amazon that primarily affected children. a total of 44 patients with febrile disease were identified by the local public health system, 37 of whom were children between 1 and 9 years of age. molecular virological and phylogenetic characterization revealed that enterovirus b was the etiological agent of this out ...201424197788
characterization of a novel enterovirus serotype and an enterovirus ev-b93 isolated from acute flaccid paralysis patients.non-polio enteroviruses (npevs) are among the most common viruses infecting humans worldwide. most of these infections are asymptomatic but few can lead to systemic and neurological disorders like acute flaccid paralysis (afp). acute flaccid paralysis is a clinical syndrome and npevs have been isolated frequently from the patients suffering from afp but little is known about their causal relationship. the objective of this study was to identify and characterize the npev serotypes recovered from ...201324244603
enterovirus 2apro targets mda5 and mavs in infected cells.rig-i-like receptors (rlrs) mda5 and rig-i are key players in the innate antiviral response. upon recognition of viral rna, they interact with mavs, eventually inducing type i interferon production. the interferon induction pathway is commonly targeted by viruses. how enteroviruses suppress interferon production is incompletely understood. mda5 has been suggested to undergo caspase- and proteasome-mediated degradation during poliovirus infection. additionally, mavs is reported to be cleaved duri ...201424390337
molecular typing and characterization of a new serotype of human enterovirus (ev-b111) identified in china.molecular methods, based on sequencing the region encoding the complete vp1 or p1 protein, have enabled the rapid identification of new enterovirus serotypes. in the present study, the complete genome of a newly discovered enterovirus serotype, strain q0011/xz/chn/2000 (hereafter referred to as q0011), was sequenced and analyzed. the virus, isolated from a stool sample from a patient with acute flaccid paralysis in the tibet region of china in 2000, was characterized by amplicon sequencing and c ...201424503225
coxsackievirus a9 infects cells via nonacidic multivesicular bodies.coxsackievirus a9 (cva9) is a member of the human enterovirus b species in the enterovirus genus of the family picornaviridae. according to earlier studies, cva9 binds to αvβ3 and αvβ6 integrins on the cell surface and utilizes β2-microglobulin, dynamin, and arf6 for internalization. however, the structures utilized by the virus for internalization and uncoating are less well understood. we show here, based on electron microscopy, that cva9 is found in multivesicular structures 2 h postinfection ...201424574401
[serotype distribution of non-polio enterovirus in patients with acute flaccid paralysis during 2011-2012 in hebei province, china].this study aims to investigate the serotype distribution of non-polio enterovirus (npev) isolated from patients with acute flaccid paralysis (afp) during 2011-2012 in hebei province, china and to analyze the relationship between these viruses and afp. npev strains were isolated from the stool specimens from afp cases in hebei using human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (rd) and the mouse cell line expressing the gene for the human cellular receptor for poliovirus (l20b) according to the who requirements. ...201424772895
complete genome analysis of human enterovirus b73 isolated from an acute flaccid paralysis patient in shandong, china.human enterovirus b73 (ev-b73) is a member of species enterovirus b. to date, only one complete genome sequence of prototype strain ca55-1988 from california has been available. in this study, the complete genome analysis of an ev-b73 strain 088/sd/chn/04 isolated from an acute flaccid paralysis case in shandong province, china in 2004 is conducted. it had 75.6 and 79.3 % nucleotide similarity with prototype strain ca55-1988 in the vp1 coding region and the complete genome, respectively. it had ...201424792513
near-complete genome sequencing of swine vesicular disease virus using the roche gs flx sequencing platform.swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) is an enterovirus that is both genetically and antigenically closely related to human coxsackievirus b5 within the picornaviridae family. svdv is the causative agent of a highly contagious (though rarely fatal) vesicular disease in pigs. we report a rapid method that is suitable for sequencing the complete protein-encoding sequences of svdv isolates in which the rna is relatively intact. the approach couples a single pcr amplification reaction, using only a s ...201424816564
complete genome sequence analysis of an enterovirus 75 isolate from china.enterovirus 75 (ev-b75) is a member of the species enterovirus b (ev-b). so far, only the complete genome of the prototype strain from the united states is available. here, we report the genome sequence of an ev-b75 isolate from an acute flaccid paralysis patient in china. sequence analysis revealed high nucleotide sequence divergence from foreign ev-b75 strains and suggested several recombination events with other serotypes of ev-b.201424852072
molecular characterization of diverse species enterovirus-b types from children with acute flaccid paralysis and asymptomatic children in nigeria.non-polio enteroviruses (npevs) have often been identified in association with acute flaccid paralysis (afp) in most polio surveillance studies worldwide. in a polio endemic country like nigeria, there is need for distinction of afp due to poliovirus and those potentially due to npevs. this study was undertaken to characterize the enterovirus (ev) types circulating in both children with and without afp in nigeria. of fecal sample from 966 children with afp, 96 (10%) were positive for npevs in rd ...201424915283
use of the 5' untranslated region and vp1 region to examine the molecular diversity in enterovirus b species.human enteroviruses evolve quickly. the 5' untranslated region (utr) is fundamentally important for efficient viral replication and for virulence; the vp1 region correlates well with antigenic typing by neutralization, and can be used for virus identification and evolutionary studies. in order to investigate the molecular diversity in ev-b species, the 5' utr and vp1 regions were analysed for 208 clinical isolates from a single public-health laboratory (serving new south wales, australia), repre ...201425038138
phylogenetic evidence for multiple intertypic recombinations in enterovirus b81 strains isolated in tibet, china.enterovirus b81 (ev-b81) is a newly identified serotype within the species enterovirus b (ev-b). to date, only eight nucleotide sequences of ev-b81 have been published and only one full-length genome sequence (the prototype strain) has been made available in the genbank database. here, we report the full-length genome sequences of two ev-b81 strains isolated in the tibet autonomous region of china during acute flaccid paralysis surveillance activities, and we also conducted an antibody seropreva ...201425112835
elicitation of t-cell responses by structural and non-structural proteins of coxsackievirus b4.coxsackievirus b4 (cv-b4) belongs to the genus enterovirus within the family picornaviridae. to investigate target proteins recognized by t-cells in human enterovirus b infections, virus-encoded structural [vp0 (vp4 and vp2), vp1, vp3] and non-structural (2a, 2b, 2c, 3c and 3d) proteins were expressed and purified in escherichia coli. peripheral blood of 19 healthy adult donors was used to create enterovirus-specific t-cell lines by repeated stimulation with cv-b4 cell lysate antigen. t-cell lin ...201525381056
platelets interact with coxsackieviruses b and have a critical role in the pathogenesis of virus-induced myocarditis.to further understand the role of platelets in the pathogenesis of viral infections we explored platelet interaction with coxsackieviruses b (cvb) 1 and 3. cvb is a group of viruses that cause the majority of human enterovirus-related viral myocarditis; their receptor (car) is expressed on the platelet surface and there is a well-characterized cvb3-induced myocarditis murine model.201525393316
intussusception is associated with the detection of adenovirus c, enterovirus b and rotavirus in a rotavirus vaccinated population.intussusception, a condition where one segment of intestine invaginates into another, occurs predominantly in infants and young children. a number of potential causes have been identified including infectious agents and rotavirus vaccination. following the introduction of rotavirus vaccination of infants in western australia, a laboratory surveillance programme testing notified intussusception cases for infectious agents was commenced. this led to a pcr-based study of the association between gas ...201425464971
type i diabetes mellitus: genetic factors and presumptive enteroviral etiology or protection.we review type 1 diabetes and host genetic components, as well as epigenetics and viruses associated with type 1 diabetes, with added emphasis on the enteroviruses, which are often associated with triggering the disease. genus enterovirus is classified into twelve species of which seven (enterovirus a, enterovirus b, enterovirus c, and enterovirus d and rhinovirus a, rhinovirus b, and rhinovirus c) are human pathogens. these viruses are transmitted mainly by the fecal-oral route; they may also s ...201425574400
complete genome sequence analysis of echovirus 24 associated with hand-foot-and-mouth disease in china in 2012.echovirus 24 belongs to human enterovirus b species in the family picornaviridae. here, we report the whole-genome sequences of a novel complete genome sequence of a recombinant (echovirus 24) echo 24 strain, pz18/js/2012, which was isolated from a patient with hand-foot-and-mouth disease in china.201525657272
efficient replication of recombinant enterovirus b types, carrying different p1 genes in the coxsackievirus b5 replicative backbone.recombination is an important feature in the evolution of the enterovirus genus. phylogenetic studies of enteroviruses have revealed that the capsid genomic region (p1) is type specific, while the parts of the genome coding for the non-structural proteins (p2-p3) are species specific. hence, the genome may be regarded as consisting of two modules that evolve independently. in this study, it was investigated whether the non-structural coding part of the genome in one type could support replicatio ...201525663145
complete genome sequence analysis of two human coxsackievirus a9 strains isolated in yunnan, china, in 2009.human coxsackievirus a9 (cva9) is a member of enterovirus b species and may cause aseptic meningitis. the complete genome analyses of two strains cva9 a242/yn/chn/2009 and a108/yn/chn/2009 isolated from aseptic meningitis cases in yunnan province, china, in 2009 were performed. these two strains shared 81.3 and 80.7, 81.0 and 81.1 % nucleotide similarity with prototype strain griggs in the vp1-encoding sequence and the complete genome sequence, respectively. through phylogenetic analysis and hom ...201525680342
a coxsackie b4 virus isolated in yunnan in 2009 is a recombinant.coxsackievirus b4 is a member of the species enterovirus b in the enterovirus genus of the picornaviridae family. so far, there are only seven complete genome sequences of cvb4 published in genbank database. in the study, the complete genome analysis of a coxsackievirus b4 strain a155/yn/chn/2009 isolated from a child with aseptic meningitis in yunnan province was performed. it had 85.1 and 83.3 % nucleotide similarity with prototype strain j.v.b benschoten in the vp1 region and the complete gen ...201525725901
complete genome sequence of a new recombinant echovirus 25 strain isolated from a neonatal patient with hand, foot, and mouth disease complicated by encephalitis in beijing, china.although human echovirus 25 (e-25), a type of the enterovirus b species, is implicated in aseptic meningitis, information on its gene structure, evolution, and virulence are limited. we report here the complete genome sequence of a novel recombinant e-25 strain (e25/2010/chn/bj) isolated from a neonate with hand, foot, and mouth disease complicated by encephalitis in beijing, china in 2010. the complete viral genome consists of 7429 nucleotides (nts), including a 6585-nt open reading frame. phyl ...201525749996
acute meningoencephalitis associated with echovirus 9 infection in sri lanka, 2009.the aetiology of acute meningoencephalitis in sri lankan children and adults is poorly understood. this study was carried out to determine pathogens responsible for meningoencephalitis in sri lanka. a hospital-based cross-sectional study was performed using cerebrospinal fluid samples (22 adult and 17 pediatric) collected from august to december 2009 from patients clinically diagnosed with acute meningoencephalitis at two tertiary care hospitals in sri lanka. routine microbiology for bacterial p ...201525983131
transmission and demographic dynamics of coxsackievirus b1.the infectious activity of coxsackievirus b1 (cv-b1) in taiwan was high from 2008 to 2010, following an alarming increase in severe neonate disease in the united states (us). to examine the relationship between cv-b1 strains isolated in taiwan and those from other parts of the world, we performed a phylodynamic study using vp1 and partial 3dpol (414 nt) sequences from 22 strains of cv-b1 isolated in taiwan (1989-2010) and compared them to sequences from strains isolated worldwide. phylogenetic t ...201526053872
[enterovirus sequencing as a new approach to the laboratory diagnosis for clinical and epidemiological purposes].introducing enterovirus sequencing as an advanced approach to classify the viruses isolated according to the novel nomenclature and to characterize isolates in detail.201526099615
molecular characterization of a new human echovirus 11 isolate associated with severe hand, foot and mouth disease in yunnan, china, in 2010.human echovirus 11 (e-11), a member of the species enterovirus b, frequently causes aseptic meningitis and hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd). we determined the complete genome sequence of strain 520k/yn/chn/2010, isolated from a subject with hfmd and aseptic meningitis in yunnan province, china, in 2010. the strain shared 78.8% and 81.1% nucleotide sequence similarity with prototype strain gregory in the complete vp1 gene and the complete genome, respectively. only the vp2-vp3-vp1 genome regio ...201526100404
viral meningitis epidemics and a single, recent, recombinant and anthroponotic origin of swine vesicular disease virus.swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) is a close relative of the human enterovirus b serotype, coxsackievirus b5. as the etiological agent of a significant emergent veterinary disease, several studies have attempted to explain its origin. however, several key questions remain, including the full biological ancestry of the virus, and its geographical and temporal origin.201526508717
infectious entry pathway of enterovirus b species.enterovirus b species (ev-b) are responsible for a vast number of mild and serious acute infections. they are also suspected of remaining in the body, where they cause persistent infections contributing to chronic diseases such as type i diabetes. recent studies of the infectious entry pathway of these viruses revealed remarkable similarities, including non-clathrin entry of large endosomes originating from the plasma membrane invaginations. many cellular factors regulating the efficient entry h ...201526690201
genomic characterization of coxsackievirus type b3 strains associated with acute flaccid paralysis in south-western india.acute flaccid paralysis (afp) associated with coxsackievirus type b3 (cv-b3) of the species enterovirus b is an emerging concern worldwide. although cv-b3-associated afp in india has been demonstrated previously, the genomic characterization of these strains is unreported. here, cv-b3 strains detected on the basis of the partial vp1 gene in 10 afp cases and five asymptomatic contacts identified from different regions of south-western india during 2009-2010 through the polio surveillance project ...201626743460
genotyping of enteroviruses isolated in kenya from pediatric patients using partial vp1 region.enteroviruses (ev) are responsible for a wide range of clinical diseases in humans. though studied broadly in several regions of the world, the genetic diversity of human enteroviruses (hev) circulating in the sub-saharan africa remains under-documented. in the current study, we molecularly typed 61 hev strains isolated in kenya between 2008 and 2011 targeting the 3'-end of the vp1 gene. viral rna was extracted from the archived isolates and part of the vp1 gene amplified by rt-pcr, followed by ...201627026855
the amino acid substitution q65h in the 2c protein of swine vesicular disease virus confers resistance to golgi disrupting drugs.swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) is a porcine pathogen and a member of the species enterovirus b within the picornaviridae family. brefeldin a (bfa) is an inhibitor of guanine nucleotide exchange factors of arf proteins that induces golgi complex disassembly and alters the cellular secretory pathway. since bfa has been shown to inhibit the rna replication of different enteroviruses, including svdv, we have analyzed the effect of bfa and of golgicide a (gca), another golgi disrupting drug, on ...201627199941
metagenomics study of viral pathogens in undiagnosed respiratory specimens and identification of human enteroviruses at a thailand hospital.numerous pathogens cause respiratory infections with similar symptoms. routine diagnostics detect only a limited number of pathogens, leaving a gap in respiratory illness etiology surveillance. this study evaluated next-generation sequencing for unbiased pathogen identification. respiratory samples collected in thailand, philippines, bhutan, and nepal, that were negative by several molecular and immunofluorescence assays, underwent viral cultivation. samples which demonstrated cytopathic effect ...201627352877
predominance of enterovirus b and echovirus 30 as cause of viral meningitis in a uk population.enteroviruses are the most common cause of aseptic or lymphocytic meningitis, particularly in children. with reports of unusually severe neurological disease in some patients infected with enterovirus d68 in north america, and a recent increase in the number of paediatric enterovirus meningitis cases presenting in this uk midlands population, a retrospective regional surveillance study was performed.201627367546
isolation and characterization of a highly mutated chinese isolate of enterovirus b84 from a patient with acute flaccid paralysis.enterovirus b84 (ev-b84) is a newly identified serotype within the species enterovirus b (ev-b). to date, only ten nucleotide sequences of ev-b84 are published and only one full-length genome sequence (the prototype strain) is available in the genbank database. here, a highly mutated ev-b84 (strain afp452/gd/chn/2004) was recovered from a patient with acute flaccid paralysis in the guangdong province of china in 2004 making this the first report of ev-b84 in china. sequence comparison and phylog ...201627499334
molecular identification of human enteroviruses associated with aseptic meningitis in yunnan province, southwest china.human enteroviruses (evs) are the major causative agents of aseptic meningitis. in this study, a total of 524 children were admitted to the children kunming hospital (continental china) for aseptic meningitis manifestations in 2009 and 2010. an ev infection was diagnosed in 85/524 children (16.2 %) and the viruses detected were assigned to 16 serotypes. most serotypes belonged to the enterovirus b species. echovirus 9 was predominant (24.7 %), followed by coxsackievirus b5 (23.5 %) and then echo ...201627652088
molecular characterization of a new human coxsackievirus b2 associated with severe hand-foot-mouth disease in yunnan province of china in 2012.human coxsackievirus b2 (cvb2) belongs to the species human enterovirus b and can cause aseptic meningitis, myocarditis and hand-foot-mouth disease (hfmd). we first determined the complete genome of the rw41-2/yn/chn/2012 strain, isolated from a patient with hfmd and aseptic meningitis in the yunnan province, china in 2012. the strain shared 83.5 % and 82.2 % nucleotide similarity with cvb2 prototype strain ohio-1, in the complete vp1 gene and the complete genome, respectively. using phylogeneti ...201727709402
phylogenetic characterizations of highly mutated ev-b106 recombinants showing extensive genetic exchanges with other ev-b in xinjiang, china.human enterovirus b106 (ev-b106) is a new member of the enterovirus b species. to date, only three nucleotide sequences of ev-b106 have been published, and only one full-length genome sequence (the yunnan strain 148/yn/chn/12) is available in the genbank database. in this study, we conducted phylogenetic characterisation of four ev-b106 strains isolated in xinjiang, china. pairwise comparisons of the nucleotide sequences and the deduced amino acid sequences revealed that the four xinjiang ev-b10 ...201728230168
close genetic relatedness of picornaviruses from european and asian bats.our investigation of 1004 faecal specimens from european bats for picornaviruses by broadly reactive nested reverse transcription-pcr found picornaviral rna in 28 samples (2.8 %). phylogenetic analysis of the partial 3d genomic region suggested that one bat virus belonged to the species enterovirus g (ev-g, formerly porcine enterovirus b). bat infection was supported by relatively high ev-g concentrations of 1.1×106 rna copies per gram of faeces. all other bat viruses belonged either to the bat- ...201728555547
enterovirus genotypes among patients with severe acute respiratory illness, influenza-like illness, and asymptomatic individuals in south africa, 2012-2014.enteroviruses can cause outbreaks of severe acute respiratory illness (sari) and ev-a, -b, -c, and -d species have different pathogenic profiles and circulation patterns. we aimed to characterize and determine the prevalence of enterovirus genotypes among south african patients with respiratory illness and controls during june 2012 to july 2014. syndromic sari and influenza-like illness (ili) surveillance was performed at two sentinel sites. at each site nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal specimens we ...201728574589
complete genome sequence of human echovirus 20 strain 812/yn/chn/2010, associated with severe hand-foot-and-mouth disease.human echovirus 20 (e-20) belongs to the human enterovirus b (hev-b) species and is often detected in nonpolio enterovirus cases of acute flaccid paralysis. we determined the complete genome of strain 812/yn/chn/2010, isolated from a child with severe hand-foot-and-mouth disease in yunnan, china, in 2010.201728596404
retrospective surveillance of wastewater to examine seasonal dynamics of enterovirus infections.enteroviruses are rna viruses that are responsible for both mild gastroenteritis and mild respiratory illnesses as well as debilitating diseases such as meningitis and myocarditis. the disease burden of enteroviruses in the united states is difficult to assess because most infections are not recorded. since infected individuals shed enterovirus in feces and urine, surveillance of municipal wastewater can reveal the diversity of enteroviruses circulating in human populations. therefore, monthly m ...201728630939
molecular characterization of two novel echovirus 18 recombinants associated with hand-foot-mouth disease.human echovirus 18 (e-18) is a member of the enterovirus b species. to date, sixteen full-length genome sequences of e-18 are available in the genbank database. in this study, we describe the complete genomic characterization of two e-18 strains isolated in yunnan, china. pairwise comparisons of the nucleotide sequences and the deduced amino acid sequences revealed that the two yunnan e-18 strains had 87.5% nucleotide identity and 96.3-96.5% amino acid identity with the chinese strain. phylogene ...201728814774
enzymatic and viability rt-qpcr assays for evaluation of enterovirus, hepatitis a virus and norovirus inactivation. implications for public health risk assessment.to assess the potential of a viability dye and an enzymatic rt-qpcr pretreatment to discriminate between infectious and non-infectious enteric viruses.201728833965
echovirus plays major roles in the natural recombination of coxsackievirus b3.coxsakievirus b3 (cvb3) is a member of enterovirus b (evb) group, which can cause serious heart diseases such as viral myocarditis. in order to analyze the evolution of cvb3, we performed a recombination analysis of all viral genomes of enterovirus b, and found that there were 19 putative recombination events that produced cvb3. a total of 11 serotypes were found to be involved in the generation of cvb3 progeny virus. these recombination events involved echovirus, ecov (which includes ecov6, eco ...201728851122
non polio enterovirus detection with acute flaccid paralysis: a systematic review.acute flaccid paralysis (afp), as defined by the world health organization, is characterized by an acute onset of limb weakness. in the post-polio era, other enterovirus serotypes associated with afp may become more prominent. this study aims to collate the data on the non-polio enteroviruses (npev) associated with afp. a systematic review of published case reports, case series and surveillance studies of afp from 1960 through 2017 was undertaken. data were collected including the country of the ...201728857219
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