Publications

isobutylamides of unsaturated fatty acids from chrysanthemum morifolium associated with host-plant resistance against the western flower thrips.	three unsaturated fatty acid isobutylamides, n-isobutyl-2e,4e,10e,12z-tetradecatetraen-8-ynamide (1, new), n-isobutyl-2e,4e,12z-tetradecatrien-8,10-diynamide (2), and n-isobutyl-2e,4e,12e-tetradecatrien-8,10-diynamide (3), were isolated from the leaves and flowers of chrysanthemum morifolium. the structure of 1 was determined by spectral data interpretation. the concentration of 1 in chrysanthemum varieties was previously positively correlated with host-plant resistance against the western flowe ...	2003	14510603
integrated management tactics for frankliniella thrips (thysanoptera: thripidae) in field-grown pepper.	in a 2-yr study, the impacts of different plastic soil mulches, insecticides, and predator releases on frankliniella thrips and their natural enemies were investigated in field-grown peppers. ultraviolet light (uv)-reflective mulch significantly reduced early season abundance of adult thrips compared with standard black plastic mulch. this difference diminished as the growing seasons progressed. late season abundance of thrips larvae was higher in uv reflective mulch compared with black mulch pl ...	2003	14503592
systemic effects of neem on western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (thysanoptera: thripidae).	the systemic effects of neem on the western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (pergande), were investigated in laboratory trials using green bean, phaseolus vulgaris l., in arena and microcosm experiments. in arena experiments, systemic effects of neem against western flower thrips larvae on primary bean leaves were observed with maximum corrected mortality of 50.6%. in microcosm experiments using bean seedlings, higher efficacy in the control of western flower thrips were observed with ...	2003	12852622
rapid cold hardening in the western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis.	a rapid cold hardening process is reported in first instar larvae of frankliniella occidentalis. when larvae are transferred directly from 20 degrees c to -11.5 degrees c for 2h there is 78% mortality, whereas exposure to 0 degrees c for 4h prior to transfer to -11.5 degrees c reduces mortality to 10%. the response can also be induced by exposure to 5 degrees c for 4h or by gradual cooling at rates between 0.1 and 0.5 degrees c min(-1.) the acquired cold tolerance is transient and is rapidly los ...	1997	12770454
effects of cysteine protease inhibitors on oviposition rate of the western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis.	proteolytic activity in whole insect extracts of the western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis, was found to belong predominantly to the class of cysteine proteases. the ph optimum of the general proteolytic activity was determined to be 3.5, which is low when compared to other insects using cysteine proteases for protein digestion. the proteinaceous cysteine protease inhibitors chicken cystatin, potato cystatin and sea anemone equistatin inhibited in vitro more than 90% of the protease ...	2002	12770064
characterisation of the feeding behaviour of western flower thrips in terms of electrical penetration graph (epg) waveforms.	western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (pergande) causes damage to plants when they are feeding. also, this thrips species transmits tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv) during stylet penetration. we investigated the penetration behaviour (probing) of thrips on pepper leaves and on liquid diet by electrical penetration graph (epg, dc-system) recording. in addition, we used high-magnification video observations to correlate epg waveforms with the insect's posture, head movements, and muscl ...	2003	12769993
epidemiology and management of tomato spotted wilt in peanut.	tomato spotted wilt caused by thrips-vectored tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv) is a very serious problem in peanut (arachis hypogaea l.) production. tswv and the thrips frankliniella fusca and frankliniella occidentalis, which vector the virus, present a difficult and complicated challenge from the perspectives of both epidemiology and disease management. simply controlling the vector typically has not resulted in control of spotted wilt. no single measure can currently provide adequate control ...	2003	12704217
spore adhesion of entomopathogenic fungi to larvae of frankliniella occidentalis (pergande, 1895)-(thysanoptera: thripidae).	the entomopathogenic fungus verticillium lecanii proves to be very promising in controlling the population of western flower thrips. special investigations have been carried out to clear up the mechanisms of spore-adhesion at the insects with fluorescence-microscopy. after direct soil applications we have found a lot of spores/larva while applying low spore-concentrations. the loading with spores after indirect applications was very high as well. the addition of oils to the suspension enhanced t ...	2002	12696427
detection of tomato spotted wilt virus in its vector frankliniella occidentalis by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.	a method for rapid and reliable detection of tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv) (tospovirus, bunyaviridae) in its vector frankliniella occidentalis (thysanoptera thripidae) would be a useful tool for studying the epidemiology of this virus. a rt-pcr method developed for this purpose is reported. the method was tested on thrips involved in laboratory transmission trials and on thrips collected in the field, whose capability to transmit tswv was checked previously by leaf disk assays. the rt-pcr res ...	2003	12668270
prospects for biological control of the western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis, with the entomopathogenic fungus, metarhizium anisopliae, on chrysanthemum.	the potential of metarhizium anisopliae (metsch.) sorok. for the control of frankliniella occidentalis (pergande) on chrysanthemum cuttings was evaluated in greenhouse experiments. the fungus significantly reduced both the adult and larval populations of f. occidentalis, although the level of control of larval populations was much lower than for adults. combined application of m. anisopliae and methomyl (lannate), however, resulted in a significant reduction of both the larval and adult stages. ...	2002	12650600
efficacy of silwet l-77 against several arthropod pests of table grape.	silwet l-77, an organosilicone surfactant, was applied to several arthropod pests of california table grapes. eggs of grape mealybug, pseudococcus maritimus (ehrhorn), and omnivorous leafroller, platynota stultana walsingham, were tolerant to 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5% treatment solutions; however, eggs of pacific spider mite, tetranychus pacificus mcgregor, were highly susceptible with mortality >99.4% (0.1% silwet l-77). mortality of immature and adult stages of cotton aphid (aphis gossypii glover), ...	2003	12650369
relationship between nutritional composition of plant species and infestation levels of thrips.	levels of soluble protein and carbohydrate (raffinose, sucrose, glucose, and fructose) in leaves from a selection of plant species were measured to determine if a relationship existed between these nutrients and infestation by frankliniella occidentalis and heliothrips haemorrhoidalis. most species of host plant examined contained a higher proportion of protein than carbohydrates, and overall, leaves from species of plants that supported populations of thrips had greater levels of protein than l ...	2002	12564789
population dynamics of frankliniella spp. and tomato spotted wilt incidence as influenced by cultural management tactics in tomato.	we investigated the effects of ultraviolet (uv)-reflective mulch and two rates of nitrogen fertilization on populations of frankliniella spp. thrips and on the incidence of tomato spotted wilt in field-grown tomato in northern florida. the higher of the two soil nitrogen fertilizer treatments significantly increased populations of frankliniella occidentalis (pergande), whereas mulch reflectance significantly decreased populations of f. occidentalis. populations of frankliniella tritici (fitch) w ...	2002	12539834
emamectin, a novel insecticide for controlling field crop pests.	emamectin is a macrocyclic lactone insecticide with low toxicity to non-target organisms and the environment, and is considered an important component in pest-management programmes for controlling field crop pests. it is a powerful compound for controlling the cotton bollworm helicoverpa armigera (hübner). a spray concentration of 25 mg ai litre-1 in a cotton field resulted in over 90% suppression of h armigera larvae up to day 28 after treatment, while similar mortality of the egyptian cotton l ...	2002	12449526
effectiveness of different emulsifiers for neem oil against the western flower thrips (thysanoptera, thripidae) and the warehouse moth (lepidoptera, pyralidae).	the neem tree produces highly specified acting insecticides mainly in its seeds. by pressurizing or extracting the seeds an insecticide oil can be manufactured. for successful application emulsifiers are needed to render the oil soluble in water. the heavy oil has to be stable in emulsion, but on the other hand the surfactant should not reduce the ecological property of the neem oil. the emulsifiers lutensol to10, emulan elp, rimulgan and tween 80 and for comparison the formulation neemazal-t/s ...	2001	12425067
the development of spinosad for the control of frankliniella occidentalis in protected ornamentals.	fifteen trials were undertaken to determine the effectiveness of spinosad for the control of frankliniella occidentalis on a range of glasshouse ornamentals. a range of dose rates were tested from 6-15 g as hl-1. a high level of control (> 90%) was achieved at most assessments of both nymphs and adults with a comparatively flat dose response recorded. rates of 9 g as hl-1 and above provided improved consistency of control compared with the lower rate of 6 g as hl-1 across trials. no adverse effe ...	2001	12425059
spinosad, a new tool for insect control in vegetables cultivated in greenhouses.	spinosad is a biological insecticide derived as a fermentation product from the soil actinomycete saccharopolyspora spinosa. the compound was tested for its possible use in northwestern europe in vegetables cultivated in greenhouses. spinosad is an insect control agent that has activity against a wide range of insect pests including caterpillars, leafminers and thrips. because of its selectivity on a large number of beneficials used in greenhouses, spinosad is an interesting tool for insect cont ...	2001	12425058
biorational agents--mechanism and importance in ipm and irm programs for controlling agricultural pests.	among the new approaches for controlling agricultural pests is the development of novel compounds affecting specific processes in insects such as chitin synthesis inhibitors, juvenile hormone mimics and ecdysone agonists. in addition, efforts have been made to develop compounds acting selectively on groups of insects by inhibiting or enhancing biochemical sites such as respiration (diafenthiuron), the nicotinyl acetylcholine receptors (imidacloprid and acetamiprid), the gaba receptors (avermecti ...	2001	12425057
foliar application of steinernema feltiae for the control of flower thrips.	results of a programme, continued from 2000, of weekly commercial foliar applications of entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of western flower thrips, are presented. the programme was extended to include two, year-round crops of pot chrysanthemums and one crop of year-round saintpaulias. from january to may 2001, the nematodes continued to give good control, particularly by reducing numbers of female thrips. in one case, attempts were made to reduce rates of nematodes to make the techniqu ...	2001	12425049
the route of tomato spotted wilt virus inside the thrips body in relation to transmission efficiency.	the route of tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv) in the body of its vectors, frankliniella occidentalis and thrips tabaci (thysanoptera: thripidae) was studied during their development. first instar larvae were allowed, immediately upon hatching, to acquire virus from mechanically infected datura stramonium plants for 24 h. the rate of transmission by adults was determined in inoculation access feeding test on emilia sonchifolia leaf disks. thrips tissues were analysed for infection at 24 h interva ...	2002	12417949
insecticide resistance in field populations of frankliniella occidentalis (pergande) in murcia (south-east spain).	thirty-nine field populations of frankliniella occidentalis (pergande) were collected from different crops (sweet pepper, tomato, lettuce, artichoke, melon, cucumber, carnation, broad bean, peach and plum) in murcia (south-east spain). all populations were reared separately in the laboratory to obtain enough individuals for bioassays. female thrips were bioassayed, using a standard topical application method, against methiocarb, methamidophos, acrinathrin, endosulfan, deltamethrin and formetanat ...	2002	12233190
evaluation of metabolic detoxifying enzyme activities and insecticide resistance in frankliniella occidentalis.	the western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis (pergande) is a very significant pest of a number of different agricultural crops in the south-east of spain. the importance of thrips as a pest is not due mainly to the direct damage inflicted on the plant, but to the loss in commercial value which occurs as a consequence of the development of dark spots caused by the tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv) which they transmit. the economic threshold is therefore almost zero, which enhances the prob ...	2002	12233183
field and laboratory selection of frankliniella occidentalis (pergande) for resistance to insecticides.	response of western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (pergande), to selection for resistance to insecticides commonly used to control this pest in murcia (south-east spain) was studied under field and laboratory conditions. in the field, plots within sweet pepper crops in commercial and experimental greenhouses were treated under different selection strategies: insecticide rotation versus formetanate reiteration, formetanate reiteration versus acrinathrin reiteration, and formetanate re ...	2002	12233182
resistance of cultivated tomato to cell content-feeding herbivores is regulated by the octadecanoid-signaling pathway.	the octadecanoid signaling pathway has been shown to play an important role in plant defense against various chewing insects and some pathogenic fungi. here, we examined the interaction of a cell-content feeding arachnid herbivore, the two-spotted spider mite (tetranychus urticae koch), with cultivated tomato (lycopersicon esculentum) and an isogenic mutant line (defenseless-1 [def-1]) that is deficient in the biosynthesis of the octadecanoid pathway-derived signal, jasmonic acid (ja). spider mi ...	2002	12226528
high nucleotide diversity in the para-like voltage-sensitive sodium channel gene sequence in the western flower thrips (thysanoptera: thripidae).	in a search for a pyrethroid resistance diagnostic marker, a partial sequence of the para-like sodium channel gene was obtained from 78 diploid females of the arrhenotokous insect pest species frankliniella occidentalis (pergande), the western flower thrips. although all the insects analyzed came from a single laboratory population, nine different haplotypes were obtained. two haplotypes did have the well-known l to f kdr mutation, but only one of these could be statistically linked to pyrethroi ...	2002	12216829
in vivo rearing of thripinema nicklewoodi (tylenchida: allantonematidae) and prospects as a biological control agent of frankliniella occidentalis (thysanoptera: thripidae).	methods are described for the in vivo production of the nematode thripinema nicklewoodi (siddiqi), an obligate parasite and potential biological control agent of western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis (pergande). nematode infection is not lethal but causes sterilization of adult female hosts. both fertilization and horizontal transmission of t. nicklewoodi is achieved in 1.5-ml microcentrifuge tubes (infection arenas), in the presence of 100% humidity, a temporary food source and prefe ...	2002	12216805
predatory mites avoid ovipositing near counterattacking prey.	attacking prey is not without risk; predators may endure counterattack by the prey. here, we study the oviposition behaviour of a predatory mite (iphiseius degenerans) in relation to its prey, the western flower thrips (frankliniella occidentalis). this thrips is capable of killing the eggs of the predator. thrips and predatory mites - apart from feeding on each other - can also feed and reproduce on a diet of pollen. because thrips may aggregate at pollen patches, such patches may be risky for ...	2001	12171271
expression of the movement protein of tomato spotted wilt virus in its insect vector frankliniella occidentalis.	tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv) is able to infect both its botanical hosts and its insect vector (thrips). in plant tissue the ns(m) protein of tswv functions as viral movement protein (mp), aggregating into plasmodesma-penetrating tubules to establish cell-to-cell movement. as upon heterologous expression ns(m) was able to form similar tubules on the surface of insect (spodoptera frugiperda) cells, we have now investigated the expression and cellular manifestation of this protein in infected t ...	2002	12038691
modelling population dynamics of orius laevigatus and o. albidipennis (hemiptera: anthocoridae) to optimize their use as biological control agents of frankliniella occidentalis (thysanoptera: thripidae).	orius laevigatus: (fieber) and o. albidipennis (reuter) play an important role in the control of frankliniella occidentalis (pergande) in crops and natural vegetation in the mediterranean area. the biological parameters of the two anthocorids were studied and modelled in relation to temperature to optimize their use in thrips control programmes. development times and reproductive parameters of o. laevigatus and o. albidipennis were determined at 20, 25, 30 and 35 degrees c. pre-imaginal developm ...	2002	12020365
public tolerance to defoliation and flower distortion in a public horticulture garden.	surveys of visitor and grower perception of live potted plant quality were conducted in various locations in a large public display garden. canna lily, canna x generalis l.h.bailey, was used to examine effects of defoliation by japanese beetle, popillia japonica newman, on public perception. chrysanthemums, chrysanthemum x morifolium ramat., were used to identify visitor and grower tolerance to flower distortion caused by western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (pergande), on single an ...	2002	12020012
enhanced fumigant toxicity of p-cymene against frankliniella occidentalis by simultaneous application of elevated levels of carbon dioxide.	the fumigant toxicity of the essential oil component p-cymene was assessed against western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis. f occidentalis adult females, first- and second-instar larvae and eggs were exposed for 2, 24 and 48 h to combinations of three p-cymene doses and two carbon dioxide levels (ambient, 10%). additional experiments were conducted on f occidentalis adult females with lower carbon dioxide levels (ambient, 2%, 4%, 6%) applied in combination with p-cymene. combined appli ...	2002	11852641
the detection of tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv) in individual thrips using real time fluorescent rt-pcr (taqman).	tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv) is an important virus, economically in the uk, causing damaging disease in ornamental and vegetable crops. the virus is vectored by several species of thrips, most importantly the western flower thrips (frankliniella occidentalis pergande [thysanoptera: thripidae]). the vector thrips themselves constitute a damaging pest and are difficult to control completely. monitoring thrips numbers is an important part of the control of virus, but does not give information o ...	2002	11849682
factors determining vector competence and specificity for transmission of tomato spotted wilt virus.	the competence of a frankliniella occidentalis and a thrips tabaci population to transmit tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv) was analysed. adults of the f. occidentalis population transmitted this virus efficiently, whereas those of the thelytokous t. tabaci population failed to transmit. tswv replicated in the midgut of the larvae of both populations after ingestion of virus; however, lower amounts accumulated in t. tabaci larvae than in f. occidentalis larvae. the virus was almost undetectable i ...	2002	11842261
efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against soil-dwelling life stages of western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (thysanoptera: thripidae).	the efficacy of six entomopathogenic nematode (epn) strains was tested in a laboratory study against soil-dwelling life stages of western flower thrips (wft), frankliniella occidentalis (pergande) (thysanoptera: thripidae). the epn strain collections screened included two heterorhabditis bacteriophora species, i.e., h. bacteriophora hk3 (h.b h) and h. bacteriophora hb brecan (h.b b), three steinernema feltiae species, i.e., s. feltiae sylt (s.f s), s. feltiae obsiii (s.f o), and s. feltiae strai ...	2001	11812114
evaluation of medium treatments for management of frankliniella occidentalis (thripidae: thysanoptera) and bradysia coprophila (diptera: sciaridae).	two greenhouse experiments, each comprising two trials, were conducted to evaluate medium drenches of insect growth regulators and conventional insecticides to reduce emergence of adult western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (pergande), and fungus gnats, bradysia coprophila (lintner) from the medium. in the insect growth regulator trials, diflubenzuron and pyriproxyfen provided the greatest reduction in thrips emergence, and fenoxycarb, pyriproxyfen and azadirachtin resulted in the mo ...	2001	11802598
pest response in packed table grapes to low temperature storage combined with slow-release sulfur dioxide pads in basic and large-scale tests.	the effect of low temperature storage combined with slow release sulfur dioxide pads was determined in basic laboratory and large-scale commercial tests on western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande; grape mealybug, pseudococcus maritimus (ehrhorn); pacific spider mite, tetranychus pacificus mcgregor; twospotted spider mite, tetranychus urticae koch; and omnivorous leafroller, platynota stultana walshingham. temperatures within the foam containers among the packed clusters decrea ...	2001	11561862
spatial and temporal patterns of dispersal of western flower thrips (thysanoptera: thripidae) in nectarine orchards in british columbia.	thrips were sampled from six nectarine orchards in the dry central interior, british columbia, canada, between april and june 1993 using yellow sticky cards on posts spaced around the perimeter of each orchard. although 12 identified species of thrips were captured, >90% of individuals were the western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (pergande). the flight patterns and abundances of western flower thrips were compared between orchards located in two differently oriented valleys (n-s an ...	2001	11561840
how species-specific is the phoretic relationship between the broad mite, polyphagotarsonemus latus (acari: tarsonemidae), and its insect hosts?	broad mite, polyphagotarsonemus latus (acari: tarsonemidae), is a serious plant pest in tropical and subtropical regions. phoretic associations between broad mite and two genera of whiteflies (insecta: homoptera: aleyrodidae). namely bemisia and trialeurodes, have been reported from different parts of the world. our purpose was to determine the specificity of the association between the mite and its phoretic hosts. two host plants, potatoes and cucumbers, were used to study these relationships i ...	2001	11523917
sequential sampling plans for western flower thrips (thysanoptera: thripidae) on greenhouse cucumbers.	the development of cost-effective and reliable sampling programs for the management of western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (pergande), on greenhouse cucumbers is important for getting growers to adopt economic injury levels and economic thresholds. the objectives of this study were to develop two sequential sampling plans. a fixed-precision sequential sampling plan was designed for estimating f. occidentalis adult density at a fixed-precision level on cucumber flowers. also, a sequ ...	2001	11332857
modified atmosphere treatments as a potential disinfestation technique for arthropod pests in greenhouses.	incidental transport of arthropods on plant material can be a significant mode of pest entry into greenhouses. we evaluated the use of controlled atmosphere treatments as a potential way to eliminate arthropod pests on plant propagules (i.e., cuttings or small rooted plants). lethal exposures to co2 or n2 were determined for common greenhouse pests including fungus gnat larvae, bradysia sp.; green peach aphid, myzus persicae (sulzer); sweetpotato whitefly, bemisia sp.; twospotted spider mite, te ...	2001	11332835
growth and transmission of gut bacteria in the western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis.	the western flower thrips (frankliniella occidentalis), a polyphagous insect with global distribution, has a permanent association with a near erwinia species tac bacterium in its hindgut. since this bacterium is able to grow outside the thrips, it is a facultative symbiont that is not completely dependent on the host. in this study we address the question of how the association is maintained and how bacteria are transmitted to newly hatched thrips larvae. bacteria are passed on to new thrips vi ...	2001	11273693
the association of western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis, with a near erwinia species gut bacteria: transient or permanent?	associations between insects and gut bacteria are ubiquitous. it is possible to make a distinction between permanent associations (called symbiosis), in which the same type of bacteria is present in more than one generation of the insect, and transient associations. transient bacteria are ingested together with food but do not settle in the insect gut in such a way that they will be passed on to the next generation. in this study, we describe the permanent association between western flower thri ...	2001	11273692
economic injury levels for western flower thrips (thysanoptera: thripidae) on greenhouse cucumber.	low, medium and high densities of western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (pergande), were established in three greenhouses at the greenhouse and processing crops research centre, ontario, canada, in 1996 and 1998 to develop economic injury levels for thrips on greenhouse cucumber. thrips densities were monitored weekly using yellow sticky traps and flower counts. fruit was harvested twice a week, graded for size, weighed, and rated for thrips damage using three damage categories. sign ...	2000	11142306
diet of a polyphagous arthropod predator affects refuge seeking of its thrips prey.	antipredator behaviour of prey costs time and energy, at the expense of other activities. however, not all predators are equally dangerous to all prey; some may have switched to feeding on another prey species, making them effectively harmless. to minimize costs, prey should therefore invest in antipredator behaviour only when dangerous predators are around. to distinguish these from harmless predators, prey may use cues related to predation on conspecifics, such as odours released by a predator ...	2000	11007646
use of cc traps with different trap base colors for silverleaf whiteflies (homoptera: aleyrodidae), thrips (thysanoptera: thripidae), and leafhoppers (homoptera: cicadellidae).	during 1996, 1997, and 1999, studies were conducted in cotton, sugar beets, alfalfa, yardlong bean, and peanut fields to compare insect catches in cc traps equipped with different trap base colors. the studies were conducted in southwestern united states, china, and india. the nine colors, white, rum, red, yellow, lime green, spring green, woodland green (dark green), true blue, and black, varied in spectral reflectance in the visible (400-700 nm) and near-infrared (700-1050 nm) portions of spec ...	2000	10985050
damage to nectarines by the western flower thrips (thysanoptera: thripidae) in the interior of british columbia, canada.	the phenology of damage by the western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (pergande), on nectarines was investigated using sticky cards and direct sampling of buds between 1993 and 1995 in the interior of british columbia, the most susceptible period for damage by western flower thrips to nectarines. the life stage responsible for damage and variation in susceptibility to damage of 11 different nectarine varieties were determined. to evaluate the predictive ability of 2 sampling methods, ...	2000	10985032
immunoprecipitation of a 50-kda protein: a candidate receptor component for tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (bunyaviridae) in its main vector, frankliniella occidentalis.	a 50-kda protein that binds to viral particles in solid-phase assays and that is recognized by anti-idiotypic antibodies made against anti-viral glycoproteins g1/g2 (anti-ids) has been proposed as a receptor candidate for tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (tswv) in its main thrips vector, frankliniella occidentalis pergande (bandla et al., 1998. phytopathology 88, 98-104). here we show the immunoprecipitation of the 50-kda protein by anti-ids and by an anti-g1/g2-tswv conjugate - a new immunoprecip ...	2000	10867190
evaluation of sampling methodology for determining the phenology, relative density, and dispersion of western flower thrips (thysanoptera: thripidae) in nectarine orchards.	western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (pergande), cause serious economic damage to nectarines in the okanagan and similkameen valleys, british columbia, canada. we evaluated several sampling methods for western flower thrips for their precision and ability to predict general population trends. beating of branches, flicking of buds, and visual estimation methods were not accurate for estimating numbers of thrips in nectarine buds. thrips caught on sticky cards indicated general popula ...	2000	10826205
mechanisms associated with methiocarb resistance in frankliniella occidentalis (thysanoptera: thripidae).	biochemical mechanisms associated with methiocarb resistance were examined in laboratory-selected and field populations of the western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (pergande). seven populations were examined and they differed in their susceptibility to methiocarb by 30 times. including the synergists piperonyl butoxide, a cytochrome p-450 monooxygenase inhibitor, or s,s,s-tributylphosphorotrithioate, an esterase inhibitor, in the methiocarb bioassays partially suppressed resistance ...	2000	10826201
population dynamics of western flower thrips (thysanoptera: thripidae) in nectarine orchards in british columbia.	development of a control strategy for thrips attacking nectarine trees depends on an understanding of their phenology, distribution, and life history as related to characteristics of nectarine orchards. to this end, we compared the overwintering behavior, distribution, and abundance of western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (pergande), among 11 nectarine orchards located in the dry central interior of british columbia, canada, during 1993 and 1994. western flower thrips emerged from a ...	2000	10826171
simplified, rapid method for cloning of virus-binding polypeptides (putative receptors) via the far-western screening of a cdna expression library using purified virus particles.	a simplified, alternative method for cloning virus-binding polypeptides (receptor candidates) is described. the method is based on a far-western assay using purified tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (tswv, bunyaviridae) for screening a lambda-phage cdna expression library. the western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande, the principal vector of tswv, in which the virus replicates, was used for library construction. using this method several virus-binding polypeptides were identified ...	2000	10785290
tomato spotted wilt virus in ornamental plants, vegetables and weeds in the czech republic.	the occurrence of tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv) in horticulture crops and weeds in the czech republic has been studied in 1992-1997. during this period tswv was established in 91 plant species. virus identity was based on the host range, serology and electron microscopy. natural tswv infection was detected in glasshouses where the main vector frankliniella occidentalis was present too. the most frequently tswv-infected plant species were chrysanthemum morifolium and zantedeschia sp. among veg ...	1998	10358737
tissue tropism related to vector competence of frankliniella occidentalis for tomato spotted wilt tospovirus.	the development of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (tswv) infection in the midgut and salivary glands of transmitting and non-transmitting thrips, frankliniella occidentalis, was studied to elucidate tissue tropism and the virus pathway within the body of this vector. immunohistological techniques used in this study showed that the midgut, foregut and salivary glands were the only organs in which virus accumulated. the first signals of infection, observed as randomly distributed fluorescent granu ...	1999	10073714
light and electron microscopy studies of the infection of the western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis (thysanoptera: thripidae) by the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae	the infection of frankliniella occidentalis by two isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae was studied using fluorescence, scanning, transmission, and confocal scanning laser microscopy techniques. conidia of m. anisopliae adhered mostly to the wings of adult f. occidentalis but the number declined from 73 to 40% within 72 h postinoculation at 23 degreesc, presumably due to preening. conidia germinated and produced appressoria on adult, larval, and pupal stages within 12 h ...	1999	9878286
neozygites parvispora (zygomycotina: entomophthorales) causing an epizootic in frankliniella occidentalis (thysanoptera: thripidae) on cucumber in spain	the first appearance in spain of a thrips entomopathogenic fungus, neozygites parvispora, is described. a greenhouse cucumber crop was monitored weekly from may to august 1996 for thrips, frankliniella occidentalis, and their natural enemies. one fungicidal treatment was made during the growing season. no insecticides were applied. an epizootic in the thrips population due to n. parvispora lasted from the seventh week after transplanting until the crop was terminated, reaching a mean of 6.46 inf ...	1998	9500949
multiplication of tomato spotted wilt virus in primary cell cultures derived from two thrips species.	primary cell cultures prepared from embryos of the thrips species frankliniella occidentalis and thrips tabaci were tested for their potential to support replication of tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv). using polyclonal antibodies against the viral nucleocapsid protein (n) and indirect immunofluorescent staining, discrete spots with strong signals were observed in the cytoplasm at 48 h post-inoculation in the cell cultures of a f. occidentalis, and a t. tabaci population which failed to transmit ...	1997	9178497
rapid fixation and embedding method for immunocytochemical studies of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (tswv) in plant and insect tissues.	a new rapid fixation and embedding technique using microwave energy was evaluated for immunolabelling and examination of ultrastructure of plant and insect cells. tissues in gluteraldehyde-paraformaldehyde were fixed for fifteen seconds in a microwave at 100% power, and dehydrated. microwave energy was then used to polymerize the london resin white (lr white) acrylic resin during the embedding process. embedded specimens were then thin sectioned (90 nm) and treated with anti-tomato spotted wilt ...	1993	8490237
multiplication of tomato spotted wilt virus in its insect vector, frankliniella occidentalis.	the accumulation of two proteins, the nucleocapsid (n) protein and a non-structural (nss) protein both encoded by the s rna of tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv), was followed in larvae during development and in adults of frankliniella occidentalis after ingesting the virus for short periods on infected plants. the amounts of both proteins increased, as shown by elisa and western blot analysis, within 2 days above the levels ingested, indicating multiplication of tswv in these insects. accumulatio ...	1993	8445364
characterization of rna-mediated resistance to tomato spotted wilt virus in transgenic tobacco plants.	recently high levels of protection against tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv), a negative-strand rna virus infecting plants, have been obtained by transforming tobacco with viral nucleoprotein (n) gene sequences. here we demonstrate that this protection is primarily due to the presence of n gene transcripts in the cells of transgenic plants, and hence appears to be rna-mediated. further, transgenic tobacco plants are only protected to isolates and strains of tswv and not to other tospoviruses that ...	1992	1368791