| directed evolution for increased chitinase activity. | directed evolution through dna shuffling and screening was used to enhance the catalytic ability of a fungal, beauveria bassiana, chitinase, bbchit1. the bbchit gene was first linked to various prokaryotic signal sequences and expressed in escherichia coli. the signal peptide, pelb, from erwinia carotovora resulted in greatest chitinase secretion into broth. the nucleotide sequence expressing pelb signal peptide was then incorporated into an e. coli vector to express bbchit1 variants generated b ... | 2007 | 17468866 |
| characterization of the zinc-containing metalloprotease encoded by zpx and development of a species-specific detection method for enterobacter sakazakii. | enterobacter sakazakii causes a severe form of neonatal meningitis that occurs as sporadic cases as well as outbreaks. the disease has been epidemiologically associated with consumption of reconstituted, dried infant formulas. very little information is available regarding pathogenicity of the organism and production of virulence factors. clinical and environmental strains were screened for production of factors which have activity against chinese hamster ovary (cho) cells in tissue culture. pol ... | 2007 | 17483271 |
| endophytic bacterial communities in ginseng and their antifungal activity against pathogens. | plant roots are associated with diverse communities of endophytic bacteria which do not exert adverse effects. the diversity of bacterial endophytes associated with ginseng roots cultivated in three different areas in korea was investigated. sixty-three colonies were isolated from the interior of ginseng roots. phylogenetic analysis based on 16s rrna gene sequences showed that the isolates belonged to three major phylogenetic groups: the high g+c gram-positive bacteria (hgcgpb), low g+c gram-pos ... | 2007 | 17492474 |
| [physico-chemical properties of temperate bacteriophage zf40 of erwinia carotovora]. | a method of efficient purification of the extremely instable virions of the temperate bacteriophage zf40 of erwinia carotovora was proposed in the work. the stage-by-stage centrifugation in mentrizamide and caesium chloride gradients permitted to obtain highly purified phage preparations which were used for studying the protein composition of the studied erwiniophage. it was established that the buoyant density of the phage zf40 was 1.23 g/cm3, 1.49 g/cm3 and 1.27 g/cm3 in the gradients of metri ... | 2007 | 17494330 |
| [nature of the cryptic plasmid pca25 of erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora 48a]. | high specificity of tn9 transposition into the cryptic plasmid pca25 of erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora 48a was established on the basis of the comparative restriction analysis of dna by endonucleases ecorv and psti. under the extremal conditions of growth (1% sds) the plasmid pca25:: tn9 loses about 50 % of transpozone sequence, however the cells are not healed of extrachromosomal dna. the inheritance stability, side by side with site-specific transposition and deleting of tn9, confirms a ... | 2007 | 17494331 |
| growth promotion of quorum-quenching bacteria in the rhizosphere of solanum tuberosum. | among 17 molecules structurally related to n-acylhomoserine lactone (nahl), gamma-caprolactone (gcl), 6-caprolactone (6cl) and 4-heptanolide (htn) were found to stimulate the degradation of nahl by bacterial communities recovered from bulk and rhizospheric soils. in the 6cl-, gcl- and htn-treated bacterial consortia, the nahl-degrading bacteria were more abundant than in control (mannitol-treated) consortia. moreover, the gcl- and htn-consortia showed a biocontrol activity against pectobacterium ... | 2007 | 17504488 |
| experimental and statistical considerations to avoid false conclusions in proteomics studies using differential in-gel electrophoresis. | in quantitative proteomics, the false discovery rate (fdr) can be defined as the number of false positives within statistically significant changes in expression. false positives accumulate during the simultaneous testing of expression changes across hundreds or thousands of protein or peptide species when univariate tests such as the student's t test are used. currently most researchers rely solely on the estimation of p values and a significance threshold, but this approach may result in false ... | 2007 | 17513293 |
| [study of hrpn(csds001) and the gene expression profile of arabidopsis thaliana induced by harpin(csds001)]. | erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora csds001 elicits hypersensitive reaction (hr) in tobacco. from the genomic libraries of erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora csds001, the hrpncsds001 gene (genbank number ay939927), was isolated. the hrpncsds001 fusion protein was produced in escherichia coli, and was used to induce hr by injecting into tobacco. we further examined the global regulation of arabidopsis thaliana genes in response to harpincsds001 at a concentration of 30 miccrog/ml. we indicated ... | 2007 | 17548335 |
| the rcs phosphorelay modulates the expression of plant cell wall degrading enzymes and virulence in pectobacterium carotovorum ssp. carotovorum. | production of plant cell wall degrading enzymes, the major virulence factors of soft-rot pectobacterium species, is controlled by many regulatory factors. pectobacterium carotovorum ssp. carotovorum scc3193 encodes an rcs phosphorelay system that involves two sensor kinases, rcsc(pcc) and rcsd(pcc), and a response regulator rcsb(pcc) as key components of this system, and an additional small lipoprotein rcsf(pcc). this study indicates that inactivation of rcsc(pcc), rcsd(pcc) and rcsb(pcc) enhanc ... | 2007 | 17561945 |
| differential regulation of two oligogalacturonate outer membrane channels, kdgn and kdgm, of dickeya dadantii (erwinia chrysanthemi). | the entry of oligogalacturonates into dickeya dadantii occurs through the specific channel kdgm. the genome of the bacterium encodes a second member of this family of outer membrane proteins, kdgn. we showed that this protein is also involved in the uptake of oligogalacturonates. when kdgn was reconstituted in proteoliposomes, it formed channels with a conductance of about 450 ps at a positive potential. these channels had weak anionic selectivity. the regulation of kdgn is complex, and five gen ... | 2007 | 17573480 |
| the identification of antibacterial compounds for the development of enhanced media for the detection of foodborne fungi. | in an effort to identify a more suitable antibiotic for utilization in mycological media, 12 food borne fungal species from various genera including alternaria alternata, aspergillus flavus, a. niger, eurotium chevalieri, fusarium moniliforme, penicillium sp., rhizopus stolonifer, saccharomyces cerevisiae, candida tropicalis, geotrichum candidum, rhodotorula glutinis and kluyveromyces thermotolerans along with 21 chloramphenicol-resistant bacterial isolates from fresh produce and atcc cultures o ... | 2007 | 17574697 |
| inhibition of quorum sensing-regulated behaviors by scorzonera sandrasica. | many gram-negative bacteria use n-acyl homoserine lactone signal molecules to monitor their own population density and coordinate gene regulation in a process called quorum sensing (qs). increasing evidence implies that certain eukaryotes produce qs-inhibitory compounds. in this work, we tested 46 terrestrial plants materials for their ability to inhibit qs-regulated behaviors in different bacterial species. plant materials were dried and extracted using different solvents. the chloroform-solubl ... | 2007 | 17597339 |
| arabidopsis thaliana expresses multiple lines of defense to counterattack erwinia chrysanthemi. | many taxonomically diverse plant species are attacked by erwinia chrysanthemi, a member of the causal agents of soft-rotting diseases. symptom development is due to the collective action of pectin-degrading enzymes secreted by the bacterium through a type ii secretion system (t2ss). using arabidopsis thaliana as a susceptible host, we show that plants respond to e. chrysanthemi 3937 by expressing cell-wall reactions, production of an oxidative burst, and activation of salicylic acid (sa) and jas ... | 2007 | 17601167 |
| global virulence regulation networks in phytopathogenic bacteria. | phytopathogens coordinate multifaceted life histories and deploy stratified virulence determinants via complex, global regulation networks. we dissect the global regulation of four distantly related model phytopathogens to evaluate large-scale events and mechanisms that determine successful pathogenesis. overarching themes include dependence on centralized cell-to-cell communication systems, pervasive two-component signal-transduction systems, post-transcriptional regulation systems, arac-like r ... | 2007 | 17627825 |
| characterization of the erwinia chrysanthemi gan locus, involved in galactan catabolism. | beta-1,4-galactan is a major component of the ramified regions of pectin. analysis of the genome of the plant pathogenic bacteria erwinia chrysanthemi revealed the presence of a cluster of eight genes encoding proteins potentially involved in galactan utilization. the predicted transport system would comprise a specific porin ganl and an abc transporter made of four proteins, ganfgk(2). degradation of galactans would be catalyzed by the periplasmic 1,4-beta-endogalactanase gana, which released o ... | 2007 | 17644603 |
| comparison of pathogen-induced expression and efficacy of two amphibian antimicrobial peptides, msra2 and temporin a, for engineering wide-spectrum disease resistance in tobacco. | the rapid accumulation of defensive transgene products in plants only on pathogen invasion has clear advantages over their constitutive synthesis. in this study, two antimicrobial peptides from the skin secretions of frogs, msra2 (n-methionine-dermaseptin b1) and temporin a, were evaluated for engineering pathogen-induced disease resistance in plants. both peptides inhibited plant-specific pathogens in vitro at micromolar concentrations that were not toxic to plant protoplasts. the plant-optimiz ... | 2007 | 17645440 |
| [preliminary characteristic of dna-containing virus-like particles of erwinia carotovora]. | dna-containing particles formed by the expression of the defect prophages of e. carotovora subsp. carotovora (ecc) have been revealed for the first time. two types of virus-like particles (vlp) occur in this phytopathogenic bacterium. capsides of the first type vlp are weakly identified at agarose electrophoretic separation while dna released from them are presented by distinct reflexes. mobility of the second type particles is close to that of separate capsids of the temperate phage zf40. dna p ... | 2007 | 17682527 |
| short-tailed stx phages exploit the conserved yaet protein to disseminate shiga toxin genes among enterobacteria. | infection of escherichia coli by shiga toxin-encoding bacteriophages (stx phages) was the pivotal event in the evolution of the deadly shiga toxin-encoding e. coli (stec), of which serotype o157:h7 is the most notorious. the number of different bacterial species and strains reported to produce shiga toxin is now more than 500, since the first reported stec infection outbreak in 1982. clearly, stx phages are spreading rapidly, but the underlying mechanism for this dissemination has not been expla ... | 2007 | 17693515 |
| molecular basis of the activity of the phytopathogen pectin methylesterase. | we provide a mechanism for the activity of pectin methylesterase (pme), the enzyme that catalyses the essential first step in bacterial invasion of plant tissues. the complexes formed in the crystal using specifically methylated pectins, together with kinetic measurements of directed mutants, provide clear insights at atomic resolution into the specificity and the processive action of the erwinia chrysanthemi enzyme. product complexes provide additional snapshots along the reaction coordinate. w ... | 2007 | 17717531 |
| host-extract induced changes in the secretome of the plant pathogenic bacterium pectobacterium atrosepticum. | pectobacterium atrosepticum is a gram-negative plant pathogenic bacterium that causes rotting in potato stems and tubers. the secreted proteins of this pathogen were analyzed with proteomics from culture supernatant of cells grown in minimal medium supplemented with host extracts. more than 40 proteins were identified, among them known virulence determinants, such as pectic enzymes, metalloprotease, and virulence protein svx, along with flagella proteins, groel and cyclophilin-type chaperones an ... | 2007 | 17726675 |
| rela-dependent (p)ppgpp production controls exoenzyme synthesis in erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica. | in this report, we investigate the link between nutrient limitation, rela-mediated (p)ppgpp production, and virulence in the phytopathogen erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica. a rela null mutant (jwc7) was constructed by allelic exchange, and we confirmed that, unlike the wild-type progenitor, this mutant did not produce elevated levels of (p)ppgpp upon nutrient downshift. however, (p)ppgpp production could be restored in strain jwc7 during nutrient limitation by supplying rela in trans. durin ... | 2007 | 17766416 |
| natural products from isna-containing biosynthetic gene clusters recovered from the genomes of cultured and uncultured bacteria. | | 2007 | 17880089 |
| evaluation of reference genes for real-time rt-pcr expression studies in the plant pathogen pectobacterium atrosepticum. | real-time rt-pcr has become a powerful technique to monitor low-abundance mrna expression and is a useful tool when examining bacterial gene expression inside infected host tissues. however, correct evaluation of data requires accurate and reliable normalisation against internal standards. thus, the identification of reference genes whose expression does not change during the course of the experiment is of paramount importance. here, we present a study where manipulation of cultural growth condi ... | 2007 | 17888160 |
| a translocation signal for delivery of oomycete effector proteins into host plant cells. | bacterial, oomycete and fungal plant pathogens establish disease by translocation of effector proteins into host cells, where they may directly manipulate host innate immunity. in bacteria, translocation is through the type iii secretion system, but analogous processes for effector delivery are uncharacterized in fungi and oomycetes. here we report functional analyses of two motifs, rxlr and eer, present in translocated oomycete effectors. we use the phytophthora infestans rxlr-eer-containing pr ... | 2007 | 17914356 |
| projection maps of three members of the kdgm outer membrane protein family. | we present the projection structures of the three outer membrane porins kdgm and kdgn from erwinia chrysanthemi and nanc from escherichia coli, based on 2d electron crystallography. a wide screening of 2d crystallization conditions yielded tubular crystals of a suitable size and quality to perform high-resolution electron microscopy. data processing of untilted samples allowed us to separate the information of the two crystalline layers and resulted in projection maps to a resolution of up to 7a ... | 2007 | 17919922 |
| erwinia carotovora elicitors and botrytis cinerea activate defense responses in physcomitrella patens. | vascular plants respond to pathogens by activating a diverse array of defense mechanisms. studies with these plants have provided a wealth of information on pathogen recognition, signal transduction and the activation of defense responses. however, very little is known about the infection and defense responses of the bryophyte, physcomitrella patens, to well-studied phytopathogens. the purpose of this study was to determine: i) whether two representative broad host range pathogens, erwinia carot ... | 2007 | 17922917 |
| effective biotic elicitation of ruta graveolens l. shoot cultures by lysates from pectobacterium atrosepticum and bacillus sp. | growth of ruta graveolens shoots was induced when bacillus sp. cell lysates were added to the culture medium. elicitation of coumarin by this lysate was also very effective; the concentrations of isopimpinelin, xanthotoxin and bergapten increased to 610, 2120 and 1460 microg g(-1) dry wt, respectively. it also had a significant effect on the production of psoralen and rutamarin (680 and 380 microg g(-1) dry wt) and induced the biosynthesis of chalepin, which was not detected in the control sampl ... | 2008 | 17968510 |
| priming of antimicrobial phenolics during induced resistance response towards pectobacterium carotovorum in the ornamental monocot calla lily. | calla lilies are herbaceous monocotyledonous plants that are highly sensitive to pectobacterium carotovorum, the causal agent of soft-rot disease. results demonstrate that, in response to elicitation using plant defense activators, the calla lily produces elevated levels of antimicrobial phenolics and that these compounds contribute to increased resistance against p. carotovorum, as shown by reduced bacterial proliferation in elicited leaves. the polyphenolic nature of the induced compounds was ... | 2007 | 17994692 |
| the dna nucleoid-associated protein fis co-ordinates the expression of the main virulence genes in the phytopathogenic bacterium erwinia chrysanthemi. | erwinia chrysanthemi strain 3937 is a necrotrophic bacterial plant pathogen. pectinolytic enzymes and, in particular, pectate lyases (pels) play a key role in soft rot symptoms but the efficient colonization of plants by e. chrysanthemi requires additional factors. these factors include the harpin hrpn, the cellulase cel5, proteases (prts), flagellar proteins and the sap system, involved in the detoxification of plant antimicrobial peptides. hrpn and flagellum are mostly involved in the early st ... | 2007 | 18028311 |
| integration of two essential virulence modulating signals at the erwinia chrysanthemi pel gene promoters: a role for fis in the growth-phase regulation. | production of the essential virulence factors, called pectate lyases (pels), in the phytopathogenic bacterium erwinia chrysanthemi is controlled by a complex regulation system and responds to various stimuli, such as the presence of pectin or plant extracts, growth phase, temperature and iron concentration. the presence of pectin and growth phase are the most important signals identified. eight regulators modulating the expression of the pel genes (encoding pels) have been characterized. these r ... | 2007 | 18028312 |
| the heterologous expression of polysaccharidase-encoding genes with oenological relevance in saccharomyces cerevisiae. | the main objective of this study was to develop polysaccharide-degrading wine strains of saccharomyces cerevisiae, which are able to improve aspects of wine processing and clarification, as well as colour extraction and stabilization during winemaking. | 2007 | 18045408 |
| resistance to erwinia carotovora of plants associated with modified bacteria, which have lost their pathogenicity. | | 2007 | 18047035 |
| dynamic regulation of gaca in type iii secretion, pectinase gene expression, pellicle formation, and pathogenicity of dickeya dadantii (erwinia chrysanthemi 3937). | dickeya dadantii (erwinia chrysanthemi 3937) secretes exoenzymes, including pectin-degrading enzymes, leading to the loss of structural integrity of plant cell walls. a type iii secretion system (t3ss) is essential for full virulence of this bacterium within plant hosts. the gacs/gaca two-component signal transduction system participates in important biological roles in several gram-negative bacteria. in this study, a gaca deletion mutant (ech137) of d. dadantii was constructed to investigate th ... | 2008 | 18052890 |
| carbohydrate and ethane release with erwinia carotovora subspecies betavasculorum--induced necrosis. | erwinia carotovora subspecies betavasculorum, also known as e. betavasculorum and pectobacterium betavasculorum, is a soil bacterium that has the capacity to cause root rot necrosis of sugarbeets. the qualitatively different pathogenicity exhibited by the virulent e. carotovora strain and two avirulent strains, a citrobacter sp. and an enterobacter cloacae, was examined using digital analysis of photographic evidence of necrosis as well as for carbohydrate, ethane, and ethylene release compared ... | 2008 | 18066619 |
| the acyl-homoserine lactone-type quorum-sensing system modulates cell motility and virulence of erwinia chrysanthemi pv. zeae. | erwinia chrysanthemi pv. zeae is one of the erwinia chrysanthemi pathovars that infects on both dicotyledons and monocotyledons. however, little is known about the molecular basis and regulatory mechanisms of its virulence. by using a transposon mutagenesis approach, we cloned the genes coding for an e. chrysanthemi pv. zeae synthase of acyl-homoserine lactone (ahl) quorum-sensing signals (expi(ecz)) and a cognate response regulator (expr(ecz)). chromatography analysis showed that expi(ecz) enco ... | 2008 | 18083823 |
| secondary structures and functional requirements for thim riboswitches from desulfovibrio vulgaris, erwinia carotovora and rhodobacter spheroides. | abstract bacterial thim riboswitches contain aptamer domains that bind the metabolite thiamine pyrophosphate (tpp). binding of tpp to the aptamer domain induces structural rearrangements that are relayed to the expression domain, thereby interfering with gene expression. here, we report identification of three putative thim riboswitches from different bacteria and analysis of their secondary structures. chemical probing revealed that the riboswitches share similar secondary structures in their a ... | 2008 | 18163882 |
| differential role of ferritins in iron metabolism and virulence of the plant-pathogenic bacterium erwinia chrysanthemi 3937. | during infection, the phytopathogenic enterobacterium erwinia chrysanthemi has to cope with iron-limiting conditions and the production of reactive oxygen species by plant cells. previous studies have shown that a tight control of the bacterial intracellular iron content is necessary for full virulence. the e. chrysanthemi genome possesses two loci that could be devoted to iron storage: the bfr gene, encoding a heme-containing bacterioferritin, and the ftna gene, coding for a paradigmatic ferrit ... | 2008 | 18165304 |
| the gaca global regulator is required for the appropriate expression of erwinia chrysanthemi 3937 pathogenicity genes during plant infection. | pathogenicity of the phytopathogenic enterobacterium erwinia chrysanthemi, the causal agent of soft rot disease on many plants, is a complex process involving several factors whose production is regulated by a complex, intertwined regulatory network. in this work we characterized the gaca regulator, member of the gacs-gaca two-component system, as a global regulator which is required for disease expression but not for bacterial multiplication in planta during the first stages of the plant infect ... | 2008 | 18177376 |
| endophytic actinobacteria induce defense pathways in arabidopsis thaliana. | endophytic actinobacteria, isolated from healthy wheat tissue, which are capable of suppressing a number wheat fungal pathogens both in vitro and in planta, were investigated for the ability to activate key genes in the systemic acquired resistance (sar) or the jasmonate/ethylene (ja/et) pathways in arabidopsis thaliana. inoculation of a. thaliana (col-0) with selected endophytic strains induced a low level of sar and ja/et gene expression, measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. ... | 2008 | 18184065 |
| a metagenomic analysis of soil bacteria extends the diversity of quorum-quenching lactonases. | a metagenomic library of 10,121 clones, generated from bacteria inhabiting a pasture soil from france, was screened for the presence of fosmids conferring either n-acylhomoserine lactone (nahl) synthesis or nahl degradation ability upon their escherichia coli host. no clone producing nahls was identified whereas one, containing a 31 972 bp insert in fosmid p2h8, allowed nahl degradation. this led to the cloning and identification of a gene, qlca, encoding an nahl-lactonase activity, as judged by ... | 2008 | 18201196 |
| [method for transformation of erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora cells by plasmid pecl18]. | a method for transformation of erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora cells has been developed. transformants of e. carotovora rc 5297 (pecl 18) have been obtained. the transformation frequency was 5.4 x10(2) per 1 microg of dna. this value depends considerably on the culture growth stage and the amount of calcium chloride used for obtaining the competent cells. the spontaneous loss of the plasmid is below 0.1% per one generation of cells. both the plasmid and the host rm-systems behave autonomous ... | 2007 | 18217352 |
| modulation of defense signal transduction by flagellin-induced wrky41 transcription factor in arabidopsis thaliana. | flagellin, a component of the flagellar filament of pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 6605 (pta), induces hypersensitive reaction in its non-host arabidopsis thaliana. we identified the wrky41 gene, which belongs to a multigene family encoding wrky plant-specific transcription factors, as one of the flagellin-inducible genes in a. thaliana. expression of wrky41 is induced by inoculation with the incompatible pathogen p. syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (pto) possessing avrrpt2 and the non-host pathogens ... | 2008 | 18219494 |
| efficacy of neutral electrolyzed water (new) for reducing microbial contamination on minimally-processed vegetables. | consumption of minimally-processed, or fresh-cut, fruit and vegetables has rapidly increased in recent years, but there have also been several reported outbreaks associated with the consumption of these products. sodium hypochlorite is currently the most widespread disinfectant used by fresh-cut industries. neutral electrolyzed water (new) is a novel disinfection system that could represent an alternative to sodium hypochlorite. the aim of the study was to determine whether new could replace sod ... | 2008 | 18237810 |
| comparison of dige and post-stained gel electrophoresis with both traditional and samespots analysis for quantitative proteomics. | 2-de is an important tool in quantitative proteomics. here, we compare the deep purple (dp) system with dige using both a traditional and the samespots approach to gel analysis. missing values in the traditional approach were found to be a significant issue for both systems. samespots attempts to address the missing value problem. samespots was found to increase the proportion of low volume data for dp but not for dige. for all the analysis methods applied in this study, the assumptions of param ... | 2008 | 18246571 |
| inactivation of human pathogens and spoilage bacteria on the surface and internalized within fresh produce by using a combination of ultraviolet light and hydrogen peroxide. | to evaluate the efficacy of ultraviolet (uv) light (254 nm) combined with hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2)) to inactivate bacteria on and within fresh produce. | 2008 | 18248373 |
| the response regulator hrpy of dickeya dadantii 3937 regulates virulence genes not linked to the hrp cluster. | hrpx/y is a putative two-component system (tcs) encoded within the type iii secretion system (t3ss) gene cluster of dickeya dadantii. a linear regulatory cascade initiated by hrpx/y that leads to activation of the downstream t3ss genes via hrps and hrpl was described previously. therefore, in d. dadantii, hrpx/y plays an important role in regulation of genes involved in bacteria-plant interactions and bacterial aggregation via the t3ss. hrpx/y is the only tcs shared among the plant-pathogenic en ... | 2008 | 18257680 |
| expression and characterization of aiia gene from bacillus subtilis bs-1. | ahl-lactonase (aiia), a metallo-beta-lactamase produced by bacillus thuringiensis, bacillus cereus and bacillus anthracis, specifically hydrolyzes n-acyl-homoserine lactones (ahls) secreted by gram-negative bacteria and thereby attenuates the symptoms caused by plant pathogens. in this study, an aiia gene was cloned from bacillus subtilis bs-1 by pcr with a pair of degenerate primers. the deduced 250 amino acid sequence contained two small conserved regions, 103shlhfdh109 and 166tpghtpgh173, whi ... | 2008 | 18261893 |
| [isolation of endophytic antagonistic bacterium from amorphophallus konjac and research on its antibacterial metabolite]. | an endophytic antagonistic bacterium was isolated from amorphophallus konjac calli. in order to identify this bacterium, 16s rdna was amplified and partially sequenced. sequence comparison showed that this sequence has the highest similarity to that in bacillus subtilis, with 99.0% identities. that demonstrated this bacterium belongs to bacillus subtili , named bsn5. the extracted extracellular protein from strain bsn5 had antibacterial activity against erwinia carotovora subp. carotovora, which ... | 2007 | 18271267 |
| biogenesis of fe/s proteins and pathogenicity: iscr plays a key role in allowing erwinia chrysanthemi to adapt to hostile conditions. | the erwinia chrysanthemi genome is predicted to encode three systems, nif, isc and suf, known to assist fe/s cluster biogenesis and the csdae cysteine desulphurase. single iscu, hsca and fdx mutants were found sensitive to paraquat and exhibited reduced virulence on both chicory leaves and arabidopsis thaliana. depletion of the whole isc system led to a pleiotropic phenotype, including sensitivity to both paraquat and 2,2'-dipyridyl, auxotrophies for branched-chain amino acids, thiamine, nicotin ... | 2008 | 18284573 |
| a temperature-regulated campylobacter jejuni gluconate dehydrogenase is involved in respiration-dependent energy conservation and chicken colonization. | campylobacter jejuni is a gastrointestinal pathogen of humans but can asymptomatically colonize the avian gut. c. jejuni therefore grows at both 37 degrees c and 42 degrees c, the internal temperatures of humans and birds respectively. microarray and proteomic studies on temperature regulation in c. jejuni strain 81-176 revealed the upregulation at 42 degrees c of two proteins, cj0414 and cj0415, orthologous to gluconate dehydrogenase (gadh) from pectobacterium cypripedii. 81-176 demonstrated ga ... | 2008 | 18284594 |
| x-ray structure of a prokaryotic pentameric ligand-gated ion channel. | pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (plgics) are key players in the early events of electrical signal transduction at chemical synapses. the family codes for a structurally conserved scaffold of channel proteins that open in response to the binding of neurotransmitter molecules. all proteins share a pentameric organization of identical or related subunits that consist of an extracellular ligand-binding domain followed by a transmembrane channel domain. the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nach ... | 2008 | 18322461 |
| three-dimensional structures of l-asparaginase from erwinia carotovora complexed with aspartate and glutamate. | the crystal structures of erwinia carotovora l-asparaginase complexed with l-aspartate and l-glutamate were determined at 1.9 and 2.2 a, respectively, using the molecular-replacement method and were refined to r factors of about 21% in both cases. the positions of the ligands in the active site were located. a comparison of the new structures with the known structures of escherichia coli l-asparaginase and er. chrysanthemi l-asparaginase was performed. it was found that the arrangement of the li ... | 2008 | 18323619 |
| adhesion and retention of a bacterial phytopathogen erwinia chrysanthemi in biofilm-coated porous media. | the goal of this study is to investigate the impact of biofilm physical and biological properties on bacterial transport and deposition in porous media. experiments were performed in packed columns to examine the removal of erwinia chrysanthemi (ech3937), a phytopathogen, from the bulk fluid due to its attachmentto glass beads coated with pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. two isogenic p. aeruginosa strains, pao1 and pd0300, with different eps secretion capabilities and eps compositions, were used ... | 2008 | 18350891 |
| inactivation of pqq genes of enterobacter intermedium 60-2g reduces antifungal activity and induction of systemic resistance. | enterobacter intermedium 60-2g, a phosphate solubilizing bacterium, has the ability to induce systemic resistance in plants against soft rot pathogen erwinia carotovora. glucose dehydrogenase, an enzyme that utilizes pyrroloquinoline quinone (pqq) as a cofactor, is required for the synthesis of gluconic acid by e. intermedium 60-2g. here, we report that the pqqa and pqqb genes are required for phosphate solubilization and induced systemic resistance against a soft rot pathogen in tobacco. mutati ... | 2008 | 18355275 |
| [generalized transduction of plasmid pkm101 by temperate bacteriophage zf40 of erwinia carotovora]. | it was shown that temperate bacteriophage zf40 of erwinia carotovora can perform generalized transduction of plasmid pkm 101. the antibiotic-resistance marker transfer is coordinated with the fact of cyclic permutation of the phage genom. the presented results create preconditions for further use of bacteriophage zf40 as a convenient instrument for genetic study of e. carotovora. | 2007 | 18380179 |
| citrate uptake into pectobacterium atrosepticum is critical for bacterial virulence. | to analyze whether metabolite import into pectobacterium atrosepticum cells affects bacterial virulence, we investigated the function of a carrier which exhibits significant structural homology to characterized carboxylic-acid transport proteins. the corresponding gene, eca3984, previously annotated as coding for a na(+)/sulphate carrier, in fact encodes a highly specific citrate transporter (cit1) which is energized by the proton-motive force. expression of the cit1 gene is stimulated by the pr ... | 2008 | 18393614 |
| soft-rot resistance test of in vitro preselected stress tolerant potato genotypes. | | 2007 | 18396805 |
| the crystal structure of pectate lyase peli from soft rot pathogen erwinia chrysanthemi in complex with its substrate. | the crystallographic structure of the family 3 polysaccharide lyase (pl-3) peli from erwinia chrysanthemi has been solved to 1.45 a resolution. it consists of an n-terminal domain harboring a fibronectin type iii fold linked to a catalytic domain displaying a parallel beta-helix topology. the n-terminal domain is located away from the active site and is not involved in the catalytic process. after secretion in planta, the two domains are separated by e. chrysanthemi proteases. this event turns o ... | 2008 | 18430740 |
| natural variation of potato allene oxide synthase 2 causes differential levels of jasmonates and pathogen resistance in arabidopsis. | natural variation of plant pathogen resistance is often quantitative. this type of resistance can be genetically dissected in quantitative resistance loci (qrl). to unravel the molecular basis of qrl in potato (solanum tuberosum), we employed the model plant arabidopsis thaliana for functional analysis of natural variants of potato allene oxide synthase 2 (staos2). staos2 is a candidate gene for qrl on potato chromosome xi against the oömycete phytophthora infestans causing late blight, and the ... | 2008 | 18431595 |
| physico-chemical and biophysical study of the interaction of hexa- and heptaacyl lipid a from erwinia carotovora with magainin 2-derived antimicrobial peptides. | the neutralization of endotoxin structures such as the active 'endotoxic principle' lipid a by suitable compounds has been shown to be a key step in the treatment of infectious diseases, in particular in the case of gram-negative bacteria which frequently may lead to the septic shock syndrome. an effective antimicrobial peptide, originally found in the skin of an african frog, is magainin 2. here, the interaction of magainin 2-amide and a peptide derived thereof, m2v, with chemically defined and ... | 2008 | 18440300 |
| regulatory network controlling extracellular proteins in erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora: flhdc, the master regulator of flagellar genes, activates rsmb regulatory rna production by affecting gaca and hexa (lrha) expression. | erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora produces an array of extracellular proteins (i.e., exoproteins), including plant cell wall-degrading enzymes and harpin, an effector responsible for eliciting hypersensitive reaction. exoprotein genes are coregulated by the quorum-sensing signal, n-acyl homoserine lactone, plant signals, an assortment of transcriptional factors/regulators (gacs/a, expr1, expr2, kdgr, rpos, hexa, and rsmc) and posttranscriptional regulators (rsma, rsmb rna). rsmb rna productio ... | 2008 | 18441056 |
| functional diversity among metallo-beta-lactamases: characterization of the car-1 enzyme of erwinia carotovora. | metallo-beta-lactamases (mbls) are zinc-dependent bacterial enzymes characterized by an efficient hydrolysis of carbapenems and a lack of sensitivity to commercially available beta-lactamase inactivators. apart from the acquired subclass b1 enzymes, which exhibit increasing clinical importance and whose evolutionary origin remains unclear, most mbls are encoded by resident genes found in the genomes of organisms belonging to at least three distinct phyla. using genome database mining, we identif ... | 2008 | 18443127 |
| the genome of erwinia tasmaniensis strain et1/99, a non-pathogenic bacterium in the genus erwinia. | the complete genome of the bacterium erwinia tasmaniensis strain et1/99 consisting of a 3.9 mb circular chromosome and five plasmids was sequenced. strain et1/99 represents an epiphytic plant bacterium related to erwinia amylovora and e. pyrifoliae, which are responsible for the important plant diseases fire blight and asian pear shoot blight, respectively. strain et1/99 is a non-pathogenic bacterium and is thought to compete with these and other bacteria when occupying the same habitat during i ... | 2008 | 18462403 |
| is 16s rdna a reliable phylogenetic marker to characterize relationships below the family level in the enterobacteriaceae? | the phylogenetic relationships of multiple enterobacterial species were reconstructed based on 16s rdna gene sequences to evaluate the robustness of this housekeeping gene in the taxonomic placement of the enteric plant pathogens erwinia, brenneria, pectobacterium, and pantoea. four data sets were compiled, two of which consisted of previously published data. the data sets were designed in order to evaluate how 16s rdna gene phylogenies are affected by the use of different plant pathogen accessi ... | 2008 | 18504519 |
| a novel plant ferredoxin-like protein and the regulator hor are quorum-sensing targets in the plant pathogen erwinia carotovora. | quorum sensing (qs), a population-density-sensing mechanism, controls the production of the main virulence determinants, the plant cell-wall-degrading enzymes (pcwdes) of the soft-rot phytopathogen erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora. in this study, we used random transposon mutagenesis with a gusa reporter construct to identify two new qs-controlled genes encoding the regulator hor and a plant ferredoxin-like protein, fere. the qs control of the identified genes was executed by the qs regulato ... | 2008 | 18533837 |
| dsba plays a critical and multifaceted role in the production of secreted virulence factors by the phytopathogen erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica. | erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica is an enterobacterial phytopathogen causing economically significant soft rot disease. pathogenesis is mediated by multiple secreted virulence factors, many of which are secreted by the type ii (out) secretion system. dsba catalyzes the introduction of disulfide bonds into periplasmic and secreted proteins. in this study, the extracellular proteome (secretome) of wild type e. carotovora subsp. atroseptica scri1043, and dsba and out mutants, was analyzed by s ... | 2008 | 18562317 |
| quorum sensing coordinates brute force and stealth modes of infection in the plant pathogen pectobacterium atrosepticum. | quorum sensing (qs) in vitro controls production of plant cell wall degrading enzymes (pcwdes) and other virulence factors in the soft rotting enterobacterial plant pathogen pectobacterium atrosepticum (pba). here, we demonstrate the genome-wide regulatory role of qs in vivo during the pba-potato interaction, using a pba-specific microarray. we show that 26% of the pba genome exhibited differential transcription in a qs (expi-) mutant, compared to the wild-type, suggesting that qs may make a gre ... | 2008 | 18566662 |
| [genetic and molecular characters of toxin producing erwinia chrysanthemi pv. zeae]. | bacterial foot rot, caused by erwinia chrysanthemi pv. zeae, is one of the most important diseases in rice. genetic and molecular characters of toxin producting for erwinia chrysanthemi pv. zeae were conducted in this paper. | 2008 | 18590228 |
| comparative analysis of the glg operons of pectobacterium chrysanthemi py35 and other prokaryotes. | a chromosomal region of pectobacterium chrysanthemi py35 that contains of genes for glycogen synthesis was isolated from a cosmid library. the operon consists of glycogen branching enzyme (glgb), glycogen debranching enzyme (glgx), adp-glucose pyrophosphorylase (glgc), glycogen synthase (glga), and glycogen phosphorylase (glgp) genes. gene organization is similar to that of escherichia coli. the purified adp-glucose pyrophosphorylase (glgc) was activated by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and inhibite ... | 2008 | 18594899 |
| plant lesions promote the rapid multiplication of escherichia coli o157:h7 on postharvest lettuce. | several outbreaks of escherichia coli o157:h7 infections have been associated with minimally processed leafy vegetables in the united states. harvesting and processing cause plant tissue damage. in order to assess the role of plant tissue damage in the contamination of leafy greens with e. coli o157:h7, the effect of mechanical, physiological, and plant disease-induced lesions on the growth of this pathogen on postharvest romaine lettuce was investigated. within only 4 h after inoculation, the p ... | 2008 | 18641153 |
| structural and functional insights into erwinia carotovora l-asparaginase. | bacterial l-asparaginases are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of l-asparagine to aspartic acid. for the past 30 years, these enzymes have been used as therapeutic agents in the treatment of acute childhood lymphoblastic leukemia. their intrinsic low-rate glutaminase activity, however, causes serious side-effects, including neurotoxicity, hepatitis, coagulopathy, and other dysfunctions. erwinia carotovora asparaginase shows decreased glutaminase activity, so it is believed to have fewer side ... | 2008 | 18647344 |
| microarray profiling of host-extract-induced genes and characterization of the type vi secretion cluster in the potato pathogen pectobacterium atrosepticum. | pectobacterium atrosepticum is a gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacterium that rots potato stems and tubers. microarray analysis was used to identify genes that were differentially expressed when host extracts were added to the growth medium. potato extracts downregulated the expression of ribosomal genes and genes related to uptake and metabolism of nutrients, and upregulated genes needed for nitrate or phosphonate use. some of the observed changes in gene expression in host-extract-induced cul ... | 2008 | 18667571 |
| cloning, expression, and characterization of a new phytase from the phytopathogenic bacterium pectobacterium wasabiae dsmz 18074. | the soft rot bacterium pectobacterium wasabiae is an economically important pathogen of many crops. a new phytase gene, appa, was cloned from p. wasabiae by degenerate pcr and tail-pcr. the open reading frame of appa consisted of 1,302 bp encoding 433 amino acid residues, including 27 residues of a putative signal peptide. the mature protein had a molecular mass of 45 kda and a theoretical pi of 5.5. the amino acid sequence contained the conserved active site residues rhgxrxp and hdtn of typical ... | 2008 | 18667849 |
| evaluation of isolation methods and rna integrity for bacterial rna quantitation. | rna integrity is critical for successful rna quantitation for mammalian tissues, but the level of integrity required differs among tissues. the level of integrity required for quantitation has not been determined for bacterial rna. three rna isolation methods were evaluated for their ability to produce high quality rna from dickeya dadantii, a bacterium refractory to rna isolation. bacterial lysis with trizol using standard protocols consistently gave low rna yields with this organism. higher yi ... | 2008 | 18674572 |
| differential pathogenicity and genetic diversity among pectobacterium carotovorum ssp. carotovorum isolates from monocot and dicot hosts support early genomic divergence within this taxon. | the capability of pectobacterium carotovorum isolates to infect monocotyledonous plants has been previously reported; however, no full consideration was given to characterize the association between such isolates and their monocot hosts. to assess differences in aggressiveness among p. carotovorum ssp. carotovorum isolates originating from monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous plants, we used as model plants two susceptible monocot hosts, the ornamentals zantedeschia aethiopica and ornithogalum dub ... | 2008 | 18681897 |
| rudra interrupts receptor signaling complexes to negatively regulate the imd pathway. | insects rely primarily on innate immune responses to fight pathogens. in drosophila, antimicrobial peptides are key contributors to host defense. antimicrobial peptide gene expression is regulated by the imd and toll pathways. bacterial peptidoglycans trigger these pathways, through recognition by peptidoglycan recognition proteins (pgrps). dap-type peptidoglycan triggers the imd pathway via pgrp-lc and pgrp-le, while lysine-type peptidoglycan is an agonist for the toll pathway through pgrp-sa a ... | 2008 | 18688280 |
| binding sequences for rdgb, a dna damage-responsive transcriptional activator, and temperature-dependent expression of bacteriocin and pectin lyase genes in pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum. | pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum strain er simultaneously produces the phage tail-like bacteriocin carotovoricin (ctv) and pectin lyase (pnl) in response to dna-damaging agents. the regulatory protein rdgb of the mor/c family of proteins activates transcription of pnl through binding to the promoter. however, the optimal temperature for the synthesis of ctv (23 degrees c) differs from that for synthesis of pnl (30 degrees c), raising the question of whether rdgb directly activates c ... | 2008 | 18689515 |
| overexpression of snakin-1 gene enhances resistance to rhizoctonia solani and erwinia carotovora in transgenic potato plants. | snakin-1 (sn1), a cysteine-rich peptide with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity in vitro, was evaluated for its ability to confer resistance to pathogens in transgenic potatoes. genetic variants of this gene were cloned from wild and cultivated solanum species. nucleotide sequences revealed highly evolutionary conservation with 91-98% identity values. potato plants (s. tuberosum subsp. tuberosum cv. kennebec) were transformed via agrobacterium tumefaciens with a construct encoding the s. chac ... | 2008 | 18705874 |
| abscisic acid deficiency leads to rapid activation of tomato defence responses upon infection with erwinia chrysanthemi. | in addition to the important role of abscisic acid (aba) in abiotic stress signalling, basal and high aba levels appear to have a negative effect on disease resistance. using the aba-deficient sitiens tomato (solanum lycopersicum) mutant and different application methods of exogenous aba, we demonstrated the influence of this plant hormone on disease progression of erwinia chrysanthemi. this necrotrophic plant pathogenic bacterium is responsible for soft rot disease on many plant species, causin ... | 2008 | 18705880 |
| pecs is a global regulator of the symptomatic phase in the phytopathogenic bacterium erwinia chrysanthemi 3937. | pathogenicity of the enterobacterium erwinia chrysanthemi (dickeya dadantii), the causative agent of soft-rot disease in many plants, is a complex process involving several factors whose production is subject to temporal regulation during infection. pecs is a transcriptional regulator that controls production of various virulence factors. here, we used microarray analysis to define the pecs regulon and demonstrated that pecs notably regulates a wide range of genes that could be linked to pathoge ... | 2008 | 18790868 |
| a pentameric, ligand-gated ion channel from a bacterium. | | 2008 | 18797184 |
| iron(iii) uptake and release by chrysobactin, a siderophore of the phytophatogenic bacterium erwinia chrysanthemi. | the plant pathogenic enterobacterium erwinia chrysanthemi causes important soft-rot disease on a wide range of plants including vegetables and ornamentals of economic importance. it produces a major mono(catecholate) siderophore, chrysobactin (alpha-n-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-d-lysyl-l-serine). to unravel the role of chrysobactin in the virulence of e. chrysanthemi, its iron(iii) coordination properties were thus investigated in aqueous solutions using electrospray ionization mass spectrometric, p ... | 2008 | 18803373 |
| the flagellar sigma factor flia is required for dickeya dadantii virulence. | the genome sequence of the enterobacteriaceae phytopathogen dickeya dadantii (formerly erwinia chrysanthemi) revealed homologs of genes required for a complete flagellar secretion system and one flagellin gene. we found that d. dadantii was able to swim and swarm but that ability to swarm was dependent upon both growth media and temperature. mutation of the d. dadantii flia gene was pleiotropic, with the alternate sigma factor required for flagella production and development of disease symptoms ... | 2008 | 18842093 |
| analysis of the laci family regulators of erwinia chrysanthemi 3937, involvement in the bacterial phytopathogenicity. | analysis of the regulators of the laci family was performed in order to identify those potentially involved in pathogenicity of erwinia chrysanthemi (dickeya dadantii). among the 18 members of the laci family, the function of 11 members is either known or predicted and only 7 members have, as yet, no proposed function. inactivation of these seven genes, called lfar, lfbr, lfcr, lfdr, lfer, lffr, and lfgr, demonstrated that four of them are important for plant infection. the lfar and lfcr mutants ... | 2008 | 18842096 |
| specific detection of xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola in infected rice plant by use of pcr assay targeting a membrane fusion protein gene. | successful control of xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, the causal agent of bacterial leaf streak, requires a specific and reliable diagnostic tool. a pathovar-specific pcr assay was developed for the rapid and accurate detection of the plant pathogenic bacterium xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola in diseased plant. based on differences in a membrane fusion protein gene of xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola and other microorganisms, which was generated from ncbi (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) and cm ... | 2008 | 18852502 |
| the role of aiia, a quorum-quenching enzyme from bacillus thuringiensis, on the rhizosphere competence. | bacteria sense their population density and coordinate the expression of target genes, including virulence factors in gram-negative bacteria, by the n-acylhomoserine lactones (ahls)-dependent quorum-sensing (qs) mechanism. in contrast, several soil bacteria are able to interfere with qs by enzymatic degradation of ahls, referred to as quorum quenching. a potent ahl-degrading enzyme, aiia, of bacillus thuringiensis has been reported to effectively attenuate the virulence of bacteria by quorum que ... | 2008 | 18852506 |
| host range and molecular phylogenies of the soft rot enterobacterial genera pectobacterium and dickeya. | abstract pectobacterium and dickeya spp. are related broad-host-range entero-bacterial pathogens of angiosperms. a review of the literature shows that these genera each cause disease in species from at least 35% of angiosperm plant orders. the known host ranges of these pathogens partially overlap and, together, these two genera are pathogens of species from 50% of angiosperm plant orders. notably, there are no reported hosts for either genus in the eudicots clade and no reported dickeya hosts i ... | 2007 | 18944180 |
| a culture filtrate of phytophthora infestans primes defense reaction in potato cell suspensions. | priming of defense reactions by an elicitor results in an enhanced ability of the plant to respond to subsequent pathogen challenges. we previously showed that application of lipopolysaccharides (lps) to potato cell suspensions causes apoplastic acidification, but does not stimulate lipoxygenase (lox) activity. here, we tested the ability of various elicitors to prime and elicit defense reactions in potato cell suspensions. adding 20 microg ml(1) lps, laminarin, harpin n, or a concentrated cultu ... | 2008 | 18944288 |
| thioester hydrolysis and c-c bond formation by carboxymethylproline synthase from the crotonase superfamily. | | 2008 | 18972478 |
| erwinia chrysanthemi iron metabolism: the unexpected implication of the inner membrane platform within the type ii secretion system. | the type ii secretion (t2s) system is an essential device for erwinia chrysanthemi virulence. previously, we reported the key role of the outf protein in forming, along with outelm, an inner membrane platform in the out t2s system. here, we report that outf copurified with five proteins identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight analysis as acsd, toga, seca, tsp, and degp. the acsd protein was known to be involved in the biosynthesis of achromobactin, which is a sid ... | 2009 | 18978048 |
| evf, a virulence factor produced by the drosophila pathogen erwinia carotovora, is an s-palmitoylated protein with a new fold that binds to lipid vesicles. | erwinia carotovora are phytopathogenic gram-negative bacteria of agronomic interest as these bacteria are responsible for fruit soft rot and use insects as dissemination vectors. the erwinia carotovora carotovora strain 15 (ecc15) is capable of persisting in the drosophila gut by the sole action of one protein, erwinia virulence factor (evf). however, the precise function of evf is elusive, and its sequence does not provide any indication as to its biochemical function. we have solved the 2.0-an ... | 2009 | 18978353 |
| niche-specificity and the variable fraction of the pectobacterium pan-genome. | we compare genome sequences of three closely related soft-rot pathogens that vary in host range and geographical distribution to identify genetic differences that could account for lifestyle differences. the isolates compared, pectobacterium atrosepticum scri1043, p. carotovorum wpp14, and p. brasiliensis 1692, represent diverse lineages of the genus. p. carotovorum and p. brasiliensis genome contigs, generated by 454 pyrosequencing ordered by reference to the previously published complete circu ... | 2008 | 18986251 |
| early responses of tobacco suspension cells to rhizobacterial elicitors of induced systemic resistance. | colonization of roots by selected strains of fluorescent pseudomonas spp. can trigger induced systemic resistance (isr) against foliar pathogens in a plant species-specific manner. it has been suggested that early responses in cell suspension cultures in response to rhizobacterial elicitors, such as generation of active oxygen species (aos) and extracellular medium alkalinization (ma), are linked to the development of isr in whole plants. perception of flagellin was demonstrated to elicit isr in ... | 2008 | 18986257 |
| galactinol is a signaling component of the induced systemic resistance caused by pseudomonas chlororaphis o6 root colonization. | root colonization by pseudomonas chlororaphis o6 in cucumber elicited an induced systemic resistance (isr) against corynespora cassiicola. in order to gain insight into o6-mediated isr, a suppressive subtractive hybridization technique was applied and resulted in the isolation of a cucumber galactinol synthase (csgols1) gene. the transcriptional level of csgols1 and the resultant galactinol content showed an increase several hours earlier under o6 treatment than in the water control plants follo ... | 2008 | 18986260 |
| structure of a potentially open state of a proton-activated pentameric ligand-gated ion channel. | the x-ray structure of a pentameric ligand-gated ion channel from erwinia chrysanthemi (elic) has recently provided structural insight into this family of ion channels at high resolution. the structure shows a homo-pentameric protein with a barrel-stave architecture that defines an ion-conduction pore located on the fivefold axis of symmetry. in this structure, the wide aqueous vestibule that is encircled by the extracellular ligand-binding domains of the five subunits narrows to a discontinuous ... | 2009 | 18987630 |
| x-ray structure of a pentameric ligand-gated ion channel in an apparently open conformation. | pentameric ligand-gated ion channels from the cys-loop family mediate fast chemo-electrical transduction, but the mechanisms of ion permeation and gating of these membrane proteins remain elusive. here we present the x-ray structure at 2.9 a resolution of the bacterial gloeobacter violaceus pentameric ligand-gated ion channel homologue (glic) at ph 4.6 in an apparently open conformation. this cationic channel is known to be permanently activated by protons. the structure is arranged as a funnel- ... | 2009 | 18987633 |
| siderophore-controlled iron assimilation in the enterobacterium erwinia chrysanthemi: evidence for the involvement of bacterioferritin and the suf iron-sulfur cluster assembly machinery. | the intracellular fate of iron acquired by bacteria during siderophore-mediated assimilation is poorly understood. we investigated this question in the pathogenic enterobacterium erwinia chrysanthemi. this bacterium produces two siderophores, chrysobactin and achromobactin, during plant infection. we analyzed the distribution of iron into cytosolic proteins in bacterial cells supplied with 59fe-chrysobactin using native gel electrophoresis. a parental strain and mutants deficient in bacterioferr ... | 2008 | 18990691 |
| purification, crystallization and data collection of pectobacterium chrysanthemi acsd, a type a siderophore synthetase. | acsd, a type a siderophore synthetase with a molecular weight of 71 140 da from pectobacterium chrysanthemi, has been expressed, purified and crystallized at 293 k. the protein crystallized in the primitive orthorhombic space group p2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 80.3, b = 95.7, c = 161.1 a, alpha = beta = gamma = 90 degrees . systematic absences were consistent with space group p2(1)2(1)2(1). a complete data set has been collected to 2.25 a resolution on bm14 at the esrf. considera ... | 2008 | 18997340 |
| phylogeny and identification of pantoea species associated with plants, humans and the natural environment based on multilocus sequence analysis (mlsa). | species belonging to the genus of pantoea are commonly isolated from plants, humans and the natural environment. the species of the genus are phenotypically closely related, making rapid identification of pantoea strains to the species level difficult. multilocus sequence analysis (mlsa) was evaluated as a means for rapid classification and identification of pantoea strains. four housekeeping genes, gyrb, rpob, atpd and infb, were sequenced for strains assigned to the genus. included in the stud ... | 2008 | 19008066 |
| distinguishing bacterial pathogens of potato using a genome-wide microarray approach. | a set of 9676 probes was designed for the most harmful bacterial pathogens of potato and tested in a microarray format. gene-specific probes could be designed for all genes of pectobacterium atrosepticum, c. 50% of the genes of streptomyces scabies and c. 30% of the genes of clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus utilizing the whole-genome sequence information available. for streptomyces turgidiscabies, 226 probes were designed according to the sequences of a pathogenicity island containing ... | 2008 | 19018999 |