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coccidioidomycosis and other endemic mycoses in mexico.the endemic mycoses traditionally include coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis and paracoccidioidomycosis. although sporotrichosis and chromomycosis are technically not included among the endemic mycoses, they are frequently diagnosed in mexico. most systemic endemic mycoses are a consequence of inhaling the fungi, while subcutaneous mycoses are acquired through the inoculation of vegetable matter or soil containing the organism. coccidioidomycosis is caused by coccidioides spp., a ...200718095755
immunization with radioattenuated yeast cells of paracoccidioides brasiliensis induces a long lasting protection in balb/c mice.paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the fungus agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, a chronic systemic disease prevalent in latin america. the aim of the present work was to evaluate the protection elicited by the immunization of balb/c mice with radioattenuated yeast cells of p. brasiliensis. the immunization promoted a long lasting protection against highly infective yeast forms of p. brasiliensis. a 99.5% decrease in cfus recovery was verified 90 days post challenge. at the same time the levels of i ...200717920169
ecological study of paracoccidioides brasiliensis in soil: growth ability, conidia production and molecular detection.paracoccidioides brasiliensis ecology is not completely understood, although several pieces of evidence point to the soil as its most probable habitat. the present study aimed to investigate the fungal growth, conidia production and molecular pathogen detection in different soil conditions.200717953742
transcriptome profiling of paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeast-phase cells recovered from infected mice brings new insights into fungal response upon host interaction.paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a fungal human pathogen with a wide distribution in latin america. it causes paracoccidioidomycosis, the most widespread systemic mycosis in latin america. although gene expression in p. brasiliensis had been studied, little is known about the genome sequences expressed by this species during the infection process. to better understand the infection process, 4934 expressed sequence tags (ests) derived from a non-normalized cdna library from p. brasiliensis (isola ...200718048933
expression of antibodies directed to paracoccidioides brasiliensis glycosphingolipids during the course of paracoccidioidomycosis treatment.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is a granulomatous disease caused by the dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis. the immunoglobulin classes and isotypes of antibodies directed to acidic glycosphingolipids (gsls) and glucosylceramide of p. brasiliensis were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of sera from 31 pcm patients. the reactivities of 38 serum samples were analyzed by considering the stage of treatment: before antifungal treatment (n = 10), during 1 to 4 months of treatmen ...200717135452
analysis of memory t cells in the human paracoccidioidomycosis before and during chemotherapy treatment.memory t cell populations in patients with paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) were analyzed before and after chemotherapy treatment. peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) collected from patients infected by paracoccidioides brasiliensis or from non-infected individuals were stimulated in vitro with either membrane and extra-cellular antigens (mexo) or yeast cell antigen preparation (pbag) of p. brasiliensis. an increase in the level of cd4(+) memory t cells was determined in pbmc from pcm patients ...200717897724
the actin gene in paracoccidioides brasiliensis: organization, expression and phylogenetic analyses.pbract1, the gene responsible for the synthesis of actin in paracoccidioides brasiliensis, was found as a single copy, organized into six exons and five introns. its open reading frame (orf) codes for a putative protein of 375 amino acids, with a molecular mass of 41.5 kda and an isoelectric point of 5.6. analysis of the nucleotide sequence revealed a high homology to other fungal actins, the presence of characteristic fungal actin sequences, and heat shock elements at the 5' untranslated region ...200717363236
epithelial cells treated with genistein inhibit adhesion and endocytosis of paracoccidioides brasiliensis.paracoccidioidomycosis is caused by paracoccidioides brasiliensis, which although not formally considered an intracellular pathogen, can be internalized by epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. the mechanisms used by p. brasiliensis to adhere to and invade non-professional phagocytes have not been identified. the signal-transduction networks, involving protein tyrosine kinase (ptk) and protein phosphatase activities, can modulate crucial events during fungal infections. in this study, the invol ...200717120081
histological and serological evidence of experimental paracoccidioidomycosis in calomys callosus (rodentia: cricetidae).the responses of animal experimental models related to the infectivity, virulence and pathogenicity of paracoccidioides brasiliensis is constantly used to develop new perspectives of investigation. the rodent calomys callosus, rengger 1830 (rodentia: cricetidae) is an indigenous inhabitant of the savannah environment found in the central regions of brazil. the aim of the present work was to evaluate the histopathological and serological features of c. callosus after inoculation with the pb18 str ...200717244339
lobomycosis in venezuela.lobomycosis is a chronic dermal infection that presents a wide spectrum of clinical- dermatological manifestations, mainly characterized by the development of keloid lesions as well as nodular, verrucoid and sometimes ulcerous forms. the etiological agent at an international level, according to the consensus nomenclature, has been called loboa loboi, even though recently it has been accommodated as lacazia loboi. the present review extensively covers the clinical-epidemiological aspects as well ...200717269972
identification of transcription elements in the 5' intergenic region shared by lon and mdj1 heat shock genes from the human pathogen paracoccidioides brasiliensis. evaluation of gene expression.the mdj1/lon locus is conserved among pathogenic dimorphic fungi. we have mapped using dnase i footprinting and mobility shift assays three putative heat shock elements and one ap-1 binding domain (are) in the 5' intergenic region shared by pbmdj1and pblon (ml) from paracoccidioides brasiliensis. the region bearing an are-like towards pblon also has an opposite skn-1-like element. we studied genetically and pathogenically distinct isolates pb18 and pb3, where ml is polymorphic and the number of ...200717166750
dimorphism and virulence in fungi.the signature feature of systemic dimorphic fungi - a family of six primary fungal pathogens of humans - is a temperature-induced phase transition. these fungi grow as a mold in soil at ambient temperature and convert to yeast after infectious spores are inhaled into the lungs of a mammalian host. seminal work 20 years ago established that a temperature-induced phase transition from mold to yeast is required for virulence. several yeast-phase specific genes, identified one-by-one and studied by ...200717719267
cloning, characterization and expression of a calnexin homologue from the pathogenic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis.we report the cloning of a paracoccidioides brasiliensis cdna, here named pbcnx, encoding the homologue of the endoplasmic reticulum molecular chaperone calnexin. calnexin specifically recognizes monoglucosylated glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum, thus being an essential component of the complex that interacts with the folded state of nascent secreted glycoproteins. the pbcnx open reading frame was found in a 1701 base pair (bp) fragment that encodes a 567 amino acid protein with an est ...200717173330
paracoccidioidomycosis: no genetic damage in human peripheral blood cells of patients assessed by single-cell gel (comet) assay.paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic fungal infection caused by paracoccidioides brasiliensis. as infectious diseases can cause dna damage, the authors aimed at analyzing dna breakage in peripheral blood cells of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis by using the comet assay. the results suggested that paracoccidioidomycosis does not cause genotoxicity.200717876475
effect of interleukin-10 on the paracoccidioides brasiliensis killing by gamma-interferon activated human neutrophils.paracoccidioidomycosis, a deep mycosis endemic in latin america, is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by the fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis. phagocytic cells play a critical role against this fungus, and several studies have shown the effects of activator and suppressive cytokines on macrophage and monocyte functions. however, studies on polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmns), that are the first cells recruited to the infection sites, are scarcer. thus, the objective of this paper was t ...200717237601
background selection at the chitin synthase ii (chs2) locus in paracoccidioides brasiliensis species complex.in fungi, chitin synthases have been classified into five classes according to differences in regions of high sequence conservation. the current investigation was initiated to examine the causes for the polymorphism patterns found in a class ii chitin synthase gene (chs2) of paracoccidioides brasiliensis, in an attempt to determine the evolutionary forces affecting the chitin synthesis metabolic pathway. neutrality tests were applied to the chs2 sequences exhibited by p. brasiliensis species com ...200717331762
detection of paracoccidioides brasiliensis by pcr in biopsies from patients with paracoccidioidomycosis: correlation with the histopathological pattern.paracoccidioidomycosis, a systemic mycosis, is rarely diagnosed in its initial phase and can remain latent for up to 40 years. although pcr is sensitive for the identification of paracoccidioides brasiliensis (pb) in different samples, no study using paraffin-embedded human tissue has been published. the size of the amplicon, the fixation method and the time of the storage may affect the reaction. recently the more sensitive primer-extension-preamplification (pep)-nested-pcr has been used for am ...200717633806
the camp pathway is important for controlling the morphological switch to the pathogenic yeast form of paracoccidioides brasiliensis.paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a human pathogenic fungus that switches from a saprobic mycelium to a pathogenic yeast. consistent with the morphological transition being regulated by the camp-signalling pathway, there is an increase in cellular camp levels both transiently at the onset (< 24 h) and progressively in the later stages (> 120 h) of the transition to the yeast form, and this transition can be modulated by exogenous camp. we have cloned the cyr1 gene encoding adenylate cyclase (ac) ...200717635191
protection induced in balb/c mice by the high-molecular-mass (hmm) fraction of paracoccidioides brasiliensis.paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is a granulomatous disease caused by a dimorphic fungus, paracoccidioides brasiliensis. the present study investigated the protective activity of the p. brasiliensis high-molecular-mass (hmm) fraction (approximately 380 kda) in experimental murine pcm. in the first step, lymphocyte proliferation and production of ifngamma (but not il-4) were observed in "in vitro" spleen cells (from female balb/c mice infected (i.v.) with p. brasiliensis) that were stimulated with hm ...200717356792
report of an imported cutaneous disseminated case of paracoccidioidomycosis.paracoccidioidomycosis is a chronic progressive infection. it affects mainly the elderly and it is geographically limited to certain areas of latin america. in europe it is considered a rare imported infection. here we report a case of paracoccidioidomycosis that occurred in a 27-year-old ecuadorian patient living in spain initially misdiagnosed as blastomycosis. the typical multi-budding yeast cells of paracoccidioides brasiliensis were observed in grocott stained samples. this case should aler ...200717592892
c-npys (s-3-nitro-2-pyridinesulfenyl) and peptide derivatives can inhibit a serine-thiol proteinase activity from paracoccidioides brasiliensis.the inhibitory capacity of c-npys (s-[3-nitro-2-pyridinesulfenyl]) derivatives over thiol-containing serine proteases has never been tested. in the present work we used an extracellular serine-thiol proteinase activity from the fungal pathogen paracoccidioides brasiliensis (pbst) to describe a potent inhibitory capacity of bzl-c(npys)krltl-nh(2) and bzl-mkrltlc(npys)-nh(2). the assays were performed with pbst enriched upon affinity chromatography in a p-aminobenzamidine (paba)-sepharose column. ...200717328865
oral paracoccidioidomycosis: a case without lung manifestations.the aim of this article is to present a case of paracoccidioidomycosis with involvement of the oral cavity but without pulmonary manifestations.200717618335
the transcriptional profile of paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeast cells is influenced by human plasma.paracoccidioides brasiliensis causes infection through host inhalation of airborne propagules of the mycelial phase of the fungus, which reach the lungs, and then disseminate to virtually all parts of the human body. here we describe the identification of differentially expressed genes in p. brasiliensis yeast cells, by analyzing cdna populations from the fungus treated with human plasma, mimicking superficial infection sites with inflammation. our analysis identified transcripts that are differ ...200717608708
diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis by a dot blot assay using a recombinant paracoccidioides brasiliensis p27 protein.a variety of immunological methods have proven useful for paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) diagnosis; however, they are often time consuming and many lack sensitivity and specificity, partially attributed to the use of crude antigens, which give cross reactivity. until now, attempts to clone and express paracoccidioides brasiliensis immunodominant antigens have presented difficulties of process and problems of cost. in an attempt to obtain a more rapid, sensitive, and specific test for pcm diagnosis ...200717302747
[imported mycosis: a review of paracoccidioidomycosis].population migration is increasing the number of systemic mycosis cases, a condition little or not present in metropolitan france, thus often weakly documented for medical teams. paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic mycosis geographically confined to latin america. the causative agent is paracoccidioides brasiliensis, a dimorphic fungus present at ground level. discovering that the armadillo was a new host allowed documenting the ideal conditions for this fungus development. the mortality rate i ...200717988812
role of iron in the nitric oxide-mediated fungicidal mechanism of ifn-gamma-activated murine macrophages against paracoccidioides brasiliensis conidia.iron is an essential growth element of virtually all microorganisms and its restriction is one of the mechanisms used by macrophages to control microbial multiplication. paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, an important systemic mycosis in latin america, is inhibited in its conidia-to-yeast conversion in the absence of iron. we studied the participation of iron in the nitric oxide (no)-mediated fungicidal mechanism against conidia. peritoneal murine macrophages act ...200717384814
paracoccidioides brasiliensis killing by ifn-gamma, tnf-alpha and gm-csf activated human neutrophils: role for oxygen metabolites.paracoccidioidomycosis, a deep mycosis endemic in latin america, is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by the fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis. phagocytic cells play a critical role against the fungus and several papers show the effects of activator and suppressive cytokines on macrophage and monocyte functions. however, the studies focusing on polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmns) antifungal functions are scarcer. thus, the objective of the present paper was to assess the capacity of hum ...200717325941
generic human leukocyte antigen class ii (drb1 and dqb1) alleles in patients with paracoccidioidomycosis.human leukocyte antigen (hla) class ii alleles are involved in antigen processing and in the presentation of antigens to t lymphocytes. few studies have investigated hla genes in paracoccidioidomycosis. in the present investigation, we analyzed the distribution of the hla class ii alleles drb1 and dqb1 in 45 healthy volunteers and in 80 patients with paracoccidioidomycosis. the patients presented with various clinical forms of the disease, and allele distribution was evaluated individually in ea ...200717325942
molecular detection of paracoccidioides brasiliensis in soil. 200717325951
the mitochondrial genome from the thermal dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis.we present here the sequence of the mitochondrial dna of the pathogenic thermodimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis, agent of an endemic disease in most south american countries. the sequenced genome has 71 334 bp and is organized as a circular molecule with two gaps of unknown size flanking the middle exon of the nad5 gene. we located genes coding for the three subunits of the atp synthase (atp6, atp8 and atp9), the apocytochrome b (cob), three subunits of the cytochrome c oxidase enzy ...200717492801
on the unknown ecological niche of paracoccidioides brasiliensis: our hypothesis of 1989: present status and perspectives.in 1989, conti diaz & rilla published a hypothesis concerning the as yet unknown ecological niche of paracoccidioides brasiliensis. the hypothesis proposed a highly efficient paracoccidioidal ecological strategy based on an important natural reservoir of the parasite, probably in heterothermic animals from fresh water environments. further, the hypothesis proposed, a transient and variable residence in the soil with a wide aleuriospore dispersion throughout the environment together with an eleva ...200717505676
typing of histoplasma capsulatum strains by fatty acid profile analysis.the performance of fatty acid profiling for strain differentiation of histoplasma capsulatum was assessed. total fatty acids were isolated from the yeast-phase cells of seven stock and two previously unreported clinical strains of h. capsulatum var. capsulatum, as well as from one unreported clinical strain and one stock strain of h. capsulatum var. duboisii, and one strain of each of three other dimorphic zoopathogenic fungal species, blastomyces dermatitidis, paracoccidioides brasiliensis and ...200717510264
towards a molecular genetic system for the pathogenic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis.we herein report the development of a molecular toolbox for the dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis, specifically a more efficient transformation and a gene expression system. we evaluated several parameters that influence agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (atmt), such as co-cultivation conditions and host cell susceptibility. our results show that cellular recovery and air drying of a. tumefaciens:p. brasiliensis mixtures are essential for atmt. overall, our data indi ...200717512227
kinetics of ifn-gamma, tnf-alpha, il-10 and il-4 production by mononuclear cells stimulated with gp43 peptides, in patients cured of paracoccidioidomycosis.we analyzed the kinetics of cytokine production by mononuclear cells from 17 patients who had been treated for paracoccidioidomycosis, using the stimulus of gp43 peptide groups (43 kda glycoprotein of paracoccidioides brasiliensis) at 0.1 and 1 microm, gp43 (1 microg/ml) and crude paracoccidioides brasiliensis antigen (pbag; 75 microg/ml). ifn-gamma production was a maximum at 144 hours in relation to the g2 and g8 peptide groups at 1 microm and was greatest at 144 hours when stimulated by gp43 ...200717568881
identification of a gene encoding adaptin-like protein in the paracoccidioides brasiliensis genome by random amplified polymorphic dna analysis.paracoccidioides brasiliensis isolates are not homogeneous in their patterns of pathogenicity in animals and adhesion to epithelial cells. during this investigation, genotypic differences were observed between two samples of p. brasiliensis strain 18 yeast phase (pb18) previously cultured many times, one taken before (pb18a) and the other after (pb18b) animal inoculation. random amplified polymorphic dna analysis using the primer opj4 distinguished pb18b from pb18a by one 308 bp dna fragment, wh ...200717577051
performance characteristics of a polyclonal enzyme immunoassay for the quantitation of histoplasma antigen in human urine samples.an antigen detection assay was prepared with rabbit anti- histoplasma antibodies to detect and quantitate histoplasma capsulatum antigen in urine samples. by using a 4-parameter curve fit, the assay calibration ranges from 2 to 1,000 enzyme immunoassay (eia) units. we compared results for 99 urine samples with those of a reference laboratory, half of which tested positive or equivocal by that reference laboratory. performance characteristics were further defined by studying the assay linearity, ...200717580268
prostaglandin e(2) production by high and low virulent strains of paracoccidioides brasiliensis.the production of prostaglandins (pgs) during fungal infections could be an important suppressor factor of host immune response. host cells are one source of prostaglandin e(2) (pge(2)); however another potential source of pge(2) is the fungal pathogen itself. thus, both host and fungal pge2 production is theorized to play a role in pathogenesis, being critical for growth of the fungus and to modulate the host immune response. the purpose of this work was to investigate if high and low virulent ...200717364218
paracoccin, an n-acetyl-glucosamine-binding lectin of paracoccidioides brasiliensis, is involved in fungal growth.paracoccin is an n-acetyl-glucosamine-binding lectin from paracoccidioides brasiliensis, which can be obtained in small amounts either from culture supernatants or yeast cell extracts. in the present work, immunoelectron microscopy with mouse anti-paracoccin igg localized the antigen to the cell wall of p. brasiliensis yeast forms. paracoccin interacted with chitin, and colocalized with beta-1,4-homopolymer of glcnac to the budding sites of p. brasiliensis yeast cell. in order to evaluate the ro ...200717400504
the transcriptome analysis of early morphogenesis in paracoccidioides brasiliensis mycelium reveals novel and induced genes potentially associated to the dimorphic process.paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a human pathogen with a broad distribution in latin america. the fungus is thermally dimorphic with two distinct forms corresponding to completely different lifestyles. upon elevation of the temperature to that of the mammalian body, the fungus adopts a yeast-like form that is exclusively associated with its pathogenic lifestyle. we describe expressed sequence tags (ests) analysis to assess the expression profile of the mycelium to yeast transition. to identify p ...200717425801
pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines produced by human monocytes challenged in vitro with paracoccidioides brasiliensis.monocytes and macrophages play a central role in innate and adaptive immune response against systemic fungal infections. imbalances in suppressor or stimulatory cytokine secretion caused by these cells may influence disease development, microorganism death, and the nature of the adaptive immune response. this study analyzed the monocyte cytokine profiles of healthy individuals challenged with high and low virulent strains of p. brasiliensis and mrna cytokine expression kinetics by reverse transc ...200717446681
analysis of glycosylinositol phosphorylceramides expressed by the opportunistic mycopathogen aspergillus fumigatus.acidic glycosphingolipid components were extracted from the opportunistic mycopathogen aspergillus fumigatus and identified as inositol phosphorylceramide and glycosylinositol phosphorylceramides (gipcs). using nuclear magnetic resonance sppectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and other techniques, the structures of six major components were elucidated as ins-p-cer (af-0), manp(alpha1-->3)manp(alpha1-->2)ins-p-cer (af-2), manp(alpha1-->2)manp(alpha1-->3)manp(alpha1-->2)ins-p-cer (af-3a), manp(alpha1-- ...200717488996
early transcriptional response of paracoccidioides brasiliensis upon internalization by murine macrophages.paracoccidioides brasiliensis, a thermal dimorphic fungus, is the etiologic agent of the most common systemic mycosis in latin america, paracoccidioidomycosis. the yeast form of p. brasiliensis acts as a facultative intracellular pathogen being able to survive and replicate within the phagosome of nonactivated murine and human macrophages. this ability has been proposed to be crucial to the development of disease. thus, p. brasiliensis may have evolved mechanisms that counteract the constraints ...200717387029
prostaglandin e2 inhibits paracoccidioides brasiliensis killing by human monocytes.human monocytes lacked fungicidal activity against high virulence strain of paracoccidioides brasiliensis, even after ifn-gamma activation. however, monocytes treated with indomethacin exhibited an effective killing against this fungus, suggesting a role of prostaglandin e2 (pge2) in the inhibition process. thus, the purpose of this work was to determine whether the effect of pge2 in fungicidal activity was related with decrease on h(2)o(2) release, the metabolite involved in p. brasiliensis kil ...200717400014
a primary subcutaneous infection with paracoccidioides brasiliensis leads to immunoprotection or exacerbated disease depending on the route of challenge.in human and experimental paracoccidioidomycosis the severe disease is characterized by depressed cellular immunity whereas the mild disease is associated with persistent t cell immunity. since the subcutaneous route of antigen inoculation is an efficient inducer of cellular immunity, we decided to study this route of infection and verify its effect on a lethal secondary infection of susceptible hosts. it was observed that the s.c. infection induces positive delayed type hypersensitivity (dth) r ...200717306589
genome size and ploidy of paracoccidioides brasiliensis reveals a haploid dna content: flow cytometry and gp43 sequence analysis.the aim of this study was to evaluate genome size and ploidy of the dimorphic pathogenic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis. the cell cycle analysis of 10 p. brasiliensis isolates by flow cytometry (fcm) revealed a genome size ranging from 26.3+/-0.1mb (26.9+/-0.1fg) to 35.5+/-0.2mb (36.3+/-0.2fg) per uninucleated yeast cell. the dna content of conidia from p. brasiliensis atcc 60855-30.2+/-0.8mb (30.9+/-0.8fg) -showed no significant differences with the yeast form, possibly excluding the occu ...200716879998
transcriptional profile of ras1 and ras2 and the potential role of farnesylation in the dimorphism of the human pathogen paracoccidioides brasiliensis.paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a thermo-dimorphic fungus that causes a human systemic mycosis with high incidence in latin america. owing to their participation in the control of pathogen morphogenesis, differentiation and virulence, it was decided to characterize ras genes in p. brasiliensis. ras1 and ras2 were identified to be coding for two different proteins with high identity. the ras transcriptional pattern was investigated by reverse transcription pcr (rt-pcr) during mycelium-to-yeast ( ...200817927766
ccr5-dependent regulatory t cell migration mediates fungal survival and severe immunosuppression.paracoccidioidomycosis, a debilitating pulmonary mycosis, is caused by the dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis. the infection results in the formation of granulomas containing viable yeast cells that are the fungal sources for disease reactivation. because cd4+cd25+ regulatory t cells (tregs) are in the lesions of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis, the migration of treg cells is dependent on the axis chemokine-chemokine receptors, and ccr5 ligands are produced in p. brasiliensis-in ...200818292527
molecular detection of paracoccidioides brasiliensis in road-killed wild animals.paracoccidioides brasiliensis infections have been little studied in wild and/or domestic animals, which may represent an important indicator of the presence of the pathogen in nature. road-killed wild animals have been used for surveillance of vectors of zoonotic pathogens and may offer new opportunities for eco-epidemiological studies of paracoccidiodomycosis (pcm). the presence of p. brasiliensis infection was evaluated by nested-pcr in tissue samples collected from 19 road-killed animals; 3 ...200817885959
use of sera from humans and dolphins with lacaziosis and sera from experimentally infected mice for western blot analyses of lacazia loboi antigens.antibodies in the sera of patients with lacaziosis recognized an approximately 193-kda antigen and other lacazia loboi antigens. paracoccidioides brasiliensis gp43 antigen was detected by all evaluated sera, but they failed to detect a protein with the same molecular mass in l. loboi extracts. this study is the first to examine the humoral response to l. loboi antigens by using multiple host sera.200817959822
paracoccidioides brasiliensis conidia recognize fibronectin and fibrinogen which subsequently participate in adherence to human type ii alveolar cells: involvement of a specific adhesin.we examined the ability of paracoccidioides brasiliensis conidia to interact with fibronectin, fibrinogen and with a549 cells, in order to establish the nature of the molecules involved. conidia bound to immobilized proteins in a concentration-dependent manner. antibodies against fibronectin and fibrinogen inhibited the fungal adherence to the corresponding proteins; as did laminin and fibronectin, but not fibrinogen when added in soluble form; however, the fibrinogen fragment d interfered with ...200818083324
expression of a kexin-like gene from the human pathogenic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis in saccharomyces cerevisiae.kexin-like proteins are proteinases belonging to the subtilase family which are involved in the processing of pro-proteins to their active forms. in fungi, kexin-like proteins are involved in several important cellular processes, including mating and dimorphism. paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the causative agent of paracoccidioidomycosis undergoes a thermo-regulated dimorphic transition which is essential for the establishment of the infection. although the molecular mechanisms which rule this p ...200818415848
the monoclonal antibody against the major diagnostic antigen of paracoccidioides brasiliensis mediates immune protection in infected balb/c mice challenged intratracheally with the fungus.the protective role of specific antibodies against paracoccidioides brasiliensis is controversial. in the present study, we analyzed the effects of monoclonal antibodies on the major diagnostic antigen (gp43) using in vitro and in vivo p. brasiliensis infection models. the passive administration of some monoclonal antibodies (mabs) before and after intratracheal or intravenous infections led to a reduced fungal burden and decreased pulmonary inflammation. the protection mediated by mab 3e, the m ...200818458072
antifungal activity of ajoene on experimental murine paracoccidioidomycosis.the natural compound ajoene (4,5,9- trithiadodeca-1,6,11-triene 9-oxide) is capable of controlling infection by paracoccidioides brasiliensis in experimental models. swiss mice were inoculated with 5.0 x 10e6 cells of the fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis pb18 by intraperitoneal route and treated with ajoene. in weeks 2, 6, 10 and 13 of treatment, levels of anti-pb antibodies were measured by the elisa test and the animals were put down and their lungs, livers and spleens removed for histopat ...200818785786
mitochondrial function in the yeast form of the pathogenic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis.differences between the respiratory chain of the fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis and its mammalian host are reported. respiration, membrane potential, and oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria from p. brasiliensis spheroplasts were evaluated in situ, and the presence of a complete (complex i-v) functional respiratory chain was demonstrated. in succinate-energized mitochondria, adp induced a transition from resting to phosphorylating respiration. the presence of an alternative nadh-ubiqu ...200818797987
the catalases of paracoccidioides brasiliensis are differentially regulated: protein activity and transcript analysis.paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a fungal pathogen of humans. the p. brasiliensis response to oxidative stress is largely unexplored. we report the analysis of three catalases, pbcata, pbcatp and pbcatc. the former are monofunctional catalases and the latter is a catalase-peroxidase. differential expression of catalases as measured by activity and by quantitative analysis of transcripts was observed in the morphological conversion and in response to different stress conditions. pbcata manifested ...200818799136
evidence for positive selection in putative virulence factors within the paracoccidioides brasiliensis species complex.paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a dimorphic fungus that is the causative agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, the most important prevalent systemic mycosis in latin america. recently, the existence of three genetically isolated groups in p. brasiliensis was demonstrated, enabling comparative studies of molecular evolution among p. brasiliensis lineages. thirty-two gene sequences coding for putative virulence factors were analyzed to determine whether they were under positive selection. our maximum ...200818820744
brazilian propolis: correlation between chemical composition and antimicrobial activity.the chemical composition of ethanol extracts from samples of brazilian propolis (eeps) determined by hplc and their activity against trypanosoma cruzi, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae, klebisiella pneumoniae, candida albicans, sporothrix schenckii and paracoccidioides brasiliensis were determined. based on the predominant botanical origin in the region of samples' collection, the 10 extracts were separated into three groups: a (b. dracunculifolia + auraucaria spp), b (b. dracuncu ...200818830454
human serum antibody reactivity towards paracoccidioides brasiliensis antigens treated with sodium metaperiodate.in this study, we evaluated the profile of anti-paracoccidioides brasiliensis immunoglobulin isotypes in serum from patients with the acute and chronic forms of paracoccidioidomycosis, using the whole paracoccidioides brasiliensis antigen and the antigen treated with sodium metaperiodate. all the immunoglobulin isotypes present in the serum from patients with the acute and chronic forms of paracoccidioidomycosis presented higher reactivity towards the whole antigen than to the antigen treated wi ...200818853001
characterization of paracoccidioides brasiliensis cox9, cox12, and cox16 respiratory genes.paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a thermo-dimorphic fungus that is the causative agent of paracoccidioidomyicosis (pcm), a human systemic granulomatous mycosis found in latin america. dimorphic transition from mycelium to yeast is required for establishing pathogenicity. dimorphism is marked by changes in mitochondrial physiology, including modulation of respiration rate. in this work, we present the identification of three p. brasiliensis nuclear genes pbcox9, pbcox12, and pbcox16 that code for ...200818672058
international issues: meningoencephalitis due to paracoccidioides brasiliensis. 200819015480
the stress responsive and morphologically regulated hsp90 gene from paracoccidioides brasiliensis is essential to cell viability.paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a dimorphic fungus that causes the most prevalent systemic mycosis in latin america. the response to heat shock is involved in pathogenesis, as this pathogen switches from mycelium to yeast forms in a temperature dependent fashion that is essential to establish infection. hsp90 is a molecular chaperone that helps in the folding and stabilization of selected polypeptides. hsp90 family members have been shown to present important roles in fungi, especially in the p ...200818808717
myd88 is dispensable for resistance to paracoccidioides brasiliensis in a murine model of blood-borne disseminated infection.we have studied the role of myd88, an adaptor protein of toll-like receptors (tlrs), in murine defenses against paracoccidioides brasiliensis in a model of blood-borne disseminated infection. wild-type (wt) and myd88-deficient mice infected intravenously with p. brasiliensis yeast cells showed an equivalent fungal burden, as well as similar levels of proinflammatory il-1beta, il-6, il-12p70, tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha and mip-2, t-helper type 1 (th1) (ifn-gamma) and th2 cytokines (il-4) i ...200819049649
involvement of extracellular matrix proteins in the course of experimental paracoccidioidomycosis.we aimed at determining involvement of extracellular matrix proteins (ecmp) and an ecm-binding adhesin (32-kda protein) from paracoccidioides brasiliensis, in the course of experimental paracoccidioidomycosis. balb/c mice were infected with p. brasiliensis conidia previously incubated with soluble laminin, fibronectin and fibrinogen or a mab against the fungal adhesin. inflammatory response, chitin levels and cytokine production at different postinfection periods were determined. chitin was sign ...200818400008
human neutrophils susceptibility to paracoccidioides brasiliensis: an ultrastructural and cytochemical assay.paracoccidioidomycosis, caused by the dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis, is the most prevalent systemic mycosis of latin america, with brazil accounting for 80% of the reported cases. the great number of neutrophils found in p. brasiliensis granulomas demonstrates the importance of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmn) cells during this mycotic infection. it has been found that neutrophils from healthy human donors can ingest and kill the fungus through a typical phagocytic process. t ...200818404552
fungal infection by paracoccidioides brasiliensis mimicking bone tumor.paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection causes a systemic mycosis originally described in latin america but with current reports of worldwide distribution. the clinical presentation of paracoccidiodomycosis as an isolated long-bone lesion in children is quite unusual. this article describes a 10-year-old male with a lytic femoral bone lesion caused by p. brasiliensis infection that was first suspected of being of neoplasic etiology. the text also emphasizes the importance of including endemic fu ...200818266221
alveolar macrophages from susceptible mice are more competent than those of resistant mice to control initial paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection.alveolar macrophages (am) are the first host cells to interact with paracoccidioides brasiliensis (pb), a primary human pathogen that causes severe pulmonary infections in latin america. to better understand innate immunity in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis, we decided to study the fungicidal and secretory abilities of am from resistant (a/j) and susceptible (b10.a) mice to infection. untreated, ifn-gamma and il-12 primed am from b10.a and a/j mice were challenged with p. brasiliensis yeasts a ...200818281437
use of recombinant gp43 isoforms expressed in pichia pastoris for diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis.gp43 is the main diagnostic antigen for paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm). in vitro, gp43 expression in supernatant fluids of paracoccidioides brasiliensis cultures can be unstable, and its regulation is poorly understood. we have been able to express soluble recombinant gp43 (gp43r) isoforms as n-mannosylated proteins secreted in the supernatants of pichia pastoris cultures induced with methanol. they were secreted as major components from day 2 of induction and could be purified with affinity colum ...200818235042
oral exfoliative cytology as a rapid diagnostic tool for paracoccidioidomycosis.paracoccidioidomycosis is a common deep mycosis in south america. it is caused by the dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis. we report a case of a 47-year-old brazilian man with oral lesions due to paracoccidioidomycosis, which was diagnosed by exfoliative cytology without any special staining. we highlight this diagnostic tool as a simple, low-cost, painless, non-invasive and fast method for the diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis.200818254758
oxidative stress response in paracoccidioides brasiliensis: assessing catalase and cytochrome c peroxidase.paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a dimorphic fungus that infects humans and establishes infection in the yeast form. we are interested in the mechanisms this fungus uses to evade the human immune system, and in its survival strategies within infected host cells. reactive oxygen species play an important role in host defence, but are detoxified by pathogen-derived antioxidant enzymes to prevent oxidative damage. the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of p. brasiliensis catalase a ...200818499421
killing of paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeast cells by ifn-gamma and tnf-alpha activated murine peritoneal macrophages: evidence of h(2)o (2) and no effector mechanisms.paracoccidioidomycosis is a deep mycosis, endemic in latin america, caused by paracoccidioides brasiliensis. macrophage activation by cytokines is the major effector mechanism against this fungus. this work aimed at a better understanding of the interaction between yeast cells-murine peritoneal macrophages and the cytokine signals required for the effective killing of high virulence yeast-form of p. brasiliensis. in addition, the killing effector mechanisms dependent on the generation of reactiv ...200818496766
genetic characterization of morphologically variant strains of paracoccidioides brasiliensis.molecular characterization of paracoccidioides brasiliensis variant strains that had been preserved under mineral oil for decades was carried out by random amplified polymorphic dna analysis (rapd). on p. brasiliensis variants in the transitional phase and strains with typical morphology, rapd produced reproducible polymorphic amplification products that differentiated them. a dendrogram based on the generated rapd patterns placed the 14 p. brasiliensis strains into five groups with similarity c ...200818545858
experimental infections with paracoccidioides brasiliensis obtained from armadillos: comparison to clinical isolates.paracoccidioides brasiliensis causes paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) that is one of the most prevalent systemic human mycoses in latin america. armadillos show a high incidence of pcm infection and could, therefore, be a natural reservoir for this fungus. in this study were compared the virulence profiles of isolates obtained from nine-banded armadillos (dasypus novemcinctus) (pbt1 and pbt4) and isolates from pcm patients (pb265 and bt83). pathogenicity was evaluated by fungal load and analysis of ...200818553016
melanin as a virulence factor of paracoccidioides brasiliensis and other dimorphic pathogenic fungi: a minireview.melanin pigments are substances produced by a broad variety of pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and helminths. microbes predominantly produce melanin pigment via tyrosinases, laccases, catecholases, and the polyketide synthase pathway. in fungi, melanin is deposited in the cell wall and cytoplasm, and melanin particles ("ghosts") can be isolated from these fungi that have the same size and shape of the original cells. melanin has been reported in several human pathogenic dim ...200818777637
attempts at a peptide vaccine against paracoccidioidomycosis, adjuvant to chemotherapy.chemotherapy is the basis of treatment of paracoccidioidomycosis in its various forms. depending on the paracoccidioides brasiliensis virulence, the status of host immunity, the degree of tissue involvement and fungal dissemination, treatment can be extended for long periods with an alarming frequency of relapses. association of chemotherapy with a vaccine to boost the cellular immune response seemed a relevant project not only to reduce the time of treatment but also to prevent relapses and imp ...200818777638
b-1 cells facilitate paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection in mice via il-10 secretion.protective immunity in paracoccidioidomycosis is mainly mediated by cellular immunity. the role of b cells in this disease, in particular b-1 cells, is poorly understood. the aim of this study was to characterize the participation of b-1 cells in resistance or susceptibility of balb/c and balb/xid mice to p. brasiliensis (pb) pulmonary infection. balb/xid, which lacks b-1 cells, exhibited higher resistance to infection when compared with balb/c mice. however, adoptive transfer of b-1 cells to ba ...200818555722
therapeutic administration of km+ lectin protects mice against paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection via interleukin-12 production in a toll-like receptor 2-dependent mechanism.km(+) is a mannose-binding lectin from artocarpus integrifolia that induces interleukin (il)-12 production by macrophages and protective t helper 1 immune response against leishmania major infection. in this study, we performed experiments to evaluate the therapeutic activity of jackfruit km(+) (jfkm(+)) and its recombinant counterpart (rkm(+)) in experimental paracoccidioidomycosis. to this end, jfkm(+) or rkm(+) was administered to balb/c mice 10 days after infection with paracoccidiodes brasi ...200818599609
lysozyme plays a dual role against the dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis.in order to determine the role of lysozyme, an antimicrobial peptide belonging to the innate immune system, against the dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis, co-cultures of the mh-s murine alveolar macrophages cell line with p. brasiliensis conidia were done; assays to evaluate the effect of physiological and inflammatory concentrations of lysozyme directly on the fungus life cycle were also undertaken. we observed that tnf-alpha-activated macrophages significantly inhibited the conidi ...200818604417
deficiency of il-12p40 subunit determines severe paracoccidioidomycosis in mice.paracoccidioidomycosis, the major systemic mycosis in latin america, is caused by the thermally dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis. to investigate the role of interleukin (il)-12 in this disease, il-12p40-/- deficient mice (il-12p40-/-) and wild type mice (wt) were infected intravenously with viable yeast cells of p. brasiliensis 18 isolate. we found that, unlike wt mice, il-12p40-/- mice did not control fungal proliferation and dissemination and succumbed to infection by day 21 afte ...200818608917
recognition of laminin by paracoccidioides brasiliensis conidia: a possible mechanism of adherence to human type ii alveolar cells.this study addresses the recognition of laminin by paracoccidioides brasiliensis conidia, as well as its possible role in the adherence of conidia to a549 cells. adherence of conidia to immobilized laminin was shown to be specific, as anti-laminin antibodies, soluble laminin or the laminin-derived peptides ikvav and cdpgyigsr inhibited this interaction. rgd containing peptides and various monosaccharides had no effect on adherence, with the exception of n-acetylneuraminic acid. pre-treatment of ...200818608937
paracoccidioides brasiliensis in a liquid-based papanicolaou test from a pregnant woman: report of a case.with the exception of candida species, fungal organisms are rarely encountered in the papanicolaou test and, when encountered, usually represent contaminants rather then infections. we present the case of a healthy 29-year-old pregnant female, gravida 1, para 0, who presented for her first prenatal visit at 12-week gestation and had many large fungal-like elements with a distinct budding pattern of multiple narrow-based buds resembling a "ship's-wheel" identified in her routine liquid-based papa ...200818618723
helminth infections associated with multiple sclerosis induce regulatory b cells.to assess the importance of b-cell control during parasite infections in multiple sclerosis (ms) patients.200818655096
phylogenetic analysis of prp8 intein in paracoccidioides brasiliensis species complex.a recent species status investigation of the pathogenic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis suggested the existence of three cryptic species. in the present study, the sequences of the prp8 intein from p. brasiliensis isolates belonging to the three described genetic groups and two unidentified isolates were determined and analyzed in order to check their functionality and usefulness for species identification. all the isolates presented a full-length intein, although the endonuclease domain se ...200818672080
co-existence of integumentary lesions and lung x-ray abnormalities in patients with paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm).in paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm), the primary lung infection remains silent. in this study, attempts were done to define the primary target organ by correlating lung radiographic abnormalities with the time course of mucosal/skin lesions concurrently exhibited at diagnosis by 63 patients in whom microscopy and/or isolation of paracoccidioides brasiliensis from respiratory secretions had been positive. mucosal and skin lesions were found in 65.1% and 12.7% of the patients, respectively. odynophagi ...200818689616
additive effect of p10 immunization and chemotherapy in anergic mice challenged intratracheally with virulent yeasts of paracoccidioides brasiliensis.paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic granulomatous disease manifested in the acute/subacute or chronic forms. the anergic cases of the acute/subacute form are most severe, leading to death threatening conditions. drug treatment is required to control the disease but the response in anergic patients is generally poor. a 15-mer peptide from the major diagnostic antigen gp43, named p10, induces a t-cd4+ helper-1 immune response in mice of different haplotypes and protects against intratracheal chal ...200818694844
protective immunity induced by rpb27 of paracoccidioides brasiliensis.a cdna coding for an antigenic protein (rpb27) from the pathogenic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis was cloned and its protective activity was determined against paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm). the cdna sequence contained an open reading frame (orf) of 660 base pairs encoding a protein of 219 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 25kda. the deduced amino acid sequence exhibited 100% identity to the 27kda p. brasiliensis hypothetic protein (access number aa49615). the complete coding ...200818722494
altered expression of the costimulatory molecules cd80, cd86, cd152, pd-1 and icos on t-cells from paracoccidioidomycosis patients: lack of correlation with t-cell hyporesponsiveness.t-cell proliferative hyporesponsiveness, a hallmark of paracoccidioidomycosis immune responses, underlies host's failure in controlling fungus spread, being reversible with antifungal treatment. the mechanisms leading to this hypoproliferation are not well known. since costimulatory molecules have been shown to profoundly regulate t-cell immune responses, we investigated the hypothesis that the determinants of the responder versus tolerant state may be the regulated expression of, or signaling b ...200818757242
evidence for the role of calcineurin in morphogenesis and calcium homeostasis during mycelium-to-yeast dimorphism of paracoccidioides brasiliensis.paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a dimorphic fungus that causes paracoccidioidomycosis, the most prevalent human deep mycosis in latin america. the dimorphic transition from mycelium to yeast (m-y) is triggered by a temperature shift from 25 degrees c to 37 degrees c and is critical for pathogenicity. intracellular ca(2+) levels increased in hyphae immediately after temperature-induced dimorphism. the chelation of ca(2+) with extracellular (egta) or intracellular (bapta) calcium chelators inhibi ...200818776037
a centennial: discovery of paracoccidioides brasiliensis. 200818777627
paracoccidioides brasiliensis: chemical and molecular tools for research on cell walls, antifungals, diagnosis, taxonomy.paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a dimorphic fungus, a causative agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, one of the most frequent systemic mycoses that affect the rural population in latin america, only geographical region in which this fungus is to be found. in this work, we discuss matters related to (a) cell wall studies based on the cloning and analysis of genes involved in the synthesis of cell wall components, and their possible roles in virulence and dimorphism in p. brasiliensis, (b) molecular ...200818777628
paracoccidioides brasiliensis: phylogenetic and ecological aspects.the knowledge on the biological aspects of paracoccidioides brasiliensis has evolved greatly since the first description of the disease in 1908. from the pioneers, who were able to clearly demonstrate the fungal nature of the agent, to the recent genomic era, important advances have been achieved. p. brasiliensis is a true fungus, belonging to the ascomycetous division, although its sexual phase has not been demonstrated morphologically. a better understanding of the fundamental aspects of the a ...200818777629
innate immunity to paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection.innate immunity is based in pre-existing elements of the immune system that directly interact with all types of microbes leading to their destruction or growth inhibition. several elements of this early defense mechanism act in concert to control initial pathogen growth and have profound effect on the adaptative immune response that further develops. although most studies in paracoccidioidomycosis have been dedicated to understand cellular and humoral immune responses, innate immunity remains po ...200818777631
insights into the pathobiology of paracoccidioides brasiliensis from transcriptome analysis--advances and perspectives.paracoccidioiddes brasiliensis is a thermodimorphic fungus endemic to latin america, where it causes the most prevalent systemic mycosis, paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm). dna microarray technology has been used to identify patterns of gene expression when a microbe is confronted with conditions of interest, such as in vitro and/or ex vivo interaction with specific cells. p. brasiliensis is one organism that has benefited from this approach. even though its genome has not been sequenced yet, much ha ...200818777632
comparison of transcription of multiple genes during mycelia transition to yeast cells of paracoccidioides brasiliensis reveals insights to fungal differentiation and pathogenesis.the ascomycete paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a human pathogen with a broad distribution in latin america. the infection process of p. brasiliensis is initiated by aerially dispersed mycelia propagules, which differentiate into the yeast parasitic phase in human lungs. therefore, the transition to yeast is an initial and fundamental step in the infective process. in order to identify and characterize genes involved in p. brasiliensis transition to yeast, which could be potentially associated t ...200818777633
diversity in paracoccidioides brasiliensis. the pbgp43 gene as a genetic marker.paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a temperature-dependent dimorphic fungus and the agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm), which is prevalent in rural workers of latin american countries. until a decade ago, most of the studies involving p. brasiliensis used clinical isolates, since environmental samples from soil are difficult to obtain. more recently, p. brasiliensis has been isolated from infected wild and domestic animals, especially from the nine-banded armadillo dasypus novemcinctus in brazi ...200818777634
pulmonary immune responses induced in balb/c mice by paracoccidioides brasiliensis conidia.knowledge concerning the host-paracoccidioides brasiliensis interactions is abundant. yet, most of the experimental studies have used yeast cells to prepare the corresponding inoculum. as these cells do not represent the naturally infecting propagules, the corresponding experiments by-pass the earlier stages of such interactions. studies done in patients, who also harbour yeast cells, suffer from the same bias. the review presented below focuses on the immune responses of balb/c mice infected wi ...200818777636
bacterial and fungal pneumonias after lung transplantation.the aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology of bacterial and fungal pneumonia in lung transplant (lt) recipients and to assess donor-to-host transmission of these microorganisms.200818455028
transcriptional response of murine macrophages upon infection with opsonized paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeast cells.paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the etiologic agent of the paracoccidioidomycosis the most common systemic mycosis in latin america. little is known about the regulation of genes involved in the innate immune host response to p. brasiliensis. we therefore examined the kinetic profile of gene expression of peritoneal macrophage infected with p. brasiliensis. total rna from macrophages at 6, 24 and 48h was extracted, hybridized onto nylon membranes and analyzed. an increase in the transcription o ...200818096424
characterization of paracoccidioides brasiliensis pbdfg5p, a cell-wall protein implicated in filamentous growth.the dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the causative agent of the most frequent systemic mycosis in latin america. in humans, infection starts by inhalation of fungal propagules, which reach the pulmonary epithelium and differentiate into the yeast parasitic phase. here we describe the characterization of a dfg5p (defective for filamentous growth) homologue of p. brasiliensis, a predictable cell wall protein, first identified in saccharomyces cerevisiae. the protein, the cdna and ...200818098122
paracoccidioidomycosis (south american blastomycosis) of the larynx mimicking carcinoma.paracoccidioidomycosis is the most frequently identified deep mycosis in south america. paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a thermally dimorphic fungus that is generally acquired by the respiratory route through airborne inhalation of conidia. herein, we describe a case of a patient with paracoccidioidomycosis of the larynx mimicking carcinoma of the larynx and we review the literature regarding this unusual manifestation of this fungal infection.200818277125
interaction of epithelial cell membrane rafts with paracoccidioides brasiliensis leads to fungal adhesion and src-family kinase activation.membrane rafts are cholesterol- and sphingolipid-enriched cell membrane domains, which are ubiquitous in mammals and play an essential role in different cellular functions, including host cell-pathogen interaction. in this work, by using several approaches, we demonstrated the involvement of epithelial cell membrane rafts in adhesion process of the pathogenic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis. this conclusion was supported by the localization of ganglioside gm1, a membrane raft marker, at p. ...200818403242
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