Publications

the effects of the influence of pretreating serum samples on the performance of a latex agglutination test for serodiagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis.	paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is a fungal disease caused by paracoccidioides brasiliensis, and brazil is one of its principal endemic countries. diagnosis is based on the observation of budding yeast in clinical specimens from patients; however, the sensitivity of the visualization of fungi is low, indicating that serologic tests are used for early diagnosis. the double-immunodiffusion test (id) is the gold standard test for serology in pcm; although, the execution of this test requires the avail ...	2011	22205661
The paracoccidioides cell wall: past and present layers toward understanding interaction with the host.	The cell wall of pathogenic fungi plays import roles in the interaction with the host, so that its composition and structure may determine the course of infection. Here we present an overview of the current and past knowledge on the cell wall constituents of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and P. lutzii. These are temperature-dependent dimorphic fungi that cause paracoccidioidomycosis, a systemic granulomatous, and debilitating disease. Focus is given on cell wall carbohydrate and protein contents ...	2011	22194733
expanding the clinical and genetic spectrum of human cd40l deficiency: the occurrence of paracoccidioidomycosis and other unusual infections in brazilian patients.	cd40 ligand (cd40l) deficiency or x-linked hyper-igm syndrome (x-higm) is a well-described primary immunodeficiency in which pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia is a common clinical feature. we have identified an unusual high incidence of fungal infections and other not yet described infections in a cohort of 11 x-higm patients from nine unrelated brazilian families. among these, we describe the first case of paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) in x-higm. the molecular genetic analysis of cd40l was perform ...	2011	22193914
pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis.	paracoccidioidomycosis is a subacute or chronic systemic mycosis caused by paracoccidioides brasiliensis, a soil saprophyte and thermally dimorphic fungus. the disease occurs mainly in rural workers in latin america and is the most frequent endemic systemic mycosis in many countries of south america, where almost 10 million people are believed to be infected. paracoccidioidomycosis should be regarded as a disease of travelers outside the endemic area. the primary pulmonary infection is subclinic ...	2011	22167404
Dendritic cells from X-linked hyper-IgM patients present impaired responses to Candida albicans and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	BACKGROUND: Patients with X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome (X-HIGM) due to CD40 ligand (CD40L) mutations are susceptible to fungal pathogens; however, the underlying susceptibility mechanisms remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) from patients with X-HIGM exhibit normal responses to fungal pathogens. METHODS: DCs from patients and controls were evaluated for the expression of costimulatory (CD80 and CD86) and MHC class II molecules and for th ...	2011	22154528
evaluation of the detection of melanin by the fontana-masson silver stain in tissue with a wide range of organisms including cryptococcus.	it is not uncommon for surgical pathologists to encounter yeast and yeast-like organisms in tissue sections, and correct identification is imperative for guiding therapy. the fontana-masson silver stain for detecting melanin has been accepted as a relatively specific stain for diagnosing cryptococcosis in tissue based on few studies with limited numbers of organisms. this study was designed to test the value of the fontana-masson silver by investigating a large collection of tissues with infecti ...	2011	22154051
Septin localization in the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	Septins are evolutionarily conserved proteins that contain a GTPase domain and are capable of forming filaments at the cell periphery. Septins are involved in many essential cellular processes, such as cytokinesis and cell polarization, and are used as markers of morphogenesis in several fungi. Dimorphism in fungi enables cells to switch between morphologies (yeast or filament forms), due to changes in the temperature of the environment. We analysed the localization of septin proteins in yeast a ...	2011	22140009
Prophylactic and Therapeutic Vaccination Using Dendritic Cells Primed with Peptide 10 Derived from the 43-Kilodalton Glycoprotein of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	Vaccination with peptide 10 (P10), derived from the Paracoccidioides brasiliensis glycoprotein 43 (gp43), induces a Th1 response that protects mice in an intratracheal P. brasiliensis infection model. Combining P10 with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) or other adjuvants further increases the peptide's antifungal effect. Since dendritic cells (DCs) are up to 1,000-fold more efficient at activating T cells than CFA, we examined the impact of P10-primed bone-marrow-derived DC vaccination in mice. ...	2012	22089247
paracoccidioidal infection in hiv patients at an endemic area of paracoccidioidomycosis in brazil.	the association between paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) and aids is relatively rare in contrast to the higher incidence of other systemic mycosis. the explanation may be that aids is still predominantly an urban disease, and the pcm is endemic in latin american rural areas. the aim of this study was to detect the prevalence of paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection in hiv-positive patients at an endemic area of paracoccidioidomycosis in brazil. skin test with purified 43 kd glycoprotein (gp43) was ...	2011	22081255
immunolocalization of ifn-gamma in the lesions of resistant and susceptible mice to paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection.	the important role of interferon-gamma (ifn-γ) in protective immunity in mycosis is well established, except for its participation in fungal granulomas. herein, we employ immunohistochemical reactions to describe the in situ localization of ifn-γ in granulomas of susceptible (b10.a) and resistant (a/j) mice to infection with paracoccidioides brasiliensis (pb). after infection with the highly virulent pb18, ifn-γ-positive lymphomononuclear cells were localized mainly at the periphery of granuloma ...	2011	22077231
comparative genomic analysis of human fungal pathogens causing paracoccidioidomycosis.	paracoccidioides is a fungal pathogen and the cause of paracoccidioidomycosis, a health-threatening human systemic mycosis endemic to latin america. infection by paracoccidioides, a dimorphic fungus in the order onygenales, is coupled with a thermally regulated transition from a soil-dwelling filamentous form to a yeast-like pathogenic form. to better understand the genetic basis of growth and pathogenicity in paracoccidioides, we sequenced the genomes of two strains of paracoccidioides brasilie ...	2011	22046142
alternative oxidase mediates pathogen resistance in paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection.	paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a human thermal dimorphic pathogenic fungus. survival of p. brasiliensis inside the host depends on the adaptation of this fungal pathogen to different conditions, namely oxidative stress imposed by immune cells.	2011	22039556
granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor enhances the modulatory effect of cytokines on monocyte-derived multinucleated giant cell formation and fungicidal activity against paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	multinucleated giant cells (mgc) are cells present in characteristic granulomatous inflammation induced by intracellular infectious agents or foreign materials. the present study evaluated the modulatory effect of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (gm-csf) in association with other cytokines such as interferon-gamma (ifn-γ), tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (il)-10 or transforming growth factor beta (tgf-β1) on the formation of mgc from human peripheral blood monocytes st ...	2011	22012229
head and neck manifestations of paracoccidioidomycosis: an epidemiological study of 36 cases in brazil.	paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic mycosis caused by the dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis. it is the principal systemic mycosis in brazil, with higher incidence rates in the southern, southeastern, and midwestern regions. it primarily involves the lungs, but head and neck manifestations are common, and differential diagnosis with granulomatous and neoplastic diseases should therefore be considered.	2011	21989773
the hydrolase pbhad32 participates in the adherence of paracoccidioides brasiliensis conidia to epithelial lung cells.	adherence of the dimorphic pathogenic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis to lung epithelial cells is considered an essential event for the establishment of infection. we have previously shown that the pbhad32 hydrolase is important in this early stage of the host-p. brasiliensis yeast cells interaction. the aim of this study was to further elucidate the role of pbhad32 in conidial thermodimorphism and their interaction with lung epithelial cells. analysis of the pbhad32 gene expression reveale ...	2011	21988701
laboratorial diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis and new insights for the future of fungal diagnosis.	paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is the most prevalent mycosis in latin-america. as for other mycosis, its importance of has been largely underestimated, partially due to the limited geographical distribution of the etiologic fungal agent (paracoccidioides brasiliensis). however, the advent of aids and other immune suppressing conditions is creating an emergent need for improved diagnostic tests envisaging simpler, cheaper, faster and more sensitive and accurate detection of pathogenic fungi, especi ...	2011	21962643
gene expression during activation of paracoccidioides brasiliensis conidia.	this study focuses on gene expression during crucial biological phenomena of the dimorphic fungal human pathogen paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the conidia-to-yeast (c-y) transition and the conidia-to-mycelia (c-m) germination. we studied 10 genes involved in different cellular functions: oxidative stress response (alternative oxidase (aox), superoxide dismutase (sod), flavodoxin, conserved hypothetical protein (y20)); cell metabolism (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gadph), cholesteno ...	2011	21960298
Differential PbP27 expression in the yeast and mycelial forms of the Paracoccidioides brasiliensis species complex.	p27 is an antigenic protein produced by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the etiologic agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). Despite its unknown function, it has been suggested as a putative virulence factor, proposed as a suitable target for the design of diagnostic tools and vaccines, and considered as an enhancer in antifungal treatment of PCM. We evaluated sequence polymorphisms of PbP27 gene sequence among isolates, finding some polymorphisms associated with the isolates' phylogenetic origin ...	2011	21945996
a quantitative view of the morphological phases of paracoccidioides brasiliensis using proteomics.	paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a fungal pathogen with a broad distribution in latin american countries. the mycelia-to-yeast morphological transition of p. brasiliensis is involved in the virulence of this pathogen, and this event is essential to the establishment of infection. here, we report the first proteomic comparison between the mycelia, the mycelia-to-yeast transition and the yeast cells. changes in the relative abundance of the components of the proteome during phase conversion of p. ...	2011	21920475
characterization of monocyte-derived dendritic cells from patients with active and treated paracoccidioidomycosis.	cellular immune responses are a significant defence mechanism in human paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm), an endemic mycosis in latin america; however, little is known about the role of dendritic cells (dcs) in human pcm. we investigated monocyte-derived dcs from patients with treated (tp) and active pcm (ap) compared with healthy non-pcm donors (co). dcs from the tp group showed higher expression of hla-dr, cd86 and dc-sign compared with co, whereas ap showed similar expression to co. production of ...	2011	21854409
Serological survey of paracoccidioidomycosis in sheep.	The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of antibodies against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in sheep from Guarapuava, Paraná State, Brazil. The seroepidemiological study was carried out in 262 sheep. The samples were analyzed by ELISA and immunodiffusion test using P. brasiliensis gp43 and exoantigen as antigens, respectively. Initially, two sheep were immunized with P. brasiliensis to evaluate whether contact with the fungal cells could induce a humoral immune response agains ...	2012	21850559
single oral paracoccidioidomycosis mimicking other lesions: report of eight cases.	paracoccidioidomycosis is a fungal infection caused by paracoccidioides brasiliensis. it is an endemic disease, representing a serious health problem in latin american countries. this infection primarily affects the lungs and is acquired by inhalation of the fungus. it can spread to other organs and tissues, mainly the oral cavity affecting more adult men from 30 to 50-áyears of age. on clinical presentation, several signs associated with impaired general and nutritional conditions can be noted. ...	2011	21837507
dimorphic fungal coinfection as a cause of chronic diarrhea and pancolitis.	histoplasma capsulatum and paracoccidioides brasiliensis are dimorphic fungi that cause systemic mycosis mostly in tropical south america and some areas of north america. gastrointestinal involvement is not uncommon among these fungal diseases, but coinfection has not previously been reported. we report a patient with chronic diarrhea and pancolitis caused by paracoccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis.	2011	21837244
the homeostasis of iron, copper, and zinc in paracoccidioides brasiliensis, cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii, and cryptococcus gattii: a comparative analysis.	iron, copper, and zinc are essential for all living organisms. moreover, the homeostasis of these metals is vital to microorganisms during pathogenic interactions with a host. most pathogens have developed specific mechanisms for the uptake of micronutrients from their hosts in order to counteract the low availability of essential ions in infected tissues. we report here an analysis of genes potentially involved in iron, copper, and zinc uptake and homeostasis in the fungal pathogens paracoccidi ...	2011	21833306
proteomic analysis reveals that iron availability alters the metabolic status of the pathogenic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a thermodimorphic fungus and the causative agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm). the ability of p. brasiliensis to uptake nutrients is fundamental for growth, but a reduction in the availability of iron and other nutrients is a host defense mechanism many pathogenic fungi must overcome. thus, fungal mechanisms that scavenge iron from host may contribute to p. brasiliensis virulence. in order to better understand how p. brasiliensis adapts to iron starvation in t ...	2011	21829521
quinolinyl and quinolinyl n-oxide chalcones: synthesis, antifungal and cytotoxic activities.	a series of new 6-quinolinyl and quinolinyl n-oxide chalcones were efficiently prepared. all chalcones were tested by minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) against three species of candida, cryptococcus gattii and paracoccidioides brasiliensis. the effect of these compounds was also tested on the survival and growth of the human cancer cell lines uacc-62 (melanoma), mcf-7 (breast), tk-10 (renal) and leukemic cells, jurkat and hl60. the compounds tested presented strong activity against p.-ábras ...	2011	21816519
detection of antibodies against paracoccidioides brasiliensis melanin: in vitro and in vivo studies during infection.	several cell-wall constituents, including melanins or melanin-like compounds, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of microbial diseases caused by diverse species of pathogenic bacteria, fungi and helminthes. among these microorganisms, the dimorphic fungal pathogen paracoccidioides brasiliensis produces melanin in its conidial and yeast forms. in the present study, melanin particles from p. brasiliensis were injected into balb/c mice in order to produce monoclonal antibodi ...	2011	21813659
analysis of invariant natural killer t cells in human paracoccidioidomycosis.	invariant natural killer t (inkt) cells are capable of recognizing lipid antigens and secreting th1/th2 cytokines. deficiency in inkt cell number or function has been partially implicated in susceptibility to some infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis. we evaluated inkt cells in paracoccidioidomycosis, another chronic granulomatous disease endemic in latin america. inkt cells were detected using pbs57-loaded tetramer staining and flow cytometry. circulating inkt cell numbers were similar amo ...	2011	21805204
seropositive antiaquaporin-4 antibody associated with multisegmental myelitis in a patient with paracoccidioidomycosis.	since the description of the association between neuromyelitis optica (devic's disease) and aquaporin 4 igg antibody (nmo-igg), the search for this antibody has been considered a highly recommended laboratory test when centromedullary multisegmental lesions are observed by magnetic resonance imaging (mri). such mri lesions have not been confined to acute nmo myelitis because other infectious and post-infectious disorders may display a similar lesional pattern. however, nmo-igg has not been curre ...	2011	21803375
identification, characterization and regulation studies of the aconitase of paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	a protein species preferentially expressed in yeast cells with a molecular mass of 80kda and isoeletric point (pi) of 7.79 was isolated from the proteome of paracoccidioides brasiliensis and characterized as an aconitase (aco) (e.c. 4.2.1.3). aco is an enzyme that catalyzes the isomerization of citrate to isocitrate in both the krebs cycle and the glyoxylate cycle. we report the cloning and characterization of the cdna encoding the aco of p. brasiliensis (pbaco). the cdna showed a 2361bp open re ...	2011	21802049
structural and topographic dynamics of pulmonary histopathology and local cytokine profiles in paracoccidioides brasiliensis conidia-infected mice.	paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm), an endemic systemic mycosis caused by the fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis (pb), usually results in severe lung damage in patients.	2011	21765962
cell-free antigens from paracoccidioides brasiliensis drive il-4 production and increase the severity of paracoccidioidomycosis.	the thermally dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis (pb) is the causative agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm), one of the most frequent systemic mycosis that affects the rural population in latin america. pcm is characterized by a chronic inflammatory granulomatous reaction, which is consequence of a th1-mediated adaptive immune response. in the present study we investigated the mechanisms involved in the immunoregulation triggered after a prior contact with cell-free antigens (cfa) d ...	2011	21731741
identification of a metallopeptidase with top-like activity in paracoccidioides brasiliensis, with increased expression in a virulent strain.	paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm), caused by the pathogenic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis, is a systemic mycosis with severe acute and chronic forms. the pathology of pcm is not completely understood, and the role of proteases in the infection is not clearly defined. in this report, we describe a metallopeptidase activity in p. brasiliensis total and cytosolic protein extracts similar to that of mammalian thimet oligopeptidase (top). the analogous enzyme was suggested by analysis of p. brasili ...	2011	21728754
the combined use of paracoccidioides brasiliensis pb40 and pb27 recombinant proteins enhances chemotherapy effects in experimental paracoccidioidomycosis.	paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the etiological agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm), a chronic granulomatous mycosis prevalent in latin america, and cell-mediated immunity represents the main mode of protection against this fungal infection. the conventional treatment for this mycosis involves long periods of therapy resulting in sequels and a high frequency of relapse. the search for new alternative methods of treatment is thus necessary. with this aim, the objective of this work was to eval ...	2011	21726659
Characterisation of the heat shock factor of the human thermodimorphic pathogen Paracoccidioides lutzii.	Thermodimorphic fungi include most causative agents of systemic mycoses, but the molecular mechanisms that underlie their defining trait, i.e. the ability to shift between mould and yeast on temperature change alone, remain poorly understood. We hypothesised that the heat shock factor (Hsf), a protein that evolved to sense thermal stimuli quickly, might play a role in this process in addition to the known regulator Drk1 and the Ryp proteins. To test this hypothesis, we characterised the Hsf from ...	2011	21708278
accuracy of routine diagnostic tests used in paracoccidioidomycosis patients at a university hospital.	the identification of appropriate laboratory measures to confirm clinical hypotheses is important in routine paracoccidioidomycosis medical care. the clinical records and laboratory reports of 401 paracoccidioidomycosis patients attended at the tropical diseases area, faculdade de medicina de botucatu, from 1974 to 2008 were reviewed. direct mycological (dm), cell block (cb), histopathological (hp), and double immunodiffusion (did) tests were evaluated before treatment. typical paracoccidioides ...	2011	21684567
results of long-standing mycological analyses of biological materials originating from selected organ ontocenoses--yeast and yeast-like fungi.	this paper reviews the results of an extensive monitoring study, spanning 20-years of observation from three medical centres in olsztyn on the dynamics and species diversity of fungi most frequently colonizing the respiratory and digestive systems of humans. the experimental materials were swabs and specimens from the gastrointestinal tract, swabs from the oral cavity and pharynx, as well as sputum and bronchial fluid from the respiratory system. the biological material was subjected to routine ...	2011	21682094
paracoccidioides brasilinsis-induced migration of dendritic cells and subsequent t-cell activation in the lung-draining lymph nodes.	paracoccidioidomycosis is a mycotic disease caused by a dimorphic fungus, paracoccidioides brasiliensis (pb), that starts with inhalation of the fungus; thus, lung cells such as dc are part of the first line of defense against this microorganism. migration of dc to the lymph nodes is the first step in initiating t cell responses. the mechanisms involved in resistance to pb infection are poorly understood, but it is likely that dc play a pivotal role in the induction of effector t cells that cont ...	2011	21611175
synthesis, in vitro antifungal activity and mechanism of action of four sterol hydrazone analogues against the dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	the design and synthesis of novel sterol hydrazone analogues (9, 10, 11 and 12) are described, followed by their evaluation as inhibitors of fungal growth, using paracoccidioides brasiliensis as the biological tester. compounds 9, 10, 11 and 12 generated a dose-dependent effect in fungal growth, particularly 9, 11 and 12, which were active at nanomolar concentrations (100nm). when p. brasiliensis in its pathogenic yeast-like phase was treated individually with each of the aforementioned compound ...	2011	21605581
polymorphism analysis of the ctla-4 gene in paracoccidioidomycosis patients.	the ctla-4 protein is expressed in activated t cells and plays an essential role in the immune response through its regulatory effect on t cell activation. polymorphisms of the ctla-4 gene have been correlated with autoimmune, neoplastic and infectious illnesses. this work aimed to verify possible associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in ctla-4, -318c/t in the promoter and +49a/g in exon 1 and paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) caused by paracoccidioides brasiliensis. for this pu ...	2011	21537684
phosphorylation is the major mechanism regulating isocitrate lyase activity in paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeast cells.	the glyoxylate cycle plays an essential role for anaplerosis of oxaloacetate during growth of microorganisms on carbon sources such as acetate or fatty acids and has been shown to contribute to virulence of several pathogens. here, we investigated the transcriptional and post-translational regulation of the glyoxylate cycle key enzyme isocitrate lyase (pbicl) in the human pathogenic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis. although sequence analyses on fungal isocitrate lyases revealed a high phylo ...	2011	21535474
pulmonary mycosis caused by paracoccidioides brasiliensis: dangerous confusion with sarcoidosis.	we present the case of a patient from south america with a lung disease that was initially diagnosed as sarcoidosis and treated with corticoids. despite an initial improvement, the patient worsened gradually until his condition was finally attributed to paracoccidioidomycosis. this systemic mycosis has features in common with sarcoidosis, but the treatment differs drastically because corticoids can place the patient's life at risk.	2011	21529860
recipient of kidney from donor with asymptomatic infection by paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	the increase in solid organ transplantations may soon create a rise in the occurrence of endemic fungal diseases, such as paracoccidioidomycosis, due to the lack of rigorous screening of donors from endemic areas. here we present the first case of an immunocompetent and asymptomatic kidney donor who had paracoccidioides brasiliensis infected-adrenal tissue but no glandular dysfunction.	2011	21526912
fungalrv: adhesin prediction and immunoinformatics portal for human fungal pathogens.	abstract:	2011	21496229
hormones and the resistance of women to paracoccidioidomycosis.	paracoccidioidomycosis, one of the most important endemic and systemic mycoses in latin america, presents several clinical pictures. epidemiological studies indicate a striking rarity of disease (but not infection) in females, but only during the reproductive years. this suggested a hormonal interaction between female hormones and the etiologic dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis. many fungi have been shown to use hormonal (pheromonal) fungal molecules for intercellular communication, ...	2011	21482727
in vitro antifungal activity and toxicity of itraconazole in dmsa-plga nanoparticles.	itraconazole (itz) is a drug used to treat various fungal infections and may cause side effects. the aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the in vitro activity of dmsa-plga nanoparticles loaded with itz against paracoccidioides brasiliensis, as well as their cytotoxicity. nanoparticles were prepared using the emulsification-evaporation technique and characterized by their encapsulation efficiency, morphology (tem), size (nanosight) and charge (zeta potential). antifungal efficacy in p. ...	2011	21449386
experimental chemotherapy in paracoccidioidomycosis using ruthenium no donor.	paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is a granulomatous disease caused by a dimorphic fungus, paracoccidioides brasiliensis (pb). to determine the influence of nitric oxide (no) on this disease, we tested cis-[ru(bpy)2(no)so3](pf6), ruthenium nitrosyl, which releases no when activated by biological reducing agents, in balb/c mice infected intravenously with pb 18 isolate. in a previous study by our group, the fungicidal activity of ruthenium nitrosyl was evaluated in a mouse model of acute pcm, by measu ...	2011	21437728
disseminated paracoccidioidomycosis (simulating metastatic lung cancer) and strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfestation in a steroid-treated patient.	we report a case of disseminated paracoccidioidomycosis, initially suggestive of metastatic lung cancer. the infection was associated with strongyloides hyperinfestation as a result of iatrogenic hypercorticoidism. examination of a smear prepared from aspirated tracheobronchial secretion and stained by grocott-methenamine-silver revealed structures consistent with paracoccidioides brasiliensis and strongyloides stercoralis. at autopsy, the central nervous system and pulmonary paracoccidioidomyco ...	2011	21430109
oral exfoliative cytology for the diagnosis of paracoccidoidomycosis in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus: a case report.	paracoccidioidomycosis is not the most common fungal disease in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), except for endemic regions in latin america countries.	2010	21428160
paracoccidioidomycosis in a dog: case report of generalized lymphadenomegaly.	paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is a severe systemic mycosis, endemic in latin america and highly prevalent in brazil, where it ranks eighth as a mortality cause among infectious and parasitic diseases in humans. the disease in animals has been little explored. it is observed that armadillos can harbor the fungus at high frequencies, although the active disease has not been well documented in this wild mammal. dogs are susceptible to experimental infection, and the naturally acquired pcm-disease wa ...	2011	21424604
additive effect of rpb27 immunization and chemotherapy in experimental paracoccidioidomycosis.	paracoccidioidomycosis, pcm, the major systemic mycosis in latin america, is caused by the termally dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis and requires extended periods of chemotherapy with a significant frequency of relapsing disease. the search for new alternatives of treatment is necessary. rpb27 is an antigenic protein from p. brasiliensis that already showed a significant protective activity as a vaccine for pcm in experimental models. the cdna of rpb27 was subcloned into a pet-dest ...	2011	21423771
myd88 signaling is required for efficient innate and adaptive immune responses to paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection.	the mechanisms that govern the initial interaction between paracoccidioides brasiliensis, a primary dimorphic fungal pathogen, and cells of the innate immunity need to be clarified. our previous studies showed that toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2) and tlr4 regulate the initial interaction of fungal cells with macrophages and the pattern of adaptive immunity that further develops. the aim of the present investigation was to assess the role of myd88, an adaptor molecule used by tlrs to activate genes o ...	2011	21422180
interactions between tlr2, tlr4, and mannose receptors with gp43 from paracoccidioides brasiliensis induce cytokine production by human monocytes.	the glycoprotein gp43 is an immunodominant antigen secreted by paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the agent of paracoccidioidomycosis. the present study evaluated whether gp43 can interact with toll-like (tlr2, tlr4) and mannose (mr) receptors on the surface of human monocytes, and how that affects their expression and cytokine production. monocytes were incubated with or without monoclonal antibodies anti-tlr2, anti-tlr4, or anti-mr, individually or in combination, prior to the addition of gp43. th ...	2011	21417682
paracoccidioidomycosis induced by immunosuppressive drugs in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and bone sarcoma: case report and review of the literature.	paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is a systemic mycosis caused by paracoccidioides brasiliensis, which is endemic in many regions of latin america. we describe the case of a 60-year-old man from a region endemic for pcm who presented with a long history of left hip pain. he had been treated over the past 3 years with immunosuppressive drugs (methotrexate, leflunomide, and adalimumab) for rheumatoid arthritis (ra). a hip radiograph showed lytic bone lesions, and a chest radiograph showed an expansive ...	2011	21365318
combined use of paracoccidioides brasiliensis recombinant rpb27 and rpb40 antigens in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immunodiagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis.	paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is one of the most important endemic mycoses in latin america; it's usually diagnosed by observation and/or isolation of the etiologic agent, paracoccidioides brasiliensis, as well as by a variety of immunological methods, such as complement fixation and immunodiffusion. although these approaches are useful, historically their sensitivity and specificity have often been compromised by the use of complex mixtures of undefined antigens. the use of combinations of purif ...	2011	21354162
long-term outcome of neuroparacoccidioidomycosis treatment.	neuroparacoccidioidomycosis (npcm) is a term used to describe the invasion of the central nervous system by the pathogenic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis. npcm has been described sporadically in some case reports and small case series, with little or no focus on treatment outcome and long-term follow-up.	2011	21340402
development and evaluation of a latex agglutination test for the serodiagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis.	paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is the most prevalent systemic mycosis in latin america. it is caused by the dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis. the immunodiffusion (id) test is one of the most widely used techniques for pcm serologic diagnosis due to the simplicity and low costs of its execution. however, it requires trained and qualified people to execute it. the purpose of this study was to evaluate a latex particle agglutination (la) test for the detection of anti-p. brasiliensis an ...	2011	21325485
long-term visual safety of voriconazole in adult patients with paracoccidioidomycosis.	voriconazole is an antifungal agent with in vitro activity and clinical efficacy against yeasts, molds, and dimorphic fungi (eg, paracoccidioides brasiliensis). the safety profile of voriconazole includes transient visual adverse events (vaes) that resolve while undergoing treatment or after its discontinuation.	2010	21316537
[paracoccidioidomicosis and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (tbc-mdr) in patient coinfected with hiv and hepatitis c].	a case of an adult male patient diagnosed with hiv and hepatitis c co infection is presented. he had granu-lomatuos hepatitis and blood smear positive to paracoccidioides brasiliensis concomitant to the detection of mdr mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum further complicated with reactivation of cytomegalovirus (possible pancreatitis and retinitis). difficulties in diagnostic and therapeutic approach in a patient with multiple infections are reviewed.	2010	21279295
comparative genomics allowed the identification of drug targets against human fungal pathogens.	the prevalence of invasive fungal infections (ifis) has increased steadily worldwide in the last few decades. particularly, there has been a global rise in the number of infections among immunosuppressed people. these patients present severe clinical forms of the infections, which are commonly fatal, and they are more susceptible to opportunistic fungal infections than non-immunocompromised people. ifis have historically been associated with high morbidity and mortality, partly because of the li ...	2011	21272313
phenotypic and functional characterization of pulmonary macrophages subpopulations after intratracheal injection of paracoccidioides brasiliensis cell wall components.	a shift in the activation of pulmonary macrophages characterized by an increase of il-1, tnf-α and il-6 production has been induced in mice infected with paracoccidioides brasiliensis. it is still unclear whether a functional shift in the resident alveolar macrophage population would be responsible for these observations due to the expression of cell surface molecules. we investigated pulmonary macrophages by flow cytometry from mice treated with p. brasiliensis derivatives by intratracheal rout ...	2010	21257226
kaposi sarcoma and paracoccidioidomycosis in the same fragment of oral mucosa biopsy: a rare association in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient. a case report.	the immunossuppression caused by hiv infection makes the affected individuals more susceptible to some diseases including infections, neoplasms, or even the association between them. kaposi sarcoma (ks) is the most common aids-related neoplasm, featured as an angioproliferative disorder. its cause seems to be related to the human herpesvirus type 8 and it is usually associated with lower cd4+ t cell count. oral involvement is frequent, presenting red to blue-purplish plaques, maculaes, and nodul ...	2011	21251565
dendritic cells transfected with scfv from mab 7.b12 mimicking original antigen gp43 induces protection against experimental paracoccidioidomycosis.	paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm), endemic in latin america, is a progressive systemic mycosis caused by paracoccidioides brasiliensis (p. brasiliensis), which primarily attacks lung tissue. dendritic cells (dcs) are able to initiate a response in naïve t cells, and they also participate in th-cell education. furthermore, these cells have been used for therapy in several disease models. here we transfected dcs with a plasmid (pmac/ps-scfv) encoding a single chain variable fragment (scfv) of an anti-i ...	2011	21249212
protein-losing enteropathy in paracoccidioidomycosis identified by scintigraphy: report of three cases.	paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) or south american blastomycosis is a systemic fungal infection caused by a dimorphic fungus, paracoccidioides brasiliensis. it represents the most important systemic mycosis in south america and with higher prevalence among male inhabitants of the rural area. pcm usually affects the lungs, and rarely the intestines. the authors report three cases of pcm, treated at the university hospital of universidade federal de mato grosso do sul whose scintigraphy with technetiu ...	2010	21221488
the pathogenic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis exports extracellular vesicles containing highly immunogenic α-galactosyl epitopes.	exosome-like vesicles containing virulence factors, enzymes, and antigens have recently been characterized in fungal pathogens, such as cryptococcus neoformans and histoplasma capsulatum. here, we describe extracellular vesicles carrying highly immunogenic α-linked galactopyranosyl (α-gal) epitopes in paracoccidioides brasiliensis. p. brasiliensis is a dimorphic fungus that causes human paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm). for vesicle preparations, cell-free supernatant fluids from yeast cells cultivat ...	2011	21216942
response of paracoccidioides brasiliensis pb01 to stressor agents and cell wall osmoregulators.	in its attempt to survive, the fungal cell can change the cell wall composition and/or structure in response to environmental stress. the molecules involved in these compensatory mechanisms are a possible target for the development of effective antifungal agents. in the thermodimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis pb01, the main polymers that compose the cell wall are chitin and glucans. these polymers form a primary barrier that is responsible for the structural integrity and formation ...	2010	21215956
histoplasmosis and paracoccidioidomycosis in a non-endemic area: a review of cases and diagnosis.	histoplasmosis and paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) have increased in spain in recent years, due firstly to the migration from endemic regions and secondly to travelers returning from these regions. in non-endemic areas, diagnosis of both diseases is hampered by the lack of experience, long silent periods, and the resemblance to other diseases such as tuberculosis and sarcoidosis.	2010	21199139
involvement of an alternative oxidase in oxidative stress and mycelium-to-yeast differentiation in paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a thermodimorphic human pathogenic fungus that causes paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm), which is the most prevalent systemic mycosis in latin america. differentiation from the mycelial to the yeast form (m-to-y) is an essential step for the establishment of pcm. we evaluated the involvement of mitochondria and intracellular oxidative stress in m-to-y differentiation. m-to-y transition was delayed by the inhibition of mitochondrial complexes iii and iv or alternative ...	2010	21183691
a semi-nested pcr assay for molecular detection of paracoccidioides brasiliensis in tissue samples.	paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic infection caused by paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	2010	21181033
the ajellomycetaceae, a new family of vertebrate-associated onygenales.	phylogenies inferred from the analysis of dna sequence data have shown that the onygenales contains clades that do not correspond with previously described families. one lineage identified in recent molecular phylogenetic studies includes the dimorphic pathogens belonging to the genera ajellomyces, emmonsia and paracoccidioides. to evaluate the degree of support for this lineage and determine whether it includes additional taxa, we examined relationships among the members of this clade and selec ...	2004	21148901
serological diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis in hiv-coinfected patients.	paracoccidioidomycosis should be differentiated from other opportunistic diseases in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) patients who live in latin america. laboratory investigation can begin with serological tests, which are rapid and efficient. in the present study, double immunodiffusion (did), counterimmunoelectrophoresis (ciep) and an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) tests were assessed for the detection of anti-paracoccidioides brasiliensis ...	2010	21120361
interleukin-15 augments oxidative metabolism and fungicidal activity of human monocytes against paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	interleukin (il)-15 is a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates the proliferation and survival of many cell types. il-15 is produced by monocytes and macrophages against infectious agents and plays a pivotal role in innate and adaptive immune responses. this study analyzed the effect of il-15 on fungicidal activity, oxidative metabolism and cytokine production by human monocytes challenged in vitro with paracoccidioides brasiliensis (pb18), the agent of paracoccidioidomycosis. peripheral blood mono ...	2010	21120355
high molecular mass fraction in clinical isolates of paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	different serum levels of the igg/ige for paracoccidioides brasiliensis high mass molecular (hmm) fraction (~366 kda) in the acute and chronic forms of the disease have been reported. considering the nonexistence of hmm fraction investigation involving clinical isolates of p. brasiliensis, the present study aimed to investigate the presence of the hmm fraction (~366 kda) in cell free antigens (cfa) from p. brasiliensis clinical isolates.	2010	21085863
a secreted serine protease of paracoccidioides brasiliensis and its interactions with fungal proteins.	paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a thermodimorphic fungus, the causative agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm). serine proteases are widely distributed and this class of peptidase has been related to pathogenesis and nitrogen starvation in pathogenic fungi.	2010	21080956
differential gene expression analysis of paracoccidioides brasiliensis during keratinocyte infection.	paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, one of the most important systemic fungal diseases in latin america. this initiates in lung tissue and can subsequently disseminate to other tissues. clinical manifestations range from localized forms to disseminated disease that can progress to lethality, probably depending on the relationships among the virulence of the fungus, the immune response and the ability to interact with the surface structures and invade epithelial ...	2010	21071542
a synthetic peptide selectively kills only virulent paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeasts.	this work was conducted to identify virulence biomarkers for paracoccidioides brasiliensis (pb), the fungus responsible for paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm), a systemic disease endemic in latin america. measurement of mortality showed that all b10.a mice were killed after 250 days by the virulent pb18 isolate while only one of the mice that received the attenuated counterpart died. also, number of lung cfus from virulent pb18 inoculated mice were much higher when these isolates were compared. phage ...	2010	21070862
role of host glycosphingolipids on paracoccidioides brasiliensis adhesion.	binding of yeast forms to human lung fibroblast cultures was analyzed, aiming to better understand the initial steps of paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection in humans. a significant p. brasiliensis adhesion was observed either to fibroblasts or to their triton x-100 insoluble fraction, which contains extracellular matrix and membrane microdomains enriched in glycosphingolipids. since human lung fibroblasts express at cell-surface gangliosides, such as gm1, gm2, and gm3, the role of these glyc ...	2010	21057877
mannose-binding lectin complement pathway plays a key role in complement activation by paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	paracoccidioides brasiliensis (pb) is a dimorphic fungal pathogen that causes paracoccidioidomycosis, the most severe deep mycosis from south america. although cell mediated immunity is considered the most efficient protective mechanism against pb infection, mechanisms of innate immunity are poorly defined. herein, we investigated the interaction of the complement system with high and low virulence isolates of pb. we demonstrated that pb18, a high virulence pb isolate, when incubated with normal ...	2010	21035191
disseminated paracoccidioidomycosis in a southern two-toed sloth (choloepus didactylus).	a southern two-toed sloth (choloepus didactylus), originally acquired from french guiana, died while maintained in quarantine in a pet store in monterrey, mexico. large yeast cells with multiple buds compatible with paracoccidioides brasiliensis were observed in disseminated granulomatous lesions in the lungs, liver, spleen and kidney. transmission electron microscopical examination supported the diagnosis. this is the first report of paracoccidioidomycosis in a two-toed sloth.	2010	20961559
1,3-β-d-glucan synthase of paracoccidioides brasiliensis: recombinant protein, expression and cytolocalization in the yeast and mycelium phases.	paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a thermo-dimorphic human pathogenic fungus that in the mycelium phase lives at 23°c in environment and in the yeast phase at 37°c in the host tissues. in p. brasiliensis, the main polymers that compound the cell wall are chitin, 1,3-β-d-glucan and 1,3-α-glucan. they make a primary barrier responsible for the structural integrity and form of the cell wall. in p. brasiliensis, just one homologue of 1,3-β-d-glucan synthase gene (pbfks1) was found. here, the active r ...	2010	20943190
antifungal activity of schinol and a new biphenyl compound isolated from schinus terebinthifolius against the pathogenic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	the aim of this study was to isolate and identify the antifungal compounds from the extracts of schinus terebinthifolius (anacardiaceae) against clinical isolates of the pathogenic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	2010	20939907
caspofungin affects growth of paracoccidioides brasiliensis in both morphological phases.	five paracoccidioides brasiliensis isolates were grown in the presence of caspofungin (0 to 1 μg/ml). inhibition of the yeast phase ranged from 20 to 65%, while in the mycelial form it ranged from 75% to 82%. such variability was loosely related to the amount of cell wall β-1,3-glucan. no association with point mutations in the β-1,3-glucan synthase was detected. caspofungin induced physical changes and cytoplasmic deterioration in both fungal phases.	2010	20937789
a 32-kilodalton hydrolase plays an important role in paracoccidioides brasiliensis adherence to host cells and influences pathogenicity.	one of the most crucial events during infection with the dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis is adhesion to pulmonary epithelial cells, a pivotal step in the establishment of disease. in this study, we have evaluated the relevance of a 32-kda protein, a putative adhesion member of the haloacid dehalogenase (had) superfamily of hydrolases, in the virulence of this fungus. protein sequence analyses have supported the inclusion of pbhad32p as a hydrolase and have revealed a conserved pro ...	2010	20876288
serological evidence of paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection in chickens from paraná and mato grosso do sul states, brazil.	the objective of this study was to detect antibodies against paracoccidioides brasiliensis in free-range and caged chickens gallus domesticus. initially, the humoral immune response of two chickens immunized with p. brasiliensis was evaluated. both animals showed the production of antibodies to gp43, the major p. brasiliensis antigen. the seroepidemiological survey was conducted in chickens from the pantanal region in mato grosso do sul state (free-range n = 40) and from northern region of paran ...	2011	20853143
extracellular paracoccidioides brasiliensis phospholipase b involvement in alveolar macrophage interaction.	phospholipase b (plb) has been reported to be one of the virulence factors for human pathogenic fungi and has also been described as necessary for the early events in infection. based on these data, we investigated the role of plb in virulence and modulation of the alveolar pulmonary immune response during infection using an in-vitro model of host-pathogen interaction, i.e. paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeast cells infecting alveolar macrophage (mh-s) cells.	2010	20843362
cyclosporin a treatment and decreased fungal load/antigenemia in experimental murine paracoccidioidomycosis.	paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is a systemic mycosis caused by the fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis (pb). the cyclosporin a (csa) is an immunosuppressant drug that inhibits calcineurin and has been described as a potential antifungal drug. the present study investigated the effect of csa on the immune response, fungal load/antigenemia in experimental murine pcm. it was used four groups of balb/c mice: (a) infected with 1 x 10⁵ pb18 yeast cells (pb), (b) infected and treated with csa every othe ...	2011	20835848
cd28 exerts protective and detrimental effects in a pulmonary model of paracoccidioidomycosis.	t-cell immunity has been claimed as the main immunoprotective mechanism against paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection, the most important fungal infection in latin america. as the initial events that control t-cell activation in paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) are not well established, we decided to investigate the role of cd28, an important costimulatory molecule for the activation of effector and regulatory t cells, in the immunity against this pulmonary pathogen. using cd28-deficient (cd28(-/- ...	2010	20713624
paracoccidioides brasiliensis causing a rib lesion in an adult aids patient.	paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic mycosis with a geographic distribution that is limited to central and south america; brazil has the highest number of cases. severe disseminated disease caused by paracoccidioidomycosis was observed in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients who live or have resided in endemic paracoccidioidomycosis areas. here we describe a male patient admitted to a large public hospital with diffuse nodular infiltrates observed in chest radiographs and with erosion at ...	2010	20708460
histopathologic and immunologic effects of the itraconazole treatment in a murine model of chronic pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis.	a comparative study, based on histopathologic findings (inflammation, cellularity, and fibrosis) and immunologic parameters (pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines), was carried out in order to evaluate the effects of itraconazole (itc) treatment and its starting time in a balb/c murine model of chronic pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm), induced by intranasal inoculation of paracoccidioides brasiliensis (pb) conidia. two different groups of mice were exposed to itc therapy beginni ...	2010	20691804
prp8 intein in ajellomycetaceae family pathogens: sequence analysis, splicing evaluation and homing endonuclease activity.	inteins are intervening sequences that are transcribed and translated with flanking host protein sequences and then self-excised by protein splicing. bi-functional inteins also contain a homing endonuclease responsible for their genetic mobility. the prp8 intein, the most widespread among fungi, occurs in important pathogens such as histoplasma capsulatum and paracoccidioides brasiliensis, from the ajellomycetaceae family. herein, we describe the bi-functional prp8 intein in two other ajellomyce ...	2011	20682355
chronic diarrhea and pancolitis caused by paracoccidioidomycosis: a case report.	south american blastomycosis is a systemic micosis caused by infection with paracoccidioides brasiliensis. the most frequently affected sites are the lower lip buccal mucous membrane, palate, tongue, sublingual region, lymph glands, and lungs. however, colonic involvement is not a common expression of paracoccidioidomycosis. we report a case of chronic diarrhea and pancolitis caused by paracoccidioidomycosis with fatal outcome.	2010	20671977
genes potentially relevant in the parasitic phase of the fungal pathogen paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	paracoccidioides brasiliensis, a fungal pathogen of humans, switches from a filamentous spore-forming mold in the soil to a pathogenic budding-yeast in the human host. dimorphism is regulated mainly by the temperature of incubation. representational difference analysis (rda) was performed between yeast cells of isolate pb01 and from isolate pb4940, the last growing as mycelia at the host temperature. transcripts exhibiting increased expression during development of the yeast parasitic phase comp ...	2011	20669049
antifungal activity of extracts of some plants used in brazilian traditional medicine against the pathogenic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is a systemic granulomatous disease caused by paracoccidioides brasiliensis almeida (onygenales) that requires 1-2 years of treatment. in the absence of drug therapy, the disease is usually fatal, highlighting the need for the identification of safer, novel, and more effective antifungal compounds. with this need in mind, several plants employed in brazilian traditional medicine were assayed on p. brasiliensis and murine macrophages. extracts were prepared from 10 pl ...	2010	20645716
involvement of regulatory t cells in the immunosuppression characteristic of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis.	patients with paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) exhibit a suppression of the cellular immune response characterized by negative delayed-type hypersensitivity (dth) to paracoccidioides brasiliensis antigens, the apoptosis of lymphocytes, and high levels of expression of cytotoxic-t-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (ctla-4), interleukin-10 (il-10), and transforming growth factor β (tgf-β). the aim of this study was to investigate whether and how regulatory t cells (treg cells) are involved in this immun ...	2010	20643858
pulmonary abnormalities in mice with paracoccidioidomycosis: a sequential study comparing high resolution computed tomography and pathologic findings.	human paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is an endemic fungal disease of pulmonary origin. follow-up of pulmonary lesions by image studies in an experimental model of pcm has not been previously attempted. this study focuses on defining patterns, topography and intensity of lung lesions in experimentally infected pcm mice by means of a comparative analysis between high resolution computed tomography (hrct) and histopathologic parameters.	2010	20614019
paracoccidioides brasiliensis enolase is a surface protein that binds plasminogen and mediates interaction of yeast forms with host cells.	paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm), caused by the dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis, is a disseminated, systemic disorder that involves the lungs and other organs. the ability of the pathogen to interact with host components, including extracellular matrix (ecm) proteins, is essential to further colonization, invasion, and growth. previously, enolase (ec 4.2.1.11) was characterized as a fibronectin binding protein in p. brasiliensis. interaction of surface-bound enolase with plasminogen h ...	2010	20605975
adrenal function status in patients with paracoccidioidomycosis after prolonged post-therapy follow-up.	this study assessed adrenal function in patients with paracoccididioidomycosis who had been treated to determine a possible connection between high antibody titers and adrenal dysfunction attributable to persistence of the fungus in adrenal gland. adrenal gland function was studied in 28 previously treated patients, 2 (7.1%) of whom were shown to have adrenal insufficiency and 7 (259%) who showed a below normal response to stimuli by adrenocorticotropic hormone. paracoccidioides brasiliensis was ...	2010	20595488
spontaneous pneumothorax as an atypical presentation of pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis: a case report with emphasis on the imaging findings.	we describe the case of a 45-year-old male with pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis and spontaneous pneumothorax. the patient presented to the hospital with sudden and intense chest pain accompanied by dyspnea and had a six-month history of dry cough, weight loss, and progressive dyspnea on exertion. chest x-ray showed a small right pneumothorax, bilateral nonhomogeneous opacities, and emphysematous areas in the lung base. chest computed tomography showed consolidation in both lungs, with architect ...	2010	20592996
tashyd1, a new hydrophobin gene from the biocontrol agent trichoderma asperellum, is involved in plant root colonization.	summary a hydrophobin-like clone (tashyd1) was isolated during a pcr differential mrna display analysis conducted on trichoderma asperellum mycelia interacting with plant roots. the open reading frame encodes a 145-amino-acid protein showing similarity to pbhyd1, a class i hydrophobin from the dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis. tashyd1 expression was detected in planta up to 5 days after trichoderma root inoculation. tashyd1 is constitutively expressed at low levels in mycelia in yo ...	2006	20507444
immunological basis for the gender differences in murine paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection.	this study aimed to investigate the immunological mechanisms involved in the gender distinct incidence of paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm), an endemic systemic mycosis in latin america, which is at least 10 times more frequent in men than in women. then, we compared the immune response of male and female mice to paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection, as well as the influence in the gender differences exerted by paracoccin, a p. brasiliensis component with carbohydrate recognition property. high pr ...	2010	20505765