Publications

canine paracoccidioidomycosis: a seroepidemiologic study.	sera from 305 dogs were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to determine presence of the antibody anti-gp43, which reacts to a specific antigen of paracoccidioides brasiliensis. the dogs were divided into three groups according to their origin: urban dogs (animals with little or no contact with rural areas); suburban dogs (from the urban outskirts); and rural dogs. there was a significant difference between groups (p < 0.05). rural dogs reacted positively in 89.5% of cases, fol ...	2001	11446531
cloning and characterization of a lon gene homologue from the human pathogen paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	a lon gene homologue from the human pathogen paracoccidioides brasiliensis (pblon) has been cloned, sequenced and characterized. it encodes a putative atp-dependent proteinase lon, which in saccharomyces cerevisisae (pim1) is a heat-inducible protein involved in the degradation of abnormal or short-lived proteins in the mitochondria. the pblon orf is within a 3369 bp fragment interrupted by two introns located in the 3'segment. the 5' and 3' regions flanking the orf contain sequences which resem ...	2001	11447604
in vitro granuloma formation, no production and cytokines profile from human mononuclear cells induced by fractionated antigens of paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	paracoccidioides brasiliensis causes a chronic granulomatous mycosis prevalent in south america, and cell-mediated immunity represents the main mode of protection against this fungal infection. we investigated in vitro the response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) patients presenting different clinical forms to antigenic fractions from p. brasiliensis yeast cell lysate (pbag). these fractions designated f0 to fv were obtained using anion-exchange chr ...	2001	11476903
detection of melanin-like pigments in the dimorphic fungal pathogen paracoccidioides brasiliensis in vitro and during infection.	melanins are implicated in the pathogenesis of several human diseases, including some microbial infections. in this study, we analyzed whether the conidia and the yeasts of the thermally dimorphic fungal pathogen paracoccidioides brasiliensis produce melanin or melanin-like compounds in vitro and during infection. growth of p. brasiliensis mycelia on water agar alone produced pigmented conidia, and growth of yeasts in minimal medium with l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-dopa) produced pigmented c ...	2001	11500453
the oral route in the pathogenesis of paracoccidioidomycosis: an experimental study in balb/c mice infected with p. brasiliensis conidia.	due to the high frequency of oral mucosal lesions observed in paracoccidioidomycosis patients, it was advocated that the infection was acquired by the traumatic implantation of the etiologic agent paracoccidioides brasiliensis. although at present this theory is considered invalid, it has not yet been excluded in experimental studies. in order to determine if intra-oral inoculation could explain the pathogenesis of paracoccidioidomycosis, 64 balb/c mice were inoculated intra-orally with 850.000 ...	2001	11554579
immunostimulatory dna from paracoccidioides brasiliensis acts as t-helper 1 promoter in susceptible mice.	th1 immune responses afford protection against some pathogens like the fungus p. brasiliensis (p.b.), etiological agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm). it is well known that nonmethylated cpg sequences from bacterial dna have immunomodulatory properties and can be used as a th1-promoting adjuvant. by analyzing the available gene sequences of p.b. we observed a high number of unmethylated cpg dinucleotides. in a murine model of the pcm infection, the isogenic mouse strain known to be susceptible ...	2001	11555401
regulation of serine-type exoproteinases by endogenous inhibitors present in exoantigens of the mycelial form of paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	we have partially characterized some biochemical properties of exoproteinases secreted into culture medium by the mycelial form of paracoccidioides brasiliensis, a dimorphic fungus that causes human disease in latin america. proteinase activity was analyzed in solid- and liquid-phase systems using zymography and azocoll, respectively. minimal or no gelatinase activity was observed by zymography in the crude filtrates among proteins with a relative mobility greater than 200 kda. when the crude fi ...	2001	11556766
capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect specific immunoglobulin e in sera of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis.	paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is the most frequent systemic mycosis in south america. the disease is characterized by a polyclonal activation of b cells, resulting in hyperimmunoglobulinemia. the production of immunoglobulin (ig) e in deep mycosis has been related to the severity of the disease. however, the detection of specific ige in sera of patients is difficult because of the competition with the igg. we compared a capture and an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) technique t ...	2001	11561711
the marsupial didelphis albiventris is an improbable host of paracoccidioides brasiliensis in an endemic area of paracoccidioidomycosis in minas gerais, brazil.	to determine whether didelphis albiventris is naturally infected with paracoccidioides brasiliensis, 20 specimens of this mammal were studied by both direct cultivation of their viscera (spleen, liver and lungs) and by inoculation of swiss mice by the intraperitoneal route with a suspension of fragments of these viscera. no fungal growth or structures similar to this fungus were detected. probably d. albiventris is not frequently infected with p. brasiliensis.	2001	11562699
rapid identification of dimorphic and yeast-like fungal pathogens using specific dna probes.	specific oligonucleotide probes were developed to identify medically important fungi that display yeast-like morphology in vivo. universal fungal primers its1 and its4, directed to the conserved regions of ribosomal dna, were used to amplify dna from histoplasma capsulatum, blastomyces dermatitidis, coccidioides immitis, paracoccidioides brasiliensis, penicillium marneffei, sporothrix schenckii, cryptococcus neoformans, five candida species, and pneumocystis carinii. specific oligonucleotide pro ...	2001	11574564
osteomyelitis caused by paracoccidioides brasiliensis in a child from the metropolitan area of rio de janeiro.	the authors describe a case of paracoccidioidomycosis in a 7-year-old girl from the city of rio de janeiro who initially presented to her physician with a lesion in her calcaneous which was misdiagnosed and treated as bacterial osteomyelitis. later, cutaneous manifestations, lymph node enlargement, and hepatosplenomegaly developed and biopsy of the skin and cervical lymph nodes showed the fungus which was also present in the sputum. it is emphasized that paracoccidioides brasiliensis can be the ...	2001	11695735
ige antibody response to the main antigenic component of paracoccidioides brasiliensis in patients with paracoccidioidomycosis.	paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) has two main clinical presentations, a chronic form (cf) and an acute, more severe form (af). the af is associated with a more marked dysfunction of the patient's immune response, and a distinct anti-paracoccidioides brasiliensis immunoglobulin (ig)a and igg antibody subclass expression, compared with that seen in the cf. in this study we investigated the presence of ige antibodies against the main p. brasiliensis antigen (a 43-kda molecule) in the serum of pcm patie ...	2001	11798051
patients with active infection with paracoccidioides brasiliensis present a th2 immune response characterized by high interleukin-4 and interleukin-5 production.	paracoccidiodomycosis (pcm) is caused by the dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis. in humans, the disease presents a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from localized mucocutaneous lesions to a widespread manifestation with involving the mononuclear phagocyte system. in attempt to better understand the regulation of immune response during the infection, this study analyzed the production of regulatory and inflammatory cytokines in 25 infected patients and 19 health cont ...	2002	11821163
paracoccidioides brasiliensis 87-kilodalton antigen, a heat shock protein useful in diagnosis: characterization, purification, and detection in biopsy material via immunohistochemistry.	the 87-kda antigen derived from the fungal pathogen paracoccidioides brasiliensis can be detected in the sera of infected patients, and its levels have been shown to correlate well with response to treatment and with clinical cure. despite its potential importance, the antigen has been poorly characterized. the 87-kda antigen was purified to homogeneity via preparative gel electrophoresis; n-terminal amino acid sequencing revealed substantial homology with heat shock proteins (hsps) from a varie ...	2002	11825942
the pathobiology of paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	paracoccidioides brasiliensis causes one of the most prevalent systemic mycoses in latin america--paracoccidioidomycosis. it is a dimorphic fungus that undergoes a complex transformation in vivo, with mycelia in the environment producing conidia, which probably act as infectious propagules upon inhalation into the lungs, where they transform to the pathogenic yeast form. this transition is readily induced in vitro by temperature changes, resulting in modulation of the composition of the cell wal ...	2002	11827809
effects of propolis from brazil and bulgaria on fungicidal activity of macrophages against paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	paracoccidioidomycosis is the most important systemic mycosis in latin america. its etiological agent, paracoccidoides brasiliensis, affects individuals living in endemic areas through inhalation of airborne conidia or mycelial fragments. the disease may affect different organs and systems, with multiple clinical features, with cell-mediated immunity playing a significant role in host defence. peritoneal macrophages from balb/c mice were stimulated with brazilian or bulgarian propolis and subseq ...	2002	11849837
identification of differentially expressed transcripts in the human pathogenic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis by differential display.	paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a dimorphic human pathogenic fungus that is the causal agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, a systemic disease that predominantly affects rural communities in south and central america. dimorphism is a common characteristic of systemic human pathogenic fungi. here we describe the use of differential display (dd) to isolate and identify differentially expressed genes of p. brasiliensis, in the two cell types, yeast (y) and mycelium (m), as well as at different time in ...	2002	11862980
detection of the gp43 gene and (1-3)-beta-d-glucan of paracoccidioides brasiliensis in the blood of experimentally infected mice.	paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is a deep mycosis caused by the thermo-dependent dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis and is prevalent in latin american countries. diagnosis of pcm is sometimes difficult outside the endemic countries, thus a rapid and conclusive method for diagnosis of pcm has been anticipated. we compared the sensitivities of a nested pcr method for detecting the gp43 gene and a commercial kit for detecting (1-3)-beta-d-glucan in the blood of experimentally infected mice ...	2002	11865298
heterologous expression, purification, and immunological reactivity of a recombinant hsp60 from paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	the complete coding cdna of hsp60 from paracoccidioides brasiliensis was overexpressed in an escherichia coli host to produce high levels of recombinant protein. the protein was purified by affinity chromatography. a total of 169 human serum samples were tested for reactivity by western blot analysis with the purified hsp60 recombinant protein. immunoblots indicated that the recombinant p. brasiliensis hsp60 was recognized by antibodies in 72 of 75 sera from paracoccidioidomycosis patients. no c ...	2002	11874881
parinaud's oculoglandular syndrome associated with paracoccidioidomycosis.	the authors report one case of parinaud's oculoglandular syndrome associated with paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection. no other medical report of this condition was found in the medical literature available at index medicus and medline. the eye involvement has been rather uncommon in paracoccidioidomycosis and this report emphasizes the possibility of this kind of presentation making it also necessary to include paracoccidioidomycosis among the several known causes of parinaud's oculoglandul ...	2002	11896412
dual role for nitric oxide in paracoccidioidomycosis: essential for resistance, but overproduction associated with susceptibility.	using a murine model of susceptibility and resistance to paracoccidioidomycosis, we have previously demonstrated that immunosuppression occurs in susceptible (b10.a), but not in resistant (a/sn), mouse strains. accumulating evidence shows that no is involved in the induction of t cell immunosuppression during infection as well as in the killing of paracoccidioides brasiliensis. in the present work, we focused on no and other macrophage products that could be associated with resistance or suscept ...	2002	11971007
interleukin-12 protects mice against disseminated infection caused by paracoccidioides brasiliensis but enhances pulmonary inflammation.	paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a facultative, intracellular pathogen causing the most important deep mycosis in latin america. as the production of ifn-gamma and induction of cell-mediated immunity to p. brasiliensis is of critical importance in host defense, the immunotherapeutic effect of exogenous il-12 administration was studied in a murine model of susceptibility to pulmonary infection. ril-12 treatment led to a less disseminated disease, as confirmed by decreased fungal loads in liver an ...	2002	12027424
[osteomyelitis by paracoccidioides brasiliensis].		2002	12045825
levels of specific antigen (gp43), specific antibodies, and antigen-antibody complexes in saliva and serum of paracoccidioidomycosis patients.	the present study analyses human immunoglobulin g (igg) antibodies directed against the paracoccidioides brasiliensis exoantigen, gp43, as well as the presence of gp43-igg immune complexes (ics) in 31 samples of saliva and serum from 19 patients with paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) and 12 normal donors. additional analysis of secretory iga (siga) was performed on the same saliva samples. consistent with previous findings, a significant increased specific igg level was observed in pcm patients' sali ...	2001	12054053
molecular cloning, characterization and expression of the heat shock protein 60 gene from the human pathogenic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	a gene encoding the heat shock protein (hsp) 60 from paracoccidioides brasiliensis (pb) was cloned and characterized. the hsp60 gene is composed of three exons divided by two introns. structural analysis of the promoter detected canonical sequences characteristic of regulatory regions from eukaryotic genes. the deduced amino acid sequence of the pb hsp60 gene and the respective cloned cdna consists of 592 residues highly homologous to other fungal hsp60 proteins. the hsp60 gene is present as a s ...	2001	12054056
expression of alpha tubulin during the dimorphic transition of paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	in this study we analyzed the expression of (alpha-tubulin during the dimorphic transition of the human-pathogenic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis. the alpha-tubulin from p. brasiliensis was recognized by a commercially available anti-tubulin antibody and was developmentally regulated during the dimorphic form transition. we detected at least two alpha-tubulin isoforms in the mycelial state and only one isoform in the yeast forms. this finding suggests specific roles for the alpha-tubulin i ...	2001	12054057
characterization of b-1b cells as antigen presenting cells in the immune response to gp43 from paracoccidioides brasiliensis in vitro.	antigen presentation is an essential stage in the development of immune response to a specific antigen. this response can lead to the production of antibodies and/or effector t lymphocyte activation. macrophages, dendritic cells and b-lymphocytes, among others, act as antigen presenting cells. b-lymphocytes capture antigenic particles through a surface receptor of igm nature. the interaction igm-antigen leads to endocytosis of the complex and antigen processing which culminates in presentation o ...	2002	12057856
enhanced production of specific igg4, ige, iga and tgf-beta in sera from patients with the juvenile form of paracoccidioidomycosis.	paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) occurs in two distinct forms, the acute or juvenile form (jf), and the chronic or adult form (af). to clarify the basis of this dichotomy, specific igg subclasses, iga and ige anti-gp43 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, in patients with different forms of pcm. serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (il)-6, il-8, macrophage inflammatory protein (mip)-1alpha and transforming growth factor (tgf)-beta were also quantified. we show here ...	2002	12058728
experimental paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection in mice: influence of the hormonal status of the host on tissue responses.	we have previously proposed that 17beta-estradiol may be responsible in part for the decreased frequency of clinical paracoccidioidomycosis in females via a blocking of the initial morphological transformation necessary to initiate infection. here we examined the course of infection in male and female mice in relation to their hormonal status. after pulmonary infection with conidia, normal males showed progressive infection, whereas normal females restricted proliferation and progressive disease ...	2002	12058730
a case of imported paracoccidioidomycosis in a german legionnaire.	we report on a case of the chronic form of paracoccidioidomycosis with swelling and ulcerations of the mouth in a german legionnaire who also suffered from a chronic bronchitis. the patient had worked for many years in brazil, an area endemic for the disease. infection due to paracoccidioides brasiliensis was diagnosed in germany, more than 10 years after the patient's return. diagnosis was established by the presence of yeast cells with multipolar budding in the tissue of the oral lesion. furth ...	2002	12058735
paracoccidioides brasiliensis: virulence and an attempt to induce the dimorphic process with fetal calf serum.	the virulence of paracoccidioides brasiliensis strains and the induction of the dimorphic process of the fungus were investigated. the strains were kept under mineral oil for different periods of time, except for one that was successively subcultured on agar slants. four strains with transitional morphology at room temperature were avirulent to experimental animals. two strains with typical morphology at 36 degrees c, one of them preserved under mineral oil for 16 years and the other maintained ...	2002	12100535
evaluation of dna polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers (rapd) as genetically associated elements to differentiate virulent and non-virulent paracoccidioides brasiliensis isolates.	randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) analysis of 35 paracoccidioides brasiliensis isolates was carried out to evaluate the correlation of rapd profiles with the virulence degree or the type of the clinical manifestations of human paracoccidioidomycosis. the dendrogram presented two main groups sharing 64% genetic similarity. group a included two isolates from patients with chronic paracoccidioidomycosis; group b comprised the following isolates showing 65% similarity: two non-virulent, six ...	2002	12110476
characterization of a chaperone clpb homologue of paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	we report the cloning and sequence analysis of a genomic clone encoding a paracoccidioides brasiliensis clpb chaperone homologue (pbclpb). the clpb gene was identified in a lambda dash ii library. sequencing of pbclpb revealed a long open reading frame capable of encoding a 792 amino acid, 87.9 kda protein, pi of 5.34. the predicted polypeptide contains several consensus motifs of the clpb proteins. canonical sequences such as two putative nucleotide-binding sites, chaperonins clpa/b signatures ...	2002	12125053
il-12 and neutralization of endogenous il-10 revert the in vitro antigen-specific cellular immunosuppression of paracoccidioidomycosis patients.	treatment of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis is still a challenge. patients present defective lymphoproliferation and ifn-gamma responses to the main paracoccidioides brasiliensis antigen (gp43), which correlates with disease severity. here, we demonstrated that the patients show also a defective synthesis of interleukin (il)-12. therefore, we attempted to revert this immune disfunction by adding il-12 and neutralizing anti-il-10 antibody to gp-43-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cel ...	2002	12126651
effect of timing of food deprivation on host resistance to fungal infection in mice.	mice were deprived of food for a period of 72 h at varying times relative to the time of infection with paracoccidioides brasiliensis. host resistance was diminished profoundly when the period of food deprivation was from 48 h before to 24 h after infection (group b). when food deprivation was initiated immediately after infection (group c), host resistance was reduced less profoundly. when food deprivation was initiated at 24 and 48 h post-infection, reductions in host resistance were only mode ...	2002	12144718
paracoccidioides brasiliensis and paracoccidioidomycosis: molecular approaches to morphogenesis, diagnosis, epidemiology, taxonomy and genetics.	paracoccidioides brasiliensis is an amenable model to study the molecular and biochemical events that lead to morphological transition in fungi, because temperature seems to be the only factor regulating this process. it is the causative agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, a systemic mycosis that affects humans and that is geographically confined to latin america, where it constitutes one of the most prevalent deep mycoses. with the help of molecular tools, events leading to the morphological trans ...	2002	12146752
in vitro comparison of activities of terbinafine and itraconazole against paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	in vitro, terbinafine is highly active against a broad spectrum of pathogenic fungi. we evaluated the activities of terbinafine and itraconazole against 31 isolates of paracoccidioides brasiliensis. the tests were conducted by using a broth macrodilution procedure. mics, in micrograms per milliliter, were as follows: terbinafine, 0.015 to 1.0 (geometric mean, 0.1188); itraconazole, 0.007 to 0.5 (geometric mean, 0.03165). the usual therapy for paracoccidioidomycosis is sulfonamides, amphotericin ...	2002	12149337
[seroepidemiological survey for infections by fungi causing systemic mycoses in the xacriabá indian reserve, minas gerais state, brazil].	xacriabá indian reserve is situated in the north of minas gerais state, brazil, near the municipality of manga and são francisco river. the indian population is miscegenated with caucasian and negroid people and have farming activities. blood samples were collected from 180 inhabitants of the reserve (85 men and 95 women), 15 to 84 years old. serum antibodies against antigens of paracoccidioides brasiliensis, histoplasma capsulatum, cryptococcus neoformans, and candida albicans were tested for b ...	2002	12170330
chsz, a gene for a novel class of chitin synthase from aspergillus oryzae.	we cloned and characterized a novel aspergillus oryzae chitin synthase gene, chsz, encoding a polypeptide containing a new myosin motor-like domain in its n-terminal half. alignment analysis revealed that chsz was less homologous to known class v enzymes, except for its probable chitin synthase conserved region in the c-terminal half. we also found a chsy gene and found that chsy showed higher similarity to the class v enzymes than did chsz. phylogenetic analysis clearly demonstrated that the a. ...	2002	12172967
characterization of a gene which encodes a mannosyltransferase homolog of paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	we screened an expression library of the yeast form of paracoccidioides brasiliensis with a pool of human sera that was pre-adsorbed with mycelium, from patients with paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm). a sequence (pbymnt) was obtained and characterized. a genomic clone was obtained by pcr of p. brasiliensis total dna. the sequence contained a single open reading frame (orf) encoding a protein of 357 amino acid residues, with a molecular mass of 39.78 kda. the deduced amino acid sequence exhibited ide ...	2002	12191652
ocular and central nervous system paracoccidioidomycosis in a pregnant woman with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	to describe an atypical case of central nervous system and ocular paracoccidioidomycoses simulating ocular toxoplasmosis in a pregnant woman with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids).	2002	12208267
role of paracoccidioides brasiliensis cell wall fraction containing beta-glucan in tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by human monocytes: correlation with fungicidal activity.	the polysaccharide fraction of paracoccidioides brasiliensis mycelial cell wall (f1 fraction), the active component of which is composed of beta-glucan, was investigated in regard to the activation of human monocytes for fungal killing. the cells were primed with interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) or f1 (100 and 200 microg ml(-1)) or f1 (100 and 200 microg ml(-1)) plus ifn-gamma for 24 h and then evaluated for h2o2 release. in other experiments, the cells were pretreated with the same stimuli, challen ...	2002	12230216
paracoccidioides brasiliensis-reactive antibodies in brazilian blood donors.	in a survey for primary paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) infection (and not the clinical disease), two groups of blood donors were analyzed. one study group was drawn from donors living in a rural area where pcm is endemic, and the other group from urban residents of a large city, são paulo. anti-paracoccidioides brasiliensis (pb) specific antibodies (igg) in sera were analyzed by elisa, using crude pb exoantigens (exoag) and purified specific pb 43 kda glycoprotein (gp43). the results showed that 2 ...	2002	12230218
correlation of factor xiiia+ dermal dendrocytes with paracoccidioidomycosis skin lesions.	we demonstrated and quantified by immunohistochemistry the factor xiiia+ dermal dendrocytes (fxiiia+ dd) in paracoccidioidomycosis skin lesions. sixty-one biopsies were classified according to the tissue response in well-organized granulomas (group 1), poorly organized granulomas (group 2) and samples showing both kinds of granuloma (group 3). ten biopsies from normal skin were used as controls. in order to verify the internalization of paracoccidioides brasiliensis antigens by fxiiia+ dd, we pe ...	2002	12230221
the kex2 gene from the dimorphic and human pathogenic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	kexin-like protein is a component of the subtilase family of proteinases involved in the processing of proproteins to their active forms. kexin-like proteins are also synthesized as a propeptide and this is involved in (auto)inhibition, correct folding and subcellular sorting of proteins. the kexin-like protein was described as the product of the kex2 gene for aspergillus niger, candida albicans, saccharomyces cerevisiae, yarrowia lipolytica and other fungi. disruption of the kex2 gene in c. alb ...	2002	12271458
[adrenal gland insufficiency secondary to paracoccidioidomycosis].	paracoccidioidomycosis is regularly associated with adrenal insufficiency in 10-15% of symptomatic cases, and in some instances, diagnosis of the mycosis precedes the adrenal manifestation. to establish the frequency of this association, records were reviewed of 207 cases diagnosed with mycosis at the mycology service of the corporación para investigaciones biológicas. six cases (2.9%) were found to have adrenal insufficiency. patients were all males with a mean age of 67.2 years (range 48-75) a ...	2002	12404928
expression in bacteria of the gene encoding the gp43 antigen of paracoccidioides brasiliensis: immunological reactivity of the recombinant fusion proteins.	gp43 is the major diagnostic antigen of paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) in humans. in the present study, cdna of the gp43 gene (pbgp43) was obtained by reverse transcriptase pcr, inserted into a pgex vector in frame with the glutathione s-transferase (gst) gene, and expressed in escherichia coli as inclusion bodies. immunoblotting showed that all sera from patients with chronic pulmonary and acute lymphatic forms of pcm reacted with the recombinant fusion ...	2002	12414750
histopathologic and histochemical characterization of calcified structures in hamsters inoculated with paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	in pathogenicity studies of 31 paracoccidioides brasiliensis isolates preserved using castellani's method we intraperitoneally inoculated 104 young adult hamsters and found laminated concentric structures and calcified appearance that resembled schaumann bodies, in 43 of them, especially in animals with apparently good condition. we characterized these structures histologically and histochemically using different stains (pas, grocott, haematoxylin-eosin, von kossa). the von kossa staining reveal ...	2002	12421280
inhibition of paracoccidioides brasiliensis by pesticides: is this a partial explanation for the difficulty in isolating this fungus from the soil?	the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ten pesticides on paracoccidioides brasiliensis, and thereby to investigate the possible association between these data and the difficulty in isolating p. brasiliensis from agricultural soil. six fungicides (alto 100, benlate, captan, dithane, plantacol, rovral), two herbicides (pivot, roundup) and two insecticides (azodrin and curacron) were evaluated. five p. brasiliensis isolates from the environment (labelled group 'n,' for 'nature') and fi ...	2002	12462529
gp43 from paracoccidioides brasiliensis inhibits macrophage functions. an evasion mechanism of the fungus.	macrophages constitute one of the primary cellular mechanisms that impairs parasite invasion of host tissues. the phagocytic and microbicidal properties of these cells can be modulated by specific membrane receptors involved in cell-microorganism interactions. gp43, the main antigen secreted by paracoccidiodes brasiliensis (pb), the causative agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, is a high mannose glycoprotein. the role played by gp43 in the pathogenesis of the disease is not completely known. here, ...	2002	12470616
anti-gp43 antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with central nervous system involvement by paracoccidioidomycosis.	paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is a chronic granulomatous infectious disease, endemic in subtropical areas of central and south america. the diagnosis of the central nervous system (cns) involvement with pcm (neuroparacoccidioidomycosis [npcm]) frequently is difficult. a definitive diagnosis usually is made by visualization or isolation of paracoccidioides brasiliensis from cns biopsy or necropsy material. in the present study, we determined the presence of anti-gp43 antibodies in the cerebrospina ...	2002	12472279
the role of apoptosis in the antigen-specific t cell hyporesponsiveness of paracoccidioidomycosis patients.	paracoccidioidomycosis is a deep endemic mycosis associated with an antigen-specific immunodeficiency. to examine the role of apoptosis in this immunodeficiency, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis and controls were stimulated with the main antigen of paracoccidioides brasiliensis (gp43) and an unrelated fungal antigen (from candida albicans, cma) and analyzed for annexin v and propidium iodide staining by flow cytometry. control pbmc proliferated we ...	2002	12482396
molecular identification of paracoccidioides brasiliensis by 5' nuclease assay.	a pcr assay based on the 5' nuclease assay using a fluorescent probe derived from the sequence of the gene coding for the 43,000-da (gp43) antigen was developed to detect paracoccidioides brasiliensis. the assay could detect at least 10 copies of this dna sequence, providing efficient accuracy to be useful for diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis.	2002	12543545
transcriptome characterization of the dimorphic and pathogenic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis by est analysis.	paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a pathogenic fungus that undergoes a temperature-dependent cell morphology change from mycelium (22 degrees c) to yeast (36 degrees c). it is assumed that this morphological transition correlates with the infection of the human host. our goal was to identify genes expressed in the mycelium (m) and yeast (y) forms by est sequencing in order to generate a partial map of the fungus transcriptome. individual est sequences were clustered by the cap3 program and annota ...	2003	12557278
pcr assay for identification of histoplasma capsulatum based on the nucleotide sequence of the m antigen.	the major diagnostic antigens of histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum are the h and m antigens, pluripotent glycoproteins that elicit both humoral and t-cell-mediated immune responses. the gene encoding the m antigen has previously been sequenced, and its sequence has significant overall homology to those of the genes for fungal catalases. regions of the m-antigen gene with little or no homology were used to design four oligonucleotide sequences for application in the pcr detection and identif ...	2003	12574242
expressed sequence tag analysis of the human pathogen paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeast phase: identification of putative homologues of candida albicans virulence and pathogenicity genes.	paracoccidioides brasiliensis, a thermodimorphic fungus, is the causative agent of the prevalent systemic mycosis in latin america, paracoccidioidomycosis. we present here a survey of expressed genes in the yeast pathogenic phase of p. brasiliensis. we obtained 13,490 expressed sequence tags from both 5' and 3' ends. clustering analysis yielded the partial sequences of 4,692 expressed genes that were functionally classified by similarity to known genes. we have identified several candida albican ...	2003	12582121
direct invasion of bones by highly pathogenic fungi in an in vitro model and its ecological significance.	animal bones after being devitalized at death are strongly resistant to wear and tear and remain in the soil or environment much longer than other organic components from dead animals. yet over the course of time they seem to disappear and thus our ecological surroundings are not cluttered with bone remnants. mechanical factors creating compression or friction and chemical factors like ph of the soil and surroundings must together have provided concerted degrading effects. microorganisms in the ...	2003	12590255
in vitro antifungal activity of micafungin (fk463) against dimorphic fungi: comparison of yeast-like and mycelial forms.	the characteristics of in vitro micafungin (fk463) antifungal activity against six species of dimorphic fungi were investigated in accordance with the nccls m27-a microdilution methods. mics of micafungin, amphotericin b, itraconazole, and fluconazole for histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum, blastomyces dermatitidis, paracoccidioides brasiliensis, penicillium marneffei, and sporothrix schenckii were determined both for the yeast-like form and mycelial form. coccidioides immitis was tested onl ...	2003	12654673
structural differences between the alkali-extracted water-soluble cell wall polysaccharides from mycelial and yeast phases of the pathogenic dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a pathogenic dimorphic fungus causing paracoccidioidomycosis, the most widespread systemic mycosis in latin america. we have studied the structure of the alkali-extracted water-soluble cell wall polysaccharides (f1ss) from both mycelial and yeast phases of this fungus by using chemical analysis and nmr spectroscopic techniques. the f1ss polysaccharide from the mycelial phase consists of a trisaccharidic repeating unit of -->6)-[alpha-galf -(1-->6)-alpha-manp-(1-- ...	2003	12672703
combined use of paracoccidioides brasiliensis recombinant 27-kilodalton and purified 87-kilodalton antigens in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serodiagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis.	the diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) has relied on the identification of the host's humoral response by using a variety of immunological methods, such as complement fixation and immunodiffusion. although these approaches are useful, historically their sensitivity and specificity have often been compromised by the use of complex mixtures of undefined antigens. the use of combinations of purified, well-characterized antigens appears preferable and may yield optimum results. accordingly an ...	2003	12682142
case report: severe juvenile type paracoccidioidomycosis with hepatitis c.	we present the case of a 34-year-old man with previous history of hepatitis c and severe juvenile type of paracoccidioidomycosis characterized by involvement of the reticuloendothelial system, eosinophilia, lung compromise (pleural effusion), retinal hemorrhage, and blood culture positive to paracoccidioides brasiliensis. the immune evaluation showed four precipitation lines to p. brasiliensis by the double immunodiffusion test. treatment with amphotericin b and itraconazol resulted in resolutio ...	2003	12685634
programmed cell death in thymus during experimental paracoccidioidomycosis.	many works have shown that immunosuppressive effects induced by systemic mycosis can be related to primary lymphoid organ damage. previous studies in our laboratory showed that paracoccidioides brasiliensis was able to invade the thymus, inducing a severe atrophy with significant reduction of cortical area along with a loss of cortico-medullary boundary. the objective of the present study was to investigate whether thymic atrophy is caused by programmed cell death (pcd) and to examine the ultras ...	2003	12687355
[prevalence of paracoccidioidomycosis infection determined by sorologic test in donors' blood in the northwest of paraná, brazil].	in this paper the classical elisa test was used, which is a highly sensitive method, with the objective of estimating the anti-paracoccidioides brasiliensis antibodies level in healthy people, residing in supposedly endemic regions for pcm, northwest paran state, brazil. the sera was analyzed from 680 blood donors' who were approved by the classical serologic screening by blood banks. four cities were studied (campo mour o, maring , cianorte and umuarama) with a sample of 170 donors each. the a ...	2003	12715058
characterization of paracoccidioides brasiliensis atypical isolates by random amplified polymorphic dna analysis.	two atypical paracoccidioides brasiliensis strains (yeast form at room temperature) have been isolated from chronically infected patients living in brazil. different random primers were used to characterize these isolates and compare them to typical strains. the rapd patterns allowed the differentiation of all the selected isolates. their genetic distance ranged from 5% to 80% of non-shared bands depending on the strains and the primer used. the rapd data were used to build a wagner phenogram, w ...	2002	12716232
fas-fas ligand (cd95-cd95l) and cytotoxic t lymphocyte antigen-4 engagement mediate t cell unresponsiveness in patients with paracoccidioidomycosis.	the mechanism that leads to the remarkable t cell unresponsiveness to antigens in paracoccidioidomycosis is unknown. we investigated the involvement of cytokines, of fas-fas ligand (fas-fasl)-induced apoptosis, and of cytotoxic t lymphocyte antigen 4 (ctla-4) engagement, in the mediation of this phenomenon. t cell unresponsiveness was not associated with imbalanced cytokine production or with absence of cd28 expression. only patient t cells expressed higher levels of ctla-4, annexin v(+), and fa ...	2003	12717632
melanin and fungi.	production of melanin has been associated with virulence in diverse microorganisms. melanization of fungi has been noted for many years in predominantly subcutaneous infections such as chromoblastomycosis and more recently most extensively studied in a yeast causing systemic infection, cryptococcus neoformans. pigmented fungi are increasingly important human pathogens and currently available antifungals are often sub-optimal for serious infections. this review focuses on recent publications on m ...	2003	12734441
chromosomal polymorphism, syntenic relationships, and ploidy in the pathogenic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and dna hybridization were used to establish and compare the electrophoretic karyotypes of 12 clinical and environmental paracoccidioides brasiliensis isolates from different geographic areas. gene mapping allowed the identification of synteny groups and the use of isolated whole chromosomal bands to probe chromoblots indicated the existence of repetitive sequences, contributing to a better understanding of the structure and organization of the fungus geno ...	2003	12742064
biosynthesis of chondroitinase and hyaluronidase by different strains of paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	the biosynthesis of chondroitinase and hyaluronidase by different isolates of paracoccidioides brasiliensis was investigated in 20 strains isolated from patients (17 strains), a penguin (pygocelis adeliae, one strain), an armadillo (dasypus novemcinctus, one strain) and the environment (dog food, one strain). all the p. brasiliensis isolates studied had the ability to produce chondroitinase and hyaluronidase, although differences in colony morphology and enzyme production were detected among the ...	2003	12748266
the role of chlamydospores of paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	the role of chlamydospores in the conversion process from a mycelial-to-yeast form using the slide culture method was studied. three clinical isolates and two other isolates from armadillo, belonging to the fungal species paracoccidioides brasiliensis, were cultured on sabouraud dextrose agar (sda), potato dextrose agar (pda) and brain heart infusion dextrose agar (bhida). initially, the mycelial forms of each isolate were grown at 25 degrees c for 7, 14, 30 or 60 days on slide cultures and then ...	2003	12748596
paracoccidioidomycosis and larynx carcinoma.	report of a case of paracoccidioidomycosis associated with a carcinoma: both located in the larynx in a patient whose therapeutic response to antifungal treatment produced a recovery of physical conditions. this case shows the importance of taking into account the diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis in all patients with problems in the larynx, especially those who inhabit or inhabited endemic areas of paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	2003	12801369
giant blastoconidia of candida albicans. a case report and review of the literature.	we describe a patient with extranodal non-hodgkin lymphoma who developed systemic candidiasis after treatment with a cyclophosphamide-based chemotherapy regimen. histologically, the fungal organisms demonstrated markedly enlarged blastoconidia with a variety of morphologic forms, mimicking other mycotic organisms, such as cryptococcus neoformans, blastomyces dermatitidis, and paracoccidioides brasiliensis. the in vivo occurrence of such giant forms is rare, and when observed histologically may r ...	2003	12823045
immunocytochemical localization of cytokines and inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) in oral mucosa and lymph nodes of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis.	paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is a deep mycosis caused by paracoccidioides brasiliensis, with high incidence in brazil. in order to examine the immune response in lesional tissue from patients with pcm, we analyzed cytokines as well as the phenotype of the cell infiltrate. paraffin-embedded tissue from the oral mucosa of eight patients with the localized adult form (af) of pcm and from the lymph nodes of 10 patients with the juvenile form (jf) of pcm was analyzed by immunohistochemistry to detect ...	2003	12824008
paracoccidioidomycosis: reduction in fungal load and abrogation of delayed-type hypersensitivity anergy in susceptible inbred mice submitted to therapy with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.	isogenic mouse strains have previously been characterized as susceptible or resistant to paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection; the former presented anergy in delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions (dth) and progressive disease with high numbers of colony-forming units (cfu), while the later presented preserved dth responses and control of the infectious process. here, we studied whether susceptible mice infected with p. brasiliensis and treated with the antifungal drug trimethoprim-sulfameth ...	2004	12838416
randomly amplified polymorphic dna as a valuable tool for epidemiological studies of paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) has been successfully used to detect genetic variations among isolates of paracoccidioides brasiliensis. however, the usefulness of this technique for assessing important parasitic properties is still unconfirmed. in the present work we further investigated the applicability of rapd in revealing important intrinsic and extrinsic features of this fungus associated with geographical origin, time of isolation, source of clinical specimen, clinical forms of ...	2003	12843011
evaluation of fungal burden in experimental paracoccidioidomycosis by using the fluorescent dye blankophor.	the fungal load in organs and blood of susceptible and resistant mice infected with paracoccidioides brasiliensis was quantitated by using the optical brightener blankophor and compared with cfu counts. fluorescent staining of fungal cells proved to be a quick and easy procedure, suitable for evaluation of paracoccidioidomycotic infection.	2003	12843109
involvement of prostaglandins in the immunosuppression occurring during experimental infection by paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	we investigated whether pge2 mediates the immunosuppression observed during paracoccidioides brasilensis infection. con-a-stimulated splenocytes, isolated from mice on days 15 and 60 of infection, release high amounts of pge2, this release was inhibited by the treatment of animals with indomethacin, sodium salicylate or meloxicam. the treatment of the animals with salicylate or meloxicam, but not indomethacin, enhanced the release of il-2 by splenocytes from animals on day 15, but not on day 60 ...	2002	12856313
the pfr1 gene from the human pathogenic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis encodes a half-abc transporter that is transcribed in response to treatment with fluconazole.	we have isolated a gene that encodes a half-abc-transporter, designated pfr1, from the dimorphic human pathogenic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis, which has high identity with members of the abc-superfamily involved in multidrug resistance. the pfr1 gene is predicted to encode a 827 amino acid protein that, in common with mammalian mdr1, has a tm-nbd topology. the transcription of the pfr1 gene is induced by the triazole drug fluconazole but not by amphotericin b, suggesting a role in trans ...	2003	12868056
chemokine production and leukocyte recruitment to the lungs of paracoccidioides brasiliensis-infected mice is modulated by interferon-gamma.	chemokines and chemokine receptors play a role in cell recruitment during granulomatous inflammatory reactions. here, we evaluated the expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors and their regulation by ifn-gamma in the course of paracoccidioides brasiliensis (pb) infection in mice. we found an association between kc and mip-1alpha (ccl3) production and neutrophil infiltration in the lungs of pb-infected mice during the early acute phase of infection. high levels of rantes/ccl5, mcp-1/ccl2, ...	2003	12875978
immunohistochemical demonstration of tgf-beta and decorin in paracoccidioidal granulomas.	different patterns of granulomas have been observed in 6- to 8-week-old mice after ip inoculation with 5 x 10(6) yeast cells of paracoccidioides brasiliensis. transforming growth factor-beta (tgf-beta) is a cytokine that has been shown to participate in fibrosis and granuloma formation; its activities seem to be modulated by the small proteoglycan decorin. in the present study, tgf-beta and decorin expression in epiploon granulomas was assessed by immunohistochemistry in susceptible (b10.a) and ...	2003	12886462
functional and genetic characterization of calmodulin from the dimorphic and pathogenic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	calmodulin (cam) modulates intracellular calcium signalling and acts on several metabolic pathways and gene expression regulation in many eukaryotic organisms including human fungal pathogens, such as candida albicans and histoplasma capsulatum. the temperature-dependent dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the aetiological agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm). the mycelium (m) to yeast (y) transition has been shown to be essential for establishment of the infection, although the p ...	2003	12892633
detection of circulating gp43 antigen in serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis.	paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm) is an important systemic fungal disease, particularly among individuals living and working in rural areas of endemicity in latin america, who, without antifungal therapy, may develop fatal acute or chronic infection. for such patients, the detection of antibody responses by immunodiffusion is of limited value due to false-negative results. in contrast, the detection of paracoccidioides brasiliensis gp43 circulating antigen may represent a more practical approach to t ...	2003	12904374
mining microorganism est databases in the quest for new proteins.	microorganisms with large genomes are commonly the subjects of single-round partial sequencing of cdna, generating expressed sequence tags (ests). usually there is a great distance between gene discovery by est projects and submission of amino acid sequences to public databases. we analyzed the relationship between available ests and protein sequences and used the sequences available in the secondary database, clusters of orthologous groups (cog), to investigate ests from eight microorganisms of ...	2003	12917813
dietary supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid, but not with eicosapentaenoic acid, reduces host resistance to fungal infection in mice.	the effect of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (dha) and eicosapentaenoic acid (epa) on host resistance to paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection was investigated. mice fed palm oil supplemented with dha showed reduced antifungal activity in the spleen and liver, as compared with mice fed palm oil or soybean oil without supplementation with dha. mice fed dha-supplemented soybean oil also showed reduced antifungal activity in the liver, but the extent of reduction was less profound. this reduction i ...	2003	12928111
s-adenosyl-l-methionine inhibitors delta(24)-sterol methyltransferase and delta(24(28))-sterol methylreductase as possible agents against paracoccidioides brasiliensis.	we studied the antiproliferative effects of three azasterol analogs [piperidyl-2-yl-5alpha-pregnan-3beta,20(r)-diol (aza-1), 22-piperidin-2-yl-pregnan-22(s),3beta-diol (aza-2), and 22-piperidin-3-yl-pregnan-22(s),3beta-diol (aza-3)] and their effects on the lipid composition of the pathogenic yeastlike phase of the dimorphic fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis. inhibition was 100% for aza-1 at 5 microm, 62% for aza-2 at 10 microm, and 100% for aza-3 at 0.5 microm. the analogs inhibited differen ...	2003	12937003
regulation of t helper cell differentiation in vivo by gp43 from paracoccidioides brasiliensis provided by different antigen-presenting cells.	paracoccidioidomycosis, endemic in latin america, is a progressive systemic mycosis caused by paracoccidioides brasiliensis. the infection can evolve into different clinical forms that are associated with various degrees of suppressed cell-mediated immunity. assuming that the effector immune response is a consequence of the preferential activation of either th1 or th2 subsets, in the present work we evaluated whether the nature of antigen-presenting cells (apcs) can influence the th1/th2 balance ...	2003	12950674
high frequency of paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection in armadillos (dasypus novemcinctus): an ecological study.	the fungus paracoccidioides brasiliensis has been isolated from nine-banded armadillos (dasypus novemcinctus) in different regions where paracoccidiodomycosis (pcm) is endemic. the link between pcm and these animals has provided the first valuable clue in the effort to elucidate the ecological niche of p. brasiliensis. the present study was aimed at correlating p. brasiliensis infection in armadillos with local ecological features and, if possible, the presence of the fungus in the soil in the b ...	2003	12964713
experimental paracoccidioidomycosis in dogs.	the aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of dogs to develop paracoccidioidomycosis by experimental infection. puppies were inoculated with paracoccidioides brasiliensis by an intravenous route and two out of four died 1 week postinoculation, showing, at histopathological analysis, granulomas in the lungs, spleen and liver. p. brasiliensis was isolated from these organs. the animals that survived the infection showed a strong reaction when skin was tested with gp43, a specific ant ...	2003	12964720
thymus invasion and atrophy induced by paracoccidioides brasiliensis in balb/c mice.	literature has shown that immunosuppression observed in systemic mycosis can be related to damage in primary lymphoid organs. we have studied the immunopathological alterations induced experimentally by paracoccidioides brasiliensis in these organs. in this work, thymic alterations induced in balb/c mice during acute and chronic stages of infection are described. it was observed that p. brasiliensis is able to invade the thymic microenvironment, inducing severe atrophy characterized by degenerat ...	2003	12964839
virulence profiles of ten paracoccidioides brasiliensis isolates obtained from armadillos (dasypus novemcinctus).	paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the etiologic agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm), the most important systemic mycosis in latin america. the armadillo, dasypus novemcinctus, has been confirmed as the primary natural reservoir of this fungus. its geographic distribution is similar to that of human pcm. in this study, virulence profiles of 10 p. brasiliensis isolates from different armadillos and of two clinical isolates were tested in an experimental hamster model. pathogenicity was evaluated ...	2003	12964840
synergistic antifungal effect of fluconazole and human polymorphonuclear leukocytes on paracoccidioides brasiliensis: effect of interferon-gamma and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.	to better understand the in vivo efficacy of fluconazole (fcz), we investigated the possible synergy of fungistatic fcz with human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn) against paracoccidioides brasiliensis (pb). the effect of interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (gm-csf) in this system was also studied. for this purpose, fcz, pmn, pmn + fcz, pmn + ifn-gamma, pmn + ifn-gamma + fcz, pmn + gm-csf and pmn + gm-csf + fcz were co-cultured with pb and the cfu ...	2003	12964845
negative immunodiffusion test results obtained with sera of paracoccidioidomycosis patients may be related to low-avidity immunoglobulin g2 antibodies directed against carbohydrate epitopes.	immunodiffusion (id) is the serologic test most frequently used for the diagnosis and posttherapy follow-up of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis (pcm). the id test is highly specific (100%), but its sensitivity is relatively low (90%), leading to false-negative results. the aim of this study was to determine the profiles of antibodies in sera from patients with proven pcm and with negative results in the id test (idneg) versus positive results in the id test (idpos). we analyzed 46 sera from ...	2003	12965908
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