| vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus in zoos using an adjuvanted inactivated h5n2 vaccine. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus infections have recently caused unprecedented morbidity and mortality in a wide range of avian species. european commission directive 2005/744/ec allowed vaccination in zoos under strict conditions, while reducing confinement measures. vaccination with a commercial h5n2 vaccine with vaccine doses adapted to mean body weight per species was safe, and proved immunogenic throughout the range of species tested, with some variations between and with ... | 2007 | 17403559 |
| epitope mapping of the hemagglutinin molecule of a highly pathogenic h5n1 influenza virus by using monoclonal antibodies. | we mapped the hemagglutinin (ha) antigenic epitopes of a highly pathogenic h5n1 influenza virus on the three-dimensional ha structure by characterizing escape mutants of a recombinant virus containing a/vietnam/1203/04 (h5n1) deltaha and neuraminidase genes in the genetic background of a/puerto rico/8/34 (h1n1) virus. the mutants were selected with a panel of eight anti-ha monoclonal antibodies (mabs), seven to a/vietnam/1203/04 (h5n1) virus and one to a/chicken/pennsylvania/8125/83 (h5n2) virus ... | 2007 | 17881439 |
| [tetravaccine--new fundamental approach to prevention of influenza pandemic]. | according to opinion of who's experts, development and use of tetravaccine, which contains both interdemic and pandemic (h5n1) serotypes of influenza viruses, is one of the most promising approaches to control possible influenza pandemic. results of recently obtained data from clinical trials allowed experts from who to make a conclusion that protective immunity against avian influenza virus can be achieved after 2-doses immunization, when the immune system will be primed to hemagglutinin after ... | 2007 | 17882832 |
| pathogenicity and transmission studies of h5n2 parrot avian influenza virus of mexican lineage in different poultry species. | in 2004, a low pathogenic h5n2 influenza virus (a/parrot/ca/6032/04) was identified in a psittacine bird for the first time in the united states. sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin gene grouped the parrot isolate under the mexican lineage h5n2 viruses (subgroup b) with highest similarity to recent chicken-origin isolates from guatemala. antigenic analysis further confirmed the close relatedness of the parrot isolate to mexican lineage viruses, the highest cross-reactivity be ... | 2008 | 18077111 |
| dual expression of the ha protein of h5n2 avian influenza virus in a baculovirus system. | baculovirus/insect cell system is used widely for recombinant protein production. the hemagglutinin (ha) gene of h5n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) 1209 strain and the enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) gene were cloned into pfastbac dual vector that has two promoters and cloning sites, allowing simultaneous expression of these two genes. the ha protein of aiv was fused with a hexahistidine (his6) tag for purification. the coexpression of egfp allowed identification of the recombinant bacul ... | 2006 | 16530857 |
| highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses with low virulence for chickens in in vivo tests. | four avian influenza viruses have been recognized that have genetic coding for highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, but do not show virulence for chickens. the two different mechanisms that prevent this potential being expressed have been determined for a/chicken/pennsylvania/1/83 (h5n2) and a/goose/guandong/2/96 (h5n1), but neither of these applies to a/turkey/england/87-92bfc/91 (h5n1) or a/chicken/texas/298313/04 (h5n2). | 2007 | 17899457 |
| ecology and epidemiology of avian influenza in north and south america. | wild waterfowl and shorebirds are known to be the natural reservoir for influenza a viruses. surveillance studies in waterfowl and shorebirds in north america show that influenza a viruses are repeatedly recovered from these birds. however, the virus recovery is influenced by geography, season, age and species of birds. in addition to the natural reservoir, the live-bird marketing system (lbms) in certain regions of the united states has been recognized as a man-made reservoir of influenza virus ... | 2006 | 16447492 |
| risk factors for the introduction of avian influenza virus into commercial layer chicken farms during the outbreaks caused by a low-pathogenic h5n2 virus in japan in 2005. | avian influenza outbreaks caused by a low-pathogenic h5n2 virus occurred in japan from june to december 2005. all 41 affected farms housed layer chickens. therefore, we conducted a case-control study targeting all commercial layer chicken farms within the movement restriction areas in ibaraki prefecture, where most outbreaks were detected, to investigate the risk factors for the introduction of avian influenza virus (aiv). four variables were identified as risk factors associated with the introd ... | 2007 | 18035971 |
| control and eradication strategies of avian influenza in mexico. | in december 1994, a highly pathogenic (hp) avian influenza (ai) outbreak occurred in mexico, caused by the subtype h5n2, affecting two main regions of egg and poultry-meat production. at that time, governmental actions included immediate stamping out of the affected flocks, disinfection of affected premises, quarantine measures in the region, strict movement controls on poultry and their products and vaccination. with these policies, the disease was eradicated in a relatively short time. the las ... | 2006 | 16450453 |
| low pathogenicity h5n2 avian influenza outbreak in japan during the 2005-2006. | at the end of may 2005, a low-pathogenicity avian influenza (lpai) virus of subtype h5n2 was isolated for the first time from chickens in japan. through active and epidemiological surveillance, 5.78 million chickens on 41 farms were found to be affected and 16 h5n2 viruses were isolated. antigenic analysis revealed antigenic similarity of these isolates. phylogenetic analysis showed that they originated from a common ancestor and clustered with the h5n2 strains prevalent in central america that ... | 2007 | 17524576 |
| effect of selection for phagocytosis in dwarf chickens on immune and reproductive characters. | in current study, phagocytosis product (pp) of peripheral blood monocytes was detected among 920 dwarf chickens (460 per sex) at 20 wk of age, and based on discrepancies of pp, the flock was grouped (the highest group, the medium group, and the lowest group). then serum hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers and subpopulations of t-lymphocytes of each group were examined after inoculations of avian influenza virus h5n2 inactivated vaccine (20 wk of age), avian influenza virus h9 inactivated ... | 2008 | 18079448 |
| [complex of recombinant heat shock protein with lipopolysaccharide induces rapid protection of mice against salmonella typhimurium and avirulent for humans avian influenza virus h5n2]. | protective effect of immunization with heat shock protein (hsp) against bacterial and viral infections in mice was studied. recombinant hsp 70 kda of mycobacterium tuberculosis contaminated with lypopolysaccharide (0.185 mcg/ml) was used for experiments. one intraperitoneal injection of 100 or 400 mcg of hsp induced rapid protection against intraperitoneal challen e with 125 ld50 of salmonella typhimurium (on 3rd-6th day) and against intranasal challenge with 10 ld50 of avirulent for humans avia ... | 2007 | 18283735 |
| avian influenza: genetic evolution under vaccination pressure. | antigenic drift of avian influenza viruses (aivs) has been observed in chickens after extended vaccination program, similar to those observed with human influenza viruses. to evaluate the evolutionary properties of endemic aiv under high vaccination pressure (around 2 billion doses used in the last 12 years), we performed a pilot phylogenic analysis of the hemagglutinin (ha) gene of aivs isolated from 1994 to 2006. this study demonstrates that mexican low pathogenicity (lp) h5n2-aivs are constan ... | 2008 | 18218105 |
| immunization with influenza a np-expressing vaccinia virus recombinant protects mice against experimental infection with human and avian influenza viruses. | two-fold immunization of balb/c mice with a vaccinia virus recombinant expressing the np protein of influenza a/pr8/34 (h1n1) virus under the control of a strong synthetic promoter induced specific antibodies and protected animals against low-dose challenge by mouse-adapted heterosubtypic variants of human a/aichi2/68 (h3n2) and avian a/mallard/pennsylvania/10218/84 (h5n2) influenza virus strains. the surviving immunized animals had lower anti-hemagglutinin antibody titers compared to non-immuni ... | 2006 | 16292596 |
| [the inoculative properties of cold-adapted reassortant a(h5n2) influenza strain during intranasal administration to mice]. | classical genetic reassortant techniques were used to have a cold-adapted (ca) reassortant a/17/duck/potsdam/86/92 (h5n2) that inherited the hemagglutinin (ha) gene from the nonpathogenic avian virus a/duck/potsdam/ 1402-6186 (h5n2) and the genes of neuraminidase (na) and non-glycated proteins from the ca attenuation donor a/leningrad/134/17/57 (h2n2). all experiments were performed under increased biological protection (bsv-3+). the reassortant and parent h5n2 virus were non-pathogenic to balb/ ... | 2007 | 17722607 |
| characterization of a newly developed chicken 44k agilent microarray. | the development of microarray technology has greatly enhanced our ability to evaluate gene expression. in theory, the expression of all genes in a given organism can be monitored simultaneously. sequencing of the chicken genome has provided the crucial information for the design of a comprehensive chicken transcriptome microarray. a long oligonucleotide microarray has been manually curated and designed by our group and manufactured using agilent inkjet technology. this provides a flexible and po ... | 2008 | 18237426 |
| receptor specificity of h5 influenza virus escape mutants. | the binding of viruses to synthetic polyacrylamide (paa)-based sialylglycoconjugates was used to characterize the receptor specificities of antibody escape mutants of the influenza virus a/mallard/pennsylvania/10218/84 (h5n2). the sialylglycoconjugates that were used carried identical terminal neu5acalpha2-3gal moieties but differed in the structure of the next saccharide residue(s). our data show that mutations in the vicinity of the haemagglutinin (ha) receptor-binding site (rbs) effect the re ... | 2004 | 15019242 |
| protective efficacy of several vaccines against highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus under experimental conditions. | although several vaccines have been developed to protect against highly pathogenic avian influenza of subtype h5n1 'asia' their efficiency has primarily been assessed individually. thus, a direct comparison of their performance is still lacking. the following study was conducted to compare the protective efficacy of three commercially available inactivated vaccines based on influenza virus strains of subtypes h5n2 (vaccine a), h5n9 (vaccine b), and h5n3 (vaccine c), as well as two hemagglutinin ... | 2008 | 18291561 |
| [optimization of the gene composition of influenza h5 virus hemagglutinin-containing reassortants and their efficacy in immune cross-protection experiments]. | the reassortant described in the authors' previous paper contained 6 genes originating from the high-yield virus a/puerto rico/8/34 (h1n1) and the genes of hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) of the low-pathogenic avian influenza a/duck/primorie/2621/2001 (h5n2) (6:2 reassortant). the reassortant was used for the backcrossing with the parent avian virus in order to optimize the gene composition. genotyping of the highest-yield second-generation reassortment indicated that it had obtained t ... | 2008 | 18318131 |
| development of vaccine strains of h5 and h7 influenza viruses. | to establish vaccine strains of h5 and h7 influenza viruses, a/duck/hokkaido/vac-1/04 (h5n1) [vac-1/04 (h5n1)], a/duck/hokkaido/vac-3/07 (h5n1) [vac-3/07 (h5n1)], and a/duck/hokkaido/ vac-2/04 (h7n7) [vac-2/04 (h7n7)] were generated from non-pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from migratory ducks. vac-1/04 (h5n1) and vac-3/07 (h5n1) were generated by genetic reassortment between h5n2 or h5n3 virus as an ha gene provider and h7n1 or h6n1 viruses as an na gene provider. vac-2/04 (h7n7) wa ... | 2008 | 18318111 |
| surveillance of avian influenza viruses in northern pintails (anas acuta) in tohoku district, japan. | among winter migratory waterfowl, northern pintails (anas acuta), in one of the largest flocks in tohoku district, northeast japan, were surveyed for influenza a viruses at five wintering sites in three prefectures, viz., aomori, akita, and miyagi. a total of 38 influenza a viruses were isolated from 2066 fecal samples collected during november 2006 through march 2007. the overall isolation rate was 1.84%. eleven different subtypes were isolated, including nine h5n2, seven h6n8, seven h10n1, fou ... | 2008 | 18459295 |
| level of protection of chickens against highly pathogenic h5 avian influenza virus with newcastle disease virus based live attenuated vector vaccine depends on homology of h5 sequence between vaccine and challenge virus. | vaccination of poultry against avian influenza is of high priority, in particular after the dramatic spread of subtype h5n1 in asia, africa and europe. newcastle disease virus (ndv) has been developed as a vector for the expression of the main immunogen of avian influenza virus, hemagglutinin (ha). an ndv vector based vaccine has several advantages. it allows easy serological differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals by the detection of antibodies against non-ha influenza proteins. ... | 2008 | 18395947 |
| influenza h5 virus escape mutants: immune protection and antibody production in mice. | avian h5n1 influenza a viruses are considered to be of high pandemic potential as they are able to cross the avian-human species barrier and cause disease in humans. in the present study we assessed the impact of amino acid substitutions in the hemagglutinin (ha) of antigenic escape mutants of influenza a/mallard/pennsylvania/10218/84 (h5n2) (mld/pa/84-ma) virus on the level of neutralizing antibodies and the ability to protect mice against challenge with the wild type h5 influenza virus. beta-p ... | 2004 | 14749187 |
| update on molecular epidemiology of h1, h5, and h7 influenza virus infections in poultry in north america. | avian influenza is endemic in wild birds in north america, and the virus routinely has been transmitted from this reservoir to poultry. influenza, once introduced into poultry, can become endemic within the poultry population. it may be successfully eradicated by human intervention, or the virus may fail to successfully spread on its own. in the last 5 yr, influenza virus has been isolated from poultry in the united states on numerous occasions, and, with the use of molecular epidemiology, the r ... | 2003 | 14575082 |
| isolation of influenza a virus, subtype h5n2, and avian paramyxovirus type 1 from a flock of ostriches in europe. | a total of 146 of 506 ostriches (struthio camelus) introduced into a quarantine in denmark died within the first 23 days. the majority of deaths were in young birds up to 10 kg body weight. avian influenza a viruses (aivs) were isolated from 14 pools of organ tissues representing seven groups each of three or four ostriches, which died over the first 3 weeks. the aivs were detected in respiratory tissues, kidneys and intestines. all were subtype h5n2. the intravenous pathogenicity index of each ... | 1998 | 18483960 |
| experimental assessment of the pathogenicity of two avian influenza a h5 viruses in ostrich chicks (struthio camelus) and chickens. | virus excretion, immune response, and, for chickens, deaths were recorded in 3-week-old ostriches and chickens inoculated by either the intramuscular or intranasal route with one of two influenza a viruses of subtype h5. one of the viruses, a/turkey/england/50-92/91 (h5n1) (50/92), was highly pathogenic for chickens causing 5/5 deaths by each route of inoculation. the other virus, a/ostrich/denmark-q/72420/96 (h5n2) (72420/96), isolated from ostriches in quarantine in denmark during 1996, was of ... | 1998 | 18484019 |
| h5 antibody detection by blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a monoclonal antibody. | many commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) are unable to differentiate antibody responses to different avian influenza virus (aiv) subtypes. developing an elisa for specifically detecting the h5 antibody is the purpose of this study. four monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were raised using a/duck/yunlin/04 (h5n2). they were confirmed as being specific to h5. two of these antibodies showed hemagglutination inhibition (hi) activity using the hi test. using immunodot blot assays, three ... | 2008 | 18459308 |
| human h5n2 avian influenza infection in japan and the factors associated with high h5n2-neutralizing antibody titer. | h5n2 avian influenza virus infection of humans has not been reported thus far. the first h5n2 avian influenza infection of poultry in japan occurred in ibaraki. | 2008 | 18603824 |
| structure of antigenic sites on the haemagglutinin molecule of h5 avian influenza virus and phenotypic variation of escape mutants. | to elucidate the structure of the antigenic sites of avian h5 influenza virus haemagglutinin (ha) we analysed escape mutants of a mouse-adapted variant of the h5n2 strain a/mallard/pennsylvania/10218/84. a panel of five anti-h5 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) was used to select 16 escape mutants. the mutants were tested by elisa and haemagglutination inhibition with this panel of anti-h5 mabs and the ha genes of the mutants were sequenced. the sequencing demonstrated that the amino acid changes wer ... | 2002 | 12237433 |
| surveillance of avian and swine influenza in the swine population in taiwan, 2004. | we conducted serological and virological surveillance of pig farms in taiwan from areas epidemic for low pathogenic avian influenza virus (aiv), h5n2 subtype, in order to determine the prevalence of aiv and swine influenza virus (siv) in 2004. | 2008 | 18629419 |
| humoral immune response to avian influenza vaccination over a six-month period in different species of captive wild birds. | in december 2005, the four major swiss zoos carried out the vaccination of selected zoo birds with the adjuvant inactivated vaccine h5n2 nobilis influenza. pre- and post-vaccination antibody titers were determined either by hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test (non-galliformes) or by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) (galliformes) at week 0, 5, 10, and 26 (day 0-1, 35-36, 70-71, and 182 respectively) to determine the humoral immune response to h5 antigen. after the first vaccination, th ... | 2008 | 18646450 |
| efficacy of avridine and liposomes as adjuvants for avian influenza virus antigens in turkeys. | four-week-old turkeys were vaccinated with h4n8, h5n2 and h7n3 inactivated avian influenza viruses (aiv) in one of the following adjuvants: avridine, positively charged liposomal avridine, liposomal avridine with covalent attachment to the aiv antigens and oil-emulsion; and without any adjuvant. two vaccinations were given at a 4-week interval. antibody concentrations in sera and in respiratory lavages were measured over a period of 8 weeks. the turkeys responded with high cumulative geometric m ... | 1992 | 18670935 |
| preliminary evaluation of diagnostic tests for avian influenza using the markov chain monte carlo (mcmc) method in an emergency surveillance. | in june 2005, an outbreak of avian influenza (ai) caused by a low pathogenic h5n2 virus was identified in japan. a serological surveillance was conducted because the infected chickens did not show any clinical signs. the markov chain monte carlo method was used to evaluate the performances of serological hi and agp tests because there was not enough time when the surveillance was initiated to conduct a test evaluation. the sensitivity of the agp test (0.67) was lower than that of the hi test (0. ... | 2007 | 17611370 |
| experimental assessment of the pathogenicity of eight avian influenza a viruses of h5 subtype for chickens, turkeys, ducks and quail. | clinical signs, death, virus excretion and immune response were measured in 2-week-old chickens, turkeys, quail and ducks infected by intramuscular, intranasal and contact routes with eight influenza viruses of h5 subtype. six of the viruses: a/chicken/scotland/59 (h5n1), ck/scot; a/tern/south africa/61 (h5n3), tern/sa; a/turkey/ontario/ 7732/66 (h5n9); ty/ont; a/chicken/pennsylvania/1370/83 (h5n2); pa/1370; a/turkey/ireland/83 (h5n8); ty/ireland, and a/duck/ireland/ 113/84 (hsn8); dk/ireland, w ... | 1986 | 18766567 |
| influenza surveillance in birds in italian wetlands (1992-1998): is there a host restricted circulation of influenza viruses in sympatric ducks and coots? | we report the results of a 6-year serological and virological monitoring performed in ducks and coots in italy, in order to assess the degree of influenza a virus circulation in these birds during wintering. a total of 1039 sera collected from 1992 to 1998 was screened by a double antibody sandwich blocking elisa (np-elisa): seroprevalence of antibodies to influenza a viruses was significantly higher in ducks compared to coots (52.2% vs. 7.1%, respectively). the hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) ... | 2004 | 15036528 |
| transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus in pekin ducks is significantly reduced by a genetically distant h5n2 vaccine. | domestic ducks play an important role in the epidemiology of h5n1 avian influenza. although it is known that vaccines that have a high homology with the challenge virus are able to prevent infection in ducks, little is yet known about the ability of genetically more distant vaccines in preventing infection, disease, and transmission. here we study the effect of a widely used h5n2 vaccine (a/chicken/mexico/232/94/cpa) on the transmission of h5n1 virus (a/chicken/china/1204/04) in ducks. the quant ... | 2008 | 18848343 |
| efficient capture of infectious h5 avian influenza virus utilizing magnetic beads coated with anionic polymer. | the possible emergence of a pandemic influenza virus from the avian influenza virus (aiv) has become a serious threat. the isolation of viruses will be crucial for further virological analysis and the development of vaccines. however, currently, there is no simple method for facilitating the isolation of infectious aiv. here, we have developed a simple method of capturing aiv using anionic magnetic beads. the method employed the capture of aiv (h5n1, h5n2, and h5n3) from liquid samples such as a ... | 2008 | 18823941 |
| antigenic and genetic analysis of h5 influenza viruses isolated from water birds for the purpose of vaccine use. | in order to prepare h5n1 influenza virus vaccine, the hemagglutinins (has) of 14 h5 virus isolates from water birds in asia were antigenically and genetically analyzed. phylogenetic analysis of the h5 ha genes revealed that 13 isolates belong to eurasian and the other one to north american lineages. each of the deduced amino acid sequences of the has indicated a non-pathogenic profile. antigenic analysis using a panel of monoclonal antibodies recognizing six different epitopes on the ha of a/duc ... | 2008 | 18932020 |
| protection against mouse and avian influenza a strains via vaccination with a combination of conserved proteins np, m1 and ns1. | experimental data accumulated over more than a decade indicate that cross-strain protection against influenza may be achieved by immunization with conserved influenza proteins. at the same time, the efficacy of immunization schemes designed along these lines and involving internal influenza proteins, mostly np and m1, has not been sufficient. | 2007 | 18784792 |
| field study on the use of inactivated h5n2 vaccine in avian species. | | 2005 | 16157578 |
| detection of circulating asian h5n1 viruses by a newly established monoclonal antibody. | monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the recently emerged asian h5n1 virus (a/crow/kyoto/53/2004) were generated. from five anti-hemagglutinin (ha) mabs, four antibodies (3c11, 4c12, 3h12, and 3h4) broadly in vitro recognized and neutralized h5 subtypes, including h5n1. by contrast, the 4g6 mab specifically reacted with h5n1-ha and not with h5n2- or h5n3-has from previous epidemics. the 4g6 mab was useful for immunofluorescence assays but not for immunoblotting, suggesting that this antibody rec ... | 2009 | 19010309 |
| characterization of adaptation of an avian influenza a (h5n2) virus to a mammalian host. | we have used the mouse model to monitor the acquisition of virulence of a non-pathogenic influenza a virus upon adaptation to a new mammalian host. an avian strain, a/mallard duck/pennsylvania/10218/84 (h5n2) (mld/pa/84) was adapted to mice by 23 serial lung-to-lung passages until a highly virulent mouse-adapted (ma) variant (mld/pa/84-ma) emerged. this ma variant was characterized and compared to the parental strain as well as some of its intermediate passage variants. ma variant caused broncho ... | 2000 | 10989685 |
| prevention and treatment of bronchopneumonia in mice caused by mouse-adapted variant of avian h5n2 influenza a virus using monoclonal antibody against conserved epitope in the ha stem region. | the effects of monoclonal antibody (mab) c179 recognizing a conformational epitope in the middle of the hemagglutinine (ha) stem region were examined in a mouse model in the experiments of prevention and treatment of lethal bronchopneumonia caused by influenza a virus of h5 subtype. to model the lethal infection, avian nonpathogenic strain a/mallard duck/pennsylvania/10218/84 (h5n2) was adapted to mice. this resulted in highly pathogenic pneumovirulent mouse-adapted (ma) variant, which was chara ... | 2000 | 11003481 |
| post-reassortment amino acid change in the hemagglutinin of a human-avian influenza h5n1 reassortant virus alters its antigenic specificity. | it was shown earlier that the reassortant influenza virus having hemagglutinin (ha) gene of a/duck/primorie/2621/2001 (h5n2) virus and 7 genes of a/puerto rico/8/34 (h1n1) virus produced low yields in embryonated chicken eggs. we found that a variant reassortant selected by serial passages in eggs produced higher yields than the initial reassortant. the variant reassortant had an amino acid substitution in the hemagglutinin n244d (h3 numbering). in this report we demonstrated that the post-reass ... | 2008 | 18999893 |
| h5n1 avian influenza virus induces apoptotic cell death in mammalian airway epithelial cells. | in recent years, the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n1 has raised serious worldwide concern about an influenza pandemic; however, the biology of h5n1 pathogenesis is largely unknown. to elucidate the mechanism of h5n1 pathogenesis, we prepared primary airway epithelial cells from alveolar tissues from 1-year-old pigs and measured the growth kinetics of three avian h5 influenza viruses (a/crow/kyoto/53/2004 [h5n1], a/duck/hong kong/342/78 [h5n2], and a/duck/hong kong/820/80 [h5n3]), th ... | 2008 | 18787012 |
| [chitosan as an adjuvant for parenteral inactivated influenza vaccines]. | addition of 0.5% chitosan derivative to parenteral inactivated influenza vaccines increased antibody titers in the single immunization of mice by 4-5 times while double immunization showed 6-to-10-fold increases as compared with immunization without chitosan. moreover, chitosan-containing vaccines induced the generation of antibodies to the drift variants of influenza virus. when the mice were given inactivated influenza virus a/h5n2 vaccine containing chitosan, immunogenicity and protective eff ... | 2008 | 19069787 |
| [monitoring influenza a virus and newcastle disease virus in migratory waterfowls in sanjiang natural reserve of heilongjiang province]. | in order to monitor the present situation of avian influenza virus (aiv) and newcastle disease virus (ndv) in migratory waterfowls effectively, 158 tracheal and cloacal swab samples for wild birds were collected from sanjiang natural reserve during migratory seasons in october 2005, april 2006 and october 2006. | 2008 | 19160826 |
| assessment of the pathogenicity of an emu-origin influenza a h5 virus in ostriches (struthio camelus). | ostriches were inoculated with a laboratory-derived highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus of emu origin, a/emu/tx/39924/93 (h5n2) clone c1b. the aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenicity of this isolate for ostriches and assess the ability of routine virological and serological tests to detect infection. avian influenza virus (aiv) was isolated from cloacal and tracheal swabs from 2 to 12 days post-infection. aiv was also isolated from brain, thymus, eyelid, spleen, ovary/test ... | 2001 | 19184878 |
| distinct pathogenesis of hong kong-origin h5n1 viruses in mice compared to that of other highly pathogenic h5 avian influenza viruses. | in 1997, an outbreak of virulent h5n1 avian influenza virus occurred in poultry in hong kong (hk) and was linked to a direct transmission to humans. the factors associated with transmission of avian influenza virus to mammals are not fully understood, and the potential risk of other highly virulent avian influenza a viruses infecting and causing disease in mammals is not known. in this study, two avian and one human hk-origin h5n1 virus along with four additional highly pathogenic h5 avian influ ... | 2000 | 10627555 |
| protective efficacy of vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza is dramatically suppressed by early infection of chickens with reticuloendotheliosis virus. | the present study was conducted to understand epidemiological factors that depress the protective efficacy of vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai). specific pathogen free chickens were infected at different ages with immunosuppressive reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), then vaccinated with inactivated vaccine h5n2 and challenged with hpai h5n1. compared with control birds, early rev infection significantly inhibited antibody response to h5n2 vaccine and dramatically decre ... | 2009 | 19145513 |
| acquisition of a polybasic hemagglutinin cleavage site by a low-pathogenic avian influenza virus is not sufficient for immediate transformation into a highly pathogenic strain. | highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) differ from all other strains by a polybasic cleavage site in their hemagglutinin. all these hpaiv share the h5 or h7 subtype. in order to investigate whether the acquisition of a polybasic cleavage site by an avirulent avian influenza virus strain with a hemagglutinin other than h5 or h7 is sufficient for immediate transformation into an hpaiv, we adapted the hemagglutinin cleavage site of a/duck/ukraine/1/1963 (h3n8) to that of the hpaiv a/chic ... | 2009 | 19297482 |
| a rapid and sensitive real-time reverse transcription pcr for the pathotyping of south african h5n2 avian influenza viruses. | a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret) real-time reverse-transcription (rrt-pcr) assay was developed that distinguishes stains of south african and european highly pathogenic (hpai) from low pathogenicity (lpai) h5 avian influenza viruses in the absence of virus isolation, irrespective of the length of insertion at the hemagglutinin cleavage site (h0). the assay was used to pathotype h5-type viruses detected by rrt-pcr in ostrich tracheal swabs collected during the 2006 hpai h5n2 outbre ... | 2008 | 19294990 |
| inactivation of avian influenza virus h5n2 in acidified chicken pulp. | | 2009 | 19395719 |
| [circulation of the influenza a virus of h13 serosubtype among seagulls in the northern caspian (1979-1985)]. | the results of seven-year ecologo-virological studies (1979-1985) of laridae colonies on the island zhemchuzhnyi, northern kaspian sea, showed annual isolation of influenza a viruses. altogether, 95 hemagglutinating agent have been isolated. strains with 4 different combinations of surface antigens were identified: h5n2, h13n2, h13n3, h13n6. the possibility of transovarial transmission is confirmed by the fact of isolation of an influenza virus strain a/black-headed herring gull/astrakhan/458/85 ... | 1989 | 2531497 |
| a type-specific avian influenza virus subunit vaccine for turkeys: induction of protective immunity to challenge infection. | the fraction np/ha (nucleoprotein/haemagglutinin) obtained from n-octyl-beta-d-glucopyranoside-treated influenza a h5n2 virus was highly enriched for np with residual haemagglutinin. this preparation was incorporated in iscoms. this potent 'immunostimulating complex' induced the production of high antibody titres in turkeys. the np/ha iscoms preparation was found to protect turkeys from both homologous and heterologous challenge infection as shown by reduced viral titres in the lung and trachea ... | 1994 | 7887025 |
| protection of chickens against avian influenza with nonreplicating adenovirus-vectored vaccine. | protective immunity against avian influenza (ai) virus has been elicited in chickens by single-dose in ovo or i.m. vaccination with a replication-competent adenovirus (ad)-free human ad vector encoding the ai virus a/turkey/wisconsin/68 h5 (adtw68. h5) or the a/chicken/new york/94 h7 (adchny94. h7) hemagglutinin (ha). the adtw68.h5-vaccinated chickens were protected against both h5n1 and h5n2 highly pathogenic ai virus challenges. the adchny94. h7-vaccinated chickens were protected against an h7 ... | 2009 | 19276437 |
| sialivac: an intranasal homologous inactivated split virus vaccine containing bacterial sialidase for the control of avian influenza in poultry. | a simple, effective inactivated avian flu vaccine composed of three homologous highly pathogenic (hp) h5n1 strains combined with clostridium perfringens type a 107 sialidase/neuramindase and chitosan as a trans epithelial carrier adjuvant applied intranasally to poultry is described. poultry were vaccinated with an inactivated, solvent split, chitosan adjuvanted intranasal (in) vaccine with and without c. perfringens sialidase and the resulting serum igg antibody measured by haemagglutination in ... | 2009 | 19406183 |
| a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus replicon vaccine protects chickens from highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (h7n1). | highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) of subtypes h5 and h7 cause fatal disease in poultry (fowl plague) but also have zoonotic potential. currently commercially available vaccines often do not provide sufficient protection and do not allow easy discrimination between vaccinated and infected birds. therefore, vaccination of domestic poultry against h5 and h7 hpaiv is not allowed in many countries, or is only possible after special permission has been provided. we generated a recombin ... | 2009 | 19135116 |
| estimation of transmission parameters of h5n1 avian influenza virus in chickens. | despite considerable research efforts, little is yet known about key epidemiological parameters of h5n1 highly pathogenic influenza viruses in their avian hosts. here we show how these parameters can be estimated using a limited number of birds in experimental transmission studies. our quantitative estimates, based on bayesian methods of inference, reveal that (i) the period of latency of h5n1 influenza virus in unvaccinated chickens is short (mean: 0.24 days; 95% credible interval: 0.099-0.48 d ... | 2009 | 19180190 |
| induction and activity of class ii-restricted, lyt-2+ cytolytic t lymphocytes specific for the influenza h5 hemagglutinin. | in influenza a virus infections, ctl are a significant component of the host immune response which limits viral replication and promotes recovery. to examine the ctl response to the influenza virus a/ty/ont/7732/66[h5n9], particularly the h5 hemagglutinin, a long term ctl line was generated from spleen cells of a/ty/ont-immune balb/c [h-2d] mice secondarily stimulated in vitro with a/ty/cal/hurst-2/71[h5n2]. this ctl line was highly specific for influenza viruses of the h5 subtype. from this lin ... | 1989 | 2466897 |
| association of increased pathogenicity of asian h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in chickens with highly efficient viral replication accompanied by early destruction of innate immune responses. | the asian h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses have been increasing in pathogenicity in diverse avian species since 1996 and are now widespread in asian, european, and african countries. to better understand the basis of the increased pathogenicity of recent asian h5n1 hpai viruses in chickens, we compared the fevers and mean death times (mdts) of chickens infected with the asian h5n1 a/chicken/yamaguchi/7/04 (ckym7) strain with those infected with the h5n1 duck/yokohama/aq10/03 ... | 2009 | 19457987 |
| a quantitative measurement of the effect of avian influenza virus on the ability of turkeys to eliminate pasteurella multocida from the respiratory tract. | the effect of avian influenza virus (aiv) infection on the ability of turkeys to eliminate pasteurella multocida from the respiratory tract was evaluated. four-week-old turkeys were experimentally infected with an apathogenic aiv subtype (h5n2) by the oculonasal route and subsequently superinfected with p multocida (urbach strain) by the intranasal route three days after infection with aiv. quantitative clearance of p multocida from the trachea and lung was determined using a pour plate techniqu ... | 1991 | 1780577 |
| safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of poxvirus-based vector vaccines expressing the haemagglutinin gene of a highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus in pigs. | this study investigates the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of different pox-vector vaccines expressing the haemagglutinin of a highly pathogenic (hp) h5n1 avian influenza virus (aiv) (a/chicken/indonesia/7/03) in pigs. pigs were vaccinated twice, with a 4-week interval, with a fowlpox (trovac), a canarypox (alvac), or a vaccinia (nyvac) vector vaccine combined with an oil-in-water adjuvant, with the unadjuvanted nyvac, or left unvaccinated. six weeks after the second vaccination, all pigs w ... | 2009 | 19428840 |
| virologic findings in selected free-range mule duck farms at high risk for avian influenza infection. | prevalence of avian influenza infection in free-range mule ducks (a cross between muscovy [cairina moschata domesticus] and pekin ducks [anas platyrhychos domesticus]) is a matter of concern and deserves particular attention. thus, cloacal swabs were collected blindly from 30 targeted mule flocks at 4, 8, and 12 wk of age between october 2004 and january 2005. they were stored until selection. on the basis of a positive h5 antibody detection at 12 wk of age with the use of four h5 antigens, the ... | 2007 | 17494595 |
| influenza virus surveillance in wild birds in italy: results of laboratory investigations in 2003-2005. | following the avian influenza (ai) epidemics occurring in different areas of the world, a surveillance program funded by the italian ministry of health was implemented. in the framework of this program, an investigation of wild birds was carried out to assess the circulation of ai viruses in their natural reservoir. more than 3000 samples, mainly cloacal swabs, were collected from migratory wild birds belonging to the orders anseriformes and charadriiformes. samples were screened by means of a r ... | 2007 | 17494596 |
| avian influenza virus screening in wild waterfowl in norway, 2005. | the prevalence of influenza a virus infection, and the distribution of different subtypes of the virus, were studied in 604 geese and ducks shot during ordinary hunting 2005. the study was based upon molecular screening of cloacal swabs taken by the hunters. the sampling included the following species: greylag (anser anser), mallard (anas platyrhynchos), wigeon (anas penelope), teal (anas crecca), goosander (mergus merganser), tufted duck (aythya fuligula), common scoter (melanitta nigra), golde ... | 2007 | 17494599 |
| relationship between h5n2 avian influenza viruses isolated from wild and domestic ducks in british columbia, canada. | in the summer of 2005 a canadian national surveillance program for influenza a viruses in wild aquatic birds was initiated. the program involved collaboration between federal and provincial levels of government and was coordinated by the canadian cooperative wildlife health centre. the surveillance plan targeted young-of-the-year mallards along with other duck species at six sampling locations along the major migratory flyways across canada. beginning in early august, cloacal swabs were taken fr ... | 2007 | 17494600 |
| live vaccination with an h5-hemagglutinin-expressing infectious laryngotracheitis virus recombinant protects chickens against different highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the h5 subtype. | recently, we described an infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv, gallid herpesvirus 1) recombinant, which had been attenuated by deletion of the viral dutpase gene ul50, and abundantly expressed the hemagglutinin (ha) gene of a h5n1 type highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) of vietnamese origin. in the present study, efficacy of this vectored vaccine (iltv-deltaul50ih5v) against different h5 hpaiv was evaluated in 6-week-old chickens. after a single ocular immunization all animals ... | 2009 | 19573638 |
| characterisation of a highly pathogenic influenza a virus of subtype h5n2 isolated from ostriches in south africa in 2004. | the hpai h5n2 strain that caused an outbreak in ostriches of the eastern cape province, south africa in 2004 was characterized. | 2009 | 19496843 |
| replication and pathogenesis associated with h5n1, h5n2, and h5n3 low-pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in chickens and ducks. | a comparative study examining replication and disease pathogenesis associated with low-pathogenic h5n1, h5n2, or h5n3 avian influenza virus (aiv) infection of chickens and ducks was performed. the replication and pathogenesis of highly pathogenic aiv (hpaiv) has received substantial attention; however, the behavior of low-pathogenic aivs, which serve as precursors to hpaivs, has received less attention. thus, chickens or ducks were inoculated with an isolate from a wild bird [a/mute swan/mi/4510 ... | 2009 | 19575275 |
| the cleavage of the hemagglutinin protein of h5n2 avian influenza virus in yeast. | influenza viruses belonging to the orthomyxoviridae family are enveloped viruses with segmented negative sense rna genome surrounded by a helical symmetry shell. influenza viruses, especially the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpai) such as h5 or h7 subtype are important pathogens for the poultry industry. due to genetic reassortments between avian and human influenza viruses, global pandemics may emerge and the naive human immunity could not be ready for them. the full-length ha-encod ... | 2007 | 17727967 |
| an inactivated h5n2 vaccine reduces transmission of highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus among native chickens. | vaccination against h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza in endemically affected areas is a potentially attractive option for local prevention and control. in indonesia the majority of local outbreaks have occurred in back yard flocks with native chickens, and it is therefore of interest to determine whether these birds can be protected against infection by vaccination. to this end two transmission experiments were carried out with h5n1 virus (a/chicken/legok/2003) in vaccinated and unvaccinat ... | 2009 | 19428896 |
| circulation of influenza viruses and paramyxoviruses in waterfowl originating from two different areas of north america. | migratory waterfowl and shore birds harbour a wide range of influenza viruses, some of which have been implicated in influenza outbreaks in mammals and domestic birds. in the present study, a comparison was made of two marshalling areas for different migratory flyways of waterfowl in north america over a 6-8-year period. virtually all known influenza subtypes were isolated and the predominant subtype changed from year to year. a marked difference between the two locations was that the predominan ... | 1985 | 3878741 |
| phenotypic, genetic, and phylogeographical characterization of avian influenza virus subtype h5n2 isolated from northern pintail (anas acuta) in japan. | intercontinental movements of northern pintail (anas acuta) ducks wintering in japan create a high-risk of both incursion and dispersion of avian influenza viruses (aivs) that circulate in the ducks' breeding grounds in siberia and alaska. this predisposition is likely amplified by bi-directional conveyance of aivs between japan and china. in this study, h5n2 viruses were characterized by means of ha cleavage site sequencing and found to be low pathogenic. through entire genome analysis, as well ... | 2009 | 19635509 |
| co-administration of inactivated avian influenza virus with cpg or ril-2 strongly enhances the local immune response after intranasal immunization in chicken. | intranasal delivery of vaccines is the most effective means of inducing effective immunity in the upper respiratory tract as well as other mucosal lymphoid tissues. to evaluate the effects of the h5n2 inactivated virus with adjuvant, 120 one-day-old chicks were intranasal immunized with the h5n2 inactivated virus respectively mixed with adjuvant cpg or recombinant il-2 (ril-2). the local immunocompetent cells on the respiratory tract were detected. the results showed that the number of intraepit ... | 2009 | 19647063 |
| spatial analysis of low pathogenic h5n2 avian influenza outbreaks in japan in 2005. | we conducted a spatial analysis of low pathogenic h5n2 avian influenza (ai) outbreaks, that affected 41 chicken farms in japan in 2005. a statistically significant (p=0.001) cluster of ai-positive farms was identified in the central part of ibaraki prefecture. inside the ai cluster, the density was high for both chicken farms and chicken population, the proportion of layer finisher type farms was high and the farm size was large. we considered it important to take precautions for ai outbreaks in ... | 2009 | 19652489 |
| comparative efficacy of north american and antigenically matched reverse genetics derived h5n9 diva marker vaccines against highly pathogenic asian h5n1 avian influenza viruses in chickens. | highly pathogenic (hp) h5n1 avian influenza has become endemic in several countries in asia and africa, and vaccination is being widely used as a control tool. however, there is a need for efficacious vaccines preferably utilizing a diva (differentiate infected from vaccinated animals) marker strategy to allow for improved surveillance of influenza in vaccinated poultry. using a reverse genetics approach, we generated asian rgh5n9 vaccine strain deriving the hemagglutinin gene from a/chicken/ind ... | 2009 | 19686695 |
| surveillance for high pathogenicity avian influenza virus in wild birds in the pacific flyway of the united states, 2006-2007. | in 2006 the u.s. department of agriculture, u.s. department of interior, and cooperating state fish and wildlife agencies began surveillance for high-pathogenicity avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus in wild birds in the pacific flyway of the united states. this surveillance effort was highly integrated in california, oregon, washington, idaho, nevada, arizona, utah, and western montana, with collection of samples coordinated with state agencies. sampling focused on live wild birds, hunter-killed ... | 2009 | 19630228 |
| detection of a north american lineage h5 avian influenza virus in a south african wild duck. | an h5-coinfection of a sample from wild ducks from which an h3n8 virus was isolated in 2004 was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). sequence analysis of the partial h5 gene revealed that the strain was of low pathogenicity according to the amino acid sequence pqrtglf at the ho cleavage site. phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the partial h5 gene sequence fell within the american h5 lineage and shared 99.6% nucleotide sequence identity with the a/mallard duc ... | 2007 | 17883204 |
| an evaluation of avian influenza diagnostic methods with domestic duck specimens. | monitoring of poultry, including domestic ducks, for avian influenza (ai) virus has increased considerably in recent years. however, the current methods validated for the diagnosis and detection of ai virus infection in chickens and turkeys have not been evaluated for performance with samples collected from domestic ducks. in order to ensure that methods for the detection of ai virus or ai virus antibody will perform acceptably well with these specimens, samples collected from domestic ducks exp ... | 2009 | 19630236 |
| protection and virus shedding of falcons vaccinated against highly pathogenic avian influenza a virus (h5n1). | because fatal infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza a (hpai) virus subtype h5n1 have been reported in birds of prey, we sought to determine detailed information about the birds' susceptibility and protection after vaccination. ten falcons vaccinated with an inactivated influenza virus (h5n2) vaccine seroconverted. we then challenged 5 vaccinated and 5 nonvaccinated falcons with hpai (h5n1). all vaccinated birds survived; all unvaccinated birds died within 5 days. for the nonvaccinate ... | 2007 | 18217549 |
| enhancement of antibody response of turkeys to trivalent avian influenza vaccine by positively charged liposomal avridine adjuvant. | trivalent avian influenza (aiv) antigens (h4n8, h5n2 and h7n3), mixed with positively charged, negatively charged and neutral avridine-containing liposomes, and oil-emulsion were subcutaneously administered to 6-week-old turkeys. charged liposomal avridine adjuvant, either positive or negative, produced a better antibody response than uncharged liposomal avridine or oil-emulsion adjuvants when used in a trivalent avian influenza vaccine. the antibody response to the different antigens was genera ... | 1992 | 1502840 |
| the polymerase acidic protein gene of influenza a virus contributes to pathogenicity in a mouse model. | adaptation of influenza a viruses to a new host species usually involves the mutation of one or more of the eight viral gene segments, and the molecular basis for host range restriction is still poorly understood. to investigate the molecular changes that occur during adaptation of a low-pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype commonly isolated from migratory birds to a mammalian host, we serially passaged the avirulent wild-bird h5n2 strain a/aquatic bird/korea/w81/05 (w81) in the lungs of mic ... | 2009 | 19793828 |
| development and application of avian influenza vaccines in china. | following the first detection of the highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus in sick geese in guangdong province in china in 1996, scientists began to develop vaccines in preparation for an avian influenza pandemic. an inactivated h5n2 vaccine was produced from a low pathogenic virus, a/turkey/england/n-28/73, and was used for buffer zone vaccination during h5n1 outbreaks in 2004 in china. we also generated a low pathogenic h5n1 reassortant virus (re-1) that derives its ha and na genes from ... | 2009 | 19768404 |
| thermal inactivation of h5n2 high-pathogenicity avian influenza virus in dried egg white with 7.5% moisture. | high-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) cause severe systemic disease with high mortality in chickens. isolation of hpaiv from the internal contents of chicken eggs has been reported, and this is cause for concern because hpaiv can be spread by movement of poultry products during marketing and trade activity. this study presents thermal inactivation data for the hpaiv strain a/chicken/pa/1370/83 (h5n2) (pa/83) in dried egg white with a moisture content (7.5%) similar to that found in ... | 2009 | 19777906 |
| humoral response to h5n2 vaccination in exotic birds in the united arab emirates. | | 2007 | 18156596 |
| chitosan as an adjuvant for parenterally administered inactivated influenza vaccines. | the addition of 0.5% of a chitosan derivative to inactivated influenza vaccines injected parenterally resulted in a four or six to tenfold increase in antibody titres after a single-dose or two-dose intramuscular immunization of mice, respectively, in comparison with antibody titres after immunization without chitosan. chitosan-adjuvanted vaccines enhanced antibody titers against drift variants of a- and b-type human influenza viruses four to six times compared with the vaccines without chitosan ... | 2008 | 18297235 |
| [analysis of the amino acid changes of the hemagglutinin of h5 avian influenza virus]. | we introduced 38 single-point amino acid changes into the hemagglutinin (ha) protein of the reassortmented a/duck/mongolia/54/01 (h5n2) strain by a pcr random mutation method. the percentage of amino acid changes on the ha domain that did not abrogate hemadsorption activity was calculated to be 89%. changes in the amino acids of the ha2 domain were observed to be about half of those in the ha1 domain of these mutants. we assumed that amino acid changes in the ha1 domain afforded more flexibility ... | 2008 | 18320820 |
| surveillance and characterization of low pathogenic h5 avian influenza viruses isolated from wild migratory birds in korea. | migratory waterfowls are the natural reservoir of influenza a viruses. however, interspecies transmission had occasionally caused outbreaks in various hosts including humans. to characterize the genetic origins of h5 avian influenza viruses isolated from migratory birds in south korea, phylogenetic analysis were conducted. a total of 53 h5 viruses were isolated between october 2005 and november 2008. full genetic characterization indicated that most of these viruses belong to the eurasian-like a ... | 2010 | 20227447 |
| highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus induces extracellular ca2+ influx, leading to apoptosis in avian cells. | in this study, we show that the highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus (aiv) (a/crow/kyoto/53/04 and a/chicken/egypt/cl6/07) induced apoptosis in duck embryonic fibroblasts (def). in contrast, apoptosis was reduced among cells infected with low-pathogenic aivs (a/duck/hk/342/78 [h5n2], a/duck/hk/820/80 [h5n3], a/wigeon/osaka/1/01 [h7n7], and a/turkey/wisconsin/1/66 [h9n2]). thus, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis induced by h5n1-aiv infection. caspase-dependent and -ind ... | 2010 | 20053741 |
| risk factors for seropositivity to h5 avian influenza virus in ostrich farms in the western cape province, south africa. | in a 2005 serological survey, carried out in response to an outbreak of h5n2 avian influenza (ai) in ostriches in the eastern cape province, 16.3% of ostrich farms in the western cape province of south africa were found to be seropositive to h5 ai virus. we subsequently carried out a questionnaire-based census survey on all available registered western cape ostrich farms that still existed at the end of 2005 (367 farms, of which 82 were seropositive), in order to identify risk factors associated ... | 2008 | 18486977 |
| antigenic epitopes in the hemagglutinin of qinghai-type influenza h5n1 virus. | the highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 viruses have become widespread and evolved into several clades. in our previous studies, the antigenic sites of the h5 hemagglutinin (ha) were characterized by selection and sequencing of escape mutants. in the present studies we analyzed the antigenic epitopes recognized by monoclonal antibodies against avian influenza a/duck/novosibirsk/56/05 (h5n1) virus isolated in western siberia and belonging to subclade 2.2 of the h5n1 viruses. the analysis revea ... | 2010 | 20373998 |
| effects of oseltamivir phosphate (tamiflu) in human sera on results of microneutralization and hemagglutinin-inhibition tests for h5n2 avian influenza virus. | to determine the influence of oseltamivir phosphate (tamiflu) on the results of microneutralization and hemagglutinin-inhibition (hi) tests in human sera with h5n2 influenza virus, ten volunteers were administered tamiflu and blood samples were collected. in the microneutralization test, no consistent effects were observed. however, in the hi test, specimens from all volunteers taken at 4 and 7 h after drug administration showed a higher titer as compared to 0 and 24 h after administration when ... | 2008 | 18227965 |
| prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of avian antibodies against influenza virus h5n1 and h1n1 in mice. | pandemic influenza poses a serious threat to global health and the world economy. while vaccines are currently under development, passive immunization could offer an alternative strategy to prevent and treat influenza virus infection. attempts to develop monoclonal antibodies (mabs) have been made. however, passive immunization based on mabs may require a cocktail of mabs with broader specificity in order to provide full protection since mabs are generally specific for single epitopes. chicken i ... | 2010 | 20405007 |
| characterization of h5n2 influenza viruses isolated in south korea and their influence on the emergence of a novel h9n2 influenza virus. | we characterized low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h5n2 and h9n2 viruses isolated in south korea from 2008 to 2009. genetic analysis of the h5n2 viruses isolated from wild birds and domestic ducks demonstrated that they were related to the recently isolated southern chinese lpai h5 viruses and various influenza viruses circulating in eurasia. three h9n2 viruses obtained at live bird markets and duck farms were reassortant viruses generated from the h5n2 viruses of domestic ducks and the h9n2 ... | 2010 | 20392898 |
| [results of clinical trials on reactogenicity, safety, and immunogenicity of influenza allantoic intranasal live vaccine "ultragrivac" (type a/h5n2)]. | results of phase ii of a clinical trial of the influenza allantoic intranasal live vaccine "ultragrivac" (type a/h5n2) are presented. the vaccine was developed based on strain /17/duck/potsdam/86/92 h5n2 [17/h5] - reassortant of two viruses, /leningrad/134/17/57 (h2n2) and /duck/potsdam/1402-86 (h5n2), obtained from the virology department, st. petersburg institute of experimental medicine.two schemes of immunization (with revaccination on days 10 and 21) were used. evaluation of vaccine immunog ... | 2010 | 20422755 |
| avian influenza in ostriches: epidemiological investigation in the western cape province of south africa. | an h5n2 avian influenza virus was isolated from ostriches in the eastern cape province of south africa in july 2004. during a subsequent national survey to determine the possible presence of the disease in other areas of south africa, specific antibodies against h5 avian influenza were detected by the haemagglutination inhibition test in ostrich sera collected in the western cape province. however, the sampling strategy used in the initial survey was developed to accommodate practical constraint ... | 2006 | 20429053 |
| summary of avian influenza activity in europe, asia, and africa, 2006-2009. | events during the period extending from 2006 to 2009 have been overshadowed by the ongoing panzootic with h5n1 (highly pathogenic notifiable avian influenza [hpnai]), which has afflicted 63 countries and three continents (africa, asia, and europe) during the review period. two countries, indonesia and egypt, have formally declared the disease endemic to the world organisation for animal health, while others have used a variety of approaches aimed at containment, control, and eradication. these a ... | 2010 | 20521631 |
| protective dose of a recombinant newcastle disease lasota-avian influenza virus h5 vaccine against h5n2 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus and velogenic viscerotropic newcastle disease virus in broilers with high maternal antibody levels. | the protective dose of a live recombinant lasota newcastle disease virus (ndv)-avian influenza h5 vaccine (rndv-ls/ai-h5) was determined in broiler chickens with high levels of maternal antibodies against ndv and avian influenza virus (aiv). at hatch the geometric mean titers (gmt) of the chickens' maternal antibodies were 2(5.1) and 2(10.3) for ndv and aiv, respectively. at the time of vaccination the gmt was 2(3.1) for ndv and 2(7.9) for aiv. the chickens were vaccinated with one drop (0.03 ml ... | 2010 | 20521638 |
| protection and differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals by an inactivated recombinant newcastle disease virus/avian influenza h5 vaccine. | specific-pathogen-free chickens immunized at 14 days of age with either an inactivated recombinant newcastle disease virus-lasota/avian influenza h5 (k-rndv-ls/ai-h5) vaccine or a killed newcastle disease/avian influenza whole-virus vaccine (k-nd/ai) were protected from disease when challenged with either a/chicken/queretaro/14588-19/95 (h5n2), a high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (hpaiv) strain isolated in mexico in 1995, or with a mexican velogenic viscerotropic newcastle disease virus ( ... | 2010 | 20521639 |