Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| a chicken influenza virus recognizes fucosylated α2,3 sialoglycan receptors on the epithelial cells lining upper respiratory tracts of chickens. | influenza viruses recognize sialoglycans as receptors. although viruses isolated form chickens preferentially bind to sialic acid α2,3 galactose (saα2,3gal) glycans as do those of ducks, chickens were not experimentally infected with viruses isolated from ducks. a chicken influenza virus, a/chicken/ibaraki/1/2005 (h5n2) (ck/ibr) bound to fucose-branched saα2,3gal glycans, whereas the binding towards linear saα2,3gal glycans was weak. on the epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tracts of chi ... | 2014 | 24889232 |
| characterization of a low pathogenic avian influenza h5n2 virus isolated from a turkey breeder flock in manitoba, canada. | in november 2010, an outbreak of avian influenza (ai) due to the h5n2 subtype virus occurred in a turkey breeder farm in northern manitoba, canada. the only clinical signs observed were depression, decrease in food consumption, and loss of egg production. the hemagglutinin (ha) cleavage (ha(0)) site of the isolated h5n2 virus was pqretr/glf, consistent with low pathogenic ai viruses. the intravenous pathogenicity index of this virus was zero. whole-genome sequencing of two isolates that originat ... | 2014 | 24758106 |
| influenza a(h5n2) virus antibodies in humans after contact with infected poultry, taiwan, 2012. | six persons in taiwan who had contact with poultry infected with influenza a(h5n2) showed seroconversion for the virus by hemagglutinin inhibition or microneutralization testing. we developed an elisa based on nonstructural protein 1 of the virus to differentiate natural infection from cross-reactivity after vaccination; 2 persons also showed seroconversion by this test. | 2014 | 24750594 |
| interspecies transmission of canine influenza virus h5n2 to cats and chickens by close contact with experimentally infected dogs. | the novel h5n2 influenza virus, ca/sd/jt01/09, was isolated from the dog exhibiting respiratory signs in china in 2009. dog to dog transmission of the novel h5n2 was previously confirmed. but interspecies transmission of the virus between dogs and the other animals has still remained unclear. to determine whether the virus can be transmitted directly from dogs to cats and chickens, we conducted contact exposure experiments. susceptible cats and chickens were housed in the room which the novel h5 ... | 2014 | 24656135 |
| emergence and evolution of avian h5n2 influenza viruses in chickens in taiwan. | sporadic activity by h5n2 influenza viruses has been observed in chickens in taiwan from 2003 to 2012. the available information suggests that these viruses were generated by reassortment between a mexican-like h5n2 virus and a local enzootic h6n1 virus. yet the origin, prevalence, and pathogenicity of these h5n2 viruses have not been fully defined. following the 2012 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) outbreaks, surveillance was conducted from december 2012 to july 2013 at a live-poultry ... | 2014 | 24623422 |
| mucosally administered lactobacillus surface-displayed influenza antigens (sm2 and ha2) with cholera toxin subunit a1 (cta1) induce broadly protective immune responses against divergent influenza subtypes. | the development of a universal influenza vaccine that provides broad cross protection against existing and unforeseen influenza viruses is a critical challenge. in this study, we constructed and expressed conserved sm2 and ha2 influenza antigens with cholera toxin subunit a1 (cta1) on the surface of lactobacillus casei (pgsa-cta1sm2ha2/l. casei). oral and nasal administrations of recombinant l. casei into mice resulted in high levels of serum immunoglobulin g (igg) and their isotypes (igg1 & igg ... | 2015 | 26210951 |
| previous infection with virulent strains of newcastle disease virus reduces highly pathogenic avian influenza virus replication, disease, and mortality in chickens. | highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) and newcastle disease virus (ndv) are two of the most important viruses affecting poultry worldwide and produce co-infections especially in areas of the world where both viruses are endemic; but little is known about the interactions between these two viruses. the objective of this study was to determine if co-infection with ndv affects hpaiv replication in chickens. only infections with virulent ndv strains (mesogenic pigeon/1984 or velogenic ca/2 ... | 2015 | 26394750 |
| changing risk awareness and personal protection measures for low to high pathogenic avian influenza in live-poultry markets in taiwan, 2007 to 2012. | outbreaks of low and high pathogenic avian influenza (lpai, hpai) h5n2 in chickens have occurred in taiwan since 2003 and 2012, respectively. fully understanding the different awareness, attitudes and protective behaviors adopted by workers in live-poultry markets (lpmws) and local community residents (crs) to face the challenges of lpai and hpai is very important to minimize viral adaptations to human populations. | 2015 | 26104109 |
| complete genome sequence of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (h5n2) associated with an outbreak in commercial chickens, iowa, usa, 2015. | a novel reassortant influenza a virus (h5n2) was first detected in british columbia, canada, in december 2014. the virus rapidly spread along the waterfowl migration flyways in the united states, causing multiple hpai outbreaks in poultry. here, we present the complete genome sequence of hpaiv-h5n2 from a commercial chicken flock in iowa. | 2015 | 26067961 |
| [effect of amino acid substitutions in small subunit of avian h5n2 influenza virus hemagglutinin on selection of the mutants resistant to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies]. | changes associated with the resistance to physical and chemical factors in the hemagglutinin (ha) of influenza a viruses may play an important role in the selection of different influenza variants during circulation in nature. here, we studied the escape mutants of influenza virus a/mallard/pennsylvania/10218/84 (h5n2) that were selected by the monoclonal antibody. the escape mutant m4f11(4) carried a single amino acid substitution in large subunit (ha1) of the ha, s145p1, and two ones, m4g10(10 ... | 2015 | 26065262 |
| reassortant highly pathogenic influenza a h5n2 virus containing gene segments related to eurasian h5n8 in british columbia, canada, 2014. | in late november 2014 higher than normal death losses in a meat turkey and chicken broiler breeder farm in the fraser valley of british columbia initiated a diagnostic investigation that led to the discovery of a novel reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n2 virus. this virus, composed of 5 gene segments (pb2, pa, ha, m and ns) related to eurasian hpai h5n8 and the remaining gene segments (pb1, np and na) related to north american lineage waterfowl viruses, represents the first ... | 2015 | 25804829 |
| serological comparison of antibodies to avian influenza viruses, subtypes h5n2, h6n1, h7n3 and h7n9 between poultry workers and non-poultry workers in taiwan in 2012. | in taiwan, avian influenza virus (aiv) subtypes h5n2, h6n1 and h7n3 have been identified in domestic poultry, and several strains of these subtypes have become endemic in poultry. to evaluate the potential of avian-to-human transmission due to occupational exposure, an exploratory analysis of aiv antibody status in poultry workers was conducted. we enrolled 670 poultry workers, including 335 live poultry vendors (lpvs), 335 poultry farmers (pfs), and 577 non-poultry workers (npws). serum antibod ... | 2015 | 25761403 |
| phenotypic and genetic characterization of avian influenza h5n2 viruses with intra- and inter-duck variations in taiwan. | human infections with avian influenza viruses (aivs) have frequently raised global concerns of emerging, interspecies-transmissible viruses with pandemic potential. waterfowl, the predominant reservoir of influenza viruses in nature, harbor precursors of different genetic lineages that have contributed to novel pandemic influenza viruses in the past. | 2015 | 26263554 |
| immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the norovirus p particle-m2e chimeric vaccine in chickens. | the ectodomain of the influenza matrix protein 2 (m2e) is highly conserved across strains and has been shown to be a promising candidate for universal influenza vaccine in the mouse model. in this study, we tested immune response and protective efficacy of a chimeric norovirus p particle containing the avian m2e protein against challenges with three avian influenza (ai) viruses (h5n2, h6n2, h7n2) in chickens. two-week-old specific pathogen free chickens were vaccinated 3 times with an m2e-p part ... | 2015 | 26232342 |
| sequence and phylogenetic analyses of five low pathogenic avian influenza h5n2 viruses isolated in china. | five h5n2 avian influenza viruses (aivs) were isolated in xianghai national nature reserve, jilin province, china in october 2011. they were all identified as low pathogenic aivs (lpaivs) based on their deduced amino acid sequences at the cleavage site of ha protein. phylogenetic analysis revealed that all gene segments clustered in the eurasian lineage and that the nucleotide homology of the five isolates was greater for ha and na genes than for the genes for internal proteins pb2, pb1, pa, m, ... | 2015 | 26104330 |
| development of a dual-protective live attenuated vaccine against h5n1 and h9n2 avian influenza viruses by modifying the ns1 gene. | an increasing number of outbreaks of avian influenza h5n1 and h9n2 viruses in poultry have caused serious economic losses and raised concerns for human health due to the risk of zoonotic transmission. however, licensed h5n1 and h9n2 vaccines for animals and humans have not been developed. thus, to develop a dual h5n1 and h9n2 live-attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv), the ha and na genes from a virulent mouse-adapted avian h5n2 (a/wb/korea/ma81/06) virus and a recently isolated chicken h9n2 (a/ck ... | 2015 | 25959557 |
| genomic and phylogenetic characterization of novel, recombinant h5n2 avian influenza virus strains isolated from vaccinated chickens with clinical symptoms in china. | infection of poultry with diverse lineages of h5n2 avian influenza viruses has been documented for over three decades in different parts of the world, with limited outbreaks caused by this highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. in the present study, three avian h5n2 influenza viruses, a/chicken/shijiazhuang/1209/2013, a/chicken/chiping/0321/2014, and a/chicken/laiwu/0313/2014, were isolated from chickens with clinical symptoms of avian influenza. complete genomic and phylogenetic analyses demo ... | 2015 | 25723387 |
| cleavage site stability of egyptian highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in backyard chickens during 2009-2011. | two distinguishable subclades of h5n1 (classic and variant strains) are cocirculating among the poultry populations in egypt despite the intensive vaccination programs. a study to investigate the genetic relationship between avian influenza virus (aiv) isolates from backyard chickens in sharkia (2009-2011), subclades, and commercially available vaccines was carried out. | 2015 | 24560697 |
| nomenclature updates resulting from the evolution of avian influenza a(h5) virus clades 2.1.3.2a, 2.2.1, and 2.3.4 during 2013-2014. | the a/goose/guangdong/1/96-like hemagglutinin (ha) genes of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) a(h5) viruses have continued to rapidly evolve since the most recent update to the h5 clade nomenclature by the who/oie/fao h5n1 evolution working group. new clades diverging beyond established boundaries need to be identified and designated accordingly. | 2015 | 25966311 |
| clinical testing of pre-pandemic live attenuated a/h5n2 influenza candidate vaccine in adult volunteers: results from a placebo-controlled, randomized double-blind phase i study. | this study describes a double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled phase i clinical trial of a/h5n2 live attenuated influenza vaccine in healthy volunteers. | 2015 | 26296497 |
| novel eurasian highly pathogenic avian influenza a h5 viruses in wild birds, washington, usa, 2014. | novel eurasian lineage avian influenza a(h5n8) virus has spread rapidly and globally since january 2014. in december 2014, h5n8 and reassortant h5n2 viruses were detected in wild birds in washington, usa, and subsequently in backyard birds. when they infect commercial poultry, these highly pathogenic viruses pose substantial trade issues. | 2015 | 25898265 |
| recognition of dual targets by a molecular beacon-based sensor: subtyping of influenza a virus. | a molecular beacon (mb)-based sensor to offer a decisive answer in combination with information originated from dual-target inputs is designed. the system harnesses an assistant strand and thermodynamically favored designation of unpaired nucleotides (uns) to process the binary targets in "and-gate" format and report fluorescence in "off-on" mechanism via a formation of a dna four-way junction (4wj). by manipulating composition of the uns, the dynamic fluorescence difference between the binary t ... | 2015 | 25879394 |
| [testing of apathogenic influenza virus h5n3 as a poultry live vaccine]. | four h5n2 experimental vaccine strains and the apathogenic wild duck h5n3 influenza virus a/duck/ moscow/4182/2010 (dk/4182) were tested as a live poultry vaccine. experimental strains had the hemagglutinin of the a/vietnam/1203/04 strain lacking the polybasic ha cleavage site or the hemagglutinin from attenuated virus (ku/ at) that was derived from the highly pathogenic influenza virus a/chicken/kurgan/3/2005 (h5n1). the hemagglutinin of the ku-at has the amino acid substitutions asp54/asn and ... | 2015 | 26665435 |
| genetic stability of live attenuated vaccines against potentially pandemic influenza viruses. | ensuring genetic stability is a prerequisite for live attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv). this study describes the results of virus shedding and clinical isolates' testing of phase i clinical trials of russian laivs against potentially pandemic influenza viruses in healthy adults. | 2015 | 26432909 |
| genedia multi influenza ag rapid test for detection and h1, h3, and h5 subtyping of influenza viruses. | rapid identification and subtype determination of influenza virus is important in managing infected patients. rapid influenza diagnostic tests (ridts) are widely used in this manner, but most can only detect influenza a and b viruses without subtyping. a new ridt, genedia multi influenza ag rapid test (genedia), was developed for detection of influenza a and b viruses and also subtyping of influenza a to h1, h3, h5 which has not been possible with other ridts. | 2015 | 26540461 |
| serological survey for avian influenza in turkeys in three states of southwest nigeria. | since the first outbreak of avian influenza (ai) in nigeria in 2006, there has been continuous monitoring of the disease in chickens with little attention given to turkeys. as part of on-going surveillance for ai in southwest nigeria, we used a competitive elisa to detect anti-ai virus antibodies in 520 turkey sera obtained from poultry farms in oyo, osun, and ondo states while haemagglutination inhibiting antibodies against low pathogenic ai viruses (lpaivs) were detected using h3n8 and h5n2 su ... | 2015 | 26664747 |
| identification and characterization of a highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza a virus during an outbreak in vaccinated chickens in egypt. | highly pathogenic avian influenza a (hpai) h5n1 viruses continue to be a major veterinary and public health problem in egypt. continued surveillance of these viruses is necessary to devise strategies to control the spread of the virus and to monitor its evolutionary patterns. this is a report of the identification of a variant strain of hpai h5n1 virus during an outbreak in 2010 in vaccinated chicken flocks in a poultry farm in assiut, egypt. vaccination of chickens with an oil-emulsified inacti ... | 2015 | 26363196 |
| assessment of immune responses to h5n1 inactivated influenza vaccine among individuals previously primed with h5n2 live attenuated influenza vaccine. | during the past decade, a number of h5 subtype influenza vaccines have been developed and tested in clinical trials, but most of them induced poor serum antibody responses prompting the evaluation of novel vaccination approaches. one of the most promising ones is a "prime-boost" strategy, which could result in the induction of prompt and robust immune responses to a booster influenza vaccine following priming with homologous or heterologous vaccine strains. in our study we evaluated immunogenici ... | 2015 | 26697973 |
| serial passage in ducks of a low-pathogenic avian influenza virus isolated from a chicken reveals a high mutation rate in the hemagglutinin that is likely due to selection in the host. | a comparative study of the ability of three low-pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) isolates to be transmitted from duck to duck was performed. pekin ducks were inoculated with two lpaiv isolates from chickens (a/ck/pa/13609/93 [h5n2], h5n2-ck; a/ck/tx/167280-4/02 [h5n3], h5n3-ck) and one isolate from a wild bird (a/mute swan/ mi/451072/06 [h5n1], h5n1-wb). during the establishment of the passage model, only two viruses (h5n1, h5n2) were able to be transmitted from duck to duck. transmissio ... | 2015 | 26179620 |
| adaptive mutations in pb2 gene contribute to the high virulence of a natural reassortant h5n2 avian influenza virus in mice. | the highly pathogenic a/chicken/hebei/1102/2010 (hb10) h5n2 virus is a natural reassortant derived from circulating h5n1 and endemic h9n2 avian influenza viruses (aiv). to evaluate the potential of its interspecies transmission, we previously serially passaged the non-virulent hb10 virus in the mouse lung and obtained a high virulence variant (hb10-ma). genomic sequencing revealed five mutations (ha-s227n, pb2-q591k, pb2-d701n, pa-i554v and np-r351k) that distinguished hb10-ma virus from its par ... | 2015 | 26315686 |
| a comparative analysis of host responses to avian influenza infection in ducks and chickens highlights a role for the interferon-induced transmembrane proteins in viral resistance. | chickens are susceptible to infection with a limited number of influenza a viruses and are a potential source of a human influenza pandemic. in particular, h5 and h7 haemagglutinin subtypes can evolve from low to highly pathogenic strains in gallinaceous poultry. ducks on the other hand are a natural reservoir for these viruses and are able to withstand most avian influenza strains. | 2015 | 26238195 |
| vaccine protection of chickens against antigenically diverse h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza isolates with a live hvt vector vaccine expressing the influenza hemagglutinin gene derived from a clade 2.2 avian influenza virus. | vaccination is an important tool in the protection of poultry against avian influenza (ai). for field use, the overwhelming majority of ai vaccines produced are inactivated whole virus formulated into an oil emulsion. however, recombinant vectored vaccines are gaining use for their ability to induce protection against heterologous isolates and ability to overcome maternal antibody interference. in these studies, we compared protection of chickens provided by a turkey herpesvirus (hvt) vector vac ... | 2015 | 25613723 |
| emergence of novel clade 2.3.4 influenza a (h5n1) virus subgroups in yunnan province, china. | from december 2013 to march 2014, a major wave of highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak occurred in poultry in yunnan province, china. we isolated and characterized eight highly pathogenic avian influenza a (h5n1) viruses from poultry. full genome influenza sequences and analyses have been performed. sequence analyses revealed that they belonged to clade 2.3.4 but did not fit within the three defined subclades. the isolated viruses were provisional subclade 2.3.4.4e. the provisional subclad ... | 2015 | 25917492 |
| genetic evolution of h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in domestic poultry in vietnam between 2011 and 2013. | in spite of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 vaccination campaigns for domestic poultry, h5n1 viruses continue to circulate in vietnam. to estimate the prevalence of avian influenza virus in vietnam, surveillance was conducted between november 2011 and february 2013. genetic analysis of 312 highly pathogenic avian influenza h5 viruses isolated from poultry in vietnam was conducted and possible genetic relationships with strains from neighboring countries were investigated. as previously re ... | 2015 | 25743422 |
| impact of vaccination on infection with vietnam h5n1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus in hens and the eggs they lay. | high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (hpaiv) infections in chickens negatively impact egg production and cause egg contamination. previously, vaccination maintained egg production and reduced egg contamination when challenged with a north american h5n2 hpaiv. however, asian h5n1 hpaiv infection has some characteristics of increased pathogenicity compared to other h5 hpaiv such as more rapid drop and complete cessation in egg production. sham (vaccinated at 25 and 28 weeks of age), inactivate ... | 2015 | 25657093 |
| outbreaks of avian influenza a (h5n2), (h5n8), and (h5n1) among birds--united states, december 2014-january 2015. | during december 15, 2014-january 16, 2015, the u.s. department of agriculture received 14 reports of birds infected with asian-origin, highly pathogenic avian influenza a (hpai) (h5n2), (h5n8), and (h5n1) viruses. these reports represent the first reported infections with these viruses in u.s. wild or domestic birds. although these viruses are not known to have caused disease in humans, their appearance in north america might increase the likelihood of human infection in the united states. human ... | 2015 | 25654614 |
| public health's role in response to an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n2-minnesota, 2015. | 2015 | 27437426 | |
| prognosis of possible reassortments in recent h5n2 epidemic influenza in usa: implications for computer-assisted surveillance as well as drug/vaccine design. | the recent h5n2 flu epidemic in us midwest has led to deaths of millions of turkeys and farm bred poultry. while no human infections are reported to date, the rapid mutations in flu viruses can lead to more pathogenic subtypes. we have investigated such possibilities and have shown that h5n4, h5n9 and h5n6 are the most likely candidates for next round of viral reassortments, amongst which h5n9, if reassorted from asiatic strains, could be highly pathogenic. we discuss here possibilities of antic ... | 2015 | 26202885 |
| rapid emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza subtypes from a subtype h5n1 hemagglutinin variant. | in 2014, novel highly pathogenic avian influenza a h5n2, h5n5, h5n6, and h5n8 viruses caused outbreaks in asia, europe, and north america. the h5 genes of these viruses form a monophyletic group that evolved from a clade 2.3.4 h5n1 variant. this rapid emergence of new h5nx combinations is unprecedented in the h5n1 evolutionary history. | 2015 | 25897518 |
| programming of influenza vaccine broadness and persistence by mucoadhesive polymer-based adjuvant systems. | the development of an anti-influenza vaccine with the potential for cross-protection against seasonal drift variants as well as occasionally emerging reassortant viruses is essential. in this study, we successfully generated a novel anti-influenza vaccine system combining conserved matrix protein 2 (sm2) and stalk domain of hemagglutinin (ha2) fusion protein (sm2ha2) and poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-pga)-based vaccine adjuvant systems that can act as a mucoadhesive delivery vehicle of sm2ha2 as well ... | 2015 | 26216889 |
| biosecurity gaps likely aided h5n2 spread. | 2015 | 26390526 | |
| ontario: index case of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n2 in ontario. | 2015 | 26246626 | |
| extended transmission of two h5/h7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in chickens. | transmission experiments are useful for investigating the mechanisms of low pathogenic notifiable avian influenza virus (lpnai) transmission. in this study, the hypothesis that inoculation-infected chickens are more infectious than contact-infected chickens was tested. to this end, extended transmission experiments with one h5n2 and one h7n1 lpaiv which had previously been characterized in a series of standard transmission experiments were conducted in specific pathogen-free (spf) chickens. for ... | 2015 | 24924291 |
| isolation of novel sequences targeting highly variable viral protein hemagglutinin. | rapid evolution is a hallmark of the viral kingdom and a major concern for developing universal vaccines. the isolation of substantial numbers of viral sequence variants at highly variable viral protein domains remains a major challenge. we previously developed a combinatorial method for the isolation of novel sequences to cope with rapid viral variations at the g-h loop of foot and mouth disease virus vp1 protein [1]. here we present a modification of that method in its application in the rando ... | 2015 | 26150973 |
| evolutionary dynamics and global diversity of influenza a virus. | the increasing number of zoonotic infections caused by influenza a virus (iav) subtypes of avian origin (e.g., h5n1 and h7n9) in recent years underscores the need to better understand the factors driving iav evolution and diversity. to evaluate the current feasibility of global analyses to contribute to this aim, we evaluated information in the public domain to explore iav evolutionary dynamics, including nucleotide substitution rates and selection pressures, using 14 iav subtypes in 32 differen ... | 2015 | 26311890 |
| [determination of influenza virus h5n1 and h7n9 using masa technology]. | to set up a new rapid method for the rapid determination of influenza virus h5n1 and h7n9 basing on the multi-analyte suspension array (masa) technology. sequence analysis and design of degenerate primers and specific probes were set in the comparison and analysis of h5, n1, h7 and n9 genes. in combination with masa technology, these primers and probes were used for the determination of samples of h5n1 and h7n9 and other subtypes ( h1n1, ph1n1, h5n2, h3n2 and h9n2). we developed a rapid determin ... | 2015 | 26951004 |
| pathogenesis and transmission of novel highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n2 and h5n8 viruses in ferrets and mice. | a novel highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n8 virus, first detected in january 2014 in poultry and wild birds in south korea, has spread throughout asia and europe and caused outbreaks in canada and the united states by the end of the year. the spread of h5n8 and the novel reassortant viruses, h5n2 and h5n1 (h5nx), in domestic poultry across multiple states in the united states pose a potential public health risk. to evaluate the potential of cross-species infection, we determined the pa ... | 2015 | 26223637 |
| antiviral effects of novel herbal medicine kiom-c, on diverse viruses. | in order to identify new potential antiviral agents, recent studies have advocated thorough testing of herbal medicines or natural substances that are traditionally used to prevent viral infections. antiviral activities and the mechanism of action of the total aqueous extract preparation of kiom-c, a novel herbal medicine, against diverse types of viruses were investigated. in vitro antiviral activity against a/puerto rico/8/34 (h1n1) (pr8), vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), and newcastle diseas ... | 2015 | 25942440 |
| epimedium koreanum nakai displays broad spectrum of antiviral activity in vitro and in vivo by inducing cellular antiviral state. | epimedium koreanum nakai has been extensively used in traditional korean and chinese medicine to treat a variety of diseases. despite the plant's known immune modulatory potential and chemical make-up, scientific information on its antiviral properties and mode of action have not been completely investigated. in this study, the broad antiviral spectrum and mode of action of an aqueous extract from epimedium koreanum nakai was evaluated in vitro, and moreover, the protective effect against diverg ... | 2015 | 25609307 |
| pandemic preparedness with live attenuated influenza vaccines based on a/leningrad/134/17/57 master donor virus. | continuously evolving avian influenza viruses pose a constant threat to the human public health. in response to this threat, a number of pandemic vaccine candidates have been prepared and evaluated in animal models and clinical trials. this review summarizes the data from the development and preclinical and clinical evaluation of pandemic live attenuated influenza vaccines (laiv) based on russian master donor virus a/leningrad/134/17/57. laiv candidates of h5n1, h5n2, h7n3, h1n1 and h2n2 subtype ... | 2015 | 25555687 |
| [local antibody immune responses in influenza patients and persons vaccinated with seasonal, pre-pandemic, and pandemic live attenuated influenza vaccines]. | mucosal immunity is one of the most important factors of human anti-influenza defense. the data about local immune responses in influenza a (h3n2) patients and in persons vaccinated within 2000-2009 with different seasonal laivs, a (h1n1)pdm2009 laiv, and a (h5n2) laiv are discussed. the influenza infection resulted in the larger quantities of local iga and igg conversions than seasonal laiv vaccination. 56% of young (18-21 y.o.) persons had high titers (> or = 1:64) of iga to a (h1n1)pdm2009 vi ... | 2016 | 24006632 |
| protective efficacy of an h5n1 inactivated vaccine against challenge with lethal h5n1, h5n2, h5n6, and h5n8 influenza viruses in chickens. | the goose/guangdong-lineage h5 viruses have evolved into diverse clades and subclades based on their hemagglutinin (ha) gene during their circulation in wild birds and poultry. since late 2013, the clade 2.3.4.4 viruses have become widespread in poultry and wild bird populations around the world. different subtypes of the clade 2.3.4.4 h5 viruses, including h5n1, h5n2, h5n6, and h5n8, have caused vast disease outbreaks in poultry in asia, europe, and north america. in this study, we developed a ... | 2016 | 27309064 |
| clinical, epidemiological and virological characteristics of the first detected human case of avian influenza a(h5n6) virus. | a human infection with novel avian influenza a h5n6 virus emerged in changsha city, china in february, 2014. this is the first detected human case among all human cases identified from 2014 to early 2016. we obtained and summarized clinical, epidemiological, and virological data from this patient. complete genome of the virus was determined and compared to other avian influenza viruses via the construction of phylogenetic trees using the neighbor-joining approach. a girl aged five and half years ... | 2016 | 26973295 |
| genetically diverse low pathogenicity avian influenza a virus subtypes co-circulate among poultry in bangladesh. | influenza virus surveillance, poultry outbreak investigations and genomic sequencing were assessed to understand the ecology and evolution of low pathogenicity avian influenza (lpai) a viruses in bangladesh from 2007 to 2013. we analyzed 506 avian specimens collected from poultry in live bird markets and backyard flocks to identify influenza a viruses. virus isolation-positive specimens (n = 50) were subtyped and their coding-complete genomes were sequenced. the most frequently identified subtyp ... | 2016 | 27010791 |
| highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses h5n2, h5n3, and h5n8 in taiwan in 2015. | a severe epidemic, affecting mainly goose populations, broke out in early january 2015. the causative agents were identified as novel h5 avian influenza viruses carrying n2, n3, and n8 subtypes of the neuraminidase gene. from january 8 to february 11, 766 waterfowl and poultry farms were invaded by the h5 viruses, and more than 2.2 million geese died or were culled. phylogenetic analysis suggested that these avian influenza viruses derived from the h5 viruses of clade 2.3.4.4 which were emerging ... | 2016 | 27066708 |
| surveillance for eurasian-origin and intercontinental reassortant highly pathogenic influenza a viruses in alaska, spring and summer 2015. | eurasian-origin and intercontinental reassortant highly pathogenic (hp) influenza a viruses (iavs) were first detected in north america in wild, captive, and domestic birds during november-december 2014. detections of hp viruses in wild birds in the contiguous united states and southern canadian provinces continued into winter and spring of 2015 raising concerns that migratory birds could potentially disperse viruses to more northerly breeding areas where they could be maintained to eventually s ... | 2016 | 27036114 |
| a systematic review of reported reassortant viral lineages of influenza a. | most previous evolutionary studies of influenza a have focussed on genetic drift, or reassortment of specific gene segments, hosts or subtypes. we conducted a systematic literature review to identify reported claimed reassortant influenza a lineages with genomic data available in genbank, to obtain 646 unique first-report isolates out of a possible 20,781 open-access genomes. | 2016 | 26732146 |
| time-space analysis of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n2 outbreak in the us. | in early 2015, highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n2 caused outbreaks in commercial poultry farms in minnesota and neighboring states where more than 48 million birds were affected. to date, the origin and transmission pathways of hpai h5n2 have not been conclusively established. | 2016 | 27576782 |
| characterization of clade 7.2 h5 avian influenza viruses that continue to circulate in chickens in china. | the h5n1 avian influenza viruses emerged in southeast asia in the late 20th century and have evolved into multiple phylogenetic clades based on their hemagglutinin (ha)-encoding genes. the clade 7.2 viruses were first detected in chickens in northern china in 2006, and vaccines specifically targeted to the clade were developed and have been used in poultry in china since 2006. during routine surveillance and disease diagnosis, we isolated seven h5 viruses between 2011 and 2014 that bear the clad ... | 2016 | 27558424 |
| factors associated with highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n2 infection on table-egg layer farms in the midwestern united states, 2015. | a case-control study was conducted among commercial table-egg layer and pullet operations in iowa and nebraska, united states, to investigate potential risk factors for infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n2. a questionnaire was developed and administered to 28 case farms and 31 control farms. data were collected at the farm and barn levels, enabling two separate analyses to be performed-the first a farm-level comparison of case farms vs. control farms, and the second a bar ... | 2016 | 27309288 |
| lack of chicken adaptation of newly emergent eurasian h5n8 and reassortant h5n2 high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in the u.s. is consistent with restricted poultry outbreaks in the pacific flyway during 2014-2015. | in 2014-2015, the u.s. experienced an unprecedented outbreak of eurasian clade 2.3.4.4 h5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus, initially affecting mainly wild birds and few backyard and commercial poultry premises. to better model the outbreak, the pathogenesis and transmission dynamics of representative eurasian h5n8 and reassortant h5n2 clade 2.3.4.4 hpai viruses detected early in the north american outbreak were investigated in chickens. high mean chicken infectious doses and lack ... | 2016 | 27110710 |
| the response of mute swans (cygnus olor, gm. 1789) to vaccination against avian influenza with an inactivated h5n2 vaccine. | recent epidemics of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) produced an unprecedented number of cases in mute swans (cygnus olor) in european countries, which indicates that these birds are very sensitive to the h5n1 virus. the hpai outbreaks stirred a debate on the controversial stamping-out policy in populations of protected bird species. after preventive vaccination had been approved in the european union, several countries have introduced vaccination schemes to protect poultry, captive wild ... | 2016 | 27770803 |
| highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n6 viruses exhibit enhanced affinity for human type sialic acid receptor and in-contact transmission in model ferrets. | since may 2014, highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n6 virus has been reported to cause six severe human infections three of which were fatal. the biological properties of this subtype, in particular its relative pathogenicity and transmissibility in mammals, are not known. we characterized the virus receptor-binding affinity, pathogenicity, and transmissibility in mice and ferrets of four h5n6 isolates derived from waterfowl in china from 2013-2014. all four h5n6 viruses have acquired a binding ... | 2016 | 27122581 |
| molecular characterizations of surface proteins hemagglutinin and neuraminidase from recent h5nx avian influenza viruses. | during 2014, a subclade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) a(h5n8) virus caused poultry outbreaks around the world. in late 2014/early 2015, the virus was detected in wild birds in canada and the united states, and these viruses also gave rise to reassortant progeny, composed of viral rna segments (vrnas) from both eurasian and north american lineages. in particular, viruses were found with n1, n2, and n8 neuraminidase vrnas, and these are collectively referred to as h5nx viruses. ... | 2016 | 27053557 |
| highly sensitive sandwich-type spr based detection of whole h5nx viruses using a pair of aptamers. | in this research, we report highly sensitive and specific sandwich-type spr-based biosensor for the detection h5nx whole viruses. a few of aptamers, for the first time, were successfully screened and characterized for whole avian influenza (ai) viruses, h5nx, by using multi-go-selex method. the affinities of the aptamers developed in this study were ranged from 8×10(4) to 1×10(4)eid50/ml, and the aptamers if22, if23 were found to be specific to h5n1 and h5n8, respectively. in addition, some flex ... | 2016 | 27387259 |
| widespread detection of highly pathogenic h5 influenza viruses in wild birds from the pacific flyway of the united states. | a novel highly pathogenic avian influenza virus belonging to the h5 clade 2.3.4.4 variant viruses was detected in north america in late 2014. motivated by the identification of these viruses in domestic poultry in canada, an intensive study was initiated to conduct highly pathogenic avian influenza surveillance in wild birds in the pacific flyway of the united states. a total of 4,729 hunter-harvested wild birds were sampled and highly pathogenic avian influenza virus was detected in 1.3% (n = 6 ... | 2016 | 27381241 |
| a cationic liposome-dna complexes adjuvant (jvrs-100) enhances the immunogenicity and cross-protective efficacy of pre-pandemic influenza a (h5n1) vaccine in ferrets. | influenza a (h5n1) viruses continue to pose a public health threat. as inactivated h5n1 vaccines are poorly immunogenic, adjuvants are needed to improve the immunogenicity of h5n1 vaccine in humans. here, we investigated the immunogenicity and cross-protective efficacy in ferrets of a clade 2.2-derived vaccine with addition of jvrs-100, an adjuvant consisting of cationic liposome-dna complexes (cldc). after the first vaccination, significantly higher levels of hemagglutination-inhibition (hai) a ... | 2016 | 26967975 |
| benefits and limits of egg yolk vs. serum samples for avian influenza virus serosurveillance. | serologic tests are a valuable tool for retrospective surveillance of avian influenza viruses (aiv) and monitoring of postvaccination host immune response. yet collection of serum samples, particularly in adult breeder chickens, is laborious, intrusive to birds, and may pose a serious risk to the biosecurity of a flock. in this study we compared the level of aiv-specific antibody titers in eggs and serum samples obtained from broiler breeder chickens vaccinated at 6, 12, and 18 wk of age with h5 ... | 2016 | 27309294 |
| case series of turkey farms from the h5n2 highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak in the united states during 2015. | between december 2014 and june 2015, an outbreak of h5n2 hpai caused the largest and most expensive agriculture emergency in u.s. department of agriculture-animal and plant health inspection service history. the outbreak affected 21 states; 232 poultry farms (211 commercial and 21 backyard) were affected, and approximately 49.6 million birds were depopulated on poultry farms. the majority of affected farms were commercial turkey operations (n = 160). this report is a case series describing 104 h ... | 2016 | 27309289 |
| high rates of detection of clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza h5 viruses in wild birds in the pacific northwest during the winter of 2014-15. | in 2014, clade 2.3.4.4 h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses spread across the republic of korea and ultimately were reported in china, japan, russia, and europe. mortality associated with a reassortant hpai h5n2 virus was detected in poultry farms in western canada at the end of november. the same strain (with identical genetic structure) was then detected in free-living wild birds that had died prior to december 8, 2014, of unrelated causes in whatcom county, washington, u. s. ... | 2016 | 27309079 |
| epidemiological and evolutionary inference of the transmission network of the 2014 highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n2 outbreak in british columbia, canada. | the first north american outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) involving a virus of eurasian a/goose/guangdong/1/1996 (h5n1) lineage began in the fraser valley of british columbia, canada in late november 2014. a total of 11 commercial and 1 non-commercial (backyard) operations were infected before the outbreak was terminated. control measures included movement restrictions that were placed on a total of 404 individual premises, 150 of which were located within a 3 km radius of an ... | 2016 | 27489095 |
| fatal influenza a (h5n1) virus infection in zoo-housed tigers in yunnan province, china. | from 2014 to 2015, three cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza infection occurred in zoo-housed north-east china tigers (panthera tigris ssp.altaica) and four tigers died of respiratory distress in succession in yunnan province, china. we isolated and characterized three highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n1) viruses from these tigers. phylogenetic analysis indicated that a/tiger /yunnan /tig1404 /2014(h5n1) belongs to the provisional subclade 2.3.4.4e which were novel reassortant influe ... | 2016 | 27162026 |
| the enigma of the apparent disappearance of eurasian highly pathogenic h5 clade 2.3.4.4 influenza a viruses in north american waterfowl. | one of the major unresolved questions in influenza a virus (iav) ecology is exemplified by the apparent disappearance of highly pathogenic (hp) h5n1, h5n2, and h5n8 (h5nx) viruses containing the eurasian hemagglutinin 2.3.4.4 clade from wild bird populations in north america. the introduction of eurasian lineage hp h5 clade 2.3.4.4 h5n8 iav and subsequent reassortment with low-pathogenic h?n2 and h?n1 north american wild bird-origin iavs in late 2014 resulted in widespread hp h5nx iav infections ... | 2016 | 27457948 |
| changes in adaptation of h5n2 highly pathogenic avian influenza h5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses in chickens and mallards. | h5n2 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses caused a severe poultry outbreak in the united states (u.s.) during 2015. in order to examine changes in adaptation of this viral lineage, the infectivity, pathogenicity and transmission of poultry h5n2 viruses were investigated in chickens and mallards in comparison to the wild duck 2014 u.s. index h5n2 virus. the four poultry isolates examined had a lower mean bird infectious dose than the index virus but still transmitted poorly to direct ... | 2016 | 27632565 |
| highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses and generation of novel reassortants, united states, 2014-2015. | asian highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n8) viruses spread into north america in 2014 during autumn bird migration. complete genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of 32 h5 viruses identified novel h5n1, h5n2, and h5n8 viruses that emerged in late 2014 through reassortment with north american low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses. | 2016 | 27314845 |
| evidence for common ancestry among viruses isolated from wild birds in beringia and highly pathogenic intercontinental reassortant h5n1 and h5n2 influenza a viruses. | highly pathogenic clade 2.3.4.4 h5n8, h5n2, and h5n1 influenza a viruses were first detected in wild, captive, and domestic birds in north america in november-december 2014. in this study, we used wild waterbird samples collected in alaska prior to the initial detection of clade 2.3.4.4 h5 influenza a viruses in north america to assess the evidence for: (1) dispersal of highly pathogenic influenza a viruses from east asia to north america by migratory birds via alaska and (2) ancestral origins o ... | 2016 | 26944444 |
| characterization of clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic h5 avian influenza viruses in ducks and chickens. | worldwide dissemination of reassortant variants of h5 clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses has posed a great threat to the poultry industry. here, we systematically characterized the h5n2, h5n6 and h5n8 influenza viruses in poultry and compared them with those of previous clade 2.3.4 h5n1 virus. all the three h5 subtype reassortants caused systematic infection in ducks, and exhibited efficient direct transmission in ducks. all of them were highly pathogenic in chickens; ... | 2016 | 26711037 |
| novel highly pathogenic avian h5 influenza a viruses in live poultry markets, wuxi city, china, 2013-2014. | during 12 recent months of periodic influenza virus surveillance at 9 live poultry markets in wuxi city china, we identified multiple highly pathogenic h5n6, h5n8, h5n2, and h5n1 avian influenza viruses. the variety of potentially pandemic viruses in this low-risk area is disconcerting and portends an increased pandemic threat. | 2016 | 27186580 |
| pathogenicity and transmission of h5 and h7 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in mallards. | wild aquatic birds have been associated with the intercontinental spread of h5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses of the a/goose/guangdong/1/96 (gs/gd) lineage during 2005, 2010, and 2014, but dispersion by wild waterfowl has not been implicated with spread of other hpai viruses. to better understand why gs/gd h5 hpai viruses infect and transmit more efficiently in waterfowl than other hpai viruses, groups of mallard ducks were challenged with one of 14 different h5 and h7 ... | 2016 | 27558429 |
| novel avian influenza a (h5n6) viruses isolated in migratory waterfowl before the first human case reported in china, 2014. | in may 2014, china formally confirmed the first human infection with the novel h5n6 avian influenza virus (aiv) in sichuan province. before the first human case was reported, surveillance of aivs in wild birds resulted in the detection of three h5n6 viruses in faecal samples from migratory waterfowl in chenhu wetlands, hubei province, china. genetic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that these three novel viruses were closely related to the h5n6 virus that has caused human infections in china s ... | 2016 | 27431568 |
| generation of a reassortant avian influenza virus h5n2 vaccine strain capable of protecting chickens against infection with egyptian h5n1 and h9n2 viruses. | avian influenza h5n1 viruses have been enzootic in egyptian poultry since 2006. avian influenza h9n2 viruses which have been circulating in egyptian poultry since 2011 showed high replication rates in embryonated chicken eggs and mammalian cells. | 2016 | 26620838 |
| [stimulation of homo- and heterologic t-cell immunological memory in volunteers inoculated with live influenza a (h5n2) reassortant vaccine]. | the study deals with the ability of live attenuated reassortant influenza vaccine (laiv) a (h5n2) to stimulate a cd4+ and cd8+ immunological memory t cell-mediated immune response in volunteers. these data were compared with the quantitative characteristics of a humoral immune response. a two-dose regimen of intranasal vaccination of avian influenza naïve people with a (h5n2) laiv induced the production of circulating cd4+ and cd8+ memory cells specific to both a (h5n2) and seasonal a (h1n1) inf ... | 2016 | 22624472 |
| [evaluation of the anti-neuraminidase antibodies in clinical trials of the live influenza vaccine of the a(h5n2) subtype]. | in the current study, we evaluated the neuraminidase-inhibition (ni) antibodies among volunteers during the phase i and phase ii of the clinical trials of a monovalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv) a/17/duck/ potsdam/86/92(h5n2). the reassortant influenza virus rn2/57-human a(h7n2) containing neuraminidase (na) from the a/leningrad/134/17/57(h2n2) was used in ni test. it was shown that two doses of the monovalent laiv a(h5n2) led to a statistically significant increase in the ni antib ... | 2016 | 24772644 |
| rapid detection of avian influenza virus h5n1 in chicken tracheal samples using an impedance aptasensor with gold nanoparticles for signal amplification. | highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n1 is a continuous threat to public health and poultry industry. the recurrence of the h5n1 led us to develop a robust, specific, and rapid detection method for the virus. in this study, an impedance aptasensor was developed for the virus detection using specific h5n1 aptamer and a gold interdigitated microelectrode. streptavidin was immobilized on the microelectrode surface and biotin labeled h5n1 aptamer was bound to the immobilized streptavidin. the m ... | 2016 | 27452670 |
| inhibitory effects of an aqueous extract from cortex phellodendri on the growth and replication of broad-spectrum of viruses in vitro and in vivo. | cortex phellodendri (c. phellodendri), the dried trunk bark of phellodendron amurense ruprecht, has been known as a traditional herbal medicine, showing several bioactivities. however, antiviral activity of c. phellodendri aqueous extract (cp) not reported in detail, particularly aiming the prophylactic effectiveness. | 2016 | 27484768 |
| interferon-mediated antiviral activities of angelica tenuissima nakai and its active components. | angelica tenuissima nakai is a widely used commodity in traditional medicine. nevertheless, no study has been conducted on the antiviral and immune-modulatory properties of an aqueous extract of angelica tenuissima nakai. in the present study, we evaluated the antiviral activities and the mechanism of action of an aqueous extract of angelica tenuissima nakai both in vitro and in vivo. in vitro, an effective dose of angelica tenuissima nakai markedly inhibited the replication of influenza a virus ... | 2016 | 26727903 |
| human monoclonal antibody 81.39a effectively neutralizes emerging influenza a viruses of group 1 and 2 hemagglutinins. | the pandemic threat posed by emerging zoonotic influenza a viruses necessitates development of antiviral agents effective against various antigenic subtypes. human monoclonal antibody (hmab) targeting the hemagglutinin (ha) stalk offers a promising approach to control influenza virus infections. here, we investigated the ability of the hmab 81.39a to inhibit in vitro replication of human and zoonotic viruses, representing 16 ha subtypes. the majority of viruses were effectively neutralized by 81 ... | 2016 | 27630240 |
| amino acid substitutions involved in the adaptation of a novel highly pathogenic h5n2 avian influenza virus in mice. | h5n2 avian influenza viruses (aivs) can infect individuals that are in frequent contact with infected birds. in 2013, we isolated a novel reassortant highly pathogenic h5n2 aiv strain [a/duck/zhejiang/6dk19/2013(h5n2) (6dk19)] from a duck in eastern china. this study was undertaken to understand the adaptive processes that led enhanced replication and increased virulence of 6dk19 in mammals. 6dk19 was adapted to mice using serial lung-to-lung passages (10 passages total). the virulence of the wi ... | 2016 | 27663652 |
| investigation into the airborne dissemination of h5n2 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus during the 2015 spring outbreaks in the midwestern united states. | we investigated the plausibility of aerosol transmission of h5n2 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus during the 2015 spring outbreaks that occurred in the u.s. midwest. air samples were collected inside and outside of infected turkey and layer facilities. samples were tested to assess hpai virus concentration (rna copies/m(3) of air), virus viability, and virus distribution by particle size. hpai virus rna was detected inside and up to 1000 m from infected facilities. hpai virus was i ... | 2016 | 27610723 |
| genetic characterization of h5n2 influenza viruses isolated from wild birds in japan suggests multiple reassortment. | low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (lpaivs) of the h5 subtype can mutate to highly pathogenic forms, potentially destabilizing the poultry industry. wild migratory birds are considered a natural reservoir of lpaivs capable of dispersing both high- and low-pathogenic forms of the virus. therefore, surveillance and characterization of aiv in wild birds are essential. here, we report on the isolation and genetic characterization of 10 aivs of the h5n2 subtype obtained through surveillance in ho ... | 2016 | 27573808 |
| outbreak of h5n2 highly pathogenic avian influenza a virus infection in two commercial layer facilities: lesions and viral antigen distribution. | the largest outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza a virus (hpaiv) infection in u.s. history began in december 2014 resulting in the euthanasia of millions of birds and collateral economic consequences to the u.s. poultry industry. we describe 2 cases of h5n2 hpaiv infection in laying hens in iowa. following a sharp increase in mortality with minimal clinical signs, 15 dead birds, from 2 unrelated farms, were submitted to the iowa state university veterinary diagnostic laboratory. common ... | 2016 | 27423731 |
| h5n2 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses from the us 2014-2015 outbreak have an unusually long pre-clinical period in turkeys. | from december 2014 through june 2015, the us experienced the most costly highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) outbreak to date. most cases in commercial poultry were caused by an h5n2 strain which was a reassortant with 5 eurasian lineage genes, including a clade 2.3.4.4 goose/guangdong/1996 lineage hemagglutinin, and 3 genes from north american wild waterfowl low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses. the outbreak primarily affected turkeys and table-egg layer type chickens. three isolates ... | 2016 | 27876034 |
| age is not a determinant factor in susceptibility of broilers to h5n2 clade 2.3.4.4 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus. | in 2014-2015, the us experienced an unprecedented outbreak of h5 clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus. the h5n2 hpai virus outbreak in the midwest in 2015 affected commercial turkey and layer farms, but not broiler farms. to assess any potential genetic resistance of broilers and/or age-related effects, we investigated the pathogenesis and transmission of a/turkey/minnesota/12582/2015 (h5n2) (tk/mn/15) virus in commercial 5-week-old broilers, 8-week-old broilers, and >30- ... | 2016 | 27871330 |
| is the optimal ph for membrane fusion in host cells by avian influenza viruses related to host range and pathogenicity? | influenza viruses isolated from wild ducks do not replicate in chickens. this fact is not explained solely by the receptor specificity of the hemagglutinin (ha) from such viruses for target host cells. to investigate this restriction in host range, the fusion activities of ha molecules from duck and chicken influenza viruses were examined. influenza viruses a/duck/mongolia/54/2001 (h5n2) (dk/mng) and a/chicken/ibaraki/1/2005 (h5n2) (ck/ibr), which replicate only in their primary hosts, were used ... | 2016 | 27231009 |
| h9n2 avian influenza virus-derived natural reassortant h5n2 virus in swan containing the hemagglutinin segment from eurasian h5 avian influenza virus with an in-frame deletion of four basic residues in the polybasic hemagglutinin cleavage site. | we isolated a novel h5n2 avian influenza virus from swans in china. the virus was derived from a widespread h9n2 avian influenza virus but acquired the hemagglutinin gene from eurasian h5 subtype with a naturally occurring in-frame deletion of four basic residues in the polybasic hemagglutinin cleavage site. | 2016 | 26910357 |
| susceptibility and status of avian influenza in ostriches. | the extensive nature of ostrich farming production systems bears the continual risk of point introductions of avian influenza virus (aiv) from wild birds, but immune status, management, population density, and other causes of stress in ostriches are the ultimate determinants of the severity of the disease in this species. from january 2012 to december 2014, more than 70 incidents of aiv in ostriches were reported in south africa. these included h5n2 and h7n1 low pathogenicity avian influenza (lp ... | 2016 | 27309069 |
| lessons from the largest epidemic of avian influenza viruses in taiwan, 2015. | the largest epidemic of avian influenza (ai) in history attacked poultry and wild birds throughout taiwan starting january 6, 2015. this study analyzed surveillance results, epidemiologic characteristics, and viral sequences by using government-released information, with the intention to provide recommendations to minimize future pandemic influenza. the h5 clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic ai viruses (hpaivs) had not been detected in taiwan before 2015. during this epidemic, four types of etiologi ... | 2016 | 27309051 |
| description of an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza in domestic ostriches (struthio camelus) in south africa in 2011. | in 2011, the commercial ostrich production industry of south africa experienced an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai), subtype h5n2. surveillance using antibody and antigen detection revealed 42 infected farms with a between-farm prevalence in the affected area of 16%. the outbreak was controlled using depopulation of infected farms, resulting in the direct loss of 10% of the country's domestic ostrich population. various factors in the ostrich production system were observed t ... | 2016 | 27237385 |
| amino acid residues at positions 222 and 227 of the hemagglutinin together with the neuraminidase determine binding of h5 avian influenza viruses to sialyl lewis x. | influenza viruses isolated from ducks are rarely able to infect chickens; it is therefore postulated that these viruses need to adapt in some way to be able to be transmitted to chickens in nature. previous studies revealed that sialyl lewis x (3'slex), which is fucosylated α2,3 sialoside, was predominantly detected on the epithelial cells of the chicken trachea, whereas this glycan structure is not found in the duck intestinal tract. to clarify the mechanisms of the interspecies transmission of ... | 2016 | 26542967 |
| simultaneous subtyping and pathotyping of avian influenza viruses in chickens in taiwan using reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification and microarray. | the h6n1 avian influenza virus has circulated in taiwan for more than 40 years. the sporadic activity of low pathogenic h5n2 virus has been noted since 2003, and highly pathogenic h5n2 avian influenza virus has been detected since 2008. ressortant viruses between h6n1 and h5n2 viruses have become established and enzootic in chickens throughout taiwan. outbreaks caused by novel highly pathogenic h5 avian influenza viruses whose ha genes were closely related to that of the h5n8 virus isolated from ... | 2016 | 27086860 |