Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| [structure of major complex carbohydrate chains of influenza virus a/leningrad/385/80 (h3n2) hemagglutinin]. | the structure of four oligosaccharides which are the main carbohydrate chains of hemagglutinin of influenza virus a/leningrad/385/80 (h3n2) has been elucidated. it was shown by means of enzymatic and mild acid hydrolysis, smith degradation and acetolysis that the oligosaccharides have very similar structures (noncomplete triantennary) and differ from each other only in the number (0, 1 or 2) and position of fucose residues. the peculiarities of glycosylation of h3 hemagglutinin from different st ... | 1986 | 3778535 |
| influenza in the united kingdom 1982-85. | influenza surveillance in the uk between the years 1982 and 1985 has demonstrated the regular winter appearance of influenza a virus of both h1n1 and h3n2 subtypes and influenza b. their antigenic diversity is described and correlated with the national statistics for morbidity and mortality for influenza. one unexpected finding has been that despite the wide circulation of influenza viruses there has been a continuation of winters without significant increases in influenza deaths or morbidity. a ... | 1986 | 3782786 |
| nucleotide sequence analysis of the nucleoprotein gene of an avian and a human influenza virus strain identifies two classes of nucleoproteins. | the nucleotide sequences of rna segment 5 of an avian influenza a virus, a/mallard/ny/6750/78 (h2n2), and a human influenza a virus, a/udorn/307/72 (h3n2), were determined and the deduced amino acid sequences of the nucleoprotein (np) of these viruses were compared to two other avian and two other human influenza a np sequences. the results indicated that there are separate classes of avian and human influenza a np genes that can be distinguished on the basis of sites containing amino acids spec ... | 1986 | 3788059 |
| amantadine resistance in clinical influenza a (h3n2) and (h1n1) virus isolates. | thirty-nine influenza a (h1n1) and (h3n2) virus isolates were examined for their susceptibility to amantadine in allantois-on-shell (aos) cultures. a range of susceptibilities was found when isolates were titrated in the presence of 2.5 mg/l amantadine. further titration of resistant isolates at 25 mg/l revealed one isolate which remained totally resistant at this higher concentration. a series of cloned viruses was derived from this resistant isolate, and one other partially resistant isolate, ... | 1986 | 3793655 |
| laboratory studies of the 1984 influenza epidemic on the witwatersrand. | a particularly severe outbreak of influenza occurred on the witwatersrand from may to august 1984, caused sequentially by influenza a (h3n2), b/influenza and influenza a (h1n1) viruses. although the precise extent of the infection was impossible to determine, valuable anecdotal information was provided by a network of sentinel sampling stations in private practices, clinics and hospitals, representing a cross-section of population groups on the witwatersrand. this active surveillance programme w ... | 1986 | 3798269 |
| [characteristics of different recombinants of the philippine variety of influenza virus h3n2]. | the paper presents the results of generating influenza virus recombinants by hybridization of the laboratory a/pr8/34 strain with epidemic a/philippines 2/82 virus and studies of a number of their biological properties. a highly temperature-sensitive recombinant with mutational damages in the hemagglutinin gene was detected. | 1986 | 3798904 |
| [quantitative characteristics of the process of solubilizing hemagglutinin isolated from influenza viruses h1n1 and h3n2]. | quantitative characteristics of the process of solubilization of influenza h1n1 and h3n2 virus hemagglutinin treated with bromeline enzyme were studied. after a long-time contact of viruses with the enzyme the hemagglutinin was found to be destroyed significantly. certain conditions should be observed in order to increase the amount of hemagglutinin separated by the enzyme and its final yield. first, the quality of the original virus concentrate should be evaluated by electron microscopy. second ... | 1986 | 3798905 |
| influenza activity in czechoslovakia and the ussr, 1980-1985. | between 1980 and 1985, czechoslovakia had experienced 4 and the ussr 3 major influenza outbreaks. of the 3 epidemic outbreaks in the ussr, 2 were associated with influenza b virus (in the 1980/81 and 1983/84 seasons) and 1 with influenza a virus of the h3n2 subtype. in the ussr, influenza a (h1n1) virus never predominated as a cause of epidemic during the 5 years period. in czechoslovakia, 2 epidemics (in the 1980/81 and 1983/84 seasons) were due to influenza a (h1n1) virus. the epidemic in the ... | 1986 | 3805712 |
| intraepidemic heterogeneity of influenza a (h3n2) viruses in 1985: antigenic analysis and sensitivity to non-specific inhibitors. | during the influenza outbreak of 1984-85 22 strains of h3n2 viruses were isolated in finland. an intra-epidemic heterogeneity was demonstrated in an antigenic analysis by haemagglutination inhibition test with antisera produced in rats. the strains could be classified into three groups which corresponded to the following reference strains: group i: a/hong kong/1/84, a/hong kong/3/84; group ii: a/philippines/2/82; group iii: a/caen/1/84. seven of the isolates were entirely insensitive to gamma-in ... | 1986 | 3807442 |
| evaluation of the efficacy of split-product trivalent a(h1n1), a(h3n2), and b influenza vaccines: reactogenicity, immunogenicity and persistence of antibodies following two doses of vaccines. | the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of tween-ether split trivalent a(h1n1), a(h3n2), and b influenza vaccine in primary school children aged seven to 12 years, and the persistence of antibodies following two doses of vaccine were studied during 1980-1984. adverse reactions were infrequent, and, even when reported, were chiefly local ones, mild in nature and of short duration. most of the reactions were less frequent after the second dose than after the first dose. most of the systemic reaction ... | 1986 | 3807793 |
| host cell-mediated variation in h3n2 influenza viruses. | the influence of the host cell on the selection of antigenic variants of influenza a h3n2 viruses and the relevance of host cell selection to the induction of immunity by these viruses have been investigated. influenza viruses were isolated from human clinical samples during a single epidemic, were passaged in mammalian madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells or in embryonated hens eggs, and were tested for antigenic variability in the hemagglutinin (ha) molecule with a panel of monoclonal antibo ... | 1987 | 3811239 |
| demonstration of an immunosuppressive action of detergent-disrupted influenza virus on the antibody response to inactivated whole virus vaccine. | in a series of experiments performed in hamsters and mice, administration of mixtures of detergent-disrupted (sv) influenza a x49 (h3n2) virus and inactivated x49 whole virus (wv) vaccine induced lower serum antibody titres than equivalent or lower doses of wv vaccine alone. this reduction in antibody titre was also observed using influenza a (h1n1) and influenza b (b/hong kong/8/73) sv and wv vaccine preparations. the results suggested that sv preparations can suppress the serum antibody respon ... | 1987 | 3819697 |
| [evolution of the hemagglutinin gene of human influenza a virus h3 subtype]. | an evolutional tree of human influenza viruses of the h3n2-subtype is suggested on the basis of combined published primary structures of the hemagglutinin ha1-subunit. possible differences between natural and sequenced structures are discussed. a tendency to reversions in the course of antigenic draft within the subtype has been revealed to support the hypothesis of limited antigenic evolution within a single subtype. | 1986 | 3821759 |
| [epidemiologic surveillance of influenza in rome 1982-1984]. | in the periods from july 1982 to june 1983 and july 1983 to june 1984, 31 strains of influenza virus, of which 19 a/h3n2 6 a/h1n1 and 6 type b, were isolated from 242 throat cultures obtained from patients with acute febrile respiratory disease. a seroepidemiological survey on 520 serum samples confirms significant activity of influenza viruses during the winterly period of 1983-1984. in the period july-august 1983 the evaluation of mortality from respiratory diseases presents an excess in respe ... | 1986 | 3823365 |
| [pathologico-anatomic findings in sudden, unexpected death in children and adults with influenza a infection]. | thé following observations resulted from studies on forensic autopsy cases: in 76% of the adults and 55% of the infants the cases of unexpected sudden death without morphologically verifiable causes of death showed virologic evidence of recent influenza-a (h3n2)-infection. the pathologic findings corresponded with the findings in lethal infections with influenza-a viruses. investigation of cases of sudden and unexpected death should always include virologic serum tests. the demonstration of igm ... | 1986 | 3825314 |
| n-acetylneuraminyllactosylceramide, gm3-neuac, a new influenza a virus receptor which mediates the adsorption-fusion process of viral infection. binding specificity of influenza virus a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) to membrane-associated gm3 with different molecular species of sialic acid. | agglutinates of native chicken erythrocytes caused by influenza virus a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) at 4 degrees c were potently fused and lysed at low ph (optimum ph 5.3) at 37 degrees c. exogenous gangliosides gm3 (sia alpha 2-3gal beta 1-4glc beta 1-ceramide) and gm2 (galnac beta 1-4(sia alpha 2-3)-gal beta 1-4glc beta 1-ceramide) were integrated into the membranes of chicken asialoerythrocytes within 5-min incubation at 37 degrees c. we found that the incorporation of ganglioside gm3 containing n-acet ... | 1985 | 3838173 |
| development of subtype-specific and heterosubtypic antibodies to the influenza a virus hemagglutinin after primary infection in children. | children undergoing primary infection with an h1n1 or h3n2 influenza a virus developed subtype-specific hemagglutination inhibition antibodies and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibodies to purified hemagglutinin (ha) of the infecting virus subtype. they also developed lower titered elisa antibodies to the noninfecting h1 or h3 ha and to h8 (an avian strain) ha. thus, after primary infection with an influenza a virus, children develop enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, but not hemagglutinat ... | 1985 | 3839001 |
| fusion of influenza virus membranes with liposomes at ph 7.5. | influenza virus x-31 (h3n2) membranes fuse with liposomes containing ganglioside gd1a at ph 7.5. fusion was demonstrated by electron microscopy and also can be measured by counting the labeled virus proteins incorporated into liposomes after bound virus has been removed. liposomes composed of lipids that have no net charge behave as reported by other investigators and do not fuse with influenza x-31 membranes at neutral ph, but they do fuse at low ph. therefore, the liposomal composition is a fa ... | 1985 | 3860813 |
| sensitization of mice with wild-type and cold-adapted influenza virus variants: immune response to two h1n1 and h3n2 viruses. | two a strain influenza viruses, a/hong kong/123/77 (a/hk/123/77) (h1n1) and a/queensland/6/72 (a/qld/6/72) (h3n2), and the two cold-adapted reassortants which possess the surface antigens of these strains (cr35 and cr6, respectively) were tested for their ability both to induce primary cytotoxic t-cell (tc cell) responses in mice and to sensitize mice for a second tc cell response when challenged with a distantly related a strain virus, a/shearwater/72 (h6n5). after intranasal inoculation, a/qld ... | 1985 | 3871484 |
| current status of amantadine and rimantadine as anti-influenza-a agents: memorandum from a who meeting. | amantadine (1-adamantanamine hydrochloride), an anti-influenza drug, effectively inhibits the replication of all human subtypes of influenza a virus (h1n1, h2n2 and h3n2) both in laboratory studies and in a variety of clinical situations in young and old persons. so far, it has been used on a relatively limited scale by community and hospital clinicians, partly because of concern over mild side-effects in approximately 6% of persons. the related compound, rimantadine (alpha-methyl-1-adamantane-m ... | 1985 | 3872736 |
| human peripheral blood mononuclear cells produce iga anti-influenza virus antibody in a secondary in vitro antibody response. | the function and immunoregulation of human iga memory b cells producing anti-influenza virus antibody was analyzed in vitro in antigen-stimulated cultures. peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from seven of eight normal adult volunteers naturally immunized to influenza virus produced iga anti-influenza virus antibody when stimulated in vitro with inactivated a/aichi/68 [h3n2] influenza virus. this iga antibody response was approximately one-eighth the igg antibody response. pbmc from each o ... | 1985 | 3874224 |
| t-enriched spleen cells in delayed-type hypersensitivity to influenza virus in mice. | restimulation in vitro of t-enriched spleen cells from cba mice with influenza virus a/bangkok 1/79/h3n2 or its hemagglutinin (ha) leads to enhancement of delayed-type hypersensitivity (dth) to virus and ha in recipients of transfer. the enhancement of dth measured by tail swelling is accompanied by 20-fold increase of binding affinity of transferring cells to ha measured by saturation analysis. dth induced by ha in vivo is weaker than induced by virus in this system. however, when ha is used in ... | 1985 | 3878696 |
| [hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies to influenza viruses]. | six hybrid clones producing monoclonal antibodies (mca) to influenza a/fmi/47 virus and 9 hybrid clones producing mca to influenza a/ussr/090/77 virus have been developed. the resulting mca have been shown to be highly specific for influenza viruses of h1n1 serotype and differentiating h1n1 viruses from h0n1 and h3n2. in 3 out of 11 hybrid clones under study, unique marker chromosomes not occurring in cells of the myeloma parents have been found. | 1985 | 3887755 |
| infection of cultured human muscle cells by influenza virus. | in a search for myotropic viruses with a potential to initiate muscle autoimmunity, we found that two strains of influenza a virus, a/england/863/78 (h3n2) and the reassortant virus x-47 (h3n2), could infect human syncytial myotubes lytically. the x-47 strain could, in addition, infect unicellular precursor myoblasts. intracellular viral protein synthesis was demonstrated by pulse-labelling studies in both cell types with both virus strains. by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy, v ... | 1985 | 3903046 |
| simultaneous administration of live, attenuated influenza a vaccines representing different serotypes. | two live, attenuated cold-adapted influenza a vaccines representing current h1n1 and h3n2 serotypes were simultaneously administered intranasally to doubly seronegative children. no clinical illness resulted. characterization of virus shedding demonstrated shedding of both original vaccine strains and of reassortant virus with the h3n1 and h1n2 phenotype. a serum immune response to both serotypes was demonstrated. the successful simultaneous administration of two influenza a vaccine strains enha ... | 1985 | 3904259 |
| use of influenza a virus vaccines in seronegative children: live cold-adapted versus inactivated whole virus. | we report the safety and antigenicity of influenza a vaccines in seronegative children one to seven years of age. a natural h1n1 challenge that occurred shortly after completion of the vaccination program permitted an evaluation of efficacy. twenty-eight subjects were inoculated with live cold-adapted (ca) influenza a/washington/897/80 (h3n2), 29 with ca influenza a/california/10/78 (h1n1), 24 with inactivated whole-virus influenza a/bangkok/79 (h3n2), and 30 with a placebo. the ca vaccines were ... | 1985 | 3905983 |
| [use of a method of molecular nucleic acid hybridization for the rapid diagnosis of influenza]. | a highly sensitive method of pinpoint hybridization of nucleic acids on nitrocellulose filters using 32p-labeled pha plasmid carrying a dna copy of hemagglutinin gene of influenza a/udorn/307/72 (h3n2) was developed which permitted specific detection of minimal amounts of rna (units of pikograms) of influenza a virus with h3 serotype hemagglutinin. the method of pinpoint hybridization was used for the detection of rna of influenza a (h3 serotype) in nasopharyngeal washings of patients with acute ... | 1985 | 3907140 |
| visualization of the fate of inactive influenza viruses in daudi cells by electron microscopy. | the replication of active and inactivated influenza viruses in daudi lymphoma cells was studied by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. in a previous study, we demonstrated that active and heat-inactivated x47 (h3n2) virus arrested daudi cell growth by inhibiting cellular dna synthesis while formalin-treated x47 virus did not. transmission electron microscopic studies revealed that both the active and the heat-inactivated x47 virus penetrated into the cells. only the active x47 (xa) virus ... | 1985 | 3912969 |
| [isolation of the internal proteins of the influenza virus by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for obtaining monospecific antisera]. | the principal possibility of isolation of internal proteins (m and np) of influenza type a (h1n1 and h3n2) and b viruses by sds-pag preparative electrophoresis and preparation of monospecific antisera to these proteins was demonstrated. the resulting preparations may be used for testing the biological objects by enzymeimmunoassay. | 1985 | 3913133 |
| [cloning of the hemagglutinin gene of influenza virus of subtype h3 in e. coli]. | dsdna of the influenza virus subtype a/leningrad/385/80/r (h3n2)-recombinant a/leningrad/385/80 (h3n2) and rr/8/34 (h1n1) has been synthesized using polyadenylated viral rna as a template. this dsdna has been cloned on plasmid puc19. a clone has been selected harbouring the plasmid with included proximal fragment of hemagglutinin gene that contains the main antigenic determinants. the hybrid plasmid is hybridizable with rna of the hemagglutinin gene and with oligonucleotide catgcaaaaccttccc that ... | 1985 | 3916214 |
| antigenic variation of influenza a (h3n2) virus in relation to influenza epidemics in shanghai (1968-1977). | 1985 | 3922694 | |
| the demonstration of the influenza virus by the method of the immune electron microscopy. | the direct and indirect method of the immune electron microscopy (iem) was used for the identification of two influenza viruses of the type a--[strain a/chabarovsk/77 (h1n1) and a/texas/77 (h3n2)]--by means of reference specific rat- and human- convalescent sera. in the cross-testing different dilutions of the virus in the allantoic fluid and of the sera were examined for the determination of the appropriate rates for the formation of the immunocomplexes. in the demonstration of the immunocomple ... | 1985 | 3926876 |
| reinfection with influenza a (h2n2, h3n2, and h1n1) viruses in soldiers and students in japan. | reinfection with influenza a virus was studied by measuring hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody responses to infection in paired sera taken from groups of soldiers and students. among 62 soldiers severely infected during the first wave of the a/asian/57 (h2n2) pandemic in 1957, 17 were asymptomatically reinfected with the same virus within six months. in the 1962 epidemic the rate increased to 41%. among reinfected soldiers studied, 68% had an asymptomatic infection; only 10% were severely symp ... | 1986 | 3941288 |
| an antigenic analysis using monoclonal antibodies of influenza a (h3n2) viruses isolated from an epidemic in a semi-closed community. | seventy-eight influenza a (h3n2) viruses isolated from a single epidemic in a semi-closed community involving 203 clinical cases were characterized using a panel of monoclonal antibodies to virus haemagglutinin (ha). thirty groups of antigenically distinguishable viruses were detected but the majority (41%) of the viruses belonged to two serological groupings, designated 11 and 17. viruses in serological group 11 were present throughout the outbreak. the greatest diversity of antigenic variants ... | 1986 | 3944586 |
| studies of influenza haemagglutinin-mediated membrane fusion. | a resonance energy transfer assay of membrane fusion developed by p. s. uster and d. w. deamer (biochemistry 24, 1-8 (1985)) was used in a study of influenza haemagglutinin-mediated fusion. the characteristics of fusion and haemolysis by x-31 (h3n2) virus, a number of mutants of x-31 which fuse membranes at higher ph, and purified haemagglutinins released from virus particles either by detergent dissociation or by bromelain digestion were compared with particular regard to ph and temperature dep ... | 1986 | 3946080 |
| comparative studies of h3n2 influenza virus strains isolated in may-june, 1982, and in the subsequent epidemic in february, 1983: antigenic and genome analysis. | comparative studies have been undertaken on the h3n2 influenza virus strains isolated in leningrad in may-june, 1982 and those isolated in the subsequent winter epidemic in february, 1983. analysis of the isolates with ferret antisera against standard influenza viruses of the h3n2 subtype and with monoclonal antibodies against a/bangkok/1/79 virus revealed a considerable but similar degree of heterogeneity in the ha antigenic specificity of the strains isolated in the spring-summer, 1982, as in ... | 1986 | 3947238 |
| severity of fever in influenza: differential pyrogenicity in ferrets exhibited by h1n1 and h3n2 strains of differing virulence. | intracardial inoculation of large quantities (200 micrograms viral protein/kg body weight) of infectious or u.v.-inactivated purified influenza viruses into ferrets resulted in a rapid febrile response which was significantly lower for two recently isolated h1n1 viruses, a/ussr/90/77 and a/fiji/15899/83, than for two virulent clones, 7a and 64c, of the a/puerto rico/8/34-a/england/939/69 (h3n2) reassortant virus system. these results, which are in accord with the severity of fever produced by th ... | 1986 | 3950579 |
| a reassortant between influenza a viruses (h7n2) synthesizing an enzymatically inactive neuraminidase at 40 degrees which is not incorporated into infectious particles. | cells infected with a reassortant (113/ho, h7n2) between a/fowl plague/rostock/34 (fpv, h7n1) and a/hong kong/1/68 (h3n2) carrying rna segments 1 and 6 of the hong kong virus and the residual genes of fpv, synthesized at 40 degrees a neuraminidase (na) which is enzymatically not active and which is not incorporated into infectious particles. at 40 degrees na accumulates in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. it contains mainly carbohydrate side chains of the mannose type, and fucose is only scarcel ... | 1986 | 3952990 |
| electron microscopy of the low ph structure of influenza virus haemagglutinin. | influenza virus haemagglutinin mediates infection of cells by fusion of viral and endosomal membranes, triggered by low ph which induces a conformational change in the protein. we report studies of this change by electron microscopy, neutron scattering, sedimentation and photon correlation on x-31 (h3n2) haemagglutinin, both intact and bromelain cleaved, in various assemblies. has in all preparations showed a thinning at low ph, and a marked elongation which was removed on tryptic digestion, rev ... | 1986 | 3956479 |
| in vitro production of anti-influenza virus antibody after simultaneous administration of h3n2 and h1n1 cold-adapted vaccines in seronegative children. | sixteen doubly seronegative (h3n2 and h1n1) young children were recently enrolled in a study of live, attenuated cold-adapted influenza a vaccines. twelve children received simultaneously h3n2 and h1n1 live, attenuated influenza vaccine intranasally and four received saline as placebo controls. peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbl) were obtained sequentially from all children and the in vitro production of anti-influenza h3n2 and h1n1 antibody from unstimulated and influenza stimulated cells was me ... | 1986 | 3962451 |
| biochemical and antigenic analysis using monoclonal antibodies of a series of of influenza a (h3n2) and (h1n1) virus reassortants. | reassortant influenza a viruses with high growth capacity in eggs and suitable as candidate vaccine strains or as standard reagents for influenza ha quantification were prepared using the high yielding a/pr/8/34 (h1n1) as one parent and a number of 'wild' strains of influenza a (h1n1) or (h3n2) viruses as the other parent. the genetic and antigenic composition of the reassortants was determined. the parental derivation of genes in the reassortants was established by electrophoretic analysis of v ... | 1986 | 3962452 |
| [primary structure of the full-size dna copy of the np gene of influenza virus a/kiev/59/79 (h1n1)]. | the complete nucleotide sequence of the cloned full-length dna copy of a/kiev/59/79 (h1n1) influenza virus nucleoprotein gene has been determined. this strain is shown to be the natural recombinant that inherited its nucleoprotein gene from contemporary h3n2-influenza strains. the comparison with other np-genes reveals the probable localization of antigenic determinants and phosphorylation site of the np-protein. | 1986 | 3964309 |
| comparison of infection rats and severity of illness for influenza a subtypes h1n1 and h3n2. | in the houston family study, overall rates of infection for the three major outbreaks of influenza a from 1977 to 1981 were higher for subtype h3n2 than for h1n1. rates in school children were almost identical, but rates of infection with h1n1 were lower in adults and in preschool children, especially those younger than two years of age. however, rates for the two subtypes were similar in young children within families that experienced influenza a infections. in the total population overall illn ... | 1985 | 3965595 |
| cross-subtype protection in humans during sequential, overlapping, and/or concurrent epidemics caused by h3n2 and h1n1 influenza viruses. | a total of 663 pupils at four schools were studied serologically and clinically during a period of large sequential and/or mixed epidemics of infection with two subtypes of influenza a virus, h3n2 and h1n1. of 91 middle-school pupils infected with h3n2 virus shortly before and 82 pupils not previously infected with this subtype, 59% and 91% became infected with h1n1 virus, respectively; this difference was significant. similar results were obtained at the two primary schools studied. at a high s ... | 1985 | 3965596 |
| naturally acquired immunity to influenza type a. lessons from two coexisting subtypes. | when the h1n1 subtype of influenza reappeared in the northern hemisphere during 1977, after a 20-year absence, it behaved very differently from the h3n2 subtype still in circulation. in sydney, we studied the incidence of both subtypes of laboratory-proven influenza type a in 287 unvaccinated volunteers whose serum antibody titres were measured before and after each winter, to facilitate the detection of subclinical as well as clinical infection. during a 1977 epidemic, the a/victoria/3/75 strai ... | 1985 | 3965918 |
| prophylactic amantadine dose and plasma concentration-effect relationships in healthy adults. | amantadine dose, plasma concentration, prophylactic and adverse effect relationships for prevention of influenza a virus infection in healthy young adult subjects were investigated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. seventy-four subjects with hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers less than or equal to 16 against an attenuated influenza a virus af9/montreal/3/72 (h3n2) were randomly allocated to groups taking 0 (placebo), 25, 100, or 150 mg amantadine syrup prophylactically twice ... | 1985 | 3967455 |
| efficacy of influenza vaccine in nursing homes. reduction in illness and complications during an influenza a (h3n2) epidemic. | from december 10, 1982, to march 4, 1983, when influenza a (h3n2) viruses circulated in michigan, outbreaks of influenza-like illness were identified in seven nursing homes in genesee county; 272 (27%) of 1,018 residents were affected. unvaccinated residents were more likely than vaccinated residents to become ill (risk ratio [rr], 2.6; 95% confidence interval [cl], 1.8-3.6) and were subsequently more likely to be hospitalized (rr, 2.4; 95% cl, 1.2-4.8), develop roentgenographically proven pneum ... | 1985 | 3968844 |
| role of serum in stimulation of polymorphonuclear leukocyte, luminol-dependent chemiluminescence by influenza a. | granulocyte membrane perturbation activates oxidative metabolism with the release of highly reactive species (o2-, h2o2, oh., and 'o2) and emission of light (chemiluminescence (cl)). using the cl response as a measure of oxidative metabolism, we assayed the effects of influenza a on the granulocyte respiratory burst. human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmns) were isolated by ficoll-hypaque cushioning and dextran sedimentation. the isolated pmns were incubated with egg-grown influenza a (h3n2) vi ... | 1985 | 3970456 |
| amino acid sequences of haemagglutinins of influenza viruses of the h3 subtype isolated from horses. | the amino acid sequence of the haemagglutinin of a/equine/miami/63 (h3n8), the prototype influenza virus of the h3 subtype from horses, is deduced from the nucleotide sequence of virus rna and compared with the sequences of haemagglutinins of viruses of this subtype isolated from humans [x-31 (h3n2)] and from birds [a/duck/ukraine/63 (h3n8)] and with the sequence of the haemagglutinin of a/equine/fontainebleau/79 (h3n8) a virus isolated from a recent outbreak of equine influenza. the amino acid ... | 1985 | 3973560 |
| comparative electrophoretic study of polypeptides of influenza a/h3n2 viruses isolated in circumscribed geographical areas. | two distinct groups of influenza a/h3n2 viruses, closely related to a/bangkok/1/79 and to a/belgium/2/81, have been chosen from viruses isolated in italy during 1981 to 1983 with the aim of analysing the biochemical composition of their polypeptides. the strains of each group have shown differences in electrophoretic migration rates in one or more proteins in comparison to the prototype viruses. polypeptide mobility variations among isolates from circumscribed geographical areas and from single ... | 1985 | 3973565 |
| nucleoprotein and membrane protein genes are associated with restriction of replication of influenza a/mallard/ny/78 virus and its reassortants in squirrel monkey respiratory tract. | an avian influenza a virus, a/mallard/ny/6750/78(h2n2), was restricted in in replication in the respiratory tract of squirrel monkeys. avian-human influenza a reassortant viruses possessing the six rna segments coding for nonsurface proteins (i.e., internal genes) of this avian virus were as restricted in replication in squirrel monkeys as their avian influenza parent. these findings indicated that restriction of replication of the avian influenza virus is a function of one or more of its intern ... | 1985 | 3973966 |
| analysis of antigenic relationships among influenza virus strains using a taxonomic cluster procedure. comparison of three kinds of antibody preparations. | hemagglutination inhibiting (hi) monoclonal antibody preparations (ma) were raised against six influenza a (h3n2) strains from the period 1977-1982. twenty-three hybridomas were selected and titrated in hi assays against these strains and against 18 influenza a (h3n2) viruses isolated in the netherlands during the seasons 1981-1982 and 1982-1983. similar hi tests were performed with conventional post-infection ferret antisera and with ferret antisera adsorbed with heterologous strains of influen ... | 1985 | 3988875 |
| [method for the cross protection of mice in studying the antigenic variability of the influenza virus]. | a modification of the method of cross protection of mice was developed for the study of influenza virus antigenic drift. this modification does not require a pre-adaptation of the virus to mouse lungs. the experiments of cross protection of immune animals carried out by the modified method demonstrated antigenic variability of the influenza a virus strains (h3n2) isolated in 1968-1983. immunologically significant differences between influenza a/hong kong/68/ and a/victoria/36/72 virus strains we ... | 1985 | 3992999 |
| [formation and protective functions of antibodies to neuraminidase of the influenza a virus]. | the features of production and protective properties of antineuraminidase antibodies in subjects of various ages with influenza infection caused by currently important influenza a virus strains of h1n1 and h3n2 serosubtypes were studied. in children, antineuraminidase antibodies were found to accumulate less intensively than in adults and in infants under 1 year they were detected extremely rarely. in young infants, their titres after the disease decreased more rapidly than antihemagglutinin tit ... | 1985 | 3993000 |
| [erythrocyte antibody diagnostic agents for determining the type and subtype of influenza viruses]. | the method of antibody sensitization of sheep erythrocyte using amidole was employed to prepare diagnosticums for influenza a/ussr/090/77 (h1n1), a/bangkok/1/79 (h3n2), and b/hong kong/75 viruses. comparison of the potency of diagnosticums obtained on the basis of hyperimmune influenza sera and immunoglobulin preparations demonstrated that the use of globulins isolated with ammonium sulphate, by gel filtration on sephadex g-200, and ion-exchange chromatography on deae-cellulose 32 gives a higher ... | 1985 | 3993001 |
| in vitro production of ige and igg protein by blood mononuclear cells from non-atopic and atopic donors. | the production of ige and igg protein by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in culture has been examined. cells obtained from 18 grass-sensitive donors during the grass pollen season and from 11 atopic dermatitis patients (total serum ige levels greater than 960 ng/ml), spontaneously produced significant amounts of ige but not igg with time. similar results were obtained using b-cell enriched preparations from both groups. cells from 16 non-atopic donors had mean levels of pre-formed ige s ... | 1985 | 3993866 |
| [analysis of the influenza situation in the ussr and the gdr in nonepidemic (1978-1979) and epidemic (1979-1980) seasons]. | analysis of comparative surveillance on influenza carried out in the ussr and the gdr is presented. it was shown that both in the nonepidemic and epidemic seasons the incidence of influenza in the ussr increased considerably earlier than in the gdr. in the nonepidemic season of 1978-1979, strains of different antigenic structure were in circulation in the ussr and the gdr, whereas the epidemic of 1979-1980 was induced by new drift variants of a(h3n2) virus, a/bangkok/1/79 and a/bangkok/2/79. the ... | 1985 | 4002688 |
| dose response of influenza a/washington/897/80 (h3n2) avian-human reassortant virus in adult volunteers. | 1985 | 4008988 | |
| tecumseh study of illness. xiii. influenza infection and disease, 1976-1981. | the occurrence of influenza was followed in tecumseh, michigan during the five year period 1976-1981 by identifying onset of acute respiratory illness and by virus isolation and serology. type b outbreaks were observed in 1976-1977 and 1979-1980, type a (h3n2) in 1977-1978 and 1980-1981, and type a (h1n1) viruses in 1977-1978, 1978-1979, and 1980-1981. evidence of low level circulation of viruses in the year preceding an outbreak was not obtained. age-specific isolation rates from specimens coll ... | 1985 | 4014174 |
| heterogeneity among influenza h3n2 isolates recovered during an outbreak. brief report. | isolates of the h3n2 subtype recovered during an outbreak have been analyzed at the genomic and protein level. no reassortant genomes were detected. by t1-oligonucleotide fingerprinting of rna segments coding for hemagglutinin (ha), nucleoprotein (np), and neuraminidase (na) two genotypes were found. | 1985 | 4015407 |
| [nonspecificity of the phenomenon of influenza virus phagocytosis by murine macrophages]. | peritoneal macrophage cultures from intact mice and those immune to influenza virus a/pr/8/34 (hon1) were infected with homologous virus or influenza virus a/england/42/72 (h3n2) whereupon virus was isolated from chick embryos. it was established that in intact macrophages, both viruses duplicated similarly. macrophages immune to virus hon1 equally disintegrated both in homologous virus and heterologous influenza virus h3n2. | 1985 | 4016242 |
| prevalence of antibody against influenza a viruses in the kren-akorore, an indian tribe of central brazil, first contacted in 1973. | influenza a antibodies in serum samples obtained in 1980 from two indian populations in central brazil were compared. the kren-akorore, who were first contacted in 1973 and two years later transferred to the xingu indian park (pix), were compared with indians from other tribes already living in the pix before 1975. an analysis was made of the prevalence and distribution of antibodies against the influenza a viruses which have circulated in the civilized world since 1918. antibodies to the early ... | 1985 | 4020109 |
| severity of fever in influenza: studies on the relation between viral surface antigens, pyrexia, level of nasal virus and inflammatory response in the ferret. | previous work has shown that fever in influenza of ferrets occurs following release of endogenous pyrogen from virus-phagocyte interaction in the upper respiratory tract (urt), and suggested that the poor inflammatory response and correspondingly low fever elicited by a/puerto rico/8/34 (h1n1), compared with h3n2 reassortant clones of a/puerto rico/8/34-a/england/939/69, were related to its h1 and n1 surface antigens. nasal virus levels, inflammatory and pyrexial responses produced in ferrets by ... | 1985 | 4020349 |
| natural heterogeneity of shape, infectivity and protein composition in an influenza a (h3n2) virus preparation. | influenza a (x31) virus was purified over a zonal sucrose gradient. the resulting gradient fractions were examined by electron microscopy, ha and infectivity titrations and gel electrophoresis. the fractions containing a homogeneous suspension of spherical particles had the highest infectivity per amount of viral protein and a much higher ha:m ratio than the unfractionated preparation. these results explain differences in the proportions of ha and m protein we have reported elsewhere on monodisp ... | 1985 | 4024729 |
| recent h1n1 viruses (a/ussr/90/77, a/fiji/15899/83, a/firenze/13/83) replicate poorly in ferret bronchial epithelium. brief report. | three recent wild-type h1n1 influenza virus isolates (a/ussr/90/77, a/fiji/15899/83 and a/firenze/13/83) replicated poorly in organ cultures of ferret bronchial tissue compared with the replication of an h3n2 wild-type virus (a/england/939/69). all four viruses replicated well in nasal turbinate tissue. examination of one h1n1 virus (a/ussr/90/77) in vivo showed heavy infection in the upper respiratory tract of ferrets but little in the lower respiratory tract. these results raise the possibilit ... | 1985 | 4026584 |
| subclass distribution and molecular form of immunoglobulin a hemagglutinin antibodies in sera and nasal secretions after experimental secondary infection with influenza a virus in humans. | serum and nasal wash specimens from 13 human volunteers undergoing experimental secondary infection with influenza a/peking/2/79 (h3n2) wild-type virus were examined for the molecular form and subclass distribution of immunoglobulin a (iga) antibodies to the viral hemagglutinin (ha). nasal iga antibodies were polymeric and did not bind radiolabeled secretory component, indicating that they were secretory iga antibodies. both iga1 and iga2 antibodies were detected; however, iga1 accounted for mos ... | 1985 | 4031039 |
| [heterogeneity of carbohydrate fragments in heavy and light chains of influenza virus a/leningrad/385/80 (h3n2) hemagglutinin]. | comparative analysis of carbohydrate chains variations in influenza virus a/leningrad/385/80 (h3n2) hemagglutinin (ha) and its heavy (ha1) and light (ha2) chains has been carried out. the carbohydrate chains of these three glycoproteins were eliminated by reductive cleavage of n-glucosaminidic linkages under libh4 - tert-buoh treatment. fractionation of the oligosaccharides thus obtained by means of gel chromatography and hplc resulted in isolation of 21 individual oligosaccharides from each gly ... | 1985 | 4038352 |
| [influenza vaccine stimulation of antibodies to different variants of influenza a virus]. | the capacity of live influenza type a (h3n2) vaccines to produce antihemagglutinins and antineuraminidase antibody to drift variants of a given serosubtype emerging later than the vaccine strain was studied. for this purpose, a wider set of antigens was used to examine retrospectively by the hi and virus elution from erythrocyte inhibition tests the paired sera from the subjects immunized in 1975 and 1976 with live vaccine virus strains similar to a/port chalmers/1/73 (h3n2) and a/victoria/3/75. ... | 1985 | 4049840 |
| [comparative evaluation of the therapeutic effectiveness of virazole and remantadine in patients with influenza caused by a(h3n2) and b viruses]. | therapeutic effectiveness of virazole in treatment of patients with influenza caused by a (h3n2) and b viruses (1980-1984) was demonstrated in 432 patients with the laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of influenza. provided the treatment started on the 1st day of the disease, the experimental group showed normalization of fever and regression of toxicity symptoms within shorter periods than the controls. however in treatment of patients with influenza caused by a (h3n2) virus virazole showed a less m ... | 1985 | 4049841 |
| [circulation of the influenza virus on poultry-raising farms]. | the results of examinations for immunity to influenza in chickens and the personnel handling them at the permanently observed farm are presented. antibodies mainly to the same antigenic variants of human influenza viruses were found in chicken and human blood sera. alongside with antihemagglutinins to influenza a (h3n2) virus strains, chicken in 1983-1984 were found to have antibodies to influenza b virus epidemically important in those years. thus, in poultry farms human influenza viruses are i ... | 1985 | 4049842 |
| attenuation of wild-type human influenza a virus by acquisition of the pa polymerase and matrix protein genes of influenza a/ann arbor/6/60 cold-adapted donor virus. | wild-type influenza a viruses can be attenuated for humans by the acquisition of genes from the a/ann arbor/6/60 cold-adapted (ca) donor virus. six-gene reassortants, that is, viruses containing the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase surface glycoprotein genes of the wild-type virus and the six remaining rna segments of the ca donor virus, are consistently attenuated for humans. during the production of a six-gene reassortant virus containing the surface glycoproteins of the a/washington/897/80 (h3 ... | 1985 | 4056002 |
| ganglioside gm1b as an influenza virus receptor. | receptor activity toward influenza virus a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) of a pair of gangliosides, gm1b (neuac alpha 2-3 ga1 beta 1-3 galnac beta 1-4 gal beta 1-4 glc beta 1-1'-ceramide) and gm1a (gal beta 1-3 galnac beta 1-4 (neuac alpha 2-3) ga1 beta 1-4 glc beta 1-1'-ceramide) is described. receptor activity was monitored by an assay system including incorporation of gangliosides into chicken asialoerythrocytes which had lost the biological response for the virus, and subsequent estimation of recovery o ... | 1985 | 4060848 |
| inhibition of transcriptase activity of influenza a virus in vitro by anti-haemagglutinin antibodies. | an investigation was made of inhibition of transcriptase activity of influenza viruses in vitro by binding of antibody to the surface of the virion. eight monoclonal antibodies which were directed against at least four non-overlapping antigenic regions of the haemagglutinin protein of a/aichi/68 virus were tested for inhibitory effect. one of the antibodies directed against the b antigenic site, 22/1, inhibited transcriptase activity, while the other seven antibodies did not. antibody from a hyp ... | 1985 | 4060849 |
| forecasting the epidemic potential of influenza virus variants based on their molecular properties. | sequence analysis of the influenza haemagglutinin, ha (h1 and h3) suggests that many antigenic variants that are identified but which do not become predominant differ from contemporary epidemic strains in one or two amino acids, in the region 188-193. this information may assist in the optimum selection of vaccine strains when multiple variants are co-circulating. genome analysis of h1n1 virus, from 1977 to 1983 (but not of h3n2 virus thus far) has identified two instances when large changes in ... | 1985 | 4060855 |
| characteristics of a swine recombinant influenza virus isolated in 1980: recombination between swine and the earliest hong kong (h3n2) viruses. | a recombinant (h1n2, formerly hsw1n2), a/swine/ehime/1/80 was found to possess antigenic biological and genomic characteristics different from those of a previous a/swine/kanagawa/2/78 (h1n2) strain. five monoclonal antibodies to a/nj/8/76 differentiated the haemagglutinin molecules of the former virus from the latter, showing that these viruses differed at two-antigenic determinants at least. immuno-double diffusion tests with antisera to the isolated neuraminidase and neuraminidase-inhibition ... | 1985 | 4060856 |
| [immune response of noninbred mice to subvirion influenza vaccines with various antigen and sorbent loads]. | the variants of splitted and subunit influenza monovaccines from virus strains a/leningrad/385/80r (h3n2) and a/kiev/59/79r (h1n1), adsorbed on aluminium hydroxide and having the varying content of hemogglutinin and the carrier, have been studied. the immune response of noninbred mice to a single and double injections of these vaccines have been evaluated, the concentrations of the antigen and the carrier inducing a high response in the animals, have been determined. differences in the immunolog ... | 1985 | 4060954 |
| characterization of a 1980-swine recombinant influenza virus possessing h1 hemagglutinin and n2 neuraminidase similar to that of the earliest hong kong (h3n2) virus. | a recombinant (h1n2, formerly hsw 1n2), a/swine/ehime/1/80 was found to possess antigenic, biological and genomic characteristics different from those of a previous a/swine/kanagawa/2/78 (h1n2) strain. five monoclonal antibodies to a/nj/8/76 definitely differentiated the hemagglutinin molecules of the former virus from the latter, showing that these viruses differed, at least, at two antigenic determinants. neuraminidase-inhibition tests with monoclonal antibodies to different h2n2 and h3n2 viru ... | 1985 | 4062559 |
| analysis of the genome of influenza a virus strains (h3n2) isolated during the epidemic season of 1982-1983. | the crna:vrna hybridization technique was used to analyse h3n2 influenza virus isolates obtained from influenza patients in the united kingdom and the u.s.a. (alaska) during the epidemic season of 1982-1983. the majority of isolates differed from reference h3n2 influenza virus strains a/bangkok/1/79 and a/philippines/2/82 as well as from one another in the homology of nearly all the genes. no identical strains were detected among the isolates including the ones isolated in the same town and at t ... | 1985 | 4062561 |
| [synthesis of peptide fragments of influenza virus a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) hemagglutinins]. | peptides corresponding to sequences 122-133, 136-147, and 154-164 of the heavy chain of hemagglutinin of the a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) influenza virus have been synthesized by stepwise elongation of the peptide chain with boc-amino acid activated esters or by condensation of peptide blocks by dcc/hobt-method. a coloured c-protecting group, 2-[4-(phenylazo)-benzylsulfonyl]ethyl (pse), was used, which is convenient in purification of synthetic peptides. after removal of terminal n-and c-protecting group ... | 1985 | 4062990 |
| antibody status to influenza a/singapore/1/57(h2n2) in finland during a period of outbreaks caused by h3n2 and h1n1 subtype viruses. | the incidence of haemagglutination inhibition (hi) antibody (titre greater than or equal to 12) to influenza a/singapore/1/57(h2n2) in sera collected from a finnish population in the summer of 1981 was 58%. subjects born after 1968 were essentially seronegative, and a comparable low hi antibody status was also recorded among the elderly, the lowest being in people born during the period 1901-10. a small increase in antibody titre to the h2n2 virus was observed in the different age groups after i ... | 1985 | 4067298 |
| interactions between human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and influenza virus. | the effects of influenza virus a (h3n2) on several functions of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn) were examined. incubation of pmn with virus induced chemiluminescence, aggregation, and degranulation of the leukocytes. the amount of chemiluminescence generated increased from 1 x 10(6) to 6 x 10(6) cpm when 2.5 x 10(6) to 2 x 10(7) virus particles were added to 2.5 x 10(6) pmn. maximal aggregation occurred within 2 min and the response depended on the amount of virus added to the pmn. rele ... | 1985 | 4089541 |
| [structure of major oligomannoside chains of influenza virus a/leningrad/385/80 (h3 n2) hemagglutinin]. | the structure of four main oligomannosidic carbohydrate chains isolated from influenza virus a/leningrad/385/80 (h3n2) hemagglutinin has been elucidated using 1h nmr spectroscopy. the data obtained suggest that splitting off four alpha 1-2 linked mannose residues under alpha-mannosidase action is the limiting and selective stage of transformation of high mannose carbohydrate chain to complex chain during biosynthesis of glycoproteins. | 1985 | 4091863 |
| [immunovirologic markers of the risk of influenza a h3n2 among swine]. | a seroepidemiological survey using the radial haemolysis test has been performed on a representative sampling of the pig herds in brittany. since 1978, influenza a h3n2 strains spread in that reservoir giving subclinical infections. we detected antibodies directed against the influenza prototypes isolated during the human outbreaks from 1973 to 1977. only one h3n2 virus was isolated in 1980: its antigenic structure was in agreement with the previous serological data. in 1984 outbreaks of swine i ... | 1985 | 4095329 |
| antigenic variation in current human type a influenza viruses: antigenic characteristics of the variants and their geographic distribution. | outbreaks of influenza due to the virus a/hong kong/1/68 (h3n2) began in 1968 and are still occurring. the haemagglutinin of this virus is different from that of the a/singapore/1/57 virus (the "asian" strain) but the neuraminidase antigens are the same. between 1968 and 1971 only minor antigenic "drift" in the haemagglutinin was noted, but in recent months 2 isolates have been identified in which considerable "drift" has occurred in the haemagglutinin and in the neuraminidase antigens. one, a/h ... | 1973 | 4200741 |
| use of the single radial diffusion technique for influenza antibody surveys. | a survey of antibody to the influenza a/hong kong/1/68 (h3n2) and the variant a/england/42/72 (h3n2) was carried out by two methods, haemagglutination-inhibition (hi) and single radial diffusion (srd). a comparison of the sensitivity of the two tests indicated that the proportion of sera that produced a zone of 2.5 mm or larger in the srd tests was equivalent to the proportion that gave hi titres of 1: 40 or more. the test was carried out on serum samples collected from various regions of englan ... | 1973 | 4212505 |
| [attempted separation of the surface antigens of the a-hong kong-1-68 h3n2 virus, using a new carboxypolypeptidase]. | 1974 | 4212550 | |
| use of single radial immunodiffusion test for serological studies in volunteers inoculated with live attenuated influenza virus. | pre- and post-vaccination serum samples from 278 volunteers, who were given live influenza vaccines, were tested by haemagglutination inhibition (hi) and single radial immunodiffusion tests(srdt) for antibody to influenza a/hong kong/1/68 (h3n2) virus envelope antigens. those with high antibody titres detected in both tests were less frequently infected, and 85% of the 159 infected showed rises by hi and 70% by srdt. similarly, 69 pairs were tested for antibody to hong kong (n2) neuraminidase by ... | 1974 | 4214175 |
| antigenic variation in current influenza a viruses: evidence for a high frequency of antigenic 'drift' for the hong kong virus. | a new antigenic variant of the hong kong (h3n2) subtype of influenzavirus type a is described. the variant, a/port chalmers/1/73 (h3n2), was first isolated in australasia in the autumn of 1973 and subsequently became the predominant influenza a variant in most areas of the world, replacing the previously prevalent strain a/england/42/72 (h3n2). the 1973 variant shows antigenic differences from former hong kong variants in both haemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens. the application of immuno- ... | 1974 | 4218138 |
| [isolation and identification of the a-hong kong (h3n2) virus in respiratory diseases of cattle]. | 1973 | 4274331 | |
| antigenic analysis of prototype influenza a (h3n2) strains by the antiserum absorption method. | prototype strains of the influenza a (h3n2) virus can be arranged on a gradient showing the degree of the antigenic drift which the haemagglutinins of the strains have undergone. the demonstration of fine antigenic differences is based on an antiserum absorption test which allows a detailed antigenic analysis of strains. the gradient provides information on variation in strains occurring in different geographical areas and its use may be helpful in differentiating between introduced strains and ... | 1973 | 4518349 |
| skin tests with influenza virus. | skin reactions have been produced in normal subjects by the injection of highly purified influenza a and b viruses. the reactions reached a maximum at 24-48 hr. and the histological pattern was compatible with a delayed hypersensitivity reaction. there was no close relation between skin test results and circulating antibodies. twenty-seven subjects were challenged intranasally with attenuated influenza a (h3n2): 5 of 14 skin-test-negative subjects were infected, but none of 13 skin-test-positive ... | 1973 | 4520513 |
| studies on relationships between human and porcine influenza. 1. serological evidence of infection in swine in great britain with an influenza a virus antigenically like human hong kong-68 virus. | serological evidence of infection of swine in great britain with an influenza a virus closely related to the human a/hong kong/68 (h3n2) variant was detected by a variety of serological tests. the hong kong/68 virus was first detected in man in great britain in august 1968 and was prevalent in the winters of 1968-69 and 1969-70. there was no evidence that swine had been infected with a hong kong/68-like virus before the appearance of the virus in man. the detection of virus-neutralizing antibody ... | 1972 | 4538532 |
| studies on relationships between human and porcine influenza. 2. immunological comparisons of human a-hong kong-68 virus with influenza a viruses of porcine origin. | antigenic comparisons were made between the human a/hong kong/68 (h3n2) virus and a collection of influenza a viruses of swine origin. haemagglutination-inhibition and neuraminidase-inhibition tests were used in addition to immunoprecipitin tests with monospecific antisera prepared against purified haemagglutinin and neuraminidase preparations. the antigenic relationships revealed by the studies are summarized as follows: (1) swine/taiwan/7310/70 virus contained envelope antigens that were antig ... | 1972 | 4538533 |
| some observations on the circulation of influenzaviruses in domestic and wild birds. | four viruses isolated from poultry in the ussr and poland were identified as influenza a strains. one strain was closely related to fowl plague virus, the second showed an antigenic relationship to a/chicken/scotland/59 (hav5n1), and two others were antigenically related to a/duck/ukraine/1/63 (hav7neq2) and a/duck/england/56 (hav3nav1). antibodies to different strains of influenzavirus were detected in sera collected from poultry and from wild birds in the northern area of the ussr. more of the ... | 1972 | 4541001 |
| antibodies to human influenzavirus neuraminidase (the a-asian-57 h2n2 strain) in sera from australian pelagic birds. | sera collected from australian pelagic birds specifically inhibited the neuraminidase of the asian/57 (h2n2) strain of human influenzavirus. neuraminidase inhibition titres of some sera were high and the avidity of the inhibitor was comparable to that of specific antibody. the neuraminidase of a/hong kong/1/68 (h3n2), which has undergone considerable antigenic drift in man since 1957, was inhibited to a lesser extent by the bird sera, while the neuraminidases of the a/bel/42 (h0n1) and a/fm/1/47 ... | 1972 | 4541008 |
| spread of influenzaviruses a/england/42/72 and a/hong kong/1/68. | seroconversion for a/england/42/72 (h3n2) virus occurred in a child in calcutta in august 1971, one month after the virus was first isolated in india. during the following 5 months a small increase was observed in the geometric mean titres (gmt). in mid-1972 the virus was in kathmandu, nepal, where the children had a higher gmt than the adults. the gmt increased sharply during 1972 and early 1973 and this increase was accompanied by an increased number of hospital admissions for respiratory dise ... | 1974 | 4549196 |
| susceptibility of a yak to influenza a viruses and presence of h3n2 antibodies in animals in nepal and india. | naturally acquired antibody to h3n2 human influenza antigens was found in a yak-zebu crossbred in nepal. serial inoculation of a yak, negative for antibody, produced a response to a/hong kong/1/68 (h3n2), a/england/42/72 (h3n2), and a/prague/1/56 (heq1 neq1) influenzavirus strains. single radial diffusion tests showed that cattle and goats in west bengal, india, and water buffaloes and cattle in kathmandu, nepal, also had antibodies against the h3n2 antigens. haemagglutination-inhibition antibod ... | 1974 | 4549482 |
| effect of isoprinosine against challenge with a(h3n2)-hong kong influenza virus in volunteers. | volunteers were challenged with a(h(3)n(2))/hong kong/8/68 influenza virus while being given prophylaxis with either isoprinosine or placebo in a double-blind experiment. isoprinosine, which had demonstrable antiviral activity in animal models, did not appear to protect humans from clinical influenza. the only beneficial effect of the drug observed was a slight, but significant, reduction in virus shedding. | 1973 | 4597726 |
| clinical and epidemiological features of an outbreak of influenza in ulan bator in 1971. | in october and november 1971 an outbreak of influenza (type a virus) occurred in the town of ulan bator. a clinical and epidemiological investigation showed that some 30% of the population presented typical signs of influenza of medium severity. the etiology of the outbreak was confirmed by virological, serological, and fluorescent-antibody techniques. a detailed study of the antigenic structure of the virus isolated in the mongolian people's republic, a/mongolia/013/71, showed that it belonged ... | 1973 | 4613497 |
| prevalence of antibody to current influenza viruses and effect of vaccination on antibody response. | the extent of antibody to the influenza virus a/hong kong/68 (h3n2) after four years of prevalence was investigated in britain and in the u.s.a. the results indicated a high incidence in both populations. the prevalence of antibody to a variant a/england/42/72 (h3n2) which has been causing epidemics of influenza in the southern hemisphere during the middle months of 1972 was also investigated. the differences reflect the shift in antigenic content of this variant, and although the overall propor ... | 1972 | 4646846 |