| novel reassortant h3n2 avian influenza virus isolated from domestic ducks in eastern china in 2016. | h3 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) poses a great threat to public health, and so investigating its epidemiology is of great importance. a novel reassortant h3n2 aiv strain was isolated from a live poultry market in eastern china. the strain's genes originated from h1n1, h3, and h7 aivs. thus, the genome information of the h3n2 isolate will help to investigate further the epidemiology of h3 subtype aivs in china. | 2017 | 29192070 |
| broad-spectrum neutralization of avian influenza viruses by sialylated human milk oligosaccharides: in vivo assessment of 3'-sialyllactose against h9n2 in chickens. | two sialylated human milk oligosaccharides (shmos) 3'-sialyllactose (3'-sl) and 6'-sialyllactose (6'-sl) were accessed for their possible antiviral activity against six different subtypes of thirteen avian influenza (ai) viruses in vitro. 3'-sl exhibited promising antiviral activity against almost all subtypes of tested ai viruses in hemagglutination inhibition assay, whereas 6'-sl showed activity against few selected h1n1, h1n2, and h3n2 subtype strains. 3'-sl has minimum inhibitory concentrati ... | 2018 | 29416087 |
| differential responses of innate immunity triggered by different subtypes of influenza a viruses in human and avian hosts. | innate immunity provides first line of defense against viral infections. the interactions between hosts and influenza a virus and the response of host innate immunity to viral infection are critical determinants for the pathogenicity or virulence of influenza a viruses. this study was designed to investigate global changes of gene expression and detailed responses of innate immune systems in human and avian hosts during the course of infection with various subtypes of influenza a viruses, using ... | 2017 | 29322931 |
| a y161f hemagglutinin substitution increases thermostability and improves yields of 2009 h1n1 influenza a virus in cells. | vaccination is the primary strategy for influenza prevention and control. however, egg-based vaccines, the predominant production platform, have several disadvantages, including the emergence of viral antigenic variants that can be induced during egg passage. these limitations have prompted the development of cell-based vaccines, which themselves are not without issue. most importantly, vaccine seed viruses often do not grow efficiently in mammalian cell lines. here we aimed to identify novel hi ... | 2018 | 29118117 |
| infection of ferrets with influenza virus elicits a light chain-biased antibody response against hemagglutinin. | the domestic ferret (mustela putorius furo) is a commonly used animal model for the study of influenza virus infection and vaccination. recently, our group has developed murine mabs with specificity for the κ (igκ) and λ (igλ) l chains of ferret ig. these mabs were used to quantify the abundance of igκ and igλ in serum and to evaluate l chain usage of the ab response against the hemagglutinin (ha) protein elicited by influenza infection. after influenza a infection of immunologically naive ferre ... | 2017 | 29079697 |
| systematic evaluation of suspension mdck cells, adherent mdck cells, and llc-mk2 cells for preparing influenza vaccine seed virus. | suspension madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells (mdck-n), adherent mdck cells (mdck-c), and adherent rhesus monkey kidney llc-mk2 cells (llc-mk2d) were systematically evaluated for the preparation of influenza vaccine seed viruses for humans on the basis of primary virus isolation efficiency, growth ability, genetic stability of the hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes, and antigenic properties in hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test of each virus isolate upon further passages. all ... | 2019 | 31500967 |
| a lipid/dna adjuvant-inactivated influenza virus vaccine protects rhesus macaques from uncontrolled virus replication after heterosubtypic influenza a virus challenge. | influenza a virus (iav) vaccines offer little protection from mismatched viruses with antigenically distant hemagglutinin (ha) glycoproteins. we sought to determine if a cationic lipid/dna complex (cldc) adjuvant could induce heterosubtypic protection if added to a whole inactivated iav vaccine (wiv). | 2018 | 29701840 |
| full-length genome sequences of the first h9n2 avian influenza viruses isolated in the northeast of algeria. | h9n2 avian influenza viruses (aiv) has a worldwide geographic distribution and affects poultry of different types of production. h9n2 aiv was first reported in the northeast of algeria in april 2017, following an outbreak associated with high mortality, in broiler flocks. in the present study, we report full-length genome sequences of aiv h9n2, and the detailed phylogeny and molecular genetic analyses. | 2020 | 32680533 |
| antiviral properties of extracts of streptomyces sp. smu 03 isolated from the feces of elephas maximus. | actinobacteria are historically and continued to be an important source for drug discovery. the annual epidemics and periodic pandemics of humans induced by influenza a virus (iav) prompted us to develop new effective antiviral drugs with different modes of action. an actinobacterium of streptomyces sp. smu 03 was identified from the feces of elephas maximus in yunnan province, china. by employing an h5n1 pseudo-typed virus drug screening system, the anti-iav effect of the dichloromethane extrac ... | 2020 | 32330578 |
| an r195k mutation in the pa-x protein increases the virulence and transmission of influenza a virus in mammalian hosts. | in the 21st century, the emergence of h7n9 and h1n1/2009 influenza viruses, originating from animals and causing severe human infections, has prompted investigations into the genetic alterations required for cross-species transmission. we previously found that replacement of the human-origin pa gene segment in avian influenza virus (aiv) could overcome barriers to cross-species transmission. recently, it was reported that the pa gene segment encodes both the pa protein and a second protein, pa-x ... | 2020 | 32161172 |
| serological survey of influenza a virus infection in japanese wild boars (sus scrofa leucomystax). | we conducted a serological survey to detect antibodies against influenza a virus (iav) in japanese wild boars in kagoshima prefecture, japan, between 2014 and 2017. seroprevalence against a pandemic-like swine h1n1 (h1n1pdm) virus was identified in 27.1% of specimens, and 1.7% were positive for both swine h1n2 and h3n2 viruses, indicating that wild boars could play an important role in the dynamics of h1n1pdm viral dispersion in the wild. the high frequency of positive results for sera against t ... | 2019 | 31595535 |
| h3n2 avian influenza viruses detected in live poultry markets in china bind to human-type receptors and transmit in guinea pigs and ferrets. | the h3n2 influenza viruses became widespread in humans during the 1968 h3n2 pandemic and have been a major cause of influenza epidemics ever since. different lineages of h3n2 influenza viruses are also commonly found in animals. if a different lineage of h3n2 virus jumps to humans, a human influenza pandemic could occur with devastating consequences. here, we studied the genetics, receptor-binding properties, and replication and transmission in mammals of 15 h3n2 avian influenza viruses detected ... | 2019 | 31495283 |
| antigenic pressure on h3n2 influenza virus drift strains imposes constraints on binding to sialylated receptors but not phosphorylated glycans. | h3n2 strains of influenza a virus emerged in humans in 1968 and have continued to circulate, evolving in response to human immune pressure. during this process of "antigenic drift," viruses have progressively lost the ability to agglutinate erythrocytes of various species and to replicate efficiently under the established conditions for amplifying clinical isolates and generating vaccine candidates. we have determined the glycome profiles of chicken and guinea pig erythrocytes to gain insights i ... | 2019 | 31484755 |
| serosurvey for influenza virus subtypes h3n8 and h3n2 antibodies in free-ranging canids in pennsylvania, usa. | canine influenza virus (civ) subtypes h3n8 and h3n2 are endemic among domestic dog ( canis lupus familiaris ) populations in the northeastern us. infection of free-ranging carnivores with influenza virus has been sporadically reported. generalist mesocarnivores that exploit anthropogenic, peri-urban habitats share a wide interface with domestic dogs that allows for the transmission of infectious disease. to investigate the potential exposure of free-ranging canids to civ in pennsylvania, us, ser ... | 2019 | 30096030 |
| ns segment of a 1918 influenza a virus-descendent enhances replication of h1n1pdm09 and virus-induced cellular immune response in mammalian and avian systems. | the 2009 pandemic influenza a virus (iav) h1n1 strain (h1n1pdm09) has widely spread and is circulating in humans and swine together with other human and avian iavs. this fact raises the concern that reassortment between h1n1pdm09 and co-circulating viruses might lead to an increase of h1n1pdm09 pathogenicity in different susceptible host species. herein, we explored the potential of different ns segments to enhance the replication dynamics, pathogenicity and host range of h1n1pdm09 strain a/gies ... | 2018 | 29623073 |
| serologic and virologic evidence of influenza a viruses in wild boars ( sus scrofa) from two different locations in italy. | swine influenza viruses (sivs) have been repeatedly demonstrated to circulate in wild boar ( sus scrofa) populations, whereas no evidence of exposure to avian influenza viruses (aivs) has been described in wild boar. to better understand how different environments may influence the ecology of influenza a viruses (iavs) in wild suid populations, we examined biologic samples of wild boars from two study areas represented by an upland (ul) and a wetland (wl) in northern and central italy, respectiv ... | 2019 | 30235085 |
| serological survey of influenza a viruses in domestic and wild suidae in corsica (france), a mediterranean island environment. | corsica is a mountainous french island in the north-western mediterranean sea. it is a rural area, where pig farming is a major economic activity. although no acute respiratory outbreaks due to swine influenza a viruses (swiavs) have ever been reported in this free-ranging pig breeding system, influenza a viruses (iavs) could be circulating within this pig population. a serological study was conducted as a first approach to domestic pigs and wild boars. serum samples from 543 pigs raised on 91 d ... | 2018 | 30086855 |
| influenza a virus infections in dromedary camels, nigeria and ethiopia, 2015-2017. | we examined nasal swabs and serum samples acquired from dromedary camels in nigeria and ethiopia during 2015-2017 for evidence of influenza virus infection. we detected antibodies against influenza a(h1n1) and a(h3n2) viruses and isolated an influenza a(h1n1)pdm09-like virus from a camel in nigeria. influenza surveillance in dromedary camels is needed. | 2020 | 31855544 |
| functional growth inhibition of influenza a and b viruses by liquid and powder components of leaves from the subtropical plant melia azedarach l. | we evaluated the anti-influenza-virus effects of melia components and discuss the utility of these components. the effects of leaf components of melia azedarach l. on viruses were examined, and plaque inhibition tests were performed. the in vivo efficacy of m. azedarach l. was tested in a mouse model. leaf components of melia azedarach l. markedly inhibited the growth of various influenza viruses. in an initial screening, multiplication and haemagglutination (ha) activities of h1n1, h3n2, h5, an ... | 2018 | 29633076 |
| comparison of antigenic mutation during egg and cell passage cultivation of h3n2 influenza virus. | when influenza viruses are cultured in eggs, amino acid mutations of the hemagglutinin may occur through egg adaptation. on the other hand, when influenza viruses are cultured in animal cells, no antigenic mutation occurs unlike in eggs. therefore, we examined whether the antigenic mutations actually occurred after passage of h3n2 (a/texas/50/2012) virus up to 15 times in eggs and mdck-sky3851 cells. | 2020 | 32095441 |
| morphological features and pathogenicity of mutated canine influenza viruses from china and south korea. | the canine influenza virus (civ) has spread globally from east asia to the united states and mutated and evolved to generate various civs. since 2010, the mutant civs found in china and korea have presented increased virulence in mice, guinea pigs and ferrets, which has raised concerns about public health and outbreak of a severe canine flu. we analysed and compared the morphology, cellular uptake and pathogenicity of civ variants in host animals, to determine their characteristics. the chinese ... | 2020 | 31978278 |
| incomplete influenza a virus genomes occur frequently but are readily complemented during localized viral spread. | segmentation of viral genomes into multiple rnas creates the potential for replication of incomplete viral genomes (ivgs). here we use a single-cell approach to quantify influenza a virus ivgs and examine their fitness implications. we find that each segment of influenza a/panama/2007/99 (h3n2) virus has a 58% probability of being replicated in a cell infected with a single virion. theoretical methods predict that ivgs carry high costs in a well-mixed system, as 3.6 virions are required for repl ... | 2019 | 31387995 |
| h5n8 and h7n9 packaging signals constrain ha reassortment with a seasonal h3n2 influenza a virus. | influenza a virus (iav) has a segmented genome, which (i) allows for exchange of gene segments in coinfected cells, termed reassortment, and (ii) necessitates a selective packaging mechanism to ensure incorporation of a complete set of segments into virus particles. packaging signals serve as segment identifiers and enable segment-specific packaging. we have previously shown that packaging signals limit reassortment between heterologous iav strains in a segment-dependent manner. here, we evaluat ... | 2019 | 30760600 |
| intranasal immunization of guinea pig with trivalent influenza antigen adjuvanted by cyclamen europaeum tubers extract. | cyclamen europaeum tubers extract (cte) with concentration commonly used for human rhinosinusitis treatment was tested as mucosal adjuvant in experimental intranasal immunization of guinea pigs with concentrated commercially available influenza trivalent vaccine and subsequent infection with influenza strain a/california/04/2009 h1n1pdm. dual intranasal immunization with vaccine compound consisting of 7.5 µg of each hemagglutinin and 500 µg of cte in 50 µl induced reciprocal gmt on day 21 after ... | 2019 | 30225522 |
| insertion-responsive microneedles for rapid intradermal delivery of canine influenza vaccine. | in this study, we present transcutaneous influenza vaccination using a novel tip-separable microneedle system called insertion-responsive microneedles (irmns). irmns are composed of dissolvable hyaluronic acid (ha) tips and biocompatible polycaprolactone (pcl) bases, the tip of which is instantly separated from the base during microneedle insertion and retraction. vaccine antigens derived from canine influenza virus (a/canine/vc378/2012; h3n2) were successfully coated on ha tips by rapidly freez ... | 2018 | 30102940 |
| infection of novel reassortant h1n2 and h3n2 swine influenza a viruses in the guinea pig model. | novel h1n2 and h3n2 swine influenza a viruses (iavs) were identified in commercial farms in chile. these viruses contained h1, h3 and n2 sequences, genetically divergent from iavs described worldwide, associated with pandemic internal genes. guinea pigs were used as human surrogate to evaluate the infection dynamics of these reassortant viruses, compared with a pandemic h1n1 virus. all viruses replicated and were shed in the upper respiratory tract without prior adaptation although h1n2 viruses ... | 2018 | 30053826 |
| characterization of swine-origin h1n1 canine influenza viruses. | host switch events of influenza a viruses (iavs) continuously pose a zoonotic threat to humans. in 2013, swine-origin h1n1 iavs emerged in dogs soon after they were detected in swine in the guangxi province of china. this host switch was followed by multiple reassortment events between these h1n1 and previously circulating h3n2 canine iavs (iavs-c) in dogs. to evaluate the phenotype of these newly identified viruses, we characterized three swine-origin h1n1 iavs-c and one reassortant h1n1 iav-c. ... | 2019 | 31287780 |
| anti-influenza a viral butenolide from streptomyces sp. smu03 inhabiting the intestine of elephas maximus. | actinobacteria are a phylum of bacteria known for their potential in producing structurally diversified natural products that are always associated with a broad range of biological activities. in this paper, using an h5n1 pseudo-typed virus drug screening system combined with a bioassay guided purification approach, an antiviral butanolide (1) was identified from the culture broth of streptomyces sp. smu03, a bacterium isolated from the feces of elephas maximus in yunnan province, china. this co ... | 2018 | 29976861 |
| the development and study of recombinant immunoglobulin a to hemagglutinins of the influenza virus. | we obtained recombinant variants of human antibody fi6 broadly specific to hemagglutinins of the influenza a virus. on the basis of a bi-promoter (cmv, hef1-htlv) vector, we developed genetic constructs for the expression of the heavy and light chains of the immunoglobulins of iga1-, iga2m1-, and igg-isotypes. following transfection and selection, stable chinese hamster ovary (cho) cell lines were produced. the antibodies of iga1-, iga2m1-, and igg-isotypes were purified from culture media. we p ... | 2020 | 30116613 |
| comparison of the virulence of three h3n2 canine influenza virus isolates from korea and china in mouse and guinea pig models. | avian-origin h3n2 canine influenza virus (civ) has been the most common subtype in korea and china since 2007. here, we compared the pathogenicity and transmissibility of three h3n2 civ strains [chinese civ (js/10), korean civ (kr/07), and korean recombinant civ between the classic h3n2 civ and the pandemic h1n1 virus (mv/12)] in balb/c mouse and guinea pig models. the pandemic h1n1 (ca/09) strain served as the control. | 2018 | 29716608 |
| application of an improved micro-amount of virion enrichment technique (mivet) for the detection of avian influenza a virus in spiked chicken meat samples. | highly sensitive detection of pathogens is effective for screening meat during quarantine inspection and export. the "micro-amount of virion enrichment technique" (mivet) was recently developed, which is a new method combining virus concentration with immunomagnetic beads and simple rna extraction with sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (sdbs) for the specific and sensitive detection of avian influenza viruses (aivs). aiv subtypes h3n2 and h4n2 were used to spike the surface of chicken breast meat ... | 2020 | 32193766 |
| influenza vaccines: the potential benefits of cell-culture isolation and manufacturing. | influenza continues to cause severe illness in millions and deaths in hundreds of thousands annually. vaccines are used to prevent influenza outbreaks, however, the influenza virus mutates and annual vaccination is required for optimal protection. vaccine effectiveness is also affected by other potential factors such as the human immune system, a mismatch with the chosen candidate virus, and egg adaptation associated with egg-based vaccine production. this article reviews the influenza vaccine d ... | 2020 | 32128506 |
| identification of a divergent avian influenza h3n2 virus from domestic ducks in france. | an avian influenza h3n2 virus was isolated from domestic ducks in france in 2016. although this french h3n2 virus possesses traits of an avian virus, the genetic distances observed for hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) show that these two genes most likely evolved independently from other avian influenza sequences. | 2018 | 30574576 |
| an oleanolic acid derivative inhibits hemagglutinin-mediated entry of influenza a virus. | influenza a viruses (iav) have been a major public health threat worldwide, and options for antiviral therapy become increasingly limited with the emergence of drug-resisting virus strains. new and effective anti-iav drugs, especially for highly pathogenic influenza, with different modes of action, are urgently needed. the influenza virus glycoprotein hemagglutinin (ha) plays critical roles in the early stage of virus infection, including receptor binding and membrane fusion, making it a potenti ... | 2020 | 32085430 |
| soluble recombinant hemagglutinin protein of h1n1pdm09 influenza virus elicits cross-protection against a lethal h5n1 challenge in mice. | currently, influenza vaccines are produced using embryonated chicken eggs. recently, recombinant influenza vaccines have been developed as a potential alternative to egg-grown vaccines. in this study, we evaluated the efficacy of soluble recombinant hemagglutinin (ha) protein produced in human cell culture (expi293f cells) as an influenza vaccine against homosubtypic and heterosubtypic influenza virus challenges in mice. mice were immunized intramuscularly with purified soluble ha protein of h1n ... | 2019 | 31551968 |
| attachment patterns of human and avian influenza viruses to trachea and colon of 26 bird species - support for the community concept. | avian influenza a viruses (aivs) have a broad host range, but are most intimately associated with waterfowl (anseriformes) and, in the case of the h13 and h16 subtypes, gulls (charadriiformes). host associations are multifactorial, but a key factor is the ability of the virus to bind host cell receptors and thereby initiate infection. the current study aims at investigating the tissue attachment pattern of a panel of aivs, comprising h3n2, h6n1, h12n5, and h16n3, to avian trachea and colon tissu ... | 2019 | 31057520 |
| caco-2 cells: a continuous cell line with sensitive and broad-spectrum utility for respiratory virus culture. | primary rhesus monkey kidney cells (rhmk) can be used for the detection of respiratory viruses, including influenza and parainfluenza. the human colon adeno-carcinoma cell line, caco-2, has been previously used for the growth of multiple influenza viruses, including seasonal, novel and avian lineages. | 2021 | 33676967 |
| serological evidence of h3n2 canine influenza virus infection among horses with dog exposure. | currently, canine influenza virus (civ) h3n2 is continuously circulating in dog populations in china, korea, and the united states (us). both influenza sa-α-2,3-gal and sa-α-2,6-gal receptors have been observed in the respiratory tracts of both horses and dogs. hence, the increasing number of civ h3n2 cases in the world indicates a potential risk for transspecies transmission to horses with dog exposure. here, a seroepidemiological survey of civ h3n2 infections in horses was conducted using hema ... | 2019 | 30565867 |
| in silico thermodynamic stability of mammalian adaptation and virulence determinants in polymerase complex proteins of h9n2 virus. | the polymerase complex proteins (pb2, pb1, and pa) are responsible primarily for the replication of avian influenza virus and play an important role in virus virulence, mammalian adaptation, and interspecies transmission. in this study; eight egyptian lpai-h9n2 viruses isolated from apparent healthy chickens and quails from 2014 to 2016. characterization of complete nucleotide sequences, phylogenetic and mutation analysis were carried out. the measurement of thermodynamic stability of the h9n2 p ... | 2018 | 30733797 |
| production and application of anti-nucleoprotein igy antibodies for influenza a virus detection in swine. | influenza a virus (iav) causes an important respiratory disease in mammals and birds leading to concerns in animal production industry and public health. usually, antibodies produced in mammals are employed in diagnostic tests. however, due to animal welfare concerns, technical advantages and the high cost of production, alternatives to the production of antibodies in mammals have been investigated. the aim of this study was to produce egg yolk immunoglobulin (igy) in laying hens against a highl ... | 2018 | 30158073 |
| infection and risk factors of human and avian influenza in pigs in south china. | the coinfection of swine influenza (si) strains and avian/human-source influenza strains in piggeries can contribute to the evolution of new influenza viruses with pandemic potential. this study analyzed surveillance data on si in south china and explored the spatial predictor variables associated with different influenza infection scenarios in counties within the study area. blood samples were collected from 7670 pigs from 534 pig farms from 2015 to 2017 and tested for evidence of infection wit ... | 2021 | 33744674 |
| ha1 (hemagglutinin) quantitation for influenza a h1n1 and h3n2 high yield reassortant vaccine candidate seed viruses by rp-uplc. | the only effective measure to decrease morbidity and mortality caused by the influenza virus in the human population is worldwide vaccination. vaccination produces neutralizing antibodies that target the ha1 subunit of the ha (hemagglutinin) protein and are strain specific. the effectiveness of new influenza vaccines are linked to two factors, the correct prediction of the circulating strains in the population in a particular season and the concentration of the ha1 protein in the vaccine formula ... | 2020 | 33341306 |
| rapid differential detection of subtype h1 and h3 swine influenza viruses using a taqman-mgb-based duplex one-step real-time rt-pcr assay. | swine influenza is an economically important respiratory disease in swine, but it also constantly poses a threat to human health. therefore, developing rapid, sensitive, and efficient detection methods for swine influenza virus (siv) is important. by aligning the haemagglutinin (ha) gene sequences of sivs circulating in china over a 10-year period, an h1 primer-probe set targeting both eurasian avian-like h1n1 (ea h1n1) and pandemic 2009 h1n1 ((h1n1)pdm09) lineages plus a h3 primer-probe set tar ... | 2021 | 34091783 |
| comparison of n-linked glycosylation on hemagglutinins derived from chicken embryos and mdck cells: a case of the production of a trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine. | n-linked glycosylation plays critical roles in folding, receptor binding, and immunomodulating of hemagglutinin (ha), the main antigen in influenza vaccines. chicken embryos are the predominant production host for influenza vaccines, but madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells have emerged as an important alternative host. in this study, we compared glycosylation patterns, including the occupancy of potential glycosylation sites and the distribution of different glycans, on the has of three strai ... | 2021 | 33937925 |
| the inactivated vaccine of reassortant h3n2 canine influenza virus based on internal gene cassette from pr8 is safe and effective. | canine influenza (ci) is a contagious respiratory disease in dogs, which poses a threat to canine health. a safe, high-yield vaccine seed virus is critical for ci vaccine development. we developed a pr8-based reassortant h3n2 canine influenza virus (rt civ) using the reverse genetic method and evaluated its yield in canine kidney epithelial (mdck) cells, vero cells, and specific pathogen-free (spf) chicken embryos. mice and dogs were infected with rt civ, and the pathogenicity was evaluated. the ... | 2021 | 33524810 |
| pathogenicity and transmissibility of current h3n2 swine influenza virus in southern china: a zoonotic potential. | swine are considered as 'mixing vessels' of influenza a viruses and play an important role in the generation of novel influenza pandemics. in this study, we described that the h3n2 swine influenza (swh3n2) viruses currently circulating in pigs in guangdong province carried six internal genes from 2009 pandemic h1n1 virus (pmd09), and their antigenicity was obviously different from that of current human h3n2 influenza viruses or recommended vaccine strains (a/guangdong/1194/2019, a/hong kong/4801 ... | 2021 | 34132051 |
| a quantitative approach to assess influenza a virus fitness and transmission in guinea pigs. | efforts to estimate the risk posed by potentially pandemic influenza a viruses (iav), and to understand the mechanisms governing interspecies transmission, have been hampered by a lack of animal models that yield relevant and statistically robust measures of viral fitness. to address this gap, we monitored several quantitative measures of fitness in a guinea pig model: infectivity, magnitude of replication, kinetics of replication, efficiency of transmission, and kinetics of transmission. with t ... | 2021 | 33731462 |
| exposure of wild boar to influenza a viruses in bavaria: analysis of seroprevalences and antibody subtype specificity before and after the panzootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses a (h5n8). | swine influenza a viruses (s-iav) circulate in wild boar populations worldwide. subtypes primarily reflect those actually present within the respective pig industry. accordingly, infections with swine h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 have been reported for several regions of germany. as pigs are susceptible not only to s-iav but also to avian and human influenza a viruses, it is necessary to consider the possibility that new reassortant viruses with pandemic potential may arise in these new hosts. therefore, ... | 2021 | 33987931 |
| molecular characteristics, antigenicity, pathogenicity, and zoonotic potential of a h3n2 canine influenza virus currently circulating in south china. | canine influenza viruses (civs) could be a source of influenza viruses which infect humans because canine are important companion pets. to assess the potential risk of h3n2 civs currently circulating in southern china to public health, biological characteristics of a/canine/guangdong/dy1/2019 (cady1/2019) were detected. cady1/2019 bound to both avian-type and human-type receptors. cady1/2019 had a similar ph value for ha protein fusion to human viruses, but its antigenicity was obviously differe ... | 2021 | 33767679 |
| molecular identification and phylogenetic characterization of influenza a virus at a wildlife-livestock interface in mexico. | influenza a virus (iav) outbreaks constitute a constant threat to public health and pose a remarkable impact on socio-economic systems worldwide. interactions between wild and domestic birds, humans and swine can lead to spillover events. backyard livestock systems in proximity to wetlands represent high-risk areas for viral spread. however, some gaps remain in our knowledge of iav transmission at the wildlife-livestock interface in mexico. hence, the study aimed at molecular identification and ... | 2020 | 33350099 |
| diversity and reassortment rate of influenza a viruses in wild ducks and gulls. | influenza a viruses (iavs) evolve via point mutations and reassortment of viral gene segments. the patterns of reassortment in different host species differ considerably. we investigated the genetic diversity of iavs in wild ducks and compared it with the viral diversity in gulls. the complete genomes of 38 iavs of h1n1, h1n2, h3n1, h3n2, h3n6, h3n8, h4n6, h5n3, h6n2, h11n6, and h11n9 subtypes isolated from wild mallard ducks and gulls resting in a city pond in moscow, russia were sequenced. the ... | 2021 | 34072256 |
| study of the host specificity of pb1-f2-associated virulence. | influenza a viruses cause important diseases in both human and animal. the pb1-f2 protein is a virulence factor expressed by some influenza viruses. its deleterious action for the infected host is mostly described in mammals, while the available information is scarce in avian hosts. in this work, we compared the effects of pb1-f2 in avian and mammalian hosts by taking advantage of the zoonotic capabilities of an avian h7n1 virus. in vitro, the h7n1 virus did not behave differently when pb1-f2 wa ... | 2021 | 34125653 |