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epidemiological aspects on vector-borne infections in stray and pet dogs from romania and hungary with focus on babesia spp.canine arthropod-borne infections are of major interest in small animal practice and have been widely investigated in central and western europe. however, only limited epidemiological data are available from south-eastern european countries, although diseases including babesiosis or dirofilariosis are widely recognised as important canine infections in these countries. a steadily increasing number of dogs imported from south-eastern europe into germany require particular attention by small anima ...201121947342
failure of combination therapy with imidocarb dipropionate and toltrazuril to clear hepatozoon canis infection in dogs.current treatments with imidocarb dipropionate for infected dogs with hepatozoon canis do not always provide parasitological cure. the objective of this study is to determine whether concomitant use of toltrazuril may potentiate the effect of imidocarb dipropionate in the management of h. canis infection (hci). twelve dogs were determined to have naturally hci based on clinical signs, identification of the parasite in blood smears, and serologic assay. the animals were allocated randomly to one ...201121472405
diagnosis of hepatozoon canis in young dogs by cytology and pcr.abstract:201121489247
perspectives on canine and feline hepatozoonosis.two species of hepatozoon are currently known to infect dogs and cause distinct diseases. hepatozoon canis prevalent in africa, asia, southern europe, south america and recently shown to be present also in the usa causes infection mainly of hemolymphoid organs, whereas hepatozoon americanum prevalent in the southeastern usa causes myositis and severe lameness. h. americanum is transmitted by ingestion of the gulf coast tick amblyomma maculatum and also by predation on infected prey. h. canis is ...201121620568
a survey of canine tick-borne diseases in india.abstract: background: there are few published reports on canine babesia, ehrlichia, anaplasma, hepatozoon and haemotropic mycoplasma infections in india and most describe clinical disease in individual dogs, diagnosed by morphological observation of the microorganisms in stained blood smears. this study investigated the occurrence and distribution of canine tick-borne disease (tbd) pathogens using a combination of conventional and molecular diagnostic techniques in four cities in india. results: ...201121771313
hepatozoon canis infection in ticks during spring and summer in italy.hepatozoon canis is a common protozoan of dogs, being among the most prevalent tick-borne pathogens infecting dogs around the world. it is primarily transmitted by rhipicephalus sanguineus, the brown dog tick. in this study we tested ticks collected from dogs and from the environment in order to track the origin of an outbreak of h. canis infection detected in october 2009 in a private dog shelter in southern italy. ticks from dogs (n?=?267) were collected during the spring of 2009, whereas tick ...201121769649
neutropenia associated with osteomyelitis due to hepatozoon canis infection in a dog.a 4-year-old, intact male shiba dog was referred to yamaguchi university animal medical center, yamaguchi, japan for the following complaints: anorexia, lethargy, intermittent fever, gingival bleeding, and abdominal purpura. the dog presented with persistent neutropenia. histopathological examination of the bone marrow sample revealed round to oval structures that resembled hepatozoon micromerozoites and formed a "wheel-spoke" pattern. furthermore, mature neutrophils were observed around these s ...201121697643
molecular detection of hepatozoon canis and babesia canis vogeli in domestic dogs from cuiabá, brazil.the objective of this study was to report for the first time infection by hepatozoon spp. and babesia spp. in 10 dogs from the city of cuiabá, state of mato grosso, central-western brazil. a pair of primers that amplifies a 574 bp fragment of the 18s rrna of hepatozoon spp., and a pair of primers that amplifies a 551 bp fragment of the gene 18s rrna for babesia spp. were used. six dogs were positive for babesia spp., and 9 were positive for hepatozoon spp. co‑infection of babesia spp. and hepato ...201121961759
Cutaneous Hepatozoon canis infection in a dog from New Jersey.A 7-month-old mixed-breed intact female dog was presented to a private veterinarian with a 2 cm in diameter raised, pruritic, alopecic, subcutaneous, fluctuant swelling over the right eye. Cytology of the mass revealed many degenerate neutrophils, moderate numbers of eosinophils, moderate numbers of macrophages, rare mast cells, and few erythrocytes. Rare neutrophils contained a protozoal agent compatible with a Hepatozoon gamont. Real-time polymerase chain reaction of peripheral blood was posit ...201121908296
molecular characterization of hepatozoon canis in dogs from colombia.hepatozoonosis is a tick-borne disease whose transmission to dogs occurs by ingestion of oocysts infected ticks or feeding on preys infested by infected ticks. until now, there is no previous report of molecular characterization of hepatozoon sp. in dogs from colombia. edta blood samples were collected from 91 dogs from central-western region of colombia (bogotá, bucaramanga, and villavicencio cities) and submitted to 18s rrna hepatozoon sp. pcr and blood smears confection. phylogenetic analysis ...201222068216
first description of natural ehrlichia canis and anaplasma platys infections in dogs from argentina.bacteria belonging to the anaplasmataceae family are vector transmitted agents that affect a variety of vertebrate hosts including the tick-borne pathogens ehrlichia canis and anaplasma platys, which cause canine monocytic ehrlichiosis and cyclic thrombocytopenia, respectively. these two infections, typically reported from tropical and sub-tropical regions, have not been previously reported in dogs from argentina. a total of 86 blood samples from dogs with suspected rickettsial disease and 28 no ...201223273677
apparent tick paralysis by rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae) in dogs.certain tick species including ixodes holocyclus can inoculate neurotoxins that induce a rapid, ascending flaccid paralysis in animals. rhipicephalus sanguineus, the most widespread tick of dogs, is recognized as a vector of several pathogens causing diseases in dogs and humans. a single report suggests its role as cause of paralysis in dogs. this study presents the clinical history of 14 young dogs heavily infested by r. sanguineus (intensity of infestation, 63-328) in an endemic area of southe ...201222546547
stray dogs of northern jordan as reservoirs of ticks and tick-borne hemopathogens.dogs are competent reservoir hosts of several hemopathogens including zoonotic agents and can serve as readily available source of nutrition for many blood-feeding arthropods. three hemopathogens had been detected for the first time in jordan. the pcr prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum, hepatozoon canis, and piroplasmid dna were 39.5%, 28.9%, and 7.9% (n=38) respectively. sequencing of amplicons of pcr with universal primers targeting the 18s rrna gene of piroplasmids shows the highest simi ...201222434363
para-clinico-pathological observations of insidious incidence of canine hepatozoonosis from a mongrel dog: a case report.a rare case of canine hepatozoonosis in a mongrel dog with para-clinico-pathological observations has been reported. the study included detailed haemato-biochemical changes at two stages, i.e. before treatment and after treatment with adopted therapy. before therapy, blood picture revealed normocytic hypochromic anaemia and neutrophilic leucocytosis with variable counts of platelets. thirty-seven percent of neutrophils were found infected with gametocytes of hepatozoon canis. following treatment ...201223543040
first case of anaplasma platys infection in a dog from croatia.it is known that anaplasma (a.) platys, the causative agent of infectious canine cyclic thrombocytopenia, is endemic in countries of the mediterranean basin. however, few reports are available from the balkans. this case report describes a dog, which was imported from croatia to germany in may 2010. one month later the dog was presented to a local veterinarian in germany due to intermittent/recurrent diarrhoea. diagnostic tests were performed to identify infections caused by anaplasma spp., ehrl ...201222401583
morphometric variations in gametocytes of hepatozoon canis from naturally infected dogs.this study presents the morphometric characteristic of canine haemoprotozoan, hepatozoon canis, using software dp2-bsw (olympus). the gametocytes of h. canis found inside the neutrophils were characteristic in shape and size and varied from 9.50 to 11.80 μm × 5.10-6.00 μm. parasitaemia ranged from 1.00 to 39.00 %. few gametocytes without nuclei and of abnormal shapes were also observed. the results were compared with the measurements done by using ocular micrometer.201224431557
molecular detection and characterization of tick-borne pathogens in dogs and ticks from nigeria.only limited information is currently available on the prevalence of vector borne and zoonotic pathogens in dogs and ticks in nigeria. the aim of this study was to use molecular techniques to detect and characterize vector borne pathogens in dogs and ticks from nigeria.201323505591
redescription of hepatozoon felis (apicomplexa: hepatozoidae) based on phylogenetic analysis, tissue and blood form morphology, and possible transplacental transmission.a hepatozoon parasite was initially reported from a cat in india in 1908 and named leucocytozoon felis domestici. although domestic feline hepatozoonosis has since been recorded from europe, africa, asia and america, its description, classification and pathogenesis have remained vague and the distinction between different species of hepatozoon infecting domestic and wild carnivores has been unclear. the aim of this study was to carry out a survey on domestic feline hepatozoonosis and characteriz ...201323587213
feline vector-borne pathogens in the north and centre of portugal.in recent years, several clinical cases and epidemiological studies of feline vector-borne diseases (fvbd) have been reported worldwide. nonetheless, information on fvbd agents and their prevalence in portugal is scarce.201323587366
retrospective study of clinical and hematological aspects associated with dogs naturally infected by hepatozoon canis in ludhiana, punjab, india.to evaluate clinical and hematological aspects of dogs naturally infected with hepatozoon canis (h. canis) presented at the small animal clinics of guru angad dev veterinary and animal sciences university, ludhiana.201323730562
vector-borne pathogens in ticks and edta-blood samples collected from client-owned dogs, kiev, ukraine.due to the availability of adequate habitats in urban environments, e.g. city parks and recreational green areas, ticks from such settings may also carry pathogens of veterinary and public health concern. thus, tick-borne infections may readily be identified in companion animals residing in urbanised areas. to investigate the presence of vector-borne pathogens in kiev, ukraine, 52 engorged adult ticks, 33 dermacentor reticulatus and 19 ixodes ricinus, were collected from 15 dogs in the spring of ...201323069260
identification of babesia species infecting dogs using reverse line blot hybridization for six canine piroplasms, and evaluation of co-infection by other vector-borne pathogens.canine infection by vector-borne hemoparasites is frequent in tropical and sub-tropical areas where exposure to hematophageous ectoparasites is intensive. a reverse line blot (rlb) assay was designed to improve the simultaneous detection of all named canine piroplasm species combined with other vector-borne pathogens of dogs including ehrlichia canis, hepatozoon canis and leishmania infantum common in the mediterranean basin. blood samples of 110 dogs from spain (n=21), portugal (n=14) and israe ...201323017370
first evidence of anaplasma platys and hepatozoon canis co-infection in a dog from romania--a case report.anaplasma platys was first identified and described in north america as a rickettsia-like, platelet-specific organism in dogs with infectious canine cyclic thrombocytopenia. in europe, a. platys has so far mainly been described for some mediterranean countries. here, we describe a case of a. platys infection in a dog from romania, confirmed by pcr. additionally, the dog had a co-infection with hepatozoon canis. to the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of a. platys infection in romani ...201323528989
chemical characterization and acaricide potential of essential oil from aerial parts of tagetes patula l. (asteraceae) against engorged adult females of rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806).rhipicephalus sanguineus, commonly known as the brown dog tick, is one of the most widely distributed species of tick. in dogs, it can cause anemia and provide the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms such as babesia canis, ehrlichia canis, hepatozoon canis, anaplasma platys, and mycoplasma haemocanis. to man, it can transmit the intracellular parasites rickettsia rickettsii and rickettsia conorii, the causative agents of the rocky mountain spotted fever in the americas and mediterranean an ...201323508761
tick-borne pathogens and disease in dogs on st. kitts, west indies.between 2009 and 2011, we conducted a case-control study of ticks and tick-associated pathogens affecting dogs on the island of st. kitts, eastern caribbean, including 55 cases of clinically suspected tick-borne disease (tbd) and 110 presumably healthy animals presented for elective surgeries. rhipicephalus sanguineus caused year-round infestations of dogs, and 36% of the dogs in the study were infested at the time of examination. overall, 62% of suspected tbd cases and 24% of presumably healthy ...201323481028
investigation of tick vectors of hepatozoon canis in brazil.hepatozoon canis is a common apicomplexan parasite of dogs. in brazil, in addition to rhipicephalus sanguineus, amblyomma ovale, amblyomma cajennense, and rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus have been suggested to act as vectors. the present study aimed to evaluate, under controlled conditions, the acquisition of h. canis by a. ovale, r. sanguineus, and a. cajennense after feeding on naturally infected dogs. cytological and histophatological examinations were performed to recover oocysts and oth ...201324209494
survey of infectious agents in the endangered darwin's fox (lycalopex fulvipes): high prevalence and diversity of hemotrophic mycoplasmas.very little is known about the diseases affecting the darwin's fox (lycalopex fulvipes), which is considered to be one of the most endangered carnivores worldwide. blood samples of 30 foxes captured on chiloé island (chile) were tested with a battery of pcr assays targeting the following pathogens: ehrlichia/anaplasma sp., rickettsia sp., bartonella sp., coxiella burnetti, borrelia sp., mycoplasma sp., babesia sp., hepatozoon canis, hepatozoon felis, leishmania donovani complex, and filariae. an ...201324176254
experimental evidence against transmission of hepatozoon canis by ixodes ricinus.hepatozoon canis is among the most widespread tick-borne protozoa infecting domestic and wild carnivores. its distribution is related to the occurrence of its major vector, the brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus. however, the role of ixodes ricinus as a vector of h. canis has been hypothesized. in the present study, the development of h. canis was investigated in i. ricinus and r. sanguineus nymphs collected from a naturally infested dog. all i. ricinus ticks examined (n=133) were negative ...201323727151
transstadial transmission of hepatozoon canis from larvae to nymphs of rhipicephalus sanguineus.hepatozoon canis is an apicomplexan parasite of dogs, which is known to become infected by ingesting rhipicephalus sanguineus adult ticks. to investigate the possibility of h. canis transovarial and transstadial transmission from larvae to nymphs, engorged adult female ticks were collected from a private animal shelter in southern italy, where h. canis infection is highly prevalent. female ticks (n=35) and egg batches were tested by pcr for h. canis. all eggs examined were pcr-negative whereas 8 ...201323537949
molecular investigations of hepatozoon species in dogs and developmental stages of rhipicephalus sanguineus.the occurrence and distribution of hepatozoon species in stray dogs, and the developmental stages of rhipicephalus sanguineus detached from the same dogs in diyarbakır province, turkey is reported. a total of 328 ticks, including 133 adults (55 males and 75 females consist of 63 partially engorged and 15 fully engorged) and 195 nymphs (91 partially engorged and 104 fully engorged) were detached from the dogs. fully engorged nymphs and females were incubated at 27 °c and relative humidity of 85 % ...201323535887
high prevalence of hepatozoon-infection among shepherd dogs in a region considered to be free of rhipicephalus sanguineus.blood samples and ticks were collected from 100 shepherd dogs, 12 hunting dogs and 14 stray dogs in southern hungary, in order to screen them for the presence of hepatozoon spp. by pcr. out of 126 blood samples, 33 were positive (26%). significantly more shepherd dogs (31%) were infected, than hunting (8%) and stray dogs (7%). three genotypes of hepatozoon canis were identified by sequencing, differing from each other in up to six nucleotides in the amplified portion of their 18s rrna gene. in d ...201323499483
a golden jackal (canis aureus) from austria bearing hepatozoon canis--import due to immigration into a non-endemic area?the protozoan hepatozoon canis, which is transmitted via ingestion of infected ticks by canine hosts, is not endemic to mid-latitude regions in europe. its distribution is supposed to be linked to the occurrence of its primary tick vector rhipicephalus sanguineus. a young male golden jackal (canis aureus) found as road kill close to vienna, austria, was infected by this pathogen. cloning and sequencing of the pcr product revealed 6 different haplotypes of h. canis. based on the sequences, no cle ...201323306030
genetic diversity of hepatozoon spp. in coyotes from the south-central united states.to better define the strains and species of hepatozoon that infect coyotes in the south-central united states, whole blood and muscle samples were collected from 44 coyotes from 6 locations in oklahoma and texas. samples were evaluated by a nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using primers amplifying a variable region of the apicomplexan 18s rrna gene as well as histopathology (muscle only) for presence of tissue cysts. hepatozoon spp. infections were identified in 79.5% (35/44) of coyotes te ...201322924920
prevalence and diversity of hepatozoon canis in naturally infected dogs in japanese islands and peninsulas.canine hepatozoonosis is a worldwide protozoal disease caused by hepatozoon canis and hepatozoon americanum and is transmitted by ixodid ticks, rhipicephalus and amblyomma spp., respectively. h. canis infection is widespread in africa, europe, south america, and asia, including japan. the objective of this study was to study the distribution pattern and diversity of h. canis in naturally infected dogs in nine japanese islands and peninsulas. therefore, 196 hunting dogs were randomly sampled duri ...201323812601
development and evaluation of serodiagnostic assays with recombinant bgsa1 of babesia gibsoni.indirect elisa, dot-elisa and double antibody sandwich elisa (das-elisa) using truncated recombinant bgsa1 (rbgsa1) were developed for detecting babesia gibsoni infection in naturally infected dogs. truncated bgsa1 gene of 858 bp, encoding 32 kda protein was cloned in pet-32a(+) expression vector, expressed in escherichia coli and the recombinant protein was purified under native conditions. to evaluate the ability of the truncated rbgsa1as serodiagnostic reagent for b. gibsoni infection, a pane ...201425241636
molecular detection and treatment of tick-borne pathogens in domestic dogs in khon kaen, northeastern thailand.we determined the prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in domestic dogs using microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) techniques. a total of 303 edta blood samples were collected from domestic dogs in khon kaen province, thailand, in may 2013. microscopic observation of giemsa-stained smears and molecular diagnosis using conventional pcr were performed. infected dogs were treated with imidocarb dipropionate, a combination of imidocarb dipropionate and doxycycline, or doxycycline alone. seve ...201425417519
prevalence of select vector-borne disease agents in owned dogs of ghana.ticks, sera and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (edta) blood were collected from dogs evaluated at the amakom veterinary clinic in kumasi, ghana. sera were evaluated for dirofilaria immitis antigen and antibodies against borrelia burgdorferi, anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia canis. conventional polymerase chain reaction assays designed to amplify the deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) of ehrlichia spp. or anaplasma spp. or neorickettsia spp. or wolbachia spp., babesia spp., rickettsia spp., hepa ...201425686301
the risk of vector-borne infections in sled dogs associated with existing and new endemic areas in poland: part 1: a population study on sled dogs during the racing season.the achievements of sled dogs in competitions depend both on their training and on their health. vector-borne infections may lead to anaemia, affect joints or heart muscle or even cause death. between december 2009 and october 2010, one hundred and twenty six individual blood samples were collected from 26 sled dog kennels situated in different regions of poland. the majority of samples were taken during the racing season (winter 2009/10). the prevalences of 3 vector-borne infections- including ...201424491396
prevalence and molecular characterization of hepatozoon canis in dogs from urban and rural areas in southeast brazil.the objective of this survey was to investigate the prevalence of hepatozoon infection in dogs in the rural and urban areas of uberlândia, brazil by pcr and molecular characterization. dna was obtained from blood samples collected from 346 local dogs from both genders and various ages. seventeen pcr products from positive blood samples of urban dogs and 13 from the rural dogs were sequenced. partial sequences of the 18s rrna gene indicated that all 30 dogs were infected with hepatozoon canis sim ...201425039064
hepatozoon canis in german red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and their ticks: molecular characterization and the phylogenetic relationship to other hepatozoon spp.in this study, the prevalence of hepatozoon spp. in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and their ticks from germany, as well as molecular characterizations and phylogenetic relationship to other hepatozoon spp. were investigated. dna extracts of 261 spleen samples and 1,953 ticks were examined for the presence of hepatozoon spp. by a conventional polymerase chain reaction (pcr) targeting the 18s rrna gene. the ticks included four tick species: ixodes ricinus, ixodes canisuga, ixodes hexagonus and dermace ...201424802869
occurrence of hepatozoon canis and cercopithifilaria bainae in an off-host population of rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato ticks.hepatozoon canis (eucoccidiorida, hepatozoidae) and the filarioid cercopithifilaria bainae (spirurida, onchocercidae) are tick-transmitted infectious agents of dogs, highly prevalent in the mediterranean basin in association with rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato. ticks were collected from the environment every 25±2 days in a confined location in southern italy where a community of dogs lives, from august 2012 to july 2013. in order to study the occurrence of h. canis and c. bainae, 1091 tick ...201424594107
failure of imidocarb dipropionate and toltrazuril/emodepside plus clindamycin in treating hepatozoon canis infection.hepatozoonosis caused by hepatozoon canis (eucoccidiorida, hepatozoidae) is among the most widespread vector-borne infections of dogs, primarily transmitted by rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato ticks. based on the absence of a consensus on the treatment regimes for canine hepatozoonosis, the present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of imidocarb dipropionate (5-6 mg/kg subcutaneously once a week for 6 weeks), and of toltrazuril/emodepside (procox(®), 15 mg/kg once a day for 6 days) in assoc ...201424439769
high throughput pyrosequencing technology for molecular differential detection of babesia vogeli, hepatozoon canis, ehrlichia canis and anaplasma platys in canine blood samples.canine babesiosis, hepatozoonosis, ehrlichiosis, and anaplasmosis are tick-borne diseases caused by different hemopathogens. these diseases are causes of morbidity and mortality in dogs. the classic method for parasite detection and differentiation is based on microscopic observation of blood smears. the limitations of the microscopic method are that its performance requires a specially qualified person with professional competence, and it is ineffective in differentiating closely related specie ...201424704311
molecular detection of dirofilaria immitis, hepatozoon canis, babesia spp., anaplasma platys and ehrlichia canis in dogs on costa rica.although vector-borne diseases are important causes of morbidity and mortality in dogs in tropical areas, there is little information on these conditions in costa rica. in pcrs of blood from dogs in costa rica, we did not detect dnas of rickettsia (r.) felis and coxiella (c.) burnetii but we did find evidence of infection with dirofilaria (d.) immitis (9/40, 22.5%), hepatozoon (h.) canis (15/40, 37.5%), babesia spp. (10/40, 25%; 2 with b. gibsoni and 8 with b. vogeli), anaplasma (a.) platys (3/4 ...201426204016
first report of angiostrongylus vasorum and hepatozoon from a red fox (vulpes vulpes) from west virginia, usa.angiostrongylus vasorum was identified in the lungs of a red fox (vulpes vulpes) from west virginia, united states (us), indicating a new geographical location for this metastrongylid nematode. the fox was euthanized and submitted for necropsy after displaying erratic behavior. we did not detect rabies virus or canine distemper virus from the fox. we observed bronchopneumonia associated with a. vasorum infection disseminated in both lungs. in addition, protozoal meronts were observed in the live ...201424412356
molecular detection of bacterial and parasitic pathogens in hard ticks from portugal.ticks are important vector arthropods of human and animal pathogens. as information about agents of disease circulating in vectors in portugal is limited, the aim of the present study was to detect bacteria and parasites with veterinary and zoonotic importance in ticks collected from dogs, cats, and field vegetation. a total of 925 ticks, comprising 888 (96.0%) adults, 8 (0.9%) nymphs, and 29 (3.1%) larvae, were collected in 4 geographic areas (districts) of portugal. among those, 620 (67.0%) we ...201424745731
vector-borne pathogens in dogs from costa rica: first molecular description of babesia vogeli and hepatozoon canis infections with a high prevalence of monocytic ehrlichiosis and the manifestations of co-infection.infection with canine vector-borne pathogens was evaluated in dogs from four different regions of costa rica by pcr. demographic data, clinical signs, packed cell volume values, and the presence of tick infestation were recorded for each dog. forty seven percent (69/146) of the dogs were infected with at least one pathogen and 12% were co-infected with two pathogens. ehrlichia canis was detected in 34%, anaplasma platys in 10%, babesia vogeli in 8%, and hepatozoon canis in 7.5% of the blood samp ...201424315693
evaluation of blood and bone marrow in selected canine vector-borne diseases.bone marrow (bm) is a major hematopoietic organ that can harbour a variety of vector-borne pathogens; however, knowledge of bm pathological changes in dogs infected with vector-borne pathogens is limited. thus, the aim of the present study was to assess the pathological changes in canine bm associated with natural infections by four vector-borne pathogens, as well as to determine the relationships between such changes and abnormalities of the peripheral blood.201425441458
molecular detection of tick-borne pathogens in rhipicephalus sanguineus group ticks.the rhipicephalus sanguineus group includes some of the most widespread dog ticks, whose identification currently represents a difficult task due to the morphological similarities of these ixodid species. recently, following the morphological and molecular characterization of tick specimens collected from dogs in all continents, rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.), rhipicephalus turanicus and three different operational taxonomic units (namely rhipicephalus sp. i-iii) have been identified ...201425113982
first molecular evidence of hepatozoon canis infection in red foxes and golden jackals from hungary.recently, hepatozoon canis infection has been detected among shepherd, hunting and stray dogs in the southern part of hungary, which is considered to be free of rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato and close to the border with croatia. the aim of this study was to acquire information on the possibility that red foxes and/or golden jackals could play a role in the appearance and spread of h. canis in hungary.201424985073
wildlife reservoirs for vector-borne canine, feline and zoonotic infections in austria.austria's mammalian wildlife comprises a large variety of species, acting and interacting in different ways as reservoir and intermediate and definitive hosts for different pathogens that can be transmitted to pets and/or humans. foxes and other wild canids are responsible for maintaining zoonotic agents, e.g. echinococcus multilocularis, as well as pet-relevant pathogens, e.g. hepatozoon canis. together with the canids, and less commonly felids, rodents play a major role as intermediate and par ...201425830102
fox on the run--molecular surveillance of fox blood and tissue for the occurrence of tick-borne pathogens in austria.the red fox (vulpes vulpes) is a widespread species, harbouring many pathogens relevant for humans and pets. indeed, anaplasma spp., ehrlichia canis and rickettsia spp. among the bacteria and hepatozoon canis as well as babesia sp. among the parasites have been the focus of several studies.201425413694
first report of babesia gibsoni in central america and survey for vector-borne infections in dogs from nicaragua.although many vector-borne diseases are important causes of morbidity and mortality in dogs in tropical areas and potential zoonoses, there is little information on these conditions in central america.201424667065
molecular and histopathological detection of hepatozoon canis in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from portugal.hepatozoon canis is a protozoan tick-borne pathogen of dogs and wild canids. hepatozoon spp. have been reported to infect foxes in different continents and recent studies have mostly used the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the detection and characterization of the infecting species. surveying red foxes (vulpes vulpes) may contribute to better understanding the epidemiology of canine vector-borne diseases, including hepatozoonosis caused by h. canis in domestic dogs. the present study invest ...201424655375
incidence of cercopithifilaria bainae in dogs and probability of co-infection with other tick-borne pathogens.cercopithifilaria bainae is a filarioid parasite that infects dogs, being transmitted by rhipicephalus sanguineus group ticks in many countries of the mediterranean basin. this study assessed the incidence density rate (idr) of infection by c. bainae in dogs and the probability of co-infection with other tick-borne pathogens (i.e., anaplasma platys, babesia vogeli and hepatozoon canis), in an area of high endemicity in southern italy.201424498437
a survey of ixodid tick species and molecular identification of tick-borne pathogens.this study was undertaken in two different climatic areas of turkey to determine the presence of tick-borne pathogens of medical and veterinary importance. the ticks were removed from humans, pooled according to species and developmental stages, and analyzed by pcr, reverse line blot (rlb) and sequencing. of the 2333 removed ticks from 10 species, 1238 (53.06%) were obtained from the arid cold zone, and the remaining 1095 (46.93%) were obtained from the humid zone. the removed ticks were identif ...201424424312
molecular detection of vector-borne agents in dogs from ten provinces of china.although many vector-borne agents are potential zoonoses and cause substantial morbidity and mortality in dogs worldwide, there are limited data on these organisms in dogs of china.201526428085
a molecular survey of vector-borne pathogens in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from bosnia and herzegovina.red foxes (vulpes vulpes) have recently been recognized as potential reservoirs of several vector-borne pathogens and a source of infection for domestic dogs and humans, mostly due to their close vicinity to urban areas and frequent exposure to different arthropod vectors. the aim of this study was to investigate the presence and distribution of babesia spp., hepatozoon canis, anaplasma spp., bartonella spp., 'candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis', ehrlichia canis, rickettsia spp. and blood filaro ...201525889961
bacterial and protozoal agents of canine vector-borne diseases in the blood of domestic and stray dogs from southern portugal.the so-called canine vector-borne diseases (cvbd) are caused by a wide range of pathogens transmitted by arthropods. in addition to their veterinary importance, many of these canine vector-borne pathogens can also affect the human population due to their zoonotic potential, a situation that requires a one health approach. as the prevalence of vector-borne pathogens in cats from southern portugal has been recently evaluated, the aim of the present study was to assess if the same agents were prese ...201525886525
canine vector-borne infections in mauritius.canine vector-borne diseases have a worldwide distribution, but to the best of our knowledge, no research has been carried out to evaluate their presence on the indian ocean island of mauritius. an investigation into canine vector-borne infections was conducted in dogs (n = 78) resident at an animal shelter in port louis, mauritius using a combination of traditional microscopy and serological methods.201525889893
diagnosis and incidence risk of clinical canine monocytic ehrlichiosis under field conditions in southern europe.canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (cme), due to the bacterium ehrlichia canis and transmitted by the brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus, is a major tick-borne disease in southern europe. in this area, infections with other vector-borne pathogens (vbp) are also described and result in similar clinical expression. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the incidence risk of clinical cme in those endemic areas and to assess the potential involvement of other vbp in the occurrence of clinical ...201525561342
spatial distribution of anaplasma phagocytophilum and hepatozoon canis in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in hungary.in recent years, ehrlichia canis and hepatozoon canis transmitted by rhipicephalus sanguineus were reported from hungary. the aim of the present study was to reveal the spatial distribution pattern of pathogens transmitted by r. sanguineus in a sentinel species, red fox (vulpes vulpes) in hungary and to analyse the relationship of these patterns with landscape and climate by geographical information systems. fox carcasses, representing 0.5% of the total fox population were randomly selected out ...201526065623
canine vector-borne co-infections: ehrlichia canis and hepatozoon canis in the same host monocytes.the protozoon hepatozoon canis and the rickettsia ehrlichia canis are tick-borne pathogens, transmitted by rhipicephalus sanguineus, which cause canine hepatozoonosis and canine monocytic ehrlichiosis, respectively. co-infection of the same host monocytes with h. canis and e. canis confirmed by molecular characterization of the infecting agents and quantitative assessment of co-infected cells is described for the first time in three naturally-infected dogs. blood smear evaluation indicated that ...201525560923
further thoughts on the taxonomy and vector role of rhipicephalus sanguineus group ticks.rhipicephalus sanguineus is a tick species described in 1806 by latreille, based on specimens probably collected in france. however, this is a taxon with uncertain morphological definition and recent studies have gathered irrefutable evidence supporting the existence of a cryptic species-complex under the name 'r. sanguineus', whose number of sibling species around the world has yet to be ascertained. this fact is of great medical and veterinary concern, also considering that ticks currently ide ...201525579394
canine babesioses in noninvestigated areas of serbia.during the years 2012-2014, a total of 158 outdoor dogs from pančevo and đurđevo (northern serbia) and niš and prokuplje (southern serbia) were submitted to molecular analyses (pcr and sequencing) for canine babesioses. an overall prevalence of 21.5% was found, due to the species babesia sp. 'spanish dog' (10.1%), b. gibsoni (5.7%), b. canis vogeli (1.9%), b. caballi (1.9%), and b. microti (1.9%). in addition, sequence analysis showed the presence of hepatozoon canis in a dog from niš. no signif ...201526348245
molecular detection of ehrlichia canis, hepatozoon canis and babesia canis vogeli in stray dogs in mahasarakham province, thailand.canine tick borne diseases showing distribution worldwide have caused morbidity and mortality in dogs. this study observed the mainly tick borne pathogens described for dogs in thailand, ehrlichia canis, hepatozoon canis and babesia canis vogeli. from may to july 2014, blood samples were collected from 79 stray dogs from 7 districts of mahasarakham province to molecular surveyed for 16s rrna gene of e. canis and 18s rrna gene of h. canis and b. canis vogeli. twenty eight (35.44%) of stray dogs s ...201526568991
molecular detection and characterization of hepatozoon spp. in dogs from the central part of turkey.canine hepatozoonosis is a tick-borne protozoal disease caused by hepatozoon spp. two species of hepatozoon are currently known to infect dogs as hepatozoon canis and h. americanum. although h. canis generally causes a chronic infection with relatively mild clinical alterations compared to h. americanum, infection by h. canis can be life-threatening. the disease is widespread in usa, africa, europe, south america, and asia. to determine the frequency of infection with hepatozoon spp. in stray do ...201525800100
molecular identification of hepatozoon canis in dogs from campo grande, mato grosso do sul, brazil.the aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of hepatozoon species infecting dogs in the municipality of campo grande, mato grosso do sul (ms), brazil, using blood samples (n = 165) drawn from dogs. the species hepatozoon canis was identified in 3.63% of the tested animals using molecular tools. further studies are needed to determine the clinical relevance of this infection and the main arthropod vectors involved in its transmission.201526154969
vector-borne diseases of small companion animals in namibia: literature review, knowledge gaps and opportunity for a one health approach.namibia has a rich history in veterinary health but little is known about the vector-borne diseases that affect companion dogs and cats. the aim of this review is to summarise the existing published and available unpublished literature, put it into a wider geographical context, and explore some significant knowledge gaps. to date, only two filarial pathogens (dirofilaria repens and acanthocheilonema dracunculoides) and three tick-borne pathogens (babesia canis vogeli, hepatozoon canis and ehrlic ...201526824340
detection of babesia canis vogeli and hepatozoon canis in canine blood by a single-tube real-time fluorescence resonance energy transfer polymerase chain reaction assay and melting curve analysis.a real-time fluorescence resonance energy transfer polymerase chain reaction (qfret pcr) coupled with melting curve analysis was developed for detection of babesia canis vogeli and hepatozoon canis infections in canine blood samples in a single tube assay. the target of the assay was a region within the 18s ribosomal rna gene amplified in either species by a single pair of primers. following amplification from the dna of infected dog blood, a fluorescence melting curve analysis was done. the 2 s ...201525776544
development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) for detection of babesia gibsoni infection in dogs.diagnosis of canine babesiosis, caused by babesia gibsoni is difficult, especially in chronically infected dogs. a loop mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay was developed and standardized by using four oligonucleotide primers targeting the hypervariable region of 18s rrna gene (genbank acc. no. kc461261). the primers specifically amplified b. gibsoni dna, while no amplification was detected with dna from non-infected dogs as well as from dogs infected with babesia canis vogeli, hepatoz ...201525749021
a molecular epidemiological survey of babesia, hepatozoon, ehrlichia and anaplasma infections of dogs in japan.tick-borne diseases are often encountered in canine clinical practice. in the present study, a molecular epidemiological survey of dogs in japan was conducted to understand the prevalence and geographical distribution of babesia spp., hepatozoon spp., ehrlichia spp. and anaplasma spp. pathogen-derived dna in blood samples obtained from 722 dogs with a history of exposure to ticks and/or fleas was examined by pcr. the prevalence of babesia gibsoni, babesia odocoilei-like species, hepatozoon canis ...201525947226
a molecular and parasitological survey of hepatozoon canis in domestic dogs in turkey.in this study, asymptomatic dogs in nine provinces of turkey were surveyed to investigate the prevalence and intensity of hepatozoon canis infection. dna obtained from blood samples collected from 694 domestic dogs (243 stray, 288 shelter, and 163 pets) of both genders and varying ages were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). in addition, 285 thin blood smears prepared from these blood samples were also evaluated for microscopic examination. direct microscopy revealed hepatozoon gamont ...201525771934
molecular survey of hepatozoon canis in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from romania.blood samples of 119 red foxes, originating from 44 hunting grounds of 3 western counties (arad, hunedoara, and timiş) of romania, have been examined for the presence of hepatozoon canis infection using the conventional polymerase chain reaction (pcr) of the fragment of 18s rrna gene. overall, 15 (12.6%) samples were found to be pcr-positive. of the sampled hunting grounds, 29.5% (13/44) were found positive. positive samples were recorded in all screened counties with the prevalence of 14.8% (9/ ...201525764146
natural infection of the wild canid lycalopex gymnocercus by the protozoan rangelia vitalii, the agent of canine rangeliosis.rangelia vitalii is a piroplasmid that causes canine rangeliosis, a severe hemorrhagic disease of domestic dogs in south america. we report about r. vitalii infecting a pampas fox (lycalopex gymnocercus). the fox, which developed a fatal illness, was also infected by hepatozoon canis and capillaria hepatica.201525932667
hepatozoon and theileria species detected in ticks collected from mammals and snakes in thailand.we report the detection of hepatozoon and theileria in 103 ticks from mammals and snakes in thailand. by using a genus-specific 18s rrna pcr, hepatozoon and theileria spp. were detected in 8% and 18%, respectively, of ticks (n=79) removed from mammals. of the ticks removed from snakes (n=24), 96% were infected with hepatozoon spp., but none were infected with theileria. phylogenetic analysis revealed that hepatozoon spp. detected from dermacentor astrosignatus and dermacentor auratus ticks from ...201525736475
molecular analysis reveals the diversity of hepatozoon species naturally infecting domestic dogs in a northern region of brazil.this study aimed to optimize molecular methods for detecting dna of hepatozoon spp. as well as identify the phylogenetic relationships of hepatozoon strains naturally infecting domestic dogs in belém, pará, northern brazil. blood samples were collected from 138 dogs, and screened for hepatozoon spp. using a new nested pcr assay. positive samples were subjected to genetic characterization based on amplification and sequencing of approximately 670bp of the hepatozoon spp. 18s rrna. of the positive ...201627665264
hepatozoon spp. infections in wild rodents in an area of endemic canine hepatozoonosis in southeastern brazil.hepatozoon canis is a tick-borne parasite that occurs worldwide. in rural areas of brazil, h. canis vectors remain unknown, which has led to speculation about alternative routes of transmission. small rodents can play a role in the transmission (via predation) of hepatozoon americanum, which led us to question whether predation might be an alternative mode of transmission for h. canis. thus, this study investigated whether hepatozoon spp. are present in wild small rodents in forest fragments tha ...201627091081
development of recombinant bgp12 based enzyme linked immunosorbent assays for serodiagnosis of babesia gibsoni infection in dogs.indirect elisa and dot-elisa using recombinant bgp12 (rbgp12) were developed for the diagnosis of babesia gibsoni infected dogs. the complete open reading frame of bgp12 gene (378bp) was cloned in pet-32a(+) expression vector and expressed in escherichia coli as a soluble thioredoxin (trx) fusion protein. the purified rbgp12 was used for production of anti-rbgp12 rabbit serum, which recognized a native 12-kda protein in b. gibsoni infected erythrocyte by western blot analysis. to evaluate the po ...201626827835
clinical and laboratory features of canine anaplasma platys infection in 32 naturally infected dogs in the mediterranean basin.since the first description of anaplasma platys infection (api), the disease has been sporadically reported worldwide. whereas it is considered a subclinical disease in the united states or in australia, severe cases are reported in europe. thus far, little information is available regarding the clinical and laboratory findings associated with the disease and the implication of co-infections with other vector-borne pathogens (vbps) in southern europe. the purpose of the study was to describe cli ...201627426437
hepatozoon canis and leishmania spp. coinfection in dogs diagnosed with visceral leishmaniasis.this study describes the occurrence of dogs naturally co-infected with hepatozoon canis and two leishmania species: l. infantum or l. braziliensis. four dogs serologically diagnosed with visceral leishmaniasis were euthanized. liver and spleen samples were collected for histopathological analysis and dna isolation. h. canis meronts were observed in tissues from all four dogs. h. canis infection was confirmed by pcr followed by sequencing of a fragment of 18s rrna gene. leishmania detection and t ...201627925060
canine hepatozoonosis in southeastern bahia, brazil.in brazil, canine hepatozoonosis is a tick-borne subclinical hemoparasitosis caused by a protozoa hepatozoon canis and is highly prevalent in dogs in rural areas. an epizootiological study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of h. canis in the canine population of ituberá, bahia, and to analyze any associated risk factors. blood samples were collected from 380 dogs and determined the presence of the protozoan by performing capillary blood smear and polymerase chain reaction (pcr). epizoo ...201627706560
autochthonous hepatozoon infection in hunting dogs and foxes from the czech republic.blood samples from 21 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and 8 hunting dogs from the same locality in the czech republic were examined for presence of hepatozoon canis/hepatozoon sp. the dogs were selected based on their close contact with foxes during fox bolting and because they had not traveled into known endemic areas. using diagnostic pcr amplifying partial 18s rdna fragment, hepatozoon dna was detected in 20 red foxes (95 %) and 4 dogs (50 %). from 8 positive foxes and 2 positive dogs, we obtained ...201627431805
molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of hepatozoon spp. in questing ixodes ricinus ticks and rodents from slovakia and czech republic.by amplification and sequencing of 18s rrna gene fragments, hepatozoon spp. dna was detected in 0.08 % (4/5057) and 0.04 % (1/2473) of questing ixodes ricinus ticks from slovakia and czech republic, respectively. hepatozoon spp. dna was also detected in spleen and/or lungs of 4.45 % (27/606) of rodents from slovakia. prevalence of infection was significantly higher in myodes glareolus (11.45 %) than in apodemus spp. (0.28 %) (p < 0.001). sequencing of 18s rrna hepatozoon spp. gene amplicons from ...201627245074
rhipicephalus turanicus, a new vector of hepatozoon canis.the distribution of hepatozoon canis mainly encompasses areas where its main tick vector, rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato, is present. however, the detection of this pathogen in dogs, foxes and golden jackals well outside the areas inhabited by this tick species reinforced the hypothesis that additional ixodids are involved in the life cycle and transmission of this protozoon. the present study provides, for the first time, data supporting the sporogonic development of h. canis in specimens ...201627998321
myd88 and functionally related genes are associated with multiple infections in a model population of kenyan village dogs.the purpose of this study was to seek associations between immunity-related molecular markers and endemic infections in a model population of african village dogs from northern kenya with no veterinary care and no selective breeding. a population of village dogs from northern kenya composed of three sub-populations from three different areas (84, 50 and 55 dogs) was studied. canine distemper virus (cdv), hepatozoon canis, microfilariae (acantocheilonema dracunculoides, acantocheilonema reconditu ...201627655108
molecular detection of theileria, babesia, and hepatozoon spp. in ixodid ticks from palestine.ixodid ticks transmit various infectious agents that cause disease in humans and livestock worldwide. a cross-sectional survey on the presence of protozoan pathogens in ticks was carried out to assess the impact of tick-borne protozoa on domestic animals in palestine. ticks were collected from herds with sheep, goats and dogs in different geographic districts and their species were determined using morphological keys. the presence of piroplasms and hepatozoon spp. was determined by pcr amplifica ...201626969489
critical analysis of vector-borne infections in dogs: babesia vogeli, babesia gibsoni, ehrlichia canis and hepatozoon canis in punjab, india.there are few published studies on various vector borne diseases of dogs in india and most depict clinical infection in dogs, diagnosed by observation of the haemopathogens in stained blood smears. this study provides the first report regarding molecular confirmation and ancestral relationship analysis of blood smears positive cases of assorted haemopathogens in punjab province of india. on blood smear examination, haemopathogens were observed in 124 out of 778 (15.95%, 95% ci: 13.53- 18.68) blo ...201627787221
a survey of tick-borne pathogens in dogs and their ticks in the pantanal biome, brazil.tick and blood samples collected from domestic dogs in the brazilian pantanal were tested by molecular methods for the presence of tick-borne protozoa and bacteria. among 320 sampled dogs, 3.13% were infected by babesia vogeli (piroplasmida: babesiidae), 8.75% by hepatozoon canis (eucoccidiorida: hepatozoidae), 7.19% by anaplasma platys (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae), and 0.94% by an unclassified anaplasma sp. in three tick species collected from dogs, the following tick-borne agents were dete ...201626467462
immunopathological features of canine myocarditis associated with leishmania infantum infection.myocarditis associated with infectious diseases may occur in dogs, including those caused by the protozoa neospora caninum, trypanosoma cruzi, babesia canis, and hepatozoon canis. however, although cardiac disease due to leishmania infection has also been documented, the immunopathological features of myocarditis have not been reported so far. the aim of this study was to examine the types of cellular infiltrates and expression of mhc classes i and ii in myocardial samples obtained at necropsy f ...201627413751
molecular investigation of tick-borne pathogens in dogs from luanda, angola.no molecular data have been available on tick-borne pathogens that infect dogs from angola. the occurrence of agents from the genera anaplasma, babesia, ehrlichia and hepatozoon was assessed in 103 domestic dogs from luanda, by means of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and dna sequence analysis.201627160839
canine vector-borne pathogens in semi-domesticated dogs residing in northern cambodia.in southeast asia, the canine vector-borne pathogens babesia spp., ehrlichia canis, anaplasma platys, hepatozoon canis, haemotropic mycoplasmas and dirofilaria immitis cause significant morbidity and mortality in dogs. moreover, dogs have also been implicated as natural reservoirs for rickettsia felis, the agent of flea-borne spotted fever, increasingly implicated as a cause of undifferentiated fever in humans in southeast asia. the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and div ...201627161452
prevalence of vector-borne pathogens in dogs from haiti.canine vector-borne pathogens are common on some caribbean islands, but survey data in haiti are lacking. to determine the prevalence of selected vector-borne pathogens in dogs from haiti, we tested blood samples collected from 210 owned dogs, 28 (13.3%) of which were infested with rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks at the time of blood collection. no other tick species were identified on these dogs. a commercially available elisa identified antibodies to ehrlichia spp. in 69 (32.9%), antibodies to ...201627270383
molecular detection of anaplasma platys, ehrlichia canis, hepatozoon canis and rickettsia monacensis in dogs from maio island of cape verde archipelago.tick-borne diseases are emerging worldwide and have an important zoonotic relevance. dogs play an important role in the epidemiology of several zoonotic tick-borne pathogens acting as sentinels and/or reservoirs. this study focused on the molecular identification of tick-borne pathogens in blood samples of 153 autochthonous asymptomatic dogs in maio island, cape verde archipelago. eighty-four (54.9%) dogs were positive for one or more pathogens. fifty-five (35.9%) dogs were infected with hepatoz ...201627177475
molecular detection of emerging tick-borne pathogens in vojvodina, serbia.ticks play an important role in disease transmission globally due to their capability to serve as vectors for human and animal pathogens. the republic of serbia is an endemic area for a large number of tick-borne diseases. however, current knowledge on these diseases in serbia is limited. the aim of this study was to investigate the presence of new emerging tick-borne pathogens in ticks collected from dogs and the vegetation from different parts of vojvodina, serbia. a total of 187 ticks, includ ...201626565929
parasites and vector-borne pathogens in client-owned dogs in albania. blood pathogens and seroprevalences of parasitic and other infectious agents.knowledge on the epidemiology of parasitic and vector-borne infections is still very limited for albania, a country located in the balkan peninsula in southeast europe. recent publications indicated prevalence rates of up to 52% for vector-borne infections in less-cared dogs in albania. to provide data on the epidemiological situation in dogs under veterinary care, a total of 602 client-owned dogs presented to four small animal clinics between march 2010 and april 2011 in tirana, albania, were s ...201626453093
serological and molecular prevalence of canine vector-borne diseases (cvbds) in korea.previous surveys in dogs from korea indicated that dogs are exposed to a variety of vector- borne pathogens, but perception for a nation-wide canine vector-borne disease (cvbd) occurrence has been missing. we report here results of both serological and molecular prevalence studies for major cvbds of dogs from all over the south korean peninsula except for jeju island.201728298245
species of ticks and carried pathogens in owned dogs in spain: results of a one-year national survey.this study presents the results of a national survey in spain on the distribution of ticks on owned dogs, their phenology and the associated pathogens over one year. in the study, 1628 adult ticks were collected on 660 dogs presented to 26 veterinary practices, of which 507 dogs (76.8%) carried at least one adult tick. the primary species of ticks were rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. (53%), dermacentor reticulatus (9%), ixodes ricinus (9%), and i. hexagonus (4%). parasitism by two species of these ...201728188085
first detection of tick-borne pathogens of dogs from malta.the knowledge about the vector-borne infections in domestic dogs has been increasing worldwide. however no studies have been done on hard tick infestation and tick-borne pathogens (tbps) of dogs present in malta. therefore, a total of 99 dogs was selected and inspected between march and july 2013 in 18 urban and 17 rural areas on the islands of malta and gozo. all ticks were removed from the dogs and identified. blood samples were taken and tested for protozoa (babesia spp. and hepatozoon spp.) ...201728143697
canine tick-borne pathogens in cyprus and a unique canine case of multiple co-infections.canine tick-borne pathogens such as ehrlichia canis and hepatozoon canis are widespread in the mediterranean basin but have never been reported or investigated in cyprus. we describe herein the presence of canine tick-borne pathogens in three dogs with clinical signs compatible with vector-borne diseases from paphos area of cyprus. molecular and phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of e. canis, anaplasma platys, h. canis, babesia vogeli and mycoplasma haemocanis in cyprus. one dog co-infe ...201728089651
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