Publications

isolation and identification of the third component of complement of japanese quails.	the identification of the third component of complement (c3) of japanese quails was attempted by using rabbit antiserum prepared against quail serum-treated zymosan (zx) as an initial reagent. this antiserum (anti-zx) had agglutinating activity on rabbit erythrocytes reacted with quail antibody and quail complement (eacq) but not on eaq, and developed two precipitin lines against quail serum at beta- and gamma-regions in crossed immunoelectrophoresis. subsequently, monospecific antisera to each ...	1983	6343485
mitochondrial-reticular cytostructure in liver cells.	this study examines the structural relationship of mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum in liver. livers of rat and japanese quail were homogenized and fractionated in media of 0.25 m-sucrose, either 5mm or 50 mm in sodium hepes [4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazine-ethanesulphonic acid], ph 7.4 (2.2 mm or 22 mm in na respectively), designated here as low- and high-salt media. three particulate fractions were prepared by sequential centrifugation. a nuclear pellet sedimenting at 300 g was obtai ...	1983	6354178
comparison of plasma thyroxine levels following short exposure to cold and trh administration in intact and pituitary autografted quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).	the thyrotropic functional abilities of ectopically transplanted anterior pituitaries were tested by subjecting quail bearing their adenohypophysis in juxtarenal position either to a short cold exposure or to an intravenous injection of trh. thyroxine was determined in plasma samples collected from 20 to 120 min after treatment. intact birds exhibited increasing t4 levels up to a peak at 40 min, then decreasing slowly within 2 hr after either cold or trh stimulation. autografted birds exhibited ...	1983	6402416
surface marker for hemopoietic and endothelial cell lineages in quail that is defined by a monoclonal antibody.	a mouse monoclonal antibody raised in response to quail immunoglobulin mu chain was found to exhibit a broad reactivity towards hemopoietic and endothelial cells in the quail (coturnix coturnix japonica). indirect immunofluorescence assays were performed at several stages of embryonic development and until 3 weeks after hatching, on either isolated cells or tissue sections. they revealed that the defined surface marker, referred to as mb1, (i) is expressed early on both intra- and extraembryonic ...	1983	6190166
the role of vitamin d in the medullary bone formation in egg-laying japanese quail and in immature male chicks treated with sex hormones.	the effect of vitamin d3 on medullary bone formation was investigated in egg-laying japanese quail and in immature male chicks treated with sex hormones. when laying quail were fed a vitamin d-deficient diet for 16 days, their eggshell weights and egg production rate were markedly reduced in a time-dependent manner with a significant decrease in plasma calcium and 25-hydroxyvitamin d3 levels. the calcium content of the medullary bone of femurs decreased markedly with the progress of vitamin d de ...	1983	6311373
cytopathic effects and focus formation by reticuloendotheliosis viruses in a quail fibroblast cell line.	the t and cs (chick syncytial) strains of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) induced focus formation and cytonecrotic changes in a japanese quail fibroblast cell line designated qt35. the focus was distinctive and readily discernible, consisting of rounded refractile and larger dark-appearing (syncytia) cells usually aggregated along the periphery of a hole within a focus. the foci and cytopathic effects induced by the two strains of rev were morphologically indistinguishable. the focus formation ...	1983	6303292
atherosclerosis in japanese quail and the effect of lipoic acid.	the japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) is a useful laboratory animal for the study of atherosclerosis. it is small, omnivorous, easy to maintain, and susceptible to either spontaneous or cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis, and it has a low feed consumption and short life cycle. it develops atheromatous lesions with the characteristic lipid deposition and myofibroblastic proliferation in the aorta and sometimes in the coronary artery. japanese quail can be genetically bred into lines hi ...	1983	6404656
sexual differences in the japanese quail: behavior, morphology, and intracellular metabolism of testosterone.	three experiments were carried out to study whether differences in the intracellular metabolism of testosterone (t) can explain sexually differential responses to t in japanese quail. in the first experiment, a series of dose-response curves in which length of silastic testosterone implants was related to effects on several behavioral and physiological variables was established. in experiment 2, adult males and females were assigned to six experimental groups: intact males and females (i-males a ...	1983	6413294
vertebrate host specificity and experimental vectors of plasmodium (novyella) kempi sp. n. from the eastern wild turkey in iowa.	vertebrate host specificity, experimental laboratory vectors, and a description of plasmodium (novyella) kempi sp. n. from eastern wild turkeys (meleagris gallopavo silvestris vieillot) in iowa are presented. plasmodium kempi is infective for domestic turkeys, bobwhites (colinus virginianus), chukars (alectoris graeca), guinea fowl (numida meleagris), peacocks (pavo cristatus), and canaries (serinus canaria), produces a transient infection in mallards (anas platyrhynchos) and domestic geese (ans ...	1983	6644918
secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in castrated golden hamsters during exposure to various photoperiods and to natural daylengths.	golden hamsters were castrated and either maintained under short days of 9 h light and 15 h darkness (9l : 15d) or transferred to 12l : 12d, 13l : 11d or 16l : 8d. plasma concentrations of fsh and lh remained low under 9l : 15d and 12l : 12d for 6-8 weeks but rose markedly within 4 weeks under 13l : 11d and 16l : 8d, suggesting a more abrupt transition between non-stimulatory and maximally stimulatory photoperiods than found in japanese quail. intact and castrated hamsters were exposed to natura ...	1983	6417257
quail fetal antigen (qfa): identification and comparison with chicken fetal antigen.	quail fetal antigen (qfa), an analogous hematopoietic antigen to chicken fetal antigen (cfa), was identified and shown to be a developmental antigen on the blood cells of japanese quail and other avian species. rabbit antiserum against 14-day embryonic quail red blood cells (rbcs) was specifically adsorbed to achieve fetal specificity and to eliminate any cross reactivity with the cfa system. complement-mediated microcytotoxicity and hemagglutination assays were used to detect the presence of qf ...	1983	6575925
generalized glycogen storage disease in japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).	two japanese quail which were incapable of wing movement and three normal quail were examined by histological and ultrastructural methods. the diseased birds had glycogen deposits in their skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and nerve cells of the brain and spinal cord. according to the distribution of the lesions and the characteristics of the deposited glycogen, the diseased birds had glycogenosis which was analogous to type ii found in man. the usefulness of this disease as a mode ...	1983	6576505
n tau-methyl histidine excretion by poultry: not all species excrete n tau-methyl histidine quantitatively.	the rate of elimination of administered n tau-[14ch3]methyl histidine was used to assess the validity of n tau-methyl histidine excretion as an index of muscle protein breakdown in poultry. broiler chicks (2-3 and 4-5 weeks old), laying hens, adult quail (coturnix coturnix japonica), adult cockerels and turkey poults (2-4 weeks old) were tested. all except the turkey poults showed quantitative recoveries of n tau-[14ch3]methyl histidine within 1 week. turkeys showed a different pattern of n tau- ...	1983	6639927
comparative penetration of insecticides in target and non-target species.	dermal penetration of 14c-labeled carbaryl, parathion, ddt, dieldrin and permethrin was compared in american roaches, tobacco hornworms, japanese quail, grass frogs and mice. insecticides were absorbed more quickly in mice (one exception) while entry into insects was generally slow. the half time penetration rates for carbaryl ranged from 6 min for frogs to 4600 min for roaches. whereas permethrin penetrated easily into insects, other insecticides showed generally slower penetration into target ...	1983	6603345
differential sensitivity to the delayed neurotoxin tri-o-tolyl phosphate in several avian species.	adult white leghorn chickens, ring-necked pheasants, mallards, bobwhites, and japanese quail were administered single oral doses of tri-o-tolyl phosphate (totp) at levels of 125, 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg body weight. corn oil served as the vehicle control. at 24 h after dosing, half the birds from each group were killed for determination of whole-brain neurotoxic esterase (nte) activity. the remaining birds were maintained for 21 d. daily observations for the development of clinical signs typica ...	1983	6620421
genetic selection, general characterization, and histology of atherosclerosis-susceptible and -resistant japanese quail.	a new animal model of atherosclerosis has been developed through genetic selection of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) into susceptible (sus) and resistant (res) lines. characterization of the selected quail has shown that the res birds were resistant to the disease and developed little atherosclerosis on a diet containing 1% cholesterol. the sus birds were sensitive and developed severe atherosclerosis in 8-9 wks on a diet containing only 0.5% cholesterol. the histology of the progre ...	1983	6651912
mating frequency in male japanese quail: crosses among selected and unselected lines.	the genetics of mating behavior in japanese quail was investigated in replicated lines selected for high or low number of completed matings and the random bred control which served as the base population for the selected lines. comparisons involved the parental lines, f1, f2, and backcross generations. results indicate that mating frequency is influenced by additive and nonadditive genetic variation with the former being the primary heritable influence. the relationships between mating behavior, ...	1983	6686079
testosterone stimulation of dna-dependent dna polymerase activities in the cloacal and uropygial glands of the male quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).	dna polymerase alpha and beta activities were studied and compared in the cloacal gland and the uropygial gland (sebaceous-like gland) taken from castrated quails after testosterone administration. in the cloacal gland, testosterone induced an important increase in dna polymerase alpha while dna polymerase beta was not found to be altered. in the uropygial gland, testosterone induced a cyclic variation of dna polymerase alpha activity which may relate to the holocrine function of this gland.	1983	6628976
plumage phenotypes and mate preferences in japanese quail 2. sexual imprinting.	mate selection, with emphasis on early social (sexual imprinting) and subsequent long-term social experience, was studied in a randombred population of japanese quail consisting of wildtype (w), redhead (r) and albino (a) plumage colors. early social experiences involved situations where flocks of the various plumage colors were maintained either separately or intermingled. initial mate preferences were determined from a series of paired choice-tests between plumage phenotypes. wildtype and redh ...	1983	24923714
ipsilateral retinal projections in japanese quail, coturnix coturnix japonica.	ipsilateral retinal projections were investigated in japanese quails by means of the fink-heimer method after retinal extirpation, and by means of direct injection of horseradish peroxidase or cobalt ion-tophoresis into the optic nerve. ipsilateral projections were found in the nucleus lateralis anterior thalami, nucleus dorsolateralis anterior thalami pars lateralis, nucleus geniculatus lateralis pars ventralis, nucleus lentiformis mesencephali pars magnocellularis and nucleus ectomamillaris. n ...	1983	6824967
[experimental study on the etiology of idiopathic scoliosis--a deviation of lower motor neurons of the spinal muscle detected by the horseradish peroxidase method].	in order to elucidate the etiology of idiopathic scoliosis, studies were carried out by hrp method on the topographical localization and numerical alteration of spinal motor neurons innervating the spinal muscle of the non-scoliotic japanese quail and the scoliotic one established by s. hijikata in 1976. the topographical localization of spinal motor neurons innervating the triceps brachii muscle of the both groups, furthermore, was examined by the same method, and the anatomical fiber connectio ...	1983	6197498
differential induction of hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes in japanese quail by 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene.	the effects of single oral administration of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (tcb), 200, 400, 800 or 1600 mg/kg, and of daily oral administration of tcb, 400 mg/kg, for 3 consecutive days, on components of the microsomal monooxygenase system, glutathione, and the activities of cytosolic glutathione s-transferase and microsomal epoxide hydrolase in japanese quail liver were studied. cytochromes p-450 and b5 contents of liver microsomes and the activities of 7-ethoxyresorufin deethylase (7-erd) and glutath ...	1983	6605599
grouping in japanese quail. 1. agonistic behavior during feeding.	agonistic behavior in male japanese quail, shown by aggressive pecking after feed restriction, was potentiated in unstable groups (a visitor bird moved to a new cage containing an unfamiliar resident each 24-hr period) but not in stable (a pair that was never changed once the birds were placed in cages) groups. the resident quail were more aggressive than either visitors or individuals of the stable groups. ambivalent behavior (behavior characterized by an aggressive action followed immediately ...	1983	6685287
age-related reproductive decline in the male japanese quail.	a series of experiments was conducted to study the decline in reproduction associated with age in the male japanese quail. in experiment 1, eggs were collected from pairs that were 28, 56, 107, and 149 weeks of age. pairs that were 56 weeks of age or older showed a sharp drop in fertility and hatchability. subsequent experiments were designed to study the endocrine and behavioral basis for this decline in the male. in experiment 2, males that were between 23 and 70 weeks of age were tested for m ...	1983	6885007
the pineal gland and the photoperiodic control of luteinizing hormone secretion in intact and castrated japanese quail.	the effects of pinealectomy on a range of photoperiodic responses were investigated in male japanese quail by measuring plasma lh concentrations in intact, sham-operated and pinealectomized birds in the following four experiments: (1) transfer of sexually quiescent birds from a short photoperiod of 8 h light: 16 h darkness (8l:16d) to a photostimulatory daylength of 16l:8d; (2) transfer of sexually mature birds from 16l:8d to 8l:16d; (3) castration in 16l:8d and exposure to 13l:11d; (4) castrati ...	1983	6655410
distribution of catecholamines in individual hypothalamic nuclei of japanese quail.	the dissection of eight hypothalamic nuclei or areas of japanese quail brain (nucleus hypothalamicus medialis anterior, nucleus periventricularis magnocellularis, nucleus hypothalamicus lateralis anterior, nucleus hypothalamicus medialis posterior, nucleus hypothalamicus lateralis posterior, eminentia medialis, nucleus tuberis and area hypothalamica posterior) and a subsequent radioenzymatic measurement of the basic concentrations of noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine in these structures of ...	1983	6655405
demonstration of free reverse transcriptase in the nuclei of embryonic tissues of the japanese quail.	reverse transcriptase is detected in the nuclei as well as the cytoplasm of normal uninfected japanese quail embryonic tissues. at least 60% of the nuclear enzyme occurs in the free-form, whereas 85% of the cytoplasmic enzyme is bound to particles having a buoyant density equivalent to retroviral cores (1.19-1.22 g/ml). the enzyme is purified by ion-exchange chromatography and glycerol sedimentation gradients. it prefers oligo(dg) . poly(c) in mg2+ to all other synthetic template-primers, and tr ...	1983	6196028
in vitro synthesis of proteoglycans associated with medullary bone in japanese quail.	a short-term incubation system was used to study proteoglycan synthesis during the early stages of medullary bone formation in estrogen-treated male japanese quail. the proteoglycans were separated by chromatography on a deae bio-gel a column eluted with a 400-ml 0-1 m nacl gradient. the profile from uninjected control birds showed a single peak, whereas profiles from estrogen-treated birds showed development of another peak. incorporation of [35s]sulfate into the estrogen-induced proteoglycan i ...	1983	6830238
modification of arterial elastin in vivo. effects of age and diet on changes in the n-terminal amino acid content of aorta elastin.	we have previously demonstrated that aorta elastin, a highly crosslinked protein, does not undergo turnover that is easily measured in vivo. therefore, it was hypothesized that when proteolysis of elastin occurs, a positive increase in n-terminal amino acids should result. such an increase would represent elastin-derived fragments held covalently in situ. a cyanate carbamylation procedure was used to estimate the changes in n-terminal amino acids in aorta elastin. to provide tissue for the studi ...	1983	6830816
development of cultured quail embryos.	japanese quail embryos were cultured by a plastic wrap technique after 2.5 days of normal incubation, and their development was investigated. mean survival time was 13 days (2.5 days of preincubation plus 10.5 days of experimental culture). mean morphological stage shown by the cultured embryos was stage 28 of zacchei (1961) (corresponding to 11 days of normal incubation) and the maximum stage of development was stage 31 (corresponding to 14 days of normal incubation). in the latter half of incu ...	1983	6844217
evidence of genetic differences in acute hypoxia survival.	in a population of japanese quail, a genetic selection was performed leading to two strains--one resistant and one susceptible to an acute hypoxic nitrogen challenge as well as to an acute carbon monoxide intoxication. crossing these two strains gives an f1 hybrid whose survival to acute hypoxia appears to be very close to the susceptible strain. the difference in acute hypoxic survival already appears in embryos at the age of 12 d. susceptibility to acute hypoxia seems to be a dominant characte ...	1983	6838448
the effects of 1,1-di(p-chlorophenyl)-2-chloroethylene (ddmu) on hepatic morphology of japanese quail.	the effects of dietary administration of 1,1-di(p-chlorophenyl)-2-chloroethylene (ddmu) to japanese quail at a concentration of 100 ppm were investigated for periods of up to 32 days. hepatic morphology was studied by light microscopy. histologic changes observed included cytoplasmic and nuclear degeneration in the hepatocytes followed by severe lipid accumulation and hepatocellular hypertrophy. there was a progressive increase in cytoplasmic vacuoles containing lipid up to day 24 followed by a ...	1983	6836573
circulating corticosterone response of wild-type japanese quail to albino quail intrusion.	two experiments were conducted to determine the ability of albino japanese quail intruders to elicit serum corticosterone responses in established populations of wild-type (w-t) quail. in experiment 1, w-t quail were mixed with albino strangers and blood sampled prior to (t0) and 2 hr after (t2) mixing. a second w-t group, serving as a control, was bled at these same times but was not subjected to albino intrusion. in experiment 2, a similar protocol was followed, except albino treated and contr ...	1983	6835906
a photoperiodic response in gonadectomized japanese quail exposed to a single long day.	gonadectomized male japanese quail maintained on short daylengths (8 h light:16 h darkness) showed a reliable and repeatable response, in terms of increased gonadotrophin secretion, to a single long photoperiod (20 h light) followed by continuous darkness. plasma levels of lh were significantly increased within 4 h of the end of the long day. secretion continued to increase with time and lh and fsh concentrations reached a maximum some 24 h later, thereafter decreasing only slowly over the next ...	1983	6405006
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 receptor from japanese quail intestine; kinetic studies.	the cytosolic receptor from japanese quail intestine has been partially purified and selected kinetic properties of the receptor preparation have been characterized. the receptor--chromatin complex technique developed by haussler and his associates for separation of the bound from free 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 [1,25-(oh)2d3] was used with modifications. examination of the conditions for incubation of the receptor--chromatin complex with tritiated 1,25-(oh)2d3 led to the selection of 25 degrees f ...	1983	6303896
in vivo aromatization of [3h]testosterone in high and low mating lines of japanese quail.	japanese quail selected bidirectionally for adult mating frequency were utilized to study in vivo aromatization of testosterone (t) in relation to masculine copulatory behavior. functionally castrated high (hm) and low mating (lm) line quail were injected with 75 microci of [3h]t. one hour after the injection, all radioactivity recovered in telencephalic-diencephalic brain tissue was in the form of t, dihydrotestosterone (dht), or estradiol (e2). neither the total 3h nor the [3h]t metabolite rad ...	1983	6642440
diencephalic sites from which calling can be evoked with small currents in japanese quail.	a systematic stimulation survey f the diencephalon in japanese quail, showed that calling could be evoked with currents as low as in the midbrain (less than 50 microa). these low threshold areas were located in the pre-optic area and posterior hypothalamus. both are likely to influence output, but are not on a calling motor pathway from the forebrain. putative pathways for calling had somewhat higher thresholds, than the preoptic area and posterior hypothalamus. calling was evoked from much of t ...	1983	6639739
studies on the tissue disposition and fate of [14c]toxaphene in japanese quail.	the disposition and the fate of a [14c]toxaphene preparation was studied in adult and juvenile female japanese quail. the distribution of [14c]toxaphene in the body is dominated by high concentrations of radioactivity in the adipose tissue and the egg yolk, and, especially in juvenile birds, in the bone marrow. the [14c]toxaphene compounds present in the fat tend to be less polar than the parent [14c]toxaphene. more than half of the radioactive dose is excreted via the droppings, eggs, and preen ...	1983	6636198
daily fluctuations of peripheral metabolism of corticosterone in male japanese quails: a dynamic approach to the development of plasma corticosterone daily rhythm.	an ultradian rhythm was found in the daily variation of the parameters concerning the peripheral metabolism of corticosterone in sexually mature male japanese quails. the period of this rhythm was eight hours; three peaks and minima were found in the daily fluctuation of metabolic clearance rata and an antiphysed rhythm in the biological half-life as well as in tetrahydrocorticosterone/corticosterone conversion rata. the findings emphasize the importance of the peripheral metabolism in developin ...	1983	6136384
effects of dietary zinc, manganese, and copper on tissue accumulation of cadmium by japanese quail.	the beneficial effects of a combined dietary supplement of zn, cu, and mn in decreasing cd absorption was previously reported. the purpose of this study was to investigate the individual and combined effects of these three elements. in the first two experiments, day-old japanese quail were fed basal diets containing either requirement amounts of zn (30 ppm) and mn (12 ppm) and slightly above requirement levels of cu (5 ppm). from day 7 birds were fed either the basal diet or diets containing com ...	1983	6828451
effects of organophosphorus compounds, o,o-dimethyl o-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)phosphate (ddvp) and o,o-dimethyl o-(3-methyl 4-nitrophenyl)phosphorothioate (fenitrothion), on brain acetylcholine content and acetylcholinesterase activity in japanese quail.	effects of 2 organophosphorus compounds, o,o-dimethyl o-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)phosphate (ddvp) and o,o-dimethyl o-(3-methyl 4-nitrophenyl)phosphorothioate (fenitrothion), on the brain cholinergic system were investigated in japanese quail. cholinergic signs, such as salivation and convulsions in legs and wings, were seen 7-15 min after administration with ddvp (3-4 mg/kg) or 6-120 min after administration with fenitrothion (250-350 mg/kg). in the ddvp-treated quail (10 min after dosage of 3 mg/kg), ...	1983	6636207
modification of lymphocyte functions induced by avian retrovirus in japanese quails.		1983	6316117
phase shifts in circadian rhythmicity of total, free corticosterone and transcortine plasma levels in hypothyroid male japanese quails.	control, radiothyroidectomized, and methimasol-treated short day (6l:18d; beginning of light at 0700) male japanese quails were studied with regard to their circadian rhythmicity of total, free corticosterone and transcortine plasma level. in the controls, the peak of total and free corticosterone coincided with the maximal corticosterone binding capacity of transcortine; these parameters can be characterized by similar daily rhythm. in hypothyroid birds a synchronous phase shift of these parame ...	1983	6884753
magnesium stores and anemia in young japanese quail.	studies were conducted to determine the effect of age on magnesium requirement and whether high dietary magnesium during the first 7 days of life would protect against subsequent magnesium deficiency. day-old japanese quail were fed a casein-gelatin diet containing either 300 (requirement) or 600 ppm mg. beginning on day 7, half of the birds in each group received either 160 (deficient) or 300 ppm mg. in birds fed the requirement level during week 1 followed by the deficient diet, hemoglobin dec ...	1983	6854412
alteration of lipid metabolism in japanese quail by feeding oat hulls and brans.	five varieties of oat brans fed for 4 weeks at 2.27% and oat hulls fed at 11.36% in a semi-purified diet containing .5% cholesterol were ineffective in lowering cholesterol levels in the serum of 5-week-old japanese quail. oat brans and hulls reduced the level of fat in livers of both males and females. no differences in cholesterol levels were observed between sexes, but hypertriglyceridemia and high liver fat contents were more evident in females. this may be the result of sexual maturation st ...	1983	6308590
short term variation in serum luteinizing hormone and testosterone in the male japanese quail.	a series of experiments was conducted to examine the incidence of short-term variation in serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone (lh) in the male japanese quail. individual samples were taken at 15-min intervals for blocks of time during the day or night. serum testosterone concentrations did not vary significantly between 1100 and 1600 hr. comparison of fluctuations in serum testosterone between 1300 to 1430 hr and 0100 to 0230 hr again revealed no significant change during the day, and a h ...	1983	6683839
chlorinated paraffins: disposition of a highly chlorinated polychlorohexadecane in mice and quail.	uniformly 14c-labelled 1-chloro-polychlorohexadecane (pchd) of high chlorine content (69% w/w) was given to japanese quail and to c57bl mice perorally (p.o.) and intravenously (i.v.). the degradation of pchd to 14co2, measured during 8 h, was found to be minute (about 1% of dose) in both species after either route of administration. in mice 66 and 43% of dose was eliminated in the feces during 96 h following p.o. and i.v. administration, respectively; the urinary excretion was about 3% in both c ...	1983	6411047
adrenergic and cholinergic activity of the japanese quail oviduct in vitro.	the responses to isoprenaline, phenylephrine, and carbachol in different segments of isolated intact oviduct were studied. smooth muscle electrical activity was recorded with suction electrodes placed, one electrode in each, in the infundibulum, proximal magnum, distal magnum, isthmus, shell gland, and vagina. the drugs were added cumulatively. only in the magnum did isoprenaline cause a significant change in the frequency of spike discharges; the decrease was about 20%. the effects of phenyleph ...	1983	6866902
effect of acute stress on catecholamine content in the hypothalamic nuclei of japanese quail.	concentration of noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine in eight hypothalamic nuclei or areas (nucleus hypothalamicus medialis anterior, n. periventricularis magnocellularis, n. hypothalamicus lateralis anterior, n. hypothalamicus medialis posterior, n. hypothalamicus lateralis posterior, eminentia medialis, n. tuberis, area hypothalamica posterior) have been determined by a sensitive radioenzymatic micromethod in male japanese quail restrained for 30 min. in control quail the highest concentrat ...	1984	6713235
changes in the nucleic acid and protein content of the japanese quail during postnatal development.	a study of growth activity in the japanese quail showed the rate of growth to be the highest, in both sexes, between the ages of 5 and 20 days. positive allometry was manifested in skeletal muscle development, negative allometry or isometry in the case of the liver and heart. the protein/p dna ratio rose progressively with age in all the given tissues and attained the maximum prior to sexual maturation. the p rna/p dna ratio rose markedly in all the tissues after only a few days and remained hig ...	1984	6209738
post-hatching thyroid development and body growth in precocial vs altricial birds.	thyroid growth, thyroid function and body growth are markedly different in developing precocial japanese quail and altricial ring doves despite comparability in incubation period, hatchling size, adult body weight and adult serum thyroid hormone concentrations. in quail thyroid activity is high during the perinatal period, declines shortly after hatching, then gradually attains adult function. in contrast, in doves, there is no perinatal peak of thyroid activity. thyroid function is low at hatch ...	1984	6149037
magnesium deficiency in the japanese quail.	morphological effects of magnesium deficiency on liver cells and general aspects of its influence on the metabolism were investigated in young quails. magnesium deficiency was characterized by a depressed growth, a high mortality rate, a decrease in hematocrit and magnesium and calcium plasma concentrations. magnesium deficiency reduced the magnesium concentration in heart by 44%, but did not affect the concentration in liver. ultrastructural aspect of liver parenchymal cells revealed that the n ...	1984	6148188
morphological and ultrastructural aspects of the activation of avian medullary bone osteoclasts by parathyroid hormone.	the activation of physiologically inactive medullary bone osteoclasts by parathyroid hormone (pth) was examined using light and electron microscopy and histomorphometric methods. medullary bone osteoclasts are functionally inactive during the avian egg-laying cycle when an egg shell is not being calcified in the shell gland. japanese quail hens were given 0.5 iu/g pth and the medullary bone osteoclasts were examined up to 90 min later. administration of pth results in rapid changes in osteoclast ...	1984	6703339
episodic release of lh in gonadectomized male japanese quail.	blood samples were taken every 15 min (for 4.75 h) from six castrated quail on three separate occasions. the birds were first bled while under short days (comprising 8 h light : 16 h darkness per 24 h; 8l : 16d) and, subsequently, after 1 and 20 days under long days of 16l : 8d. the photoperiodic alteration produced a marked increase in the mean plasma lh concentration of each bird and in four instances the rise was evident after only 1 long day. pulsatile release patterns were not detected in t ...	1984	6693830
development of the oviduct in quail during sexual maturation in relation to plasma concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone.	the macromolecular content (dna, soluble proteins and ovalbumin) of the magnum and the plasma concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone were studied during sexual development of the japanese quail. rapid growth and differentiation of the magnum began between 21 and 28 days of age and rapidly reached the laying stage in about 20 days. this rapid change in magnum size occurred in a stepwise manner: cellular proliferation was observed first, followed by the synthesis and accumulation of specifi ...	1984	6693828
[the effect of a protein-free diet on the submicroscopic structure of striated muscles in japanese quail].	the effect of protein-free diet on the striated muscle m. gastrocnemius of japanese quail was studied in three test groups and the data were compared with a control group. each test group included three birds. the first group was fed protein-free diet for three days, the second group for six days and the third for nine days. egg albumin was absent in the protein-free diet. the remaining components (maize starch, germ oil, cellulose, mineral and vitamin premix) were represented by the same percen ...	1984	6424318
release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the japanese quail hypothalamus in vitro.	the regulation of gnrh (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) secretion in japanese quail was studied by maintaining excised hypothalamic slices containing the median eminence region in a continuous flow superfusion system. gnrh released into the superfusate was measured by radioimmunoassay using an antibody generated against synthetic gnrh. gnrh secretion increased in a dose-response manner when hypothalamic slices from female quail were exposed to superfusion medium containing elevated potassium ion ...	1984	6365686
genetics of heat tolerance in japanese quail.	two experiments were conducted to assess the genetics of heat stress survival time (hsst) and its relationship to body weight (bw) in japanese quail. in experiment 1, japanese quail from the athens randombred population were used and estimations of heritability (h2) and genotypic correlation (rg) were based on half-sib relationships. three lines of japanese quail selected under different environments and the athens randombred line were studied in experiment 2. estimations of h2 and rg were based ...	1984	6718296
concentration of orally administered and chronically fed 95mtc in japanese quail eggs.	a chronic feeding study using 95mtc incorporated into alfalfa and an acute study where 95mtc was amended to alfalfa showed that about 8.4% of ingested tc was transferred to eggs. after 10 days of chronic feeding, 80% of the tc was in yolk, 20% in albumin and less than 1% in shell and associated membranes. at necropsy, technetium concentrations in the three largest oocytes were nearly equal. the biological half-time for tc was about one to two days in acute studies. results from the chronic feedi ...	1984	6698792
effects of low levels of dietary lead and iron on hepatic rna, protein, and minerals in young japanese quail.	day-old japanese quail were fed purified diets containing either 0.2 (control), 5.4, or 16.2 ppm lead as the acetate with either 25 (deficient) or 100 ppm (adequate control) iron for 2 weeks. iron deficiency caused decreases in hemoglobin, iron, and manganese in the liver, and hepatic rna synthesis. iron deficiency also caused increased concentrations of lead, calcium, and molybdenum in the liver. lead supplements caused increased concentrations of lead in the liver, and with adequate dietary ir ...	1984	6201350
effects of mating system in japanese quail : 2. genetic parameters, response and correlated response to selection.	a 17-generation selection experiment was conducted to study direct and correlated responses to mass selection under a mating system with alternating generations of full-sib inbreeding and wide outbreeding (population i) as compared with a mass selected, randomly mated population (population ii). the selection criterion was an index of total egg mass to 78 days divided by adult female body weight. estimates of heritabilities and genetic correlations are reported. estimated heritabilities for the ...	1984	24258759
effects of mating system in japanese quail : 1. inbreeding and fitness.	a selection experiment, conducted for 17 generations, compared a selected population mated in a cyclic manner with alternating generations of inbreeding and outbreeding, a selected population mated at random and a randomly mated, randomly selected control population. trends in the number of birds available for selection and number selected are presented for each population. actual and theoretical levels of inbreeding for each population were similar. samples of all populations were subjected to ...	1984	24258758
effects of zinc, iron and copper deficiencies on cadmium in tissues of japanese quail.	experiments with young japanese quail were conducted to determine whether combined moderate deficiencies of zinc, iron and copper would cause greater uptake and tissue retention of cadmium than the single deficiencies. birds were fed the experimental diets containing 62 ppb cadmium from hatching to 16 days of age. on day 9 each bird received a dose of 109cdcl2 in its diet. on day 10, the duodenal and jejunal-ileal tissues contained large amounts of cadmium, and there were many significant effect ...	1984	6734571
molecular species of monoglycosylceramides in embryonic and adult japanese quail intestine.	molecular species of monoglycosylceramides from embryonic and adult japanese quail intestine were separated without derivatization by high performance liquid chromatography and analyzed by fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry. the reversed-phase chromatography on an octadecyl silica beads column separated the lipids by the difference in their ceramide moieties which contain considerable amounts of hydroxy fatty acids and 4d-hydroxysphinganine (phytosphingosine). the phytosphingosine and sphin ...	1984	6509078
circadian organization in japanese quail.	our recent studies have implicated both the eyes and pineal as major components of the circadian system of japanese quail. we assessed the role of these organs by examining the effect of their removal on the circadian activity rhythm of quail exposed to either 24 hr light-dark (ld) cycles or to continuous darkness (dd). removal of only the pineal had no effect on the activity rhythm of quail in either ld or dd. blinding (by orbital enucleation) had a major effect under both ld and dd. one third ...	1984	6520587
toxicologic studies with japanese quail fed winter wheat grown on municipal sludge-amended soil.		1984	6742891
photorefractoriness in japanese quail: possible involvement of the thyroid gland.	quail have a form of refractoriness to long daylengths that is relative and not absolute. the properties of "relative refractoriness" are compared with the more typical "absolute" form seen in starlings and the question is posed as to whether the two types represent the extremes of a single underlying process or are quite separate phenomena. a model is offered that assumes that a single process is involved, and some tests of the hypothesis, notably the involvement of the thyroid gland, are descr ...	1984	6394698
enhancement of antibody response in japanese quails by acute no2 exposure.	the effect of acute exposure to nitrogen dioxide (no2) on anti-srbc antibody response in two lines of japanese quails, high and low responder, was investigated. mean survival time of 11- to 13-week-old quails after exposure to 20 ppm no2 was 12.0 hr. the high responder line lived longer than the low responder line. changes of spleen weights of both lines were not observed in 10- and 20-ppm no2 exposure for 4 hr. anti-srbc antibody response in high responder quail was significantly enhanced by 20 ...	1984	6391910
[effect of alcoholic extract of prepared radix polygoni multiflori on preventing atherosclerosis in japanese quail].		1984	6241538
immunohistochemistry of the hypothalamic neuropeptides and anterior pituitary cells in the japanese quail.	the pars distalis of the avian adenohypophysis consists of well-defined cephalic and caudal lobes which are distinct in their cellular constituents. immunocytochemical investigations on the pituitary hormones of the pars distalis of the japanese quail reveal five types of secretory cells, adenocorticotropin (acth) cells, prolactin (prl) cells, thyroid-stimulating hormone (tsh) cells, growth hormone gh (sth) cells, and fsh/lh (gonadotropic) cells. the acth cells, tsh cells, and prl cells are rest ...	1984	6084043
insensitivity of brain growth to selection of four-week body mass in japanese quail.		1984	28563770
absence of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone action in the sebaceous-like uropygial gland of the male japanese quail.	the uropygial gland of the quail, a sebaceous-like gland, has been proven to be androgen-dependent. waxes secreted by this gland consist of fatty acids esterified by alkane-2,3-diols [12]. in castrated quails, the relative concentration of dodecane diol was enhanced after testosterone treatment; but 5 alpha-dht could not evoke any increase in the relative concentration of dodecane diol. it is not possible from our present results to know if this lack of gland response to dht administration is re ...	1984	6513562
chlordecone (kepone) induced ultrastructural and morphometric alterations in the cells of the immature quail oviduct.	groups of sexually immature japanese quail females, kept in a reduced photoperiod, received either daily intraperitoneal injections of 40 micrograms estradiol-17 beta for 26 days or were fed diets containing 0, 10, 40, 80 or 160 ppm chlordecone for the same duration. estradiol-17 beta induced rapid cellular hypertrophy, cytodifferentiation, tubular gland formation, organelle proliferation and secretory granule formation in different cells of the quail oviduct. higher chlordecone doses mimicked t ...	1984	6208637
[an atherosclerosis model using the japanese quail].		1984	6532772
androgen concentrations in testicular and peripheral blood in the male japanese quail.	two experiments were conducted in which the concentrations of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (dht), an active metabolite of testosterone, were studied in the general circulation and in the testicular effluent. in the first experiment, blood samples taken from adult male quail were analyzed by radioimmunoassay for androgen and dht concentrations; from these data, testosterone concentrations were calculated. the average concentration of androgen was 4238 pg/ml plasma. the average ratio of dh ...	1984	6483746
postmortem changes in liver weight of japanese quail.		1984	6478078
saline acclimation and water and sodium transport across avian small intestine.	the uptake of sodium and water across everted sacs of the jejunum and ileum of pekin ducklings, nestling glaucous-winged gulls, and adult japanese quail was measured in both freshwater- and saltwater-acclimated birds to assess the importance of the avian small intestine in salt and water balance after a salt load. the jejunum and ileum together were divided into segments i-v in ducklings and gulls and segments i-iv in japanese quail. acclimation to sodium chloride solutions increased the uptake ...	1984	6465339
induction of vitellogenesis in japanese quail as a sensitive indicator of the estrogen-mimetic effect of a variety of environmental contaminants.	vitellogenesis was induced in mature male japanese quail following intramuscular injections of 16 mumol/100 g body weight of any one of four estrogen analogues or 160 mumol/100 g of the nonsteroid zearalenone. six hours after the injections, microgram levels of vitellogenin were detected and quantitated by rocket immunoelectrophoresis. sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of plasma from estrogen-treated birds and from 160 mumol zearalenone-treated birds showed, 4 days after ...	1984	6237320
effects of ventricularly implanted sex steroids on calling and locomotor activity in castrated male japanese quail.	to clarify the different actions of steroid hormones on calling and locomotor activity, minute pellets of steroid hormones were stereotaxically implanted into the third ventricle of castrated japanese quail. testosterone (t) pellets were effective in inducing calling to about 60% of that observed in castrated quail given subcutaneous implants of t. however, implants of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5 alpha-dht) were completely ineffective and effectiveness of estradiol-17 beta (e2) was very sligh ...	1984	6735366
the binding of estrogen to liver nuclei from japanese quail.	specific binding sites for estrogen were characterized in liver nuclei from adult japanese quail. a single class of high-affinity binding sites (kd = 2 x 10(-10) m) was revealed by saturation analysis using an exchange assay. estradiol (e2), estrone, and estriol competed effectively with [3h]e2 for the nuclear binding sites but progesterone and testosterone were ineffective. the concentration of sites was 0.15 +/- 0.05 pmol/mg dna (mean +/- 1 sd) in sexually immature females and 0.47 +/- 0.11 pm ...	1984	6735163
body size, reproductive behavior, and fertility in three genetic lines of japanese quail.	the influences of body size on early locomotor activity, intermale aggression, mating behavior, fertility, and hatchability were studied in three lines of japanese quail. lines p and c originated from the same base population with p selected for high 28-day body weight and c maintained as a randombred population. line s was a randombred line unrelated to p and c. line p quail were larger than both c and s quail, which were similar in size and had proportionally larger cloacal glands than those f ...	1984	6728793
hexachlorobenzene-induced porphyria in japanese quail. effect of pretreatment with phenobarbital or beta-naphthoflavone.	in an effort to determine the role that metabolism by the cytochrome p-450 system plays in the development of hexachlorobenzene (hcb)-induced porphyria, japanese quail were pretreated with either beta-naphthoflavone (bnf) or phenobarbital (pb) and then treated with hcb. pb or bnf pretreatment appeared to have no effect on the response of quail hepatic enzymes to hcb. there were no differences between the two groups in either the content of cytochrome p-450 or the activities of nadph-cytochrome c ...	1984	6439214
homotopic and heterotopic transplantations of quail tectal primordia in chick embryos: organization of the retinotectal projections in the chimeric embryos.	to study the adaptative capabilities of the retinotectal system in birds, the primordium of one optic tectum from 12-somite embryos of japanese quail was transplanted either homotopically , to replace the ablated same primordium, or heterotopically, to replace the ablated dorsal diencephalon in white leghorn chick embryos of the same stage. the quail nucleolar marker was used to recognize the transplants. the cytoarchitecture of the tecta and the retinal projections from the eye contralateral to ...	1984	6724134
the synchronisation of hatching in quail embryos: aspects of development affected by a retarding stimulus.	one hundred twenty-eight quail embryos were tested in 33 groups. in each group one egg was stimulated with sounds at a rate known to delay hatching (0.9 clicks/second). in groups of bobwhite quail, stimulation began three days or two days before hatching, and three days before hatching in groups of japanese quail. all eggs were incubated separately and respiration was monitored to indicate 1) the onset of lung ventilation, 2) the time when the egg began to click, and 3) the hatching time. in one ...	1984	6736887
the expression of marek's disease tumour-associated surface antigen in various avian species.	marek's disease tumour-associated surface antigen (matsa) was detected on lymphoid cells from chickens infected with marek's disease virus (mdv) or the herpesvirus of turkeys (hvt), from a chicken-quail hybrid infected with mdv, and from turkeys infected with the ga strain of mdv, but not on cells from turkeys infected with hvt or the hprs-16 strain of mdv or from mdv-infected japanese quails or bobwhite quails, despite the presence of lymphomas in some japanese quails. two complementary explana ...	1984	18766850
[microheterogeneity of tubulin in the central nervous system of the quail (coturnix coturnix japonica)].	tubulin from the central nervous system of the quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) was analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. either in soluble extracts or in tubulin enriched fractions, tubulin of forebrain, cerebellum and spinal cord is resolved into 3 components alpha, beta' and beta, characterized by their electrophoretic coordinates (alpha: pi = 5.4, mw = 54 kd, beta: pi = 5.2, mw = 52 kd; beta': pi = de mapping, by comparison with mouse brain alpha, beta and beta'-tubulin componen ...	1984	6432229
histopathological changes of the retina and optic nerve in the albino mutant quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).	histopathological changes in the retina and optic nerve in imperfect albino mutant quails with a sex-linked recessive gene were studied ontogenetically. the mutant quail showed eye enlargement 3 months after hatching. the eyes exhibited hazy corneas, lens opacities and deep anterior chambers at 18 months of age. some ganglion cells in the retina and axons in the optic disc began to degenerate 6 months after hatching. there were many deformed or fragmented ganglion cells at 12 months of age, and ...	1984	6470227
immunological traits in generations 7 to 12 of two lines of japanese quail selected for high or low antibody response to newcastle disease virus.	several immunological traits were compared in lines of japanese quail selected for high and low secondary immune responses to anti-newcastle disease virus (ndv). the high line of quail, selected for high ability to produce antibodies, was more responsive in both their primary response to ndv antigen used in the selection as well as to other antigens used in selection process including ndv (ishi strain), tissue culture-derived newcastle disease (tcnd strain), ndv strain b1, influenza virus, sheep ...	1984	6473242
regressive post-hatching development of acetylcholinesterase-positive neurons in the pineal organs of coturnix coturnix japonica and gallus gallus.	distribution and number of acetylcholinesterase-positive neurons were studied in the japanese quail and the domestic fowl during the post-hatching period by means of the acetylcholinesterase method. for comparison, the development of the catecholamine-containing (sympathetic) pinealopetal fibers of the domestic fowl was demonstrated with the use of the glyoxylic acid method. the number of acetylcholinesterase-positive ganglion cells in the pineal organs of both avian species decreased rapidly af ...	1984	6478494
free thyroid hormones in altricial (ring doves) versus precocial (japanese quail) development.	ring doves (altricial development) and japanese quail (precocial development) were used as models to compare differences in serum free hormone concentrations and the binding of thyroid hormones to serum protein fractions in adults, and the pattern of free thyroid hormones in the serum of altricial vs. precocial young. total and free hormones were determined directly by ria; free hormones also were determined by equilibrium dialysis. binding protein fractions were identified by electrophoresis of ...	1984	6499764
absence of biological effects of oxidized parathyroid hormone-(1-34) in dogs and rats.	recent studies have shown that oxidation of bovine pth-(1-34) [bpth-(1-34)] with h2o2 abolished the vascular effects of pth in rats and dogs, but the hypercalcemic effect of the oxidized pth was preserved in the japanese quail in vivo. these observations seem at variance with previous studies from our laboratory in the isolated perfused canine tibia preparation in which no uptake of immunoreactive pth or stimulation of camp release was demonstrated during infusion of oxidized bpth-(1-34). the pr ...	1984	6499771
molecular characterization of fetal antigens on red blood cells of chickens, japanese quail, and quail-chicken hybrids.	the molecular nature of chicken fetal antigen (cfa) and quail fetal antigen (qfa) was studied on embryonic red blood cells (rbcs) of the chicken, the japanese quail, and the quail-chicken hybrid. specific immunoprecipitation of radiolabeled membrane proteins followed by electrophoretic separation and autoradiography were used to identify the protein molecules carrying these fetal antigens. cfa was found on molecules of 24, 50, 88, 99, 130, 170, and 220 kd (kilodaltons) in the chicken and hybrid ...	1984	6517850
take and growth of the transplantable mc29 hepatoma in allogeneic and xenogeneic hosts.	we report here the unexpected biological behaviour of the transplantable mc29 virus-induced hepatoma. this neoplasm, originating from an inbred white leghorn (duke) chicken, is maintained in our laboratory by serial in vivo passages in hunnia hybrid chickens allogeneic to the original host. more than 80% of the tumours developing after subcutaneous inoculation of 3 x 10(6) hepatoma cells into newly hatched chickens grew progressively, while after injection of the same number of cells into 7 days ...	1984	6536145
changes in testosterone metabolism by the brain and cloacal gland during sexual maturation in the japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).	testosterone metabolism in the brain and pituitary and cloacal glands of male and female japanese quail was studied in vitro during sexual maturation (from 1 day to 5 weeks after hatching). the production of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone in the hyperstriatum and cloacal gland and that of androstenedione in the cloacal gland of males was highest at 1 day after hatching, which could be related to the peak of plasma androgens previously demonstrated in neonatal quail. 5 beta-reductase activity was ve ...	1984	6317782
androgen regulation of secretions in the sebaceous-like uropygial gland of the male japanese quail.	the uropygial gland of the male quail is a sebaceous-like, androgen-dependent structure. the waxes secreted by this gland consist of fatty acids esterified by alkane-2,3-diols. in adult male quail the relative concentrations of all fatty acids were not affected by castration and testosterone treatment; but in contrast, the relative concentration of dodecane diol was found to be correlated with the androgen levels. in castrated quail administration of testosterone induced an increase in the dodec ...	1984	6238117
responses to thyrotropin during development in japanese quail.	japanese quail, a species with a precocial pattern of development, were used as a model for studying the ontogeny of thyroid responses to tsh. thiourea was administered to embryos early in incubation, and the effects were assessed by measuring thyroid 32p uptake, serum thyroid hormones, thyroid weights, and body weights. thyroid stimulation after thiourea treatment indicated that maturation of thyroid-pituitary negative feedback occurs between days 9 and 10 of the 16.5-day incubation period. sin ...	1984	6423370
the postnatal demasculinization of sexual behavior in the japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica).	three experiments were performed to analyze the time course of demasculinization in the japanese quail and to test the activating and organizing effects of estradiol (e2) in adult sexually active birds. in experiment 1, males and females were castrated at the age of 1 day or 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks and treated as adults with testosterone (t). the age of castration had no effect on behavior and morphology in males. plasma gonadotrophins (lh and fsh) were, however, higher in males castrated at or bef ...	1984	6436161
avian peritoneal exudate cells: a comparison of stimulation protocols.	the influence of different stimulation protocols on the induction of peritoneal exudate cells (pecs) and adherent cells, and on the percentage of different adherent cell types was examined in the chicken and japanese quail. the results suggest that different protocols may be selected to maximize isolation of specific pec populations for immunological studies. in the chicken, starch, peptone, glycogen, and sephadex g-40 were all equally effective and superior to saline in generating pecs. while a ...	1984	6203782
[use of deae-sephadex a-50 microcarriers for reproduction of the mumps virus].	reproduction of the vaccine l-3 strains of mumps virus was studied in cultures of continuous vero cells and in primary cultures of japanese quail embryos (jqe) growing on deae-sephadex a-50 microcarriers. the vero cell culture multiplies actively on the microcarrier surface giving more than a 20-fold increase in 8 days. mumps virus showed a high reproductive capacity in vero cell culture and in primary jqe cells. mumps virus-infected vero cells produce 5-6 pools of virus-containing material with ...	1984	6201007
peptidergic pathways in the avian brain.	the results obtained by topographical studies on the immunoreactive peptide systems in the embryonic and adult avian brain (domestic fowl, domestic mallard, pigeon, japanese quail, and zebra finch) can be realized only by means of phylogenetical comparisons. the comparative studies mainly demonstrate a fascinating constancy of the immunological properties and the spatial distribution of the neuropeptides. independent of the development of the neopallium, and the increasing cerebral complexity, t ...	1984	6151578