Publications

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effects of embelin on lipid peroxidation and free radical scavenging activity against liver damage in rats.the study aimed to evaluate the hepatic antioxidant capacity of embelin (from embelia ribes) using different antioxidant tests, free radical scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation in albino rats. carbon tetrachloride (ccl(4)) treatment to rats has been more susceptible to peroxidative damage through production of reactive metabolites, namely trichloromethyl-free radicals ( and/or ) as measured by thiobarbituric acid reactive species. after the induction of liver damage by ccl(4) intoxication ...200919496777
silibinin inhibits expression of hif-1alpha through suppression of protein translation in prostate cancer cells.silibinin is a polyphenolic flavonoid isolated from the milk thistle (silybum marianum) and is reported to exhibit anticancer properties. recently, it has been reported that silibinin inhibits hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (hif-1alpha) expression in cancer cells. however, the precise mechanism by which silibinin decreases hif-1 expression is not fully understood. in this study, silibinin inhibited basal and hypoxia induced expression levels of hif-1alpha protein in lncap and pc-3 prostate canc ...200919778521
silibinin prevents tpa-induced mmp-9 expression and vegf secretion by inactivation of the raf/mek/erk pathway in mcf-7 human breast cancer cells.matrix metalloproteinase-9 (mmp-9) and vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) expression are pivotal steps in cancer metastasis. herein, we investigated the effect of silibinin, a major constituent (flavanolignan) of the fruits of silybum marianum, on 12-o-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (tpa)-induced mmp-9 and vegf expression in mcf-7 human breast cancer cells. the expression of mmp-9 and vegf in response to tpa was increased, whereas tpa-induced mmp-9 and vegf expression was decreased by s ...200919181503
a systematic review of the potential herbal sources of future drugs effective in oxidant-related diseases.this review focuses on the medicinal plants growing and having history of folk medicine in iran and found effective as anti free radical damage in animal or human.200919275687
silymarin attenuated mast cell recruitment thereby decreased the expressions of matrix metalloproteinases-2 and 9 in rat liver carcinogenesis.liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide but because of very poor prognosis, it is the third most common cause of death from cancer. there are currently limited therapeutic regimens available for effective treatment of this cancer. silymarin is a naturally derived polyphenolic antioxidant, is the active constituent in a widely consumed dietary supplement milk thistle (silybum marianum) extract. mast cells play an important role in the inflammatory component of a developing neoplasm ...200918665326
solid state mechanochemical activation of silybum marianum dry extract with betacyclodextrins: characterization and bioavailability of the coground systems.silybum marianum dry extract, whose therapeutic use is partially restricted by the insolubility in water of its main flavonolignans, was subjected to a mechanochemical activation process in planetary mill using betacyclodextrins as carriers. after optimization of the operating conditions according to an established theoretical model, the best active-to-carrier proportion was selected from the preliminary trials. when using the optimized conditions, the mechanochemical process permits an improvem ...200919226635
silibinin prevents amyloid beta peptide-induced memory impairment and oxidative stress in mice.accumulated evidence suggests that oxidative stress is involved in amyloid beta (abeta)-induced cognitive dysfunction. silibinin (silybin), a flavonoid derived from the herb milk thistle (silybum marianum), has been shown to have antioxidative properties; however, it remains unclear whether silibinin improves abeta-induced neurotoxicity. in the present study, we examined the effect of silibinin on the memory impairment and accumulation of oxidative stress induced by abeta(25-35) in mice.200919552690
study on genes with altered expression in alpha-amanitin poisoned mice and evaluation on antagonistic effects of traditional chinese medicines against toxicity of alpha-amanitin.the forward and reverse cdna subtractive libraries before and after the toxic effect of alpha-amanitin were constructed by suppression subtractive hybridization and randomly selected clones from each subtractive library were screened by pcr and dot blot hybridization. a total of 85 genes with altered expression were finally identified, with 41 genes from the forward library and 44 from the reverse library. subsequently, the antagonistic effects of candidate traditional chinese medicines were eva ...200919700387
anti- and pro-mutagenic effects of silymarin in the ames bacterial reverse mutation assay.silymarin, a polyphenolic flavonoid isolated from milk thistle (silybum marianum), is being used clinically in europe and asia for the treatment of liver diseases. silymarin has a strong antioxidative action capable of scavenging both free radicals and reactive oxygen species responsible for cancer. silymarin, a powerful hepatoprotective and antioxidant, was chosen in the present study and was tested for its antimutagenic activity using an in vitro test, the ames bacterial reverse mutation assay ...200919277970
a randomized controlled trial to assess the safety and efficacy of silymarin on symptoms, signs and biomarkers of acute hepatitis.milk thistle or its purified extract, silymarin (silybum marianum), is widely used in treating acute or chronic hepatitis. although silymarin is hepatoprotective in animal experiments and some human hepatotoxic exposures, its efficacy in ameliorating the symptoms of acute clinical hepatitis remains inconclusive. in this study, our purpose was to determine whether silymarin improves symptoms, signs and laboratory test results in patients with acute clinical hepatitis, regardless of etiology.200919303273
silymarin bio-c, an extract from silybum marianum fruits, induces hyperprolactinemia in intact female rats.breastfeeding is widely acknowledged to have important health benefits for infants and mothers. milk thistle (silybum marianum fruits) has been recently proposed to be used by nursing mothers for stimulating milk production; however, the mode of action of this herbal drug is still unknown. in this paper, we have evaluated the effect of a micronized standardized extract of s. marianum (silymarin bio-c=piùlatte) on the serum levels of prolactin in female rats. a 14-day treatment with silymarin bio ...200919303749
new antihepatotoxic naphtho-pyrone glycosides from the seeds of cassia tora.two new naphtho-pyrone glycosides, 9-[(beta-d-glucopyranosyl-(1----6)-o-beta-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-10- hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-methyl-1h-naphtho[2,3-c]pyran-1 -one (5) and 6-[(alpha-apiofuranosyl-(1----6)-o-beta-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy]- rubrofusarin (6), together with cassiaside (3) and rubrofusarin-6-beta-gentiobioside (4) were isolated from the seeds of cassia tora l. their structures were elucidated on the basis of chemical and spectral data. the naphtho-gamma-pyrone glycosides (3, 4, and 6) were f ...20092740460
effects of silymarin on the resolution of liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats.silymarin, a standardized extract of the milk thistle (silybum marianum), has a long tradition as a herbal remedy, and was introduced as a hepatoprotective agent a few years ago. however, the therapeutic effects of silymarin remain undefined. carbon tetrachloride (ccl4) is a xenobiotic used extensively to induce oxidative stress and is one of the most widely used hepatic toxins for experimental induction of liver fibrosis in the laboratory. in this study, we investigated the restoration of the c ...200818397225
hepatic metabolism and biliary excretion of silymarin flavonolignans in isolated perfused rat livers: role of multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (abcc2).silymarin, an extract from seeds of silybum marianum, is used by 8 to 33% of patients to self-treat chronic viral hepatitis c in the united states. studies in humans and rodents suggest that biliary excretion of glucuronide and sulfate conjugates is the major route for silymarin's elimination. to determine the role of multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (mrp2) (abcc2) in the biliary excretion of silymarin, the hepatobiliary disposition of the six major silymarin flavonolignans was studied ...200818687803
silymarin, the antioxidant component of silybum marianum, prevents sepsis-induced acute lung and brain injury.sepsis is associated with enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species, which leads to multiple organ dysfunctions. based on the potent antioxidant effects of silymarin, we investigated the putative protective role of silymarin against sepsis-induced oxidative damage in lung and brain tissues.200817950327
antioxidant and mitochondrial protective effects of silibinin in cold preservation-warm reperfusion liver injury.silybum marianum (milk thistle) is a mediterranean plant that has been used since greco-roman times to treat liver ailments. silibinin, the most active hepatoprotective constituent of the plant's seed, possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. we thus assessed its protective potential in liver transplantation injury.200818061382
new insight into the biosynthesis of flavanolignans in the white-flowered variant of silybum marianum.it has been demonstrated that besides the known flavanolignan constituents of the white-flowered variant of silybum marianum, (-)-silandrin a (3a) and (-)-isosilandrin a (4a); their trans-benzodioxane diastereomers, (-)-silandrin b (3b) and (-)-isosilandrin b (4b), are also produced by the plant. moreover, the isolation of their cis-benzodioxane diastereomers, (-)-isocisilandrin (5) and cisilandrin (6), confirm that the previously proposed biosynthetic pathway involving a nonselective o-beta cou ...200818366865
clinical assessment of cyp2d6-mediated herb-drug interactions in humans: effects of milk thistle, black cohosh, goldenseal, kava kava, st. john's wort, and echinacea.cytochrome p450 2d6 (cyp2d6), an important cyp isoform with regard to drug-drug interactions, accounts for the metabolism of approximately 30% of all medications. to date, few studies have assessed the effects of botanical supplementation on human cyp2d6 activity in vivo. six botanical extracts were evaluated in three separate studies (two extracts per study), each incorporating 16 healthy volunteers (eight females). subjects were randomized to receive a standardized botanical extract for 14 day ...200818214849
some common signal transduction events are not necessary for the elicitor-induced accumulation of silymarin in cell cultures of silybum marianum.a variety of pharmacological effectors of signal transduction pathways were used to investigate the elicitor-activated sequence of cellular responses by which yeast extract (ye) or methyljasmonate (meja) enhanced production of silymarin in cell cultures of silybum marianum. as we recently showed that inhibition of external and internal calcium fluxes significantly increased flavonolignan production in s. marianum cultures, we examined whether calcium mediates signaling events leading to enhancem ...200818313169
clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability of bio-c (micronized silymarin) as a galactagogue.the authors have previously reported the use of silymarin (a silybum marianum standardized extract) as a promoter of milk production in cows. due to the important psychological impact of hypogalactia in women after delivery, we evaluated the role of silymarin as a safe and effective galactogogue for human species.200819260380
[influence of silymarin and doxorubicin on the myocardial function in rats].silymarin, an extract of silybum marianum seeds, presents a complex of flavonolignans with a broad spectrum of action: antifibrotic, antiinflammatory, lipid peroxidation inhibiting and free radical scavenging effects. a therapy of acute leukemias and lymphomas is in many cases limited with cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin. the aim of the investigation was to examine influence of interaction of silymarin 60 mg/kg, orally applied and doxorubicin 1.25 mg/kg, applied i.p. on heart function during conti ...200818798483
antioxidant and protective effects of silymarin on ischemia and reperfusion injury in the kidney tissues of rats.renal ischemia/reperfusion (i/r) injury is a major cause of acute renal failure. silymarin is extracted from silybum marianum and cynara cardunculus seeds and fruits. the aim of this study is to investigate whether silymarin administration prevents the damage induced by i/r in rat kidneys.200818368506
silymarin, a flavonoid from milk thistle (silybum marianum l.), inhibits uv-induced oxidative stress through targeting infiltrating cd11b+ cells in mouse skin.phytochemicals have shown promise in inhibiting uv-induced oxidative stress, and therefore are considered as potent inhibitors of uv-induced oxidative stress-mediated skin diseases. we have shown previously that topical treatment of silymarin, a flavonoid from milk thistle (silybum marianum), inhibits uv-induced oxidative stress in mouse skin. however, the cellular targets responsible for the inhibition of uv-induced oxidative stress by silymarin are not clearly defined. to address this issue, c ...200818221354
screening for soil streptomycetes from north jordan that can produce herbicidal compounds.a total of 231 different soil streptomyces isolates were recovered from 16 different locations in north jordan. they were assessed for their phytotoxic activity on seeds of cucumber (cucumis sativus l.) and ryegrass (lolium perenne l.) placed adjacent to a 2 cm wide streptomyces culture strips grown at 28c degrees for 3 weeks on starch casein nitrate (scn) agar. phytotoxicity was ascertained on the basis of suppressed seed germination, discoloration of the root tip, reduced root and the shoot gr ...200819275043
multitargeted therapy of cancer by silymarin.silymarin, a flavonolignan from milk thistle (silybum marianum) plant, is used for the protection against various liver conditions in both clinical settings and experimental models. in this review, we summarize the recent investigations and mechanistic studies regarding possible molecular targets of silymarin for cancer prevention. number of studies has established the cancer chemopreventive role of silymarin in both in vivo and in vitro models. silymarin modulates imbalance between cell surviva ...200818472213
pharmacokinetics and metabolic profile of free, conjugated, and total silymarin flavonolignans in human plasma after oral administration of milk thistle extract.silymarin, a mixture of polyphenolic flavonoids extracted from milk thistle (silybum marianum), is composed mainly of silychristin, silydianin, silybin a, silybin b (sb(b)), isosilybin a (isb(a)), and isosilybin b. in this study, the plasma concentrations of free (unconjugated), conjugated (sulfated and glucuronidated), and total (free and conjugated) silymarin flavonolignans were measured using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry, after a single oral dose of 600 mg o ...200817913795
in vitro evaluation and pharmacokinetics in dogs of solid dispersion pellets containing silybum marianum extract prepared by fluid-bed coating.the solid dispersion of a poorly water-soluble silybum marianum extract (sme) was prepared by a one-step fluid-bed coating technique depositing onto non-pareil pellets. in vitro evaluation indicated that this technique was highly efficient and reproducible producing pellets with acceptable appearance, flowability, friability, uniformity of drug content and enhanced dissolution. physical characterization by dsc, powder x-ray diffractometry and ft-ir suggested the formation of a solid dispersion a ...200818240100
use of silybum marianum fruit extract in broiler chicken nutrition: influence on performance and meat quality.the present study aimed at evaluating the effects of different doses of silymarin in diet on broiler performances and meat quality. for the trial, 180 male chicks (ross 508), were allocated in to three groups (s0, s40 and s80) of 60 animals each receiving a basal diet supplemented with 0 ppm, 40 ppm and 80 ppm of a sylimarin (provided by a dry extract of silybum marianum fruits) respectively. during the trial feed consumption and live body weight were taken every 20 days. at the age of 40 and 60 ...200717516949
[protective effect of silibinin against isoproterenol-induced injury to cardiac myocytes and its mechanism].silibinin is a polyphenolic flavanoid derived from fruits and seeds of milk thistle (silybum marianum). to investigate the effect and mechanism of silibinin on beta-isoproterenol-induced rat neonatal cardiac myocytes injury, the viability, the activation of lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) and the content of maleic dialdehyde (mda) were chosen for measuring the degree of cardiac myocytes injury. superoxide dismutase (sod) activity, mitochondrial membrane potential (deltapsi) detected by flow cytometr ...200717520824
advances in the use of milk thistle (silybum marianum).milk thistle (silybum marianum) is an herbal supplement used to treat liver and biliary disorders. silymarin, a mixture of flavanoid complexes, is the active component that protects liver and kidney cells from toxic effects of drugs, including chemotherapy. although milk thistle has not significantly altered the course of chronic liver disease, it has reduced liver enzyme levels and demonstrated anti-inflammatory and t cell-modulating effects. there is strong preclinical evidence for silymarin's ...200717548789
chemopreventive efficacy of silymarin in skin and prostate cancer.prevention and therapeutic intervention by phytochemicals are newer dimensions in the arena of cancer management. in this regard, the cancer chemopreventive role of silymarin (silybum marianum) has been extensively studied and has shown anticancer efficacy against various cancer sites, especially skin and prostate. in skin cancer, silymarin treatment inhibits ultraviolet b radiation or chemically initiated or promoted carcinogenesis. these effects of silymarin against skin carcinogenesis have be ...200717548792
silyamandin, a new flavonolignan isolated from milk thistle tinctures.our investigations into the stability of tincture preparations of milk thistle fruit [ silybum marianum l. gaertn. (asteraceae)] have led to the characterization of a new flavonolignan 4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7-[(2 r,3 r)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-4-oxochroman-2-yl]-1-oxo-1,3,3a,4,5,7a-hexahydro-2-benzofuran-5-carboxylic acid called silyamandin (1). incubation of the tincture at 40 degrees c for 3 months resulted in an increase in the level of this compound, as observed in the lc/dad silymarin prof ...200717823870
complementary and alternative medicine use by patients chronically infected with hepatitis c virus.complementary and alternative medicine (cam) is becoming increasingly popular in north america. the use of cam is also popular in patients with chronic liver disease but is not well documented. the extent of use of cam in chronic hepatitis c virus (hcv) infected patients was determined, and the demographic and clinical data between users and nonusers of cam was compared. seventy-six patients (30% female) with chronic hcv were interviewed. the mean age was 43+/-8 years. current use of cam for hcv ...200717853954
review of clinical trials evaluating safety and efficacy of milk thistle (silybum marianum [l.] gaertn.).milk thistle extracts have been used as traditional herbal remedies for almost 2000 years. the extracts are still widely used to protect the liver against toxins and to control chronic liver diseases. recent experimental and clinical studies suggest that milk thistle extracts also have anticancer, antidiabetic, and cardioprotective effects. this article reviews clinical trials of milk thistle conducted in the past 5 years including pharmacokinetic and toxicity studies, herb-drug interactions, an ...200717548793
flavonolignans from silybum marianum moderate uva-induced oxidative damage to hacat keratinocytes.uv radiation from sunlight is a very potent environmental risk factor in the pathogenesis of skin cancer. exposure to uv light, especially the uva part, provokes the generation of reactive oxygen species (ros), which induce oxidative stress in exposed cells. topical application of antioxidants is a successful strategy for protecting the skin against uv-caused oxidative damage.200717689055
effect of the silybin-phosphatidylcholine complex (idb 1016) on the development of mammary tumors in her-2/neu transgenic mice.silybin, a main component of the milk thistle of silybum marianum, has been reported to possess anticancer activity. we investigated the effects of idb 1016, a complex of silybin with phosphatidylcholine, on the development of mammary tumors appearing spontaneously in her-2/neu transgenic mice. the mechanisms involved in the antitumor effect of idb 1016 were evaluated by studying the apoptosis, senescent-like growth arrest, intratumoral leukocyte infiltrate, and the expression of her-2/neu and p ...200717332330
silybin is metabolized by cytochrome p450 2c8 in vitro.silybin (a flavonolignan, the main component of silymarin, an extract from the seeds of silybum marianum) has been used to date mostly as a hepatoprotectant. however, it also has other interesting activities, e.g., anticancer and hypocholesterolemic effects. it is also known that silybin can inhibit the activities of the cytochrome p450 (p450) enzymes. in this study, a weak interaction of silybin with human microsomal cyp2e1, 2a6, 2b6, 2c19, and 2d6 (ic(50) > or = 250 microm) was found; a modera ...200717670841
milk thistle for alcoholic and/or hepatitis b or c virus liver diseases.alcohol and hepatotoxic viruses cause the majority of liver diseases. randomised clinical trials have assessed whether extracts of milk thistle, silybum marianum (l) gaertneri, have any effect in patients with alcoholic and/or hepatitis b or c virus liver diseases.200717943794
metabolomic alterations in elicitor treated silybum marianum suspension cultures monitored by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.a comprehensive metabolomic profiling of silybum marianum (l.) gaernt cell cultures elicited with yeast extract or methyl jasmonate for the production of silymarin was carried out using one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. with these techniques we were able to detect both temporal quantitative variations in the metabolite pool in yeast extract-elicited cultures and qualitative differences in cultures treated with the two types of elicitors. yeast extract and methyl j ...200717475356
inhibition of t-cell inflammatory cytokines, hepatocyte nf-kappab signaling, and hcv infection by standardized silymarin.chronic hepatitis c is a serious global medical problem necessitating effective treatment. because standard of care with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin therapy is costly, has significant side effects, and fails to cure about half of all infections, many patients seek complementary and alternative medicine to improve their health, such as silymarin, derived from milk thistle (silybum marianum). milk thistle's clinical benefits for chronic hepatitis c are unsettled due to variability in stand ...200717484885
effect of silymarin and vitamin e on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in dogs.drug-induced nephrotoxicity is an important cause of renal failure in dogs. aminoglycoside antibiotics, such as gentamicin, can produce nephrotoxicity in dogs, due to in part to an imbalance of pro- and antioxidants (oxidative stress). silymarin (the mixture of flavonolignans extracted from silybum marianum) has potentially beneficial antioxidant properties. a control group (saline, group 1, n = 5) was compared with dogs that were administrated gentamicin by intramuscular injection, at dosage of ...200717803742
silymarin, the antioxidant component of silybum marianum, protects against burn-induced oxidative skin injury.despite recent advances, severe burn is one of the most common problems faced in the emergency room. major thermal injury induces the activation of an inflammatory cascade resulting in local tissue damage, to contribute to the development of subsequent damage of multiple organs distant from the original burn wound.200717521818
activation of the sirt1 pathway and modulation of the cell cycle were involved in silymarin's protection against uv-induced a375-s2 cell apoptosis.silymarin, derived from the milk thistle plant, silybum marianum, has been traditionally used in the treatment of liver disease. our previous study demonstrated that silymarin has an anti-apoptotic effect against uv irradiation. in this study, sirt1, a human deacetylase that was reported to promote cell survival, was activated by silymarin (5 x 10(- 4) mol/l) in uv-irradiated human malignant melanoma, a375-s2 cells, followed by down-regulated expression of bax and decreased release of cytochrome ...200717566917
silymarin enhanced cytotoxic effect of anti-fas agonistic antibody ch11 on a375-s2 cells.silymarin is a polyphenolic flavonoid from milk thistle (silybum marianum), which has anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective as well as antioxidant effects. our previous study demonstrated that silymarin has anti-apoptotic effect against uv irradiation. in this study, we assessed the effect of silymarin on anti-fas agonistic antibody ch11-treated human malignant melanoma, a375-s2 cells. pretreatment with silymarin (3 x 10(- 4) mol/l) significantly induced cell apoptosis in ch11-treated a375-s2 cells. ...200717943553
silibinin sensitizes human glioma cells to trail-mediated apoptosis via dr5 up-regulation and down-regulation of c-flip and survivin.silibinin, a flavonoid isolated from silybum marianum, has been reported to have cancer chemopreventive and therapeutic effects. here, we show that treatment with subtoxic doses of silibinin in combination with tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (trail) induces rapid apoptosis in trail-resistant glioma cells, but not in human astrocytes, suggesting that this combined treatment may offer an attractive strategy for safely treating gliomas. although the proteolytic processing o ...200717804742
flavonoid, silibinin, inhibits proliferation and promotes cell-cycle arrest of human colon cancer.anti-oxidative extracts from the milk thistle plant (silybum marianum) have been shown to have antiproliferative effects in several tumor types. silibinin is the primary active component isolated from the crude seed extract, silymarin. it has been used as a dietary supplement for hepatoprotection for over 2000 years. silibinin has been shown to be safe in multiple animal models and has had no significant adverse events in human studies. we investigated the potential for this nontoxic flavolignan ...200717950073
silibinin suppresses pma-induced mmp-9 expression by blocking the ap-1 activation via mapk signaling pathways in mcf-7 human breast carcinoma cells.matrix metalloproteinase-9 (mmp-9) plays an important role in the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. in this study, we examined the inhibitory effect of silibinin, a flavonoid antioxidant from milk thistle (silybum marianum l.) on pma-induced mmp-9 expression in mcf-7 human breast carcinoma cells. silibinin significantly and selectively suppressed pma-induced mmp-9 expression in mcf-7. silibinin has been found to inhibit pma-induced mmp-9 gene transcriptional activity by blocking the activ ...200717214970
silibinin inhibits constitutive activation of stat3, and causes caspase activation and apoptotic death of human prostate carcinoma du145 cells.transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription (stat)-3 is activated constitutively in prostate cancer (pca) suggesting that its disruption could be an effective approach to control this malignancy. here we assessed whether silibinin, a flavanone from silybum marianum with proven anticancer efficacy in various cancer models, inhibits stat3 activation in du145 cells, and if it does, what is the biological fate of the cells? at 50 mum or higher concentrations for 24 or 48 h, ...200717341659
contribution to the knowledge of the folk plant medicine in calabria region (southern italy).a series of research on plants used in calabria (southern italy) in the folk plant medicine was carried out in the last twenty years. the use of 104 taxa distributed into 42 families are described. among the major findings: ceterach officinarum as hypotensive; heliotropium europaeum in the case of urinary inflammations; silybum marianum for haemorrhoids; arundo donax for pertussis and cystitis; allium cepa for sties and flu; laurus nobilis as galactagogue; passiflora incarnata for burns, haemorr ...200717084993
protective effect of silymarin on oxidative stress in rat brain.brain is susceptible to oxidative stress and it is associated with age-related brain dysfunction. previously, we have pointed out a dramatic decrease of glutathione levels in the rat brain after acetaminophen (apap) oral administration overdose. silymarin (sm) is a mixture of bioactive flavonolignans isolated from silybum marianum (l.) gaertn., employed usually in the treatment of alcoholic liver disease and as anti-hepatotoxic agent in humans. in this study, we have evaluated the effect of sm o ...200716638633
quantitation of silibinin, a putative cancer chemopreventive agent derived from milk thistle (silybum marianum), in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography and identification of possible metabolites.silibinin has recently received attention as a potential cancer chemopreventive agent because of its antiproliferative and anticarcinogenic effects. a simple and specific reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for the quantitation of silibinin in human plasma. sample preparation involved simple protein precipitation, and separation was achieved on a waters atlantis c18 column with flow rate of 1.0 ml/min at 40 degrees c and uv detection at 290 nm ...200717355141
pressurized water versus ethanol as a silybum marianum extraction solvent for inhibition of low-density lipoprotein oxidation mediated by copper and j774 macrophage cells.silybum marianum contains flavonolignans, termed silymarin (sm), that are therapeutic agents for many inflammation-based diseases including atherosclerosis. oxidation of human low-density lipoprotein was induced by cuso4 or j774 macrophage cells and measured by the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (tbars). sm was extracted by pressurized hot water (phwe) or ethanol, and the effects of these extracts on tbars formation were evaluated in comparison with those of sm preparations ...200718066135
effect of silibinin on the pharmacokinetics of pyrazinamide and pyrazinoic acid in rats.pyrazinamide (pza) is widely used in combination with other drugs in chemotherapy for tuberculosis. however, the dose-related liver injury is the main adverse effect of pza and its metabolite [pyrazinoic acid (pa)]. silibinin is the main flavonoid extracted from milk thistle (silybum marianum), and it displays hepatoprotective properties. this study investigates the pharmacokinetics of pza and pa and their interaction with silibinin in rats. the parallel study design was divided into six groups: ...200717540707
modulation of human cytochrome p450 3a4 (cyp3a4) and p-glycoprotein (p-gp) in caco-2 cell monolayers by selected commercial-source milk thistle and goldenseal products.in this study, we used an in vitro caco-2 cell monolayer model to evaluate aqueous extracts of commercial-source goldenseal (hydrastis canadensis) and milk thistle (silybum marianum) capsule formulations, their marker phytochemicals (berberine and silibinin, respectively), as well as dillapiol, vinblastine, and the hiv protease inhibitor saquinavir for their ability to modulate cyp3a4 and abcb1 expression after short-term exposure (48 h). both upregulation and downregulation of cyp3a4 expression ...200718066144
attenuation of uva-induced damage to human keratinocytes by silymarin.uv radiation from sunlight is a potent environmental risk factor in skin cancer pathogenesis. uva is the major portion of uv light reaching the earth surface ( approximately 95%) and it is reported to lead to benign and malignant tumor formation. uva-mediated cellular damage occurs primarily through the release of reactive oxygen species (ros) and it is responsible for inflammation, immunosuppression, photoaging and photocarcinogenesis.200717289350
[flavonoids: risks or therapeutic opportunities?].flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds that occur ubiquitously in fruits and vegetables. over 4,000 different flavonoids have been described, and they are categorized into flavonols, flavones, catechins, flavanones, anthocyanidins and isoflavonoids. flavonoids have many different biological effects in numerous mammalian cell systems, showed both in vitro and in vivo. recently, much attention has been paid to their antioxidant properties and to their inhibitory role in various stages of tumour dev ...200715303543
anticancer potential of silymarin: from bench to bed side.silymarin consists of a family of flavonoids (silybin, isosilybin, silychristin, silydianin and taxifoline) commonly found in the dried fruit of the milk thistle plant silybum marianum. although silymarin's role as an antioxidant and hepatoprotective agent is well known, its role as an anticancer agent has begun to emerge. extensive research within the last decade has shown that silymarin can suppress the proliferation of a variety of tumor cells (e.g., prostate, breast, ovary, colon, lung, blad ...200617201169
silibinin protects rat cardiac myocyte from isoproterenol-induced dna damage independent on regulation of cell cycle.silibinin, derived from the milk thistle plant, silybum marianum, has been traditionally used as an antihepatotoxic agent for the treatment of liver disease. our preliminary study demonstrated that silibinin has protected rat cardiac myocytes against beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol-induced injury through resuming mitochondrial function and regulating the expression of sirt1 and bcl-2 family members. in this study, we investigate whether silibinin has anti-apoptotic effect on isoproterenol- ...200616946506
microbial transformation of silybin by trichoderma koningii.microbial transformation of silybin a (1) and silybin b (2), the major hepatoprotective flavonolignan diastereomers from the fruits of silybum marianum, with the culture broth of trichoderma koningii gave two pairs of glucosylated derivatives. their structures were identified as silybin a 3-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside (3), silybin a 7-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside (4), silybin b 3-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside (5) and silybin b 7-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside (6) by spectroscopic methods.200616309908
the roles of akt and mapk family members in silymarin's protection against uv-induced a375-s2 cell apoptosis.silymarin is a polyphenolic flavonoid derived from milk thistle (silybum marianum) and has anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective as well as anticarcinogenic effects [manna, s.k., mukhopadlhyay, a., van, n.t., aggarwal, b., silymarin suppresses tnf-induced activation of nf-kappab, c-jun n-terminal kinase, and apoptosis. j. immunol. 1999; 163, 6800-6809.]. in this study, we assessed the effect of silymarin on ultraviolet light (uv)-induced cell apoptosis in human malignant melanoma, a375-s2 cells. sil ...200616399623
synthesis and antihepatotoxic activity of some new chalcones containing 1, 4 - dioxane ring system.silybum marianum is a medicinal plant used widely for treating liver diseases. the silymarin, a mixture of three flavolignan isomers namely silybin (1), silydianin (2), and silychristin (3) is an active constituent of the plant. however, silybin containing 1, 4-dioxane ring is the most potent antihepatotoxic agent. in contrast, other isomers do not possess 1, 4-dioxane ring, and thus do not exhibit a significant activity. we, therefore, thought that 1, 4-dioxane ring plays an important role in d ...200617105706
modulation of cytokine expression by traditional medicines: a review of herbal immunomodulators.modulation of cytokine secretion may offer novel approaches in the treatment of a variety of diseases. one strategy in the modulation of cytokine expression may be through the use of herbal medicines. a class of herbal medicines, known as immunomodulators, alters the activity of immune function through the dynamic regulation of informational molecules such as cytokines. this may offer an explanation of the effects of herbs on the immune system and other tissues. for this informal review, the aut ...200616813462
influence of silymarin and its flavonolignans on h(2)o(2)-induced oxidative stress in human keratinocytes and mouse fibroblasts.the administration of antioxidants has been shown to enhance repair and healing processes in cutaneous tissue. silymarin, an extract from silybum marianum has been reported to be beneficial in the treatment of chemically-induced oxidative stress in mouse. in this study, we investigated the protective effects of silymarin, its flavonolignans silybin and dehydrosilybin and flavonoids quercetin and taxifolin against hydrogen peroxide-induced damage to human keratinocytes and mouse fibroblasts. the ...200617011711
enhancement of mammary carcinogenesis in two rodent models by silymarin dietary supplements.silymarin is a mixture of polyphenolic flavonoids isolated from milk thistle (silybum marianum) with anticancer activities reported for several organ sites. the present study tested the efficacy of dietary silymarin against mammary carcinogenesis in two rodent models. in the sprague-dawley rat model, female rats were fed a purified diet supplemented with none, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3 or 1% (w/w) of silymarin from 21 days of age (doa) and carcinogenesis was initiated by a single i.p. injection of 1-methyl ...200616597642
silibinin prevents uv-induced hacat cell apoptosis partly through inhibition of caspase-8 pathway.silymarin is a polyphenolic flavonoid from milk thistle (silybum marianum), which has anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, and anticarcinogenic effects. in this study, we assessed the effect of silibinin (fig. 1), the major active compound in silymarin, on ultraviolet light (uv)-induced cell apoptosis in hacat cells, a human keratinocyte cell line. pretreatment with silibinin 500 microm significantly inhibited uv-induced apoptosis in hacat cells after 9 h incubation. the expression of fas-associat ...200616755000
effects of silybum marianum on serum hepatitis c virus rna, alanine aminotransferase levels and well-being in patients with chronic hepatitis c.silybum marianum is a herbal preparation commonly used by subjects with chronic hepatitis c (chc). the aims of this pilot study were to assess the efficacy and safety of s. marianum on serum hepatitis c virus (hcv) rna, alanine aminotransferase levels and well-being in patients with chc.200616460486
evaluation of hybrid liposomes-encapsulated silymarin regarding physical stability and in vivo performance.silymarin, a known standardized extract obtained from seeds of silybum marianum is used in treatment of liver diseases of varying origins. aiming at improving its poor bioavailability from oral products, silymarin hybrid liposomes are introduced in this work for buccal administration after investigating their stability and in vivo hepatoprotective efficiency. silymarin loaded hybrid liposomes composed of lecithin (l), cholesterol (ch), stearyl amine (sa) and tween 20 (t20) in molar ratio of (9:1 ...200616837151
milk thistle for alcoholic and/or hepatitis b or c virus liver diseases.alcohol and hepatotoxic viruses cause the majority of liver diseases. randomised clinical trials have assessed whether extracts of milk thistle, silybum marianum (l) gaertneri, have any effect in patients with alcoholic and/or hepatitis b or c virus liver diseases.200515846671
herb-drug interactions: a literature review.herbs are often administered in combination with therapeutic drugs, raising the potential of herb-drug interactions. an extensive review of the literature identified reported herb-drug interactions with clinical significance, many of which are from case reports and limited clinical observations. cases have been published reporting enhanced anticoagulation and bleeding when patients on long-term warfarin therapy also took salvia miltiorrhiza (danshen). allium sativum (garlic) decreased the area u ...200515916450
effect of milk thistle (silybum marianum) on the pharmacokinetics of irinotecan.milk thistle (silybum marianum) is one of the most commonly used herbal therapies, and its principal constituent silybin significantly inhibits cytochrome p450 isoform 3a4 (cyp3a4) and udp glucuronosyltransferase isoform 1a1 (ugt1a1) in vitro. here, we investigated whether milk thistle affects the pharmacokinetics of irinotecan, a substrate for cyp3a4 and ugt1a1, in humans.200516278402
silymarin and skin cancer prevention: anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects (review).several environmental and genetic factors are involved in skin cancer induction, however exposure to chemical carcinogens and solar ultraviolet (uv) radiation are primarily responsible for several skin diseases including skin cancer. chronic exposure of solar uv radiation to the skin leads to basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. chemoprevention of skin cancer by consumption of naturally occurring botanicals appears a practical approach and therefore world-wide interest is consid ...200515586237
milk thistle and prostate cancer: differential effects of pure flavonolignans from silybum marianum on antiproliferative end points in human prostate carcinoma cells.extracts from the seeds of milk thistle, silybum marianum, are known commonly as silibinin and silymarin and possess anticancer actions on human prostate carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. seven distinct flavonolignan compounds and a flavonoid have been isolated from commercial silymarin extracts. most notably, two pairs of diastereomers, silybin a and silybin b and isosilybin a and isosilybin b, are among these compounds. in contrast, silibinin is composed only of a 1:1 mixture of silybin a and si ...200515899838
yeast extract and methyl jasmonate-induced silymarin production in cell cultures of silybum marianum (l.) gaertn.the biosynthesis of the flavonolignan silymarin, a constitutive compound of the fruits of silybum marianum with strong antihepatotoxic and hepatoprotective activities, is severely reduced in cell cultures of this species. it is well known that elicitation is one of the strategies employed to increase accumulation of secondary metabolites. our study here reports on the effect of several compounds on the production of silymarin in s. marianum cultures. yeast extract (ye), chitin and chitosan were ...200516054261
a review of the bioavailability and clinical efficacy of milk thistle phytosome: a silybin-phosphatidylcholine complex (siliphos).certain of the water-soluble flavonoid molecules can be converted into lipid-compatible molecular complexes, aptly called phytosomes. phytosomes are better able to transition from a hydrophilic environment into the lipid-friendly environment of the outer cell membrane, and from there into the cell, finally reaching the blood. the fruit of the milk thistle plant (silybum marianum, family asteraceae) contains flavonoids that are proven liver protectants. the standardized extract known as silymarin ...200516164374
extraction and partial characterization of a coagulant preparation from silybum marianum flowers. its action on bovine caseinate.an outstanding parameter in cheese making is the type of coagulant, which greatly influences the characteristics of the final products. proteolysis is the most important set of biochemical changes during ripening of most cheeses, and is carried out, in different magnitude, by proteolytic agents originated in milk, rennet (or rennet substitute), and starter and non-starter micro-organisms (silva & malcata, 2000). the demand for alternative sources of milk coagulants, to replace the expensive and ...200516174356
silymarin treatment of viral hepatitis: a systematic review.silymarin from the milk thistle herb (silybum marianum) is used by many patients with chronic viral hepatitis, but its efficacy remains unknown. we performed a systematic review of silymarin for the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis b and c. an exhaustive search strategy identified 148 papers that studied silymarin compounds in liver disease. of these, four trials included patients with hepatitis c, one included hepatitis b patients, and two, unspecified chronic viral hepatitis. however, only ...200516255756
structure elucidation and antioxidant activity of (-)-isosilandrin isolated from silybum marianum l.a regioisomer of the known flavanolignan (-)-silandrin (3a), named (-)-isosilandrin (8a), was isolated from the fruits of a white-flowered variant of silybum marianum l. populated in hungary. its structure was established both by spectroscopic methods and total synthesis, and its absolute configuration was determined by means of circular dichroism. this compound showed stronger inhibitory activity on the superoxide anion (o2*-) release by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmnl) than (+)-silybi ...200417191807
in vivo assessment of botanical supplementation on human cytochrome p450 phenotypes: citrus aurantium, echinacea purpurea, milk thistle, and saw palmetto.phytochemical-mediated modulation of cytochrome p450 (cyp) activity may underlie many herb-drug interactions. single-time point phenotypic metabolic ratios were used to determine whether long-term supplementation of citrus aurantium , echinacea purpurea , milk thistle (silybum marianum), or saw palmetto (serenoa repens) extracts affected cyp1a2, cyp2d6, cyp2e1, or cyp3a4 activity.200415536458
efficacy of silymarin-phospholipid complex in reducing the toxicity of aflatoxin b1 in broiler chicks.silymarin, the standardized extract of silybum marianum, is used as a hepatoprotector in man, and is a potent antihepatotoxic agent. this study focused on the effects of a silymarin-phospholipid complex in reducing the toxic effects of aflatoxin b1 (afb1) in broiler chickens. twenty-one 14-d-old male commercial broilers were randomly allotted to 3 groups and treated as follows: basal diet alone [group c (control)]; afb1 at 0.8 mg/kg of feed [group b1]; afb1 at 0.8 mg/kg of feed plus silymarin ph ...200415554059
phenolics-rich extracts from silybum marianum and prunella vulgaris reduce a high-sucrose diet induced oxidative stress in hereditary hypertriglyceridemic rats.the study tested the effects of phenolics-rich extracts from the plants silybum marianum (silymarin) and prunella vulgaris (pve) on blood and liver antioxidant status and lipoprotein metabolism. hereditary hypertriglyceridemic rats fed on standard diet (std) or high-sucrose diet (hsd, 70cal% of sucrose) for two weeks were used. hsd doubled plasma and liver triacylglycerol (tag) and increased plasma vldl-tag and vldl-cholesterol compared to std. administration of silymarin or pve as 1% dietary su ...200415177299
silymarin prevents uv irradiation-induced a375-s2 cell apoptosis.silymarin, a plant flavonoid from milk thistle (silybum marianum [l.] gaertner) was first evaluated for its protective effect against uv irradiation-induced apoptosis in human malignant melanoma cells (a375-s2 cells). treatment with silymarin 500 microm for 12 h significantly inhibited uv irradiation (2.4 j/cm(2), 5 min)-induced apoptosis in a375-s2 cells. activities of caspase-9 and caspase-3 in uv-irradiated a375-s2 cells were effectively reduced by silymarin in a dose-dependent manner, while ...200415256735
chemoprotective effect of plant phenolics against anthracycline-induced toxicity on rat cardiomyocytes. part i. silymarin and its flavonolignans.silymarin, an extract of fl avonolignans from the dried fruits of milk thistle (silybum marianum l. gaertneri) and its constituents silibinin, dehydrosilibinin, silychristin and silydianin were tested for protective effects on rat cardiomyocytes exposed to doxorubicin. silymarin and individual fl avonolignans did not exert cytotoxicity in the range 25-100 micro m (incubation 9 h). dehydrosilibinin was tested only at 25 micro m concentration due to its low solubility. all substances increased the ...200415022159
study of the hypoglycaemic activity of fraxinus excelsior and silybum marianum in an animal model of type 1 diabetes mellitus.the hypoglycaemic effect of the aqueous extracts of fraxinus excelsior (fe) seed and silybum marianum (sm) aerial part was investigated in normal and streptozotocin (stz) diabetic rats. after a single dose or 15 daily doses, oral administration of the aqueous extracts (20 mg/kg) produced a significant decrease of blood glucose levels in both normal and stz diabetic rats (p < 0.001). from the first week, the body weight was increased in normal rats (p < 0.05) and decreased in stz rats (p < 0.01) ...200415120454
silibinin down-regulates prostate epithelium-derived ets transcription factor in lncap prostate cancer cells.the androgen-sensitive human prostate cancer cell line lncap expresses the estrogen receptor beta and androgen receptor and can be stimulated by androgens to secrete prostate-specific antigen (psa). in this study we demonstrate the cancer protective potential of silibinin, a flavolignan derived from the fruits of silybum marianum, which down-regulates the co-activator of the androgen receptor, the prostate epithelium-derived ets transcription factor (pdef) and consequently the secretion of psa. ...200415124082
silymarin, a possible hepatoprotector in dairy cows: biochemical and histological observations.silymarin, a standardized extract from silybum marianum seed, is a natural hepatoprotector used for the treatment of liver diseases in man. the aim of this study was to investigate its safety and efficacy in periparturient dairy cows. ten treated and 10 control pregnant dairy cows were paired by parity, body condition score (bcs), health condition and previous milk production. treatment consisted of daily 10 g per animal of silymarin extract administered as oral drenches, from 10 days prior to t ...200415153078
silibinin protects mice from t cell-dependent liver injury.silibinin is the major pharmacologically active compound of the silybum marianum fruit extract silymarin. its well-known hepatoprotective activities are mostly explained by antioxidative properties, inhibition of phosphatidylcholine synthesis or stimulation of hepatic rna and protein synthesis. here, we characterized the hepatoprotective potential of silibinin as an immune-response modifier in t cell-dependent hepatitis in vivo.200312927918
primary cultures of human hepatocytes as a tool in cytotoxicity studies: cell protection against model toxins by flavonolignans obtained from silybum marianum.the aim of this study was to evaluate the cytoprotective effects upon primary human hepatocytes of silymarin extract and its main flavonolignans following exposure to the cytotoxic actions of model toxins. the conditions for the hepatocyte intoxication were optimised for allyl alcohol, carbon tetrachloride, d-galactosamine and paracetamol. silymarin extract, silychristin and silydianin did not exert cytotoxicity (10-100 microm), whereas silybin and isosilybin at higher concentrations and after l ...200312523963
plasma lipoproteins in transport of silibinin, an antioxidant flavonolignan from silybum marianum.to assess the role of plasma lipoproteins in the transport of silibinin, an antioxidant flavonolignan, (125)i-labelled silibinin ((125)i-sb) administered perorally to the rat was used. the plasma (125)i-sb derived radioactivity was distributed among plasma lipoproteins according to their lipophilicity (tag-rich lipoproteins 30-40% > ldl 15% > hdl 5%), and in the fraction of d > 1.215 containing albumin and other proteins a minority amount of radioactivity was found. administration of (125)i-sb i ...200312748991
synthesis and antihepatotoxic activity of some heterocyclic compounds containing the 1,4-dioxane ring system.silymarin isolated from silybum marianum is a mixture of three isomers, silybin (1), silydianin (2) and silychristin (3). silybin is the most active antihepatotoxic agent, and contains a 1,4-dioxane ring in addition to a flavonoid moiety. based on the skeleton of silybin, we prepared some flavones and coumarins containing the 1,4-dioxane ring system and evaluated them for antihepatotoxic activity against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. the degree of protection was det ...200312685811
antioxidative, antiproliferative and biochemical effects in hepg2 cells of a homeopathic remedy and its constituent plant tinctures tested separately or in combination.hepeel is a homeopathic remedy commonly used to treat primary and secondary functional disorders of the liver. it consists of highly diluted extracts from the following plants: chelidonium from chelidonium majus, l., carduus marianus from silybum marianum, l., veratrum from veratrum album l., colocynthis from citrullus colocynthis l., lycopodium from lycopodium clavatum l., nux moschata from myristica fragans, houtt, and china from cinchona pubescens, vahl. the antioxidative, antiproliferative a ...200314732962
treatment of silymarin, a plant flavonoid, prevents ultraviolet light-induced immune suppression and oxidative stress in mouse skin.it is well documented that ultraviolet (uv) light-induced immune suppression and oxidative stress play an important role in the induction of skin cancers. earlier, we have shown that topical treatment of silymarin, a plant flavonoid from milk thistle (silybum marianum l. gaertn.), to mouse skin prevents photocarcinogenesis, but the preventive mechanism of photocarcinogenesis in vivo animal system by silymarin is not well defined and understood. to define the mechanism of prevention, we employed ...200212429970
dietary silymarin suppresses 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide-induced tongue carcinogenesis in male f344 rats.the modifying effect of dietary administration of a polyphenolic antioxidant flavonoid silymarin isolated milk thistle [silybum marianum (l.) gaertneri] on 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-nqo)-induced tongue tumorigenesis was investigated in male f344 rats. based on the results in pilot studies showing that silymarin treatment together with 4-nqo significantly reduced the occurrence of tongue dysplasia and gavaged with silymarin significantly elevated the phase ii detoxifying enzymes' activities in ...200212016151
effect of silybin and its congeners on human liver microsomal cytochrome p450 activities.silybin and related flavonolignans form a major part of the silybum marianum extract, silymarin, which has been used to treat liver diseases for hundreds of years. although regarded as safe, many of the extract constituents remain thus far untested for their possible effects on liver biotransformation enzymes. cytochromes p450 (cyp) are very important in this regard. we tested the effect of four flavonolignans: silybin, its hemisynthetic derivative dehydrosilybin, silydianin, and silycristin on ...200212410543
influence of silymarin and its flavonolignans on doxorubicin-iron induced lipid peroxidation in rat heart microsomes and mitochondria in comparison with quercetin.silymarin, an extract of silybum marianum seeds, and the constituent flavonolignans silybin, silydianin and silychristin, as well as the flavonol quercetin, protected rat heart microsomes and mitochondria against iron-dependent doxorubicin induced lipid peroxidation. quercetin was found to be more potent than either silymarin or its three constituents, whose cytoprotectivity was comparable. the radical scavenging activity of the compounds was investigated using a dpph colour reduction assay and ...200211933142
neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects of milk thistle (silybum marianum) on neurons in culture.herbal products are being increasingly used as dietary supplements and therapeutic agents. however, much more research must be performed in order to determine the biological basis for their putative clinical effects. we tested the effects of milk thistle (silybum marianum) extract on the differentiation and survival of cultured neural cells. milk thistle enhanced nerve growth factor (ngf)-induced neurite outgrowth in pc-12 neural cells and prolonged their survival in culture. milk thistle extrac ...200212059045
heavy metals and arsenic uptake by wild vegetation in the guadiamar river area after the toxic spill of the aznalcóllar mine.on 25 april 1998, approximately 4.5 hm(3) of pyritic sludge, containing 5000 mg of as kg(-1) among other pollutants, was spilled into the agrio and guadiamar rivers and the surrounding agricultural areas (aznalcóllar, seville, southern spain). many trace metals such as pb, cu, zn, cd, tl, sb and as reached the doñana national park, the largest wetland area in europe, affecting soils, different plant and animal species. in order to recuperate the affected lands by employing plants capable of accu ...200212126811
silymarin, a naturally occurring polyphenolic antioxidant flavonoid, inhibits azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in male f344 rats.the modifying effect of dietary administration of the polyphenolic antioxidant flavonoid silymarin, isolated from milk thistle [silybum marianum (l.) gaertneri], on aom-induced colon carcinogenesis was investigated in male f344 rats. in the short-term study, the effects of silymarin on the development of aom-induced colonic acf, being putative precursor lesions for colonic adenocarcinoma, were assayed to predict the modifying effects of dietary silymarin on colon tumorigenesis. also, the activit ...200212216075
physiological responses to a natural antioxidant flavonoid mixture, silymarin, in balb/c mice: i induction of transforming growth factor beta1 and c-myc in liver with marginal effects on other genes.silymarin, a mixture of flavonolignans isolated from silybum marianum, is known for its hepatoprotective properties. we investigated the expression of cytokines in mouse liver following treatment with 0, 10, 50, and 250 mg/kg of silymarin once daily for 5 days. a dose-related but insignificant decrease of circulating alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase after silymarin treatment was observed, suggesting that silymarin treatment did not induce hepatic damage. silymarin treatmen ...200212221586
antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of silibinin in rat prostate cancer cells.the tremendous impact of prostate cancer (pca) on the us male population has led to an increased attention on its prevention and on therapeutic intervention. short-term models are needed to quickly screen the efficacy of promising agents against pca. we have established recently several rat pca cell lines from primary pca in rats induced by a mnu-testosterone protocol, but their usefulness as a model for screening pca preventive and therapeutic agents remains to be established. with the rational ...200212386921
[importance of biologically active components and plants in the prevention of complications of diabetes mellitus].diabetes complications, especially late (chronic) ones, are the main reasons of invalidity and early mortality. the most threatening diabetes complications are vascular and metabolic complications (diabetic neuropathy, angiopathy, cataract, glaucoma, optic neuropathy, retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy). good diabetes control is very important, because in early stages these changes are reversible. in order to decrease the number of diabetes complications and to postpone their development, the use ...200212532704
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