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emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance in salmonella enterica serovar typhi in andaman and nicobar islands, india. 201222885270
the tumor suppressor gene rbm5 inhibits lung adenocarcinoma cell growth and induces apoptosis.the loss of tumor suppressor gene (tsg) function is a critical step in the pathogenesis of human lung cancer. rbm5 (rna-binding motif protein 5, also named h37/luca-15) gene from chromosome 3p21.3 demonstrated tumor suppressor activity. however, the role of rbm5 played in the occurrence and development of lung cancer is still not well understood.201222866867
endotoxin-induced and vaccine-induced systemic inflammation both impair endothelium-dependent vasodilation, but not pulse wave reflection.inflammation induced by either endotoxin or vaccination has previously been shown to impair endothelium-dependent vasodilation (edv) in healthy young individuals. however, the vascular effects of these two mechanisms of inducing inflammation have not been compared in the same individuals.201222866006
cross-reactive gut-directed immune response against salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi a and b in typhoid fever and after oral ty21a typhoid vaccination.there are no vaccines against paratyphoid fever in clinical use. the disease has become more wide-spread and there is a growing problem of antibiotic resistance among the strains. previous reports suggest that the oral live salmonella typhi ty21a-vaccine confers protection against paratyphoid b fever. data on efficacy against paratyphoid a fever are somewhat contentious. the present study investigated the immunological basis for such efficacy reports at a single-cell level: plasmablasts (identif ...201222858557
antibacterial activity of plasma from crocodile (crocodylus siamensis) against pathogenic bacteria.the siamese crocodile (crocodylus siamensis) is a critically endangered species of freshwater crocodiles. crocodilians live with opportunistic bacterial infection but normally suffer no adverse effects. they are not totally immune to microbial infection, but their resistance thereto is remarkably effective. in this study, crude and purified plasma extracted from the siamese crocodile were examined for antibacterial activity against clinically isolated, human pathogenic bacterial strains and the ...201222846342
a novel method of selective removal of human dna improves pcr sensitivity for detection of salmonella typhi in blood samples.enteric fever is a major public health problem, causing an estimated 21million new cases and 216,000 or more deaths every year. current diagnosis of the disease is inadequate. blood culture only identifies 45 to 70% of the cases and is time-consuming. serological tests have very low sensitivity and specificity. clinical samples obtained for diagnosis of enteric fever in the field generally have <1 organism/ml of blood, so that even pcr-based methods, widely used for detection of other infectious ...201222839649
vaccines for typhoid fever and other salmonelloses.this review summarizes the recent advances in vaccination against salmonella enterica serovar typhi and highlights the data supporting the development of next generation vaccines to address paratyphoid fever and invasive nontyphoidal salmonella (ints) disease.201222825288
the antiinflammatory effect of nordihydroguaiaretic acid in endotoxin induced uveitis in rabbits.the authors evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (ndga) and dexamethasone on an endotoxin induced uveitis (eiu) model, in rabbits. six groups of 12 rabbits were formed. in groups ii to v a uveitis was induced by an intravitreal injection of 5 ul of saline, containing 10 ng of endotoxin of salmonella typhi. in group i, which is considered as the control, an intravitreal injection of 5 ul of saline was given. each group received a different treatment and the inflamma ...199322822924
salmonella typhi ty21a bacterial ghost vector augments hiv-1 gp140 dna vaccine-induced peripheral and mucosal antibody responses via tlr4 pathway.because of their stability and ease of manipulation, dna vaccines have considerable potential for eliciting immune responses. however, they are limited by their weak immunogenicity, especially in humans. to address this challenge, we explored a new strategy of hiv vaccine delivery using salmonella typhi ty21a bacterial ghosts (bgs). we found that ty21a bgs loaded with an hiv gp140 dna vaccine (ty21a bg-dna) were readily taken up by murine macrophage raw264.7 cells, and gp140 was efficiently expr ...201222819719
ciprofloxacin resistant osteomyelitis following typhoid fever.salmonella typi is a rare cause of chronic osteomyelitis in a non-sickle cell patient. the authors report the case of a 25-year-old gentleman with a history of typhoid fever and an infected skin nodule on his left forearm 5 years prior to the diagnosis. he was referred to our orthopaedic colleagues with chronic osteomyelitis and underwent debridement of the bone for which samples grew salmonella typhi. he was commenced on intravenous ceftriaxone 2 g once daily for 6 weeks followed by oral azithr ...201222802563
drug resistance in salmonella enterica serotype typhi isolated from chronic typhoid carriers. 201222789724
review of endogenous endophthalmitis caused by salmonella species including delayed onset salmonella typhi endophthalmitis.endogenous endophthalmitis is a rare but serious condition that occurs when bacteria cross the blood-ocular barrier and multiply within the eye. we provide a literature review of salmonella endogenous endophthalmitis by reviewing eight reported cases and integrating this with our experience of one case in which a four-year-old child presented with acute endophthalmitis of four days duration. he had suffered typhoid fever two months back. vitreous biopsy revealed salmonella typhi. despite aggress ...201222784273
rapid discrimination of salmonella enterica serovar typhi from other serovars by maldi-tof mass spectrometry.systemic infections caused by salmonella enterica are an ongoing public health problem especially in sub-saharan africa. essentially typhoid fever is associated with high mortality particularly because of the increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains. thus, a rapid blood-culture based bacterial species diagnosis including an immediate sub-differentiation of the various serovars is mandatory. at present, maldi-tof based intact cell mass spectrometry (icms) advances to a widely used rou ...201222768195
the immunogenic characteristics associated with multivalent display of vi polysaccharide antigen using biodegradable polymer particles.polysaccharides in their great majority are thymus-independent (ti) antigens. anti-polysaccharide antibody responses are generally weak and characterized by lack of memory, isotype restriction and delayed ontogeny. we report here the generation of protective memory antibody response by multivalent display of polysaccharide antigens on biodegradable polymeric particles. single dose immunization using polylactide (pla) polymer particles entrapping vi capsular polysaccharide antigen from salmonella ...201222748669
salmonella enterica serovar typhi plasmid pr st98 enhances intracellular bacterial growth and s. typhi-induced macrophage cell death by suppressing autophagy.plasmid pr st98 is a hybrid resistance-virulence plasmid isolated from salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi). previous studies demonstrated that pr st98 could enhance the virulence of its host bacteria. however, the mechanism of pr st98-increased bacterial virulence is still not fully elucidated. this study was designed to gain further insight into the roles of pr st98 in host responses.201722729194
spectroscopic studies and biological evaluation of some transition metal complexes of azo schiff-base ligand derived from (1-phenyl-2,3-dimethyl-4-aminopyrazol-5-one) and 5-((4-chlorophenyl)diazenyl)-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde.a series of metal(ii) complexes of vo(ii), co(ii), ni(ii), cu(ii) and zn(ii) have been synthesized from the azo schiff base ligand 4-((e)-4-((e)-(4-chlorophenyl)diazenyl)-2-hydroxybenzylideneamino)-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1h-pyrazol-3(2h)-one (cdhbap) and characterized by elemental analysis, spectral (ir, uv-vis, (1)h nmr, esr and ei-mass), magnetic moment measurements, molar conductance, dna, sem, x-ray crystallography and fluorescence studies. the electronic absorption spectra and magnetic susce ...201222728967
traditional copper water storage vessels and sub-lethal injury of salmonella enterica serovar typhi and vibrio cholerae.recent studies on escherichia coli have demonstrated sub-lethal injury-sensitivity to oxygen and selective agents prior to irreversible inactivation when kept in water in a brass vessel. the present study was carried out to investigate whether equivalent responses occur in copper vessels using the pathogens salmonella enterica serovar typhi and vibrio cholerae. bacterial suspensions were stored in water in a traditional copper vessel for up to 24 h at 30 °c. samples were withdrawn and plated on ...201222717752
structure based virtual screening of novel inhibitors against multidrug resistant superbugs.pathogenic microorganisms are persistently expressing resistance towards present generation antibiotics and are on the verge of joining the superbug family. recent studies revealed that, notorious pathogens such as salmonella typhi, shigella dysenteriae and vibrio cholerae have acquired multiple drug resistance and the treatment became a serious concern. this necessitates an alternative therapeutic solution. present study investigates the utility of computer aided method to study the mechanism o ...201222715312
report: studies on antibacterial activity of some traditional medicinal plants used in folk medicine.ethanolic extracts of eight medicinal plants commonly used in folk medicine were tested for their antibacterial activity against four gram positive strains (bacillus subtilis, staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis and, streptococcus pneumoniae) and six gram negative strains (escherichia coli, proteus vulgaris, proteus mirabilis. salmonella typhi para a, salmonella typhi para b and shigella dysenteriae) that were obtained from different pathological laboratories located in karachi, pa ...201222713958
antimicrobial activities of aerva javanica and paeonia emodi plants.aerva javanica and paeonia emodi plants extracts were studied for antibacterial activity against escherichia coli (nctc 10418), klebsiella pneumoniae (atcc 700603), pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella typhi, staphylococcus epidermidis (nctc 11047) and methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) (nctc 13143) and antifungal activity against aspergillus flavus, aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus niger and fusarium solani. extracts were obtained by using methanol, n-hexa ...201222713942
antibacterial activity of polyphenols of garcinia indica.the aim of present work is to study the antibacterial activity of polyphenols isolated from the ethyl acetate soluble of methanol extract of stem bark of garcinia indica against staphylococcus aureus, salmonella typhi and escherichia coli by paper disc method. the results showed good antibacterial activity against s. aureus at higher concentrations, moderate at lower concentrations, against s. typhi moderate at higher concentrations but no activity against e. coli even at higher concentration fo ...201122707838
immunization with the conjugate vaccine vi-crm₁₉₇ against salmonella typhi induces vi-specific mucosal and systemic immune responses in mice.typhoid fever is a public health problem, especially among young children in developing countries. to address this need, a glycoconjugate vaccine vi-crm₁₉₇, composed of the polysaccharide antigen vi covalently conjugated to the non-toxic mutant of diphtheria toxin crm₁₉₇, is under development. here, we assessed the antibody and cellular responses, both local and systemic, following subcutaneous injection of vi-crm₁₉₇. the glycoconjugate elicited vi-specific serum igg titers significantly higher ...201222705173
notes from the field: salmonella typhi infections associated with contaminated water--zimbabwe, october 2011-may 2012.on october 25, 2011, a cluster of approximately 20 suspected cases of typhoid fever in residents of dzivaresekwa, a high-density suburb of harare, zimbabwe, was reported to the city of harare city health department. on november 22, a team from cdc-atlanta, cdc-kenya/kenya medical research institute, and the south africa field epidemiology and laboratory training program, was invited to assist with the investigation by providing epidemiologic and microbiologic support to better describe the outbr ...201222695383
synthesis of certain 2-substituted-1h-benzimidazole derivatives as antimicrobial and cytotoxic agents.a series of 2-substituted-1h-benzimidazole derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for antimicrobial, antifungal and cytotoxic activities. the results showed that all tested compounds showed potent antimicrobial activity against some species of gram-negative bacteria (pseudomonas aeruginosa, escherichia coli, salmonella typhi) and fungi (candida albicans) with minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) lower than 0.016 µg/ml. in contrast, all tested compounds were inactive against staphylococcu ...201222689431
genetic fine structure of a salmonella enterica serovar typhi strain associated with the 2005 outbreak of typhoid fever in kelantan, malaysia.among enteric pathogens, salmonella enterica serovar typhi is responsible for the largest number of food-borne outbreaks and fatalities. the ability of the pathogen to cause systemic infection for extended durations leads to a high cost of disease control. chronic carriers play important roles in the evolution of salmonella typhi; therefore, identification and in-depth characterization of isolates from clinical cases and carriers, especially those from zones of endemicity where the pathogen has ...201222689247
synthesis and evaluation of antimicrobial activity of 4h-pyrimido[2,1-b]benzothiazole, pyrazole and benzylidene derivatives of curcumin.a novel, one-pot, simple, efficient procedure for 4h-pyrimido[2,1-b]benzothiazole (4a-h), pyrazole (6a-d) and benzylidene (7a-d) derivatives of curcumin under solvent and solvent free conditions in microwave with good yield is have been synthesized. the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria viz. staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella typhi, escherichia coli, bacillus cereus and providencia rettger ...201222683240
heterogeneity of multifunctional il-17a producing s. typhi-specific cd8+ t cells in volunteers following ty21a typhoid immunization.salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi), the causative agent of typhoid fever, continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality world-wide. cd8+ t cells are an important component of the cell mediated immune (cmi) response against s. typhi. recently, interleukin (il)-17a has been shown to contribute to mucosal immunity and protection against intracellular pathogens. to investigate multifunctional il-17a responses against s. typhi antigens in t memory subsets, we developed multiparamet ...201222679502
antibiotic resistance of salmonella enterica serovar typhi in kolkata, india, and in vitro experiments on effect of combined chemotherapy.this communication states the changing patterns of salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) isolates causing enteric fever in and around kolkata, india. among the isolates resistance to ampicillin (a), chloramphenicol (c), cotrimoxazole (co) and tetracycline (t) were plasmid mediated; the plasmid was unstable in s. typhi, and the other enteric bacteria like escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae and proteus vulgaris were found to be the potential source of dissemination of such plasmids int ...201222666124
variable carbon catabolism among salmonella enterica serovar typhi isolates.salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) is strictly a human intracellular pathogen. it causes acute systemic (typhoid fever) and chronic infections that result in long-term asymptomatic human carriage. s. typhi displays diverse disease manifestations in human infection and exhibits high clonality. the principal factors underlying the unique lifestyle of s. typhi in its human host during acute and chronic infections remain largely unknown and are therefore the main objective of this study.201222662115
molecular typing and resistance analysis of travel-associated salmonella enterica serotype typhi.salmonella enterica serotype typhi is a human pathogen causing 12 to 30% mortality and requiring antibiotic therapy to control the severity of the infection. typhoid fever in united states is often associated with foreign travel to areas of endemicity. increasing resistance to multiple drugs, including quinolones, is associated with decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (dcs). we investigated 31 clinical strains isolated in florida from 2007 to 2010, associated with travel to six countries, ...201222649021
preliminary study on the antimicrobial activity of enicostemma littorale using different solvents.to study the antimicrobial activity of enicostemma littorale (e. littorale) using different solvents.201222647818
high-throughput comparison of gene fitness among related bacteria.the contribution of a gene to the fitness of a bacterium can be assayed by whether and to what degree the bacterium tolerates transposon insertions in that gene. we use this fact to compare the fitness of syntenic homologous genes among related salmonella strains and thereby reveal differences not apparent at the gene sequence level.201222646920
combined high-resolution genotyping and geospatial analysis reveals modes of endemic urban typhoid fever transmission.typhoid is a systemic infection caused by salmonella typhi and salmonella paratyphi a, human-restricted bacteria that are transmitted faeco-orally. salmonella typhi and s. paratyphi a are clonal, and their limited genetic diversity has precluded the identification of long-term transmission networks in areas with a high disease burden. to improve our understanding of typhoid transmission we have taken a novel approach, performing a longitudinal spatial case-control study for typhoid in nepal, com ...201122645647
enhanced antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized by cryphonectria sp. evaluated singly and in combination with antibiotics.the newly identified pathogenic species of the genus cryphonectria was exploited for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (agnps). the extracellular synthesis of nanoparticles was fast and eco-friendly. these nanoparticles were analyzed and determined by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, which detected agnps in the solution, and by nanosight lm20, which determined their average size and concentration. the synthesized agnps showed a little monodispersity in the range of 30-70 nm with a conc ...201322633901
detection of toxigenic vibrio cholerae with new multiplex pcr.vibrio cholerae (v. cholerae) is the etiological agent of epidemic cholera. in recent years, cholera has become endemic in different regions of the world. traditional culture and microscopic methods are considered the standard for the diagnosis of v. cholerae. however, these methods require days for confirmation. therefore, molecular methods that may be used for the sensitive, accurate, and rapid analysis of v. cholerae are urgently needed.201222632601
community-acquired bacterial bloodstream infections in developing countries in south and southeast asia: a systematic review.information about community-acquired bacteraemia in developing countries in south and southeast asia is scarce. we aimed to establish the case fraction of bacteraemia in febrile patients admitted to hospital. we searched four databases and identified studies of south and southeast asia published between 1990 and 2010 that prospectively assessed patients admitted to hospital and from whom a blood culture was taken. we reviewed 17 eligible studies describing 40,644 patients. pathogenic organisms w ...201222632186
antibiotic susceptibility pattern and the indicator of decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility of salmonella enterica serovar typhi isolated from dhulikhel hospital, nepal.monitoring the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) is important for efficiently managing cases of typhoid fever. in this study, the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of 114 s. typhi isolates, which were collected from a university hospital in nepal during july 2009-december 2010, were investigated by disc diffusion assays. all of the s. typhi isolates were sensitive to amoxycillin-clavulanic acid. more than 95% of the isolates were sensitive to c ...201222627312
synthesis of s-triazine-based thiazolidinones as antimicrobial agents.a novel series of thiazolidinone derivatives, namely 4-{4-dimethylamino-6-[4-oxo-2-phenyl-5-(4-pyridin-2-yl-piperazin-1-ylmethyl)-thiazolidin-3-yl]-[1,3,5]-triazin-2-yloxy}-1-methyl-1h-quinolin-2-ones, have been synthesized from the key intermediate 4-(4-amino-6-dimethylamino-[1,3,5]-triazin-2-yloxy)-1-methyl-1h-quinolin-2-one (5). compound 5 was condensed with various aldehydes to give schiff base derivatives, which after cyclization gave thiazolidinones that were linked with 1-pyridin-2-yl-pip ...201222624326
sacroiliitis due to salmonella typhi: a case report.pyogenic infections of the sacroiliac joint are observed quite rarely. the most frequent causative microorganisms are staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus species, and pseudomonas aeruginosa that are commonly found in patients under intravenous medication. in this paper, a rare sacroiliitis case that developed due to salmonella typhi is discussed.201022624143
novel polymer anchored cr(iii) schiff base complexes: synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial properties.new polymer-bound schiff bases and cr(iii) complexes have been synthesized by the reaction of 4-benzyloxybenzaldehyde, polymer-bound with 2-aminophenol, 2-amino-4-chlorophenol and 2-amino-4-methylphenol. the structure of polymeric-schiff bases and their cr(iii) complexes have been characterized by elemental analyses, magnetic measurements, ir, uv-vis, tg-dta and (1)h-nmr. all these compounds have also been investigated for antibacterial activity by the well-diffusion method against staphylococcu ...201222622060
francisella tularensis elicits il-10 via a pge₂-inducible factor, to drive macrophage march1 expression and class ii down-regulation.francisella tularensis is a bacterial pathogen that uses host-derived pge₂ to subvert the host's adaptive immune responses in multiple ways. francisella-induced pge₂ acts directly on cd4 t cells to blunt production of ifn-γ. francisella-induced pge₂ can also elicit production of a >10 kda soluble host factor termed ftmøsn (f. tularensismacrophage supernatant), which acts on ifn-γ pre-activated mø to down-regulate mhc class ii expression via a ubiquitin-dependent mechanism, blocking antigen prese ...201222615981
synthesis, characterization and in vitro antibacterial studies of organotin(iv) complexes with 2-hydroxyacetophenone-2-methylphenylthiosemicarbazone (h(2)dampt).five new organotin(iv) complexes of 2-hydroxyacetophenone-2-methylphenylthiosemicarbazone [h(2)dampt, (1)] with formula [rsncl(n-1)(dampt)] (where r = me, n = 2 (2); r = bu, n = 2 (3); r = ph, n = 2 (4); r = me(2), n = 1 (5); r = ph(2), n = 1 (6)) have been synthesized by direct reaction of h(2)dampt (1) with organotin(iv) chloride(s) in absolute methanol. the ligand (1) and its organotin(iv) complexes (2-6) were characterized by chn analyses, molar conductivity, uv-vis, ft-ir, (1)h, (13)c, and ...201222611347
early-life and contemporaneous nutritional and environmental predictors of antibody response to vaccination in young gambian adults.recent research links nutritional exposures early in life with alterations in functional immunity that persist beyond childhood. here we investigate predictors of antibody response to polysaccharide vaccines in a cohort of gambian adults with detailed records from birth and early infancy available. 320 adults were given a single dose of a vi polysaccharide vaccine for salmonella typhi and a 23-valent capsular polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine. anti-vi antibody levels and antibodies against 4 p ...201222609011
complication of salmonella bacteremia in a case of treated fungal endophthalmitis.this is to report a case of bacteremia caused by salmonella typhi in a treated unilateral fungal endogenous endophthalmitis in an 18-year-old male from one of the south asian countries. microbiological and molecular investigations were carried out on the eviscerated material and routine blood culture was carried out. direct examination of eviscerated material revealed the presence of fungal filaments. however, salmonella typhi was isolated from both specimens, which was confirmed by polymerase c ...201222606488
a gold nanoparticles based immuno-bioprobe for detection of vi capsular polysaccharide of salmonella enterica serovar typhi.a rapid and sensitive gold-nanobioprobe based immunoassay format has been presented for the detection of capsular vi polysaccharide of salmonella enterica serovar typhi (surface antigen) using anti-vi antibodies. the vi antigen was extracted from serovar typhi cells, under the optimised growth conditions for its over-expression. anti-vi antibodies were produced and conjugated with gold nanoparticles (gnps) of definite size (~30 nm), which served as the nano-bioprobe in the detection system. a sa ...201222592180
shedding light on salmonella carriers.host-to-host transmission in most salmonella serovars occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route. salmonella enterica serovar typhi is a human host-adapted pathogen and some s. typhi patients become asymptomatic carriers. these individuals excrete large numbers of the bacteria in their feces and transmit the pathogen by contaminating water or food sources. the carrier state has also been described in livestock animals and is responsible for food-borne epidemics. identification and treatment of ca ...201222591832
antimicrobial effects of psidium guajava extract as one mechanism of its antidiarrhoeal action.a morphine-like spasmolytic action (not naloxone reversible; involving the inhibition of acetylcholine release) and also effects on the transmural transport of electrolytes (na(+) and k(+)) and water have been reported as possible modes of the antidiarrhoeal action of polar fractions of psidium guajava leaf extractives. the objective for this study was to verify if the reported modes of the antidiarrhoeal action should be broadened to include direct antimicrobial actions on some of the more comm ...199922589684
typhoid and malaria co-infection - an interesting finding in the investigation of a tropical fever.malaysia is endemic for both these diseases and one should not be too surprised when faced with a diagnosis of co-infection of typhoid and malaria, as have been described in india and canada. here we describe one such case of salmonella typhi and plasmodium vivax infection.200622589607
typhoid and malaria co-infection - an interesting finding in the investigation of a tropical fever.in the investigation of fever in the tropics, two important diagnoses to be ruled out are typhoid and malaria. both cause significant morbidity, mortality and economic loss. an estimated 17 million cases of typhoid are reported worldwide each year, resulting in 0.6 million deaths. seventy five to eighty percent of these cases occur in asia alone. malaria affects 1 billion people each year; out of which 1-3 million die. although caused by very different organisms - one a gram negative bacilli, th ...200622589595
investigations of antimicrobial activity of some cameroonian medicinal plant extracts against bacteria and yeast with gastrointestinal relevance.resistance against antibiotics of many bacteria is accumulating. therefore, searches for new substances with antimicrobial activity have become an urgent necessity. medicinal plants are frequently used in popular medicine as remedies for many infectious diseases (intestinal infection, malaria, tuberculosis, etc.).201222583961
antimicrobial activity of sesbania grandiflora flower polyphenol extracts on some pathogenic bacteria and growth stimulatory effect on the probiotic organism lactobacillus acidophilus.polyphenolic extracts (pe) of edible flower of sesbania grandiflora were tested to evaluate its antimicrobial effect against some common pathogenic bacteria and growth promoting property against probiotic organism lactobacillus acidophilus. the antimicrobial activity of s. grandiflora flower pe against selected pathogens was evaluated using both in vitro and in situ methods. in vitro studies suggested that pe has inhibitory effect against staphylococcus aureus, shigella flexneri 2a, salmonella t ...201222583547
typing of salmonella typhi strains isolated from egypt by rapd pcr.pcr-based fingerprinting using random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) has been used widely for genome identification. in this study, 13 salmonella typhi strains were isolated from typhoid patients from aswan, cairo, fayoum, and monofya governorates of egypt. the isolates, along with three reference strains, i.e., o901, h901, and ty2 were subjected to whole genome typing by rapd pcr. three rapd-pcr 10-mer primers generated a total of 85 rapd bands (81 polymorphic bands), 12 distinct pcr profiles ...201222582153
adhesion to the yeast cell surface as a mechanism for trapping pathogenic bacteria by saccharomyces probiotics.recently, much attention has been given to the use of probiotics as an adjuvant for the prevention or treatment of gastrointestinal pathology. the great advantage of therapy with probiotics is that they have few side effects such as selection of resistant bacteria or disturbance of the intestinal microbiota, which occur when antibiotics are used. adhesion of pathogenic bacteria onto the surface of probiotics instead of onto intestinal receptors could explain part of the probiotic effect. thus, t ...201222580913
instability of escherichia coli r-factors in salmonella enterica serovar typhi involves formation of recombinant composite plasmid structures.in spite of a well-documented ability of samonella enterica typhi strains to receive r factors from escherichia coli and other enterobacteria, epidemiological data show that typhi is a rather poor host of antibiotic-resistance genes and in fact, of plasmids, suggesting that most of the plasmids naturally acquired by typhi strains become unstable and eventually segregate. we have previously reported evidence that each of three plasmids conjugatively transferred to s. enterica typhi experienced de ...201222579995
selection of salmonella enterica serovar typhi genes involved during interaction with human macrophages by screening of a transposon mutant library.the human-adapted salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) causes a systemic infection known as typhoid fever. this disease relies on the ability of the bacterium to survive within macrophages. in order to identify genes involved during interaction with macrophages, a pool of approximately 10(5) transposon mutants of s. typhi was subjected to three serial passages of 24 hours through human macrophages. mutants recovered from infected macrophages (output) were compared to the initial pool (in ...201222574205
high prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing pathogens: results of a surveillance study in two hospitals in ujjain, india.recent reports of the rapid evolution of bacterial resistance in india require urgent antibiotic stewardship programs. this study aimed to define the magnitude and pattern of resistance of bacterial pathogens to guide empirical therapy.201222570555
salmonella enterica serovar typhi plasmid impairs dendritic cell responses to infection.salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) evades from innate immunity by expression of a variety of pathogenic factors. the "pr(st98)" plasmid of s. typhi is involved in multidrug-resistant and virulence of s. typhi. however, its exact effect on host cell function remains elusive. dendritic cells (dcs) play an important role in shaping immune response against salmonella. for the purpose of investigation whether pr(st98) might target dcs involved in adaptive immune response, murine dcs were in ...201222569891
in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity of acorn herbal extract against some gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.the search for safe and effective antimicrobial agents, which treat, therapeutically and prophylactically, a wide variety of bacterial infections still represents a top priority for the biomedical field. this study was undertaken to investigate the antimicrobial properties of herbal extract (acorn) against bacterial pathogens in intestinal tract infections in in vitro and in vivo conditions and to study the effect of herbal extracts against bacteria in comparison with current antibiotics.201122568261
an efficient one-pot synthesis, structure, antimicrobial and antioxidant investigations of some novel quinolyldibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepinones.a highly improved one-pot procedure for the synthesis of diazepinones, which incorporate a bioactive quinoline nucleus, under catalyst-, and solvent-free environment has been developed. the method allowed us to achieve the products in high yields without requiring a chromatographic separation. all new quinolyldibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepinones 6a-h thus obtained were further treated to achieve n10-allylated products 7a-h by a simple allylation. the structure of all new synthesized compounds was estab ...201222560587
antibacterial efficacy and phytochemical observation of some indian medicinal plants.the aim of the study is to evaluate the antibacterial activity of pistacia integerrima, cedrus deodara and gymnema sylvestre against seven different microorganisms such as escherichia coli, salmonella typhi, klebsiella pneumoniae, proteus vulgaris, pseudomonas, bacillus subtillis and staphylococcus aureus by using disc diffusion method. preliminary studies with ethanol extract and water extract of plants indicated that the growth of test organism was markedly inhibited by ethanol extract of pist ...200722557236
antibacterial activity of leaf extract of abutilon indicum.chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extracts of the leaves of abutilon indicum were investigated for antibacterial activity against bacillus subtilis, staphylococcus aureus, klebsiella pneumoniae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, escherichia coli and salmonella typhi. among the various extracts, maximum antibacterial activity was exhibited by ethanol extract (14, 25, 14, 25, 17, 18 mm) followed by chloroform extract (13, 17, 8, 15, 15, 20 mm) while aqueous extract, showed no activity.200622557222
antioxidant potential of lactuca sativa.the present study is based on the evaluation of antioxidant potential of a well known plant lactuca sativa. methanolic leaf extract was investigated for in vitro inhibition of oxidative damage induced by uv-radiations to the salmonella typhi bacteria and in vivo effect on the production of body enzymes i.e. catalase and superoxide dismutase. the lipid peroxidation masurement was also done in terms of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (tbars) in blood and brain of male albino wistar rats. t ...200422557144
phytochemical and antimicrobial studies of extracts of solanum xanthocarpum.antibacterial activity pf various parts (stem, leaf and fruits) of solvent extracts (petroleum ether, alcohol and acetone) of solanum xanthocarpum against escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, salmonella typhi and bacillus cereus were detected by zone of inhibition. the extracts of solanum xanthocarpum showed high sensitivity to kiebsiella pneumoniae and salmonella typhi, moderate sensitivity to escherichia coli and less sensitivity and resistant to bacillus cereus. in control, there is no in ...200322557117
antibacterial activity of stem extracts of tinospora cordifolia (willd) hook. f & thomson.the antibacterial activity of the aqueous, ethanol and chloroform extracts from the stems of tinospora cordifolia  was studied using disc diffusion method against escherichia coil, proteus vulgaris, enterobacter faecalis, salmonella typhi (gram-negative), staphylococcus aureus and serratia marcesenses (gram-positive). results suggest that the ethanolic extract has significant antibacterial activity against tested bacteria. the present study justifies the claimed uses of tinospora cordifolia  in ...200322557111
antimicrobial activity of the roots of cocculus hirsutus.cocculus hirsutus linn was studied for antimicrobial activity against staphylococcus aureus, echerchia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa and salmonella typhi using agar disc-diffusion method. petroleum ether extract, ethanolic extract and crude alkaloidal fraction were screened for the activity in various concentrations and zone of inhibitions were recorded. results suggest that the ethanolic extract and crude alkaloidal fraction have significant antimicrobial activity against test microorganisms and ...200322557094
antimicrobial studies of some selected medicinal plants.antimicrobial activities were detected in the 80% ethanolic extract of achyranthes aspera, ficus glomerata, leucas aspera, thespesia populnea and zizyphus jujube against escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae and salmonella typhi. the treatments resulted in the formation of various inhibitory zones, in contrast to the control where no inhibitory zone was observed.200222557059
the diagnosis of typhoid fever in the democratic republic of the congo.the diagnosis of typhoid fever (tf) in kinshasa (dr congo) was assessed by on-site surveys, external quality assessment (eqa) of the widal test and a microbiological blood culture surveillance study. in 331/536 (61.8%) health facilities, clinicians diagnosed tf by clinical picture and the widal test. an eqa on the widal test consisting of three samples revealed correct scores by respectively 27.1%, 65.6% and 3.1% of 125 participating laboratories. most (80.9% of 152 laboratories) performed <100 ...201222551639
inhibitory effect of allium sativum and zingiber officinale extracts on clinically important drug resistant pathogenic bacteria.herbs and spices are very important and useful as therapeutic agent against many pathological infections. increasing multidrug resistance of pathogens forces to find alternative compounds for treatment of infectious diseases.201222540232
surface plasmon resonance immunosensor for the detection of salmonella typhi antibodies in buffer and patient serum.surface plasmon resonance (spr) immunosensor using 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-mba) modified gold spr chip was developed first time for the detection of flagellin specific antibodies of salmonella typhi (s. typhi). flagellin protein of s. typhi was prepared by recombinant dna technology. the modification of gold chip with 4-mba was in-situ characterized by spr and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. by using kinetic evaluation software, k(d) and b(max) values were calculated and found to be 26 ...201522534104
profile of travel-associated illness in children, zürich, switzerland.the number of families traveling with their children to their country of origin and/or to tropical destinations has increased in switzerland and includes a changing profile and multinational range of patients. defining the profile of reported travel-associated illnesses will help to improve the prevention and treatment of such illnesses in children.201222530822
evaluation of food protective property of five natural products using fresh-cut apple slice model.the present study evaluated the antioxidant (aa), antimicrobial and preservation effects of five plant derived natural products viz., rosmarinic acid (ra), p-coumaric acid (pca), trans-cinnamic acid (tca), hydroxyphenyllactic acid (hpa) and caffeic acid (ca) along with synthetic compounds (ascorbic acid, gallic acid, citric acid and bha) on fresh cut apple slices. antimicrobial efficacy of these compounds against bacillus licheniformis, pseudomonas vulgaris, shigella boydii, salmonella typhi, st ...201222530437
asymmetric pore occupancy in crystal structure of ompf porin from salmonella typhi.ompf is a major general diffusion porin of salmonella typhi, a gram-negative bacterium, which is an obligatory human pathogen causing typhoid. the structure of s. typhi ty21a ompf (pdb id: 3nsg) determined at 2.8 å resolution by x-ray crystallography shows a 16-stranded β-barrel with three β-barrel monomers associated to form a trimer. the packing observed in s. typhi ty21a rfompf crystals has not been observed earlier in other porin structures. the variations seen in the loop regions provide a ...201222525817
phytochemical screening, cytotoxicity and antibacterial activities of two bangladeshi medicinal plants.the objectives of the present study were to investigate phytochemical screening and to assay cytotoxicity and antibacterial activities of ethanolic extracts of leaves of two medicinal plants, aglaonema hookerianum schott (family: araceae) and lannea grandis engl. (family: anacardiaceae) available in bangladesh. the brine shrimp lethality bioassay showed that the ethanolic extracts of aglaonema hookerianum and lannea grandis possessed cytotoxic activities with lc50 5.25 (microg ml(-1)) and 5.75 ( ...201122518935
synthesis of benzimidazolyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2ylthio-n-phenyl (benzothiazolyl) acetamides as antibacterial, antifungal and antituberculosis agents.to affiliate multiple bioactivities in a compact heteronuclei, two series of benzimidazole based 1,3,4-oxadiazoles were synthesized and assessed in vitro for their efficacy as antimicrobial agents against eight bacteria (staphylococcus aureus, bacillus cereus, escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella pneumoniae, salmonella typhi, proteus vulgaris, shigella flexneri), four fungi (aspergillus niger, aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus clavatus, candida albicans) and mycobacterium tuberc ...201222516426
factors associated with encephalopathy in patients with salmonella enterica serotype typhi bacteremia presenting to a diarrheal hospital in dhaka, bangladesh.to characterize clinical correlates of typhoid fever-associated encephalopathy, we performed a retrospective chart review of patients with salmonella enterica serotype typhi bacteremia who were hospitalized at the international centre for diarrhoeal disease research, bangladesh, from february of 2009 to june of 2011. of 207 patients bacteremic with salmonella typhi who were ≥ 5 years of age, we identified 43 (21%) patients with encephalopathy. univariate analysis revealed that patients with ence ...201222492156
a bivalent vaccine to protect against streptococcus pneumoniae and salmonella typhi.pneumococcal and salmonella typhi infections are two major diseases for children in developing countries. for typhoid fever, licensed vi polysaccharide vaccines are ineffective in children <2-year old. while investigational vi conjugate vaccines have been shown effective in clinical trials, they are currently only available to restricted areas. pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide conjugate vaccines are highly effective in children, but suffer from some limitations including cost and limited ser ...201222465750
complete genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhi p-stx-12.we report here the complete genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhi p-stx-12, a clinical isolate obtained from a typhoid carrier in india.201222461552
antimicrobial activities of rhizomes of polygonatum verticillatum: attributed to its total flavonoidal and phenolic contents.the current study was undertaken to evaluate the rhizomes of polygonatum verticillatum against various pathogenic bacteria and fungi. broad spectrum antibacterial activity was demonstrated by the crude extract of the plant and its subsequent solvent fractions; predominantly against gram-negative bacteria. mics of the extracts against escherchia coli, salmonella typhi and shigella flexeneri were in the range of 1.5-40 μg/ml, 03-06 μg/ml and 03-40 μg/ml, respectively. the only sensitive gram-posit ...201222459478
evaluation of the antibacterial and antidiarrhoeal activities of heeria insignis o. ktze.heeria insignis o. ktze (anacardiaceae) is an indigenous african shrub used in treatment of diarrhea, venereal diseases, tapeworm, hookworm, schistosomiasis, kidney trouble and for increasing lactation in women after childbirth. the methanol and dichloromethane extracts of the leaves were evaluated for antibacterial activity (using agar-diffusion method) and antidairrheal activity (using isolated rabbit jejunum and castor-oil induced diarrhea in mice). the methanol extract gave higher antibacter ...201122457562
typhoid fever & vaccine development: a partially answered question.typhoid fever is a systemic disease caused by the human specific gram-negative pathogen salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi). the extra-intestinal infections caused by salmonella are very fatal. the incidence of typhoid fever remains very high in impoverished areas and the emergence of multidrug resistance has made the situation worse. to combat and to reduce the morbidity and mortality caused by typhoid fever, many preventive measures and strategies have been employed, the most importan ...201222446857
automated pangenomic analysis in target selection for pcr detection and identification of bacteria by use of ssgenefinder webserver and its application to salmonella enterica serovar typhi.with the advent of high-throughput dna sequencing, more than 4,000 bacterial genomes have been sequenced and are publicly available. we report a user-friendly web platform, ssgenefinder webserver (http://147.8.74.24/ssgenefinder/), which is updated weekly for the automated pangenomic selection of specific targets for direct pcr detection and the identification of clinically important bacteria without the need of gene sequencing. to apply the ssgenefinder webserver for identifying specific target ...201222442318
salmonella enterica serovar typhi strain producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases in dhaka, bangladesh. 201222442289
preparation and evaluation of immunogenic conjugates of salmonella enterica serovar typhi o-specific polysaccharides with diphtheria toxoid.typhoid fever, caused by salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi), is a major health problem particularly in developing countries. the available vaccines have certain limitations regarding their efficacy, and inability to induce an immune response especially in individuals under 2 years of age. conjugate vaccines which consist of a bacteria-specific polysaccharide chemically bound to a carrier protein overcome these problems by inducing a t-cell dependent immune response characterized by enh ...201222426380
use of rapidchek® select™ salmonella to detect shedding of live attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhi vaccine strains.identification of individuals shedding salmonella enterica serovar typhi in stool is imperative during clinical trial safety evaluations. recovery of live attenuated s. typhi vaccine strains can be difficult because the mutations necessary for safety in humans often compromise survival in stringent selective enrichment media. rapidchek® select™ salmonella is a highly sensitive detection method for s. enterica species which utilizes a bacteriophage cocktail designed to reduce the growth of compet ...201222425882
survival of salmonella typhi and shigella dysenteriae in dehydrated infant formula.powdered infant formula has previously been linked to the transmission of various bacterial pathogens in infants resulting in life-threatening disease and death. survival studies of 2 common foodborne pathogens, salmonella enterica serovar typhi and shigella dysenteriae, in powdered infant formula have not been previously studied despite the potentially devastating consequences from ingestion of these organisms, particularly by newborns, in case of a natural or deliberate contamination event. th ...201122417504
the antimicrobial activities of processed nigerian and south african black tea.the antibacterial activity of processed nigerian lipton tea and south african 5 roses tea, extracted using distilled water, chloroform and 70% ethanol were determined against nine (9) enteropathogenic bacteria which includes; bacillus subtilis, proteus sp, enterobacter sp., klebsiella pneumoniae, escherichia coli, salmonella typhi, salmonella paratyphi a, salmonella arizona and staphylococcus aureus. the 2 tea bags, nigerian lipton tea bag and the south african 5 roses tea bag were extracted thr ...201022416657
[septic arthritis of hip due to salmonella typhi in a patient with multiple sclerosis].the most common microorganisms isolated from septic arthritis are staphylococcus aureus and streptoccocci. septic arthritis due to salmonella spp. are rare and the most commonly isolated species are s.choleraesuis and s.typhimurium. however the number of septic arthritis cases due to s.typhi is low in literature. in this report, septic arthritis of hip due to s.typhi in a multiple sclerosis patient who was under steroid therapy, was presented. a 25-year-old female patient was admitted to our cli ...201222399179
antibacterial activity of clarithromycin loaded plga nanoparticles.novel drug delivery systems such as nanoparticles (nps) have been proved to enhance the effectiveness of many drugs. clarithromycin is a broad spectrum macrolide antibiotic, used in many infectious conditions like upper and lower respiratory tract infections, and skin and other soft tissue infections. this paper describes the preparation and enhanced in vitro antibacterial activities of clarithromycin loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (plga) nanoparticles. a modified quasi-emulsion solvent d ...201222393833
[major salmonellosis in benin].although salmonellosis is a common endemo-epidemic disease in benin, there is a paucity of data about it. the purpose of this cross-sectional study was to determine the incidence of major salmonellosis requiring hospitalizaton and to describe its epidemiological, clinical, and serologic features as well as treatment and outcome. consecutive cases observed at the medical department of parakou university hospital in benin between january 1, 2005 and december 31 2007 were included. salmonellosis wa ...201122393642
highly resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhi with a novel gyra mutation raises questions about the long-term efficacy of older fluoroquinolones for treating typhoid fever.as a consequence of multidrug resistance, clinicians are highly dependent on fluoroquinolones for treating the serious systemic infection typhoid fever. while reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones, which lessens clinical efficacy, is becoming ubiquitous, comprehensive resistance is exceptional. here we report ofloxacin treatment failure in typhoidal patient infected with a novel, highly fluoroquinolone-resistant isolate of salmonella enterica serovar typhi. the isolation of this organism ha ...201222371897
a selected probiotic strain of lactobacillus fermentum cm33 isolated from breast-fed infants as a potential source of β-galactosidase for prebiotic oligosaccharide synthesis.lactic acid bacteria from healthy breast-fed infants were isolated and screened for β-galactosidase production in mrs broth. among 49 isolates that exhibited the yellow clear zone on mrs agar supplemented with bromocresol blue, the isolate cm33 was selected as being the highest β-galactosidase producer and was identified as lactobacillus fermentum based on its morphological characteristics and 16s rdna nucleotide sequence. l. fermentum cm33 exhibited a good survival rate under the simulated stom ...201222367946
repression of salmonella enterica phop expression by small molecules from physiological bile.infection with salmonella enterica serovar typhi in humans causes the life-threatening disease typhoid fever. in the laboratory, typhoid fever can be modeled through the inoculation of susceptible mice with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. using this murine model, we previously characterized the interactions between salmonella typhimurium and host cells in the gallbladder and showed that this pathogen can successfully invade gallbladder epithelial cells and proliferate. additionally, we ...201222366421
salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi a: an emerging cause of febrile illness in nepal.with an aim to evaluate the isolation rate and antibiotic susceptibility pattern in salmonella enterica serovar typhi and s. paratyphi a, 656 blood samples collected from clinically diagnosed enteric fever patients at national public health laboratory, nepal during january through december 2008 were processed. isolates were identified by standard microbiological procedures including serotyping. antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concen ...201122364084
the burden of invasive bacterial infections in pemba, zanzibar.we conducted a surveillance study to determine the leading causes of bloodstream infection in febrile patients seeking treatment at three district hospitals in pemba island, zanzibar, tanzania, an area with low malaria transmission.201222363426
a large outbreak of typhoid fever associated with a high rate of intestinal perforation in kasese district, uganda, 2008-2009.salmonella enterica serovar typhi (salmonella typhi) causes an estimated 22 million typhoid fever cases and 216 000 deaths annually worldwide. in africa, the lack of laboratory diagnostic capacity limits the ability to recognize endemic typhoid fever and to detect outbreaks. we report a large laboratory-confirmed outbreak of typhoid fever in uganda with a high proportion of intestinal perforations (ips).201222357703
multidrug-resistant typhoid fever with neurologic findings on the malawi-mozambique border.salmonella enterica serovar typhi causes an estimated 22 million cases of typhoid fever and 216 000 deaths annually worldwide. we investigated an outbreak of unexplained febrile illnesses with neurologic findings, determined to be typhoid fever, along the malawi-mozambique border.201222357702
isolation and characterization of lactobacillus salivarius mtc 1026 as a potential probiotic.researchers are becoming more interested in studying probiotics at present due to their benefit to human and animal health. in this study, newly isolated strains from human feces were evaluated for probiotic properties. a total of sixty isolated strains were collected from feces and six out of sixty isolated strains could inhibit the growth of salmonella typhi and salmonella typhimurium. the strain which gave the best inhibitory effect was selected for further characterization as a probiotic str ...201122353742
evaluation of the current trend of nalidixic acid susceptibility in typhoidal salmonellae; a marker of therapeutic failure for the fluoroquinolones.typhoid is a major health problem faced by the developing countries like pakistan. more than 20 million cases are reported annually worldwide. currently fluoroquinolones are the drugs of choice to treat typhoid fever. in vivo resistance to fluoroquinolones leading to therapeutic failure is developing rapidly and is becoming a major concern for the clinicians. the objective of this study was to determine the sensitivity pattern of nalidixic acid over the last four years201122347587
transcriptional regulation of the asst-dsbl-dsbi gene cluster in salmonella enterica serovar typhi imss-1 depends on leuo, h-ns, and specific growth conditions.the asst gene encodes an arylsulfate sulfotransferase, an enzyme that catalyzes sulfuryl transfer from phenolic sulfate to a phenolic acceptor. in salmonella enterica serovar typhi imss-1, the asst gene is located upstream of the dsbl and dsbi genes, which are involved in a disulfide bond formation required for its activation. the asst-dsbl-dsbi gene cluster forms an operon transcribed by a leuo-dependent promoter, in rich medium a (ma). interestingly, in the absence of cloned leuo and in a δleu ...201222343301
nested polymerase chain reaction for early diagnosis of typhoid fever.typhoid fever, caused by salmonella typhi, is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in many developing countries. a rapid and sensitive method for the detection of s. typhi is essential for early diagnosis. this was a study to prospectively evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to identify the s. typhi using flagellin gene related primers. the study was carried out in the department of microbiology, mymensingh medical college, mymensingh betwe ...201222314449
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