Publications

infections with chlamydia pneumoniae strain twar.	chlamydia pneumoniae has recently been recognized as an important cause of respiratory tract disease, including atypical pneumonia. serosurveys suggest that c. pneumoniae is endemic in most countries and is capable of causing outbreaks and epidemics of pneumonia, especially in countries where the antibody prevalence is relatively low. the population incidence of infection appears to be cyclical, with approximately 4-year cycles in the us (seattle) and 6-year cycles in denmark having been demonst ...	1991	1855369
cloning and sequence analysis of the major outer membrane protein gene of chlamydia psittaci 6bc.	the gene encoding the major outer membrane protein (momp) of the psittacine chlamydia psittaci strain 6bc was cloned and sequenced. n-terminal protein sequencing of the mature momp indicated that it is posttranslationally processed at a site identical to the site previously identified in the momp of chlamydia trachomatis l2. the nucleotide sequence of the c. psittaci 6bc momp gene was found to be 67 to 68% identical to those of human c. trachomatis strains, 73% identical to that of chlamydia pne ...	1991	1856001
culture-confirmed pneumonia due to chlamydia pneumoniae.	diagnosis of infection caused by chlamydia pneumoniae, a newly recognized respiratory pathogen, has proved difficult. between july 1987 and april 1988, culture and serologic tests for c. pneumoniae were done on specimens from 49 patients with pneumonia seen at an atlanta hospital emergency room. cultures from 3 patients (6%) grew c. pneumoniae. genus-specific chlamydia complement fixation titers and microimmunofluorescence titers for c. pneumoniae were suggestive of acute infection in all 3 cult ...	1991	1856489
chlamydia pneumoniae--a new important respiratory pathogen.		1991	1858416
community-acquired pneumonia: the clinical dilemma.	community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is the sixth most common cause of death in the united states. despite its frequency and mortality, specific etiologic diagnosis remains a major clinical challenge. the organisms most commonly implicated in cap are streptococcus pneumoniae, mycoplasma pneumoniae, legionella pneumophila, haemophilus influenzae, chlamydia pneumoniae (twar), and viruses. clinical and radiographic criteria have proven to be of little value in determining the etiology of cap. laborat ...	1991	1861271
genetic diversity and identification of human infection by amplification of the chlamydial 60-kilodalton cysteine-rich outer membrane protein gene.	the 60-kda cysteine-rich outer membrane protein genes of chlamydia psittaci, chlamydia pneumoniae, and chlamydia trachomatis have very different 5' ends, but two areas flanking this variable region show absolute sequence conservation. this observation permitted differentiation of the three species of chlamydia by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr), forming the basis of a diagnostic test for chlamydial infections. the pcr product containing the variable region of the respective 60-kda crp genes ...	1991	1864938
chlamydia pneumoniae infections in norway 1981-87 earlier diagnosed as ornithosis.	ornithosis has been a notifiable disease in norway since 1957. during an outbreak of respiratory disease in 1981-82, described as ornithosis, contact with birds was stated in only 50% of the cases, suggesting that the infection was spread by interhuman transmission. a similar outbreak occurred in the western part of norway in 1987. serum specimens from altogether 260 patients, collected during the outbreaks in 1981-82 and in 1987, were investigated for antibodies against chlamydia pneumoniae (st ...	1991	1882195
chlamydia pneumoniae respiratory tract infection: the interpretation of high titres in the complement fixation test.	sera from 5 acute respiratory disease patients from northern norway presenting with high chlamydia complement fixation (cf) titres, were analyzed for chlamydia pneumoniae-specific igg and igm in a micro-immunofluorescence (micro-if) test that included antigens from the prototype strain tw 183, and a norwegian isolate, fml 10. the patients were confirmed to have had c. pneumoniae infection based on serologic findings. this establishes the clinical significance of early cf results in this geograph ...	1991	1882196
endemic prevalence of chlamydia pneumoniae in subjectively healthy persons.	subjectively healthy persons were investigated for the presence of chlamydia pneumoniae (twar) with throat cultures using the hl (human lung) cell line. c. pneumoniae was isolated from 11/234 investigated persons.	1991	1882203
antigenic variation among strains of chlamydia pneumoniae.	the antigenic profiles of six strains of chlamydia pneumoniae were analyzed by the microimmunofluorescence test (mif) and immunoblotting with human serum and murine monoclonal antibody. mif-derived antibody titers in serum samples from culture-positive patients were four- to eightfold higher against autologous isolate antigen than they were against the prototype antigen strain tw-183. sera of patients with respiratory illness that were culture negative and complement fixation positive for chlamy ...	1991	1885727
chlamydia pneumoniae elementary body antigenic reactivity with fluorescent antibody is destroyed by methanol.	methanol, used for fixing chlamydia organisms to microscopic slides, was shown to eliminate the antigenic reactivity of chlamydia pneumoniae elementary bodies with fluorescent antibodies. acetone fixation had no adverse effect. chlamydia trachomatis and chlamydia psittaci were not affected by methanol fixation. the effect of methanol on c. pneumoniae is another characteristic that differentiates this species from the other two chlamydia species.	1991	1885752
prevalence of antibody to chlamydia pneumoniae twar in japan.	chlamydia pneumoniae twar is a newly recognized chlamydia species that is a pathogen of respiratory tract infection. to clarify the endemic status of c. pneumoniae in japan, we evaluated the incidence of c. pneumoniae antibody in 1,330 serum samples (660 from outpatients, 600 from normal individuals, and 70 from cord blood). the antibody titer was determined by a microimmunofluorescence test by using the elementary body of c. pneumoniae tw-183 as the antigen. immunoglobulin g antibody titers of ...	1991	1890183
role of chlamydia pneumoniae in acute chest syndrome of sickle cell disease.	children with sickle cell disease and acute chest syndrome were investigated for infection with chlamydia pneumoniae and mycoplasma pneumoniae. of 30 patients who had 32 episodes of acute chest syndrome, four (13%) had c. pneumoniae isolated from the nasopharynx; two of these also had serologic evidence of acute infection, and one had positive nasopharyngeal isolates on two subsequent occasions during the course of 1 year with stable, elevated titers of anti-c. pneumoniae igg, suggesting chronic ...	1991	1898750
chlamydia pneumoniae (strain twar) isolated from two symptom-free children during evaluation for possible sexual assault.		1991	1919891
atypical pneumonias. clinical diagnosis and empirical treatment.	atypical pathogens play an important role in the pathogenesis of community-acquired pneumonias. early definitive diagnosis is often difficult. careful attention must be given to the patient's history and other diagnostic clues. when a specific pathogen seems very likely to be the cause, appropriate and cost-effective empirical therapy is best accomplished with a single-drug regimen. however, when typical and atypical pathogens are suspected, combination drug therapy is preferred until the diagno ...	1991	1924018
the incidence of chlamydia pneumoniae lower respiratory tract infections among university students in northern california.	chlamydia pneumoniae has recently been identified as a cause of lower respiratory tract infections. from march 1987 to march 1988, 259 university students-151 students with lower respiratory tract infections and 108 controls-from the university of california, berkeley, were studied to determine the incidence and pattern of c pneumoniae lower respiratory tract infections. serologic evidence of a recent c pneumoniae infection was found in less than 2%, and the organism was not isolated from any of ...	1991	1926842
case report: chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonia in an hiv-infected man.	we report a case of an hiv-infected adult with chlamydia pneumoniae. our patient presented with a clinical picture suggestive of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), but did not respond to empiric anti-pcp therapy. the diagnosis was eventually confirmed by bronchoscopy and serology. c. pneumoniae pneumonia should be considered in the differential of pathogens that cause interstitial infiltrates in hiv-infected persons.	1991	1928225
chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonia with pleural effusion: diagnosis by culture.	a case of chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonia with pleural effusion in an otherwise healthy 19-year-old man is described. diagnosis was made by serologic means as well as by culture of both the nasopharynx and the pleural fluid.	1991	1951390
[chlamydia pneumoniae].		1991	1954266
atypical pneumonia.	the atypical pneumonia syndrome usually implies a benign illness where systemic complaints predominate over respiratory symptoms. cough is prominent; chest radiographic findings are varied. many organisms are associated with this syndrome. mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydia psittaci, chlamydia pneumoniae, coxiella burnetii, and francisella tularensis are reviewed in this article.	1991	1955701
in-vitro susceptibility of chlamydia pneumoniae (twar) to seven antibiotics.	a modification of an immunofluorescence method previously used to study the in-vitro antimicrobial susceptibilities of chlamydia trachomatis was used to investigate the activity of seven antimicrobials against a strain of c. pneumoniae. our results differed from those obtained by other workers, so we modified our original method and repeated the study. adding antimicrobial to pre-infected cells gave higher mics and mlcs than when cells were infected in the presence of the antimicrobials, and thi ...	1991	1960121
sequence analysis of the gene encoding the chlamydia pneumoniae dnak protein homolog.	the antigen-coding region of a 4.2-kb psti fragment of chlamydia pneumoniae (plc3), which encodes a 75-kda immunoreactive protein recognized during human c. pneumoniae infection, was localized to a 2.0-kb ecori fragment. this subclone expressed an immunoreactive fusion protein of ca. 82 kda. nucleotide sequence analysis of the c. pneumoniae gene revealed that it consisted of a 1,980-base open reading frame with an inferred 71,550-da protein of 660 amino acids. putative escherichia coli-like prom ...	1991	1987088
prevalence of chlamydia pneumoniae in japan.		1991	1988529
etiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections in gambian children: ii. acute lower respiratory tract infection in children ages one to nine years presenting at the hospital.	seventy-four children ages 1 to 9 years hospitalized because of severe pneumonia were investigated using blood cultures, lung aspirates, nasopharyngeal aspirates, serology and antigen detection procedures. a bacterial infection was identified in 57 (77%), a viral infection was seen in 25 (34%) and 18 (24%) had mixed viral-bacterial infections. the bacterial pathogens most frequently identified were streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae found in 61 and 15% of patients, respectively. ...	1991	2003054
isolation of chlamydia pneumoniae from the lungs of patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.	chlamydia pneumoniae is being recognized as a common cause of respiratory tract infections. bronchoalveolar lavage specimens from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients were examined by culture for this pathogen. of 50 specimens examined, 5 (10%) were positive for c. pneumoniae. four of these (80%) were also positive for other pathogens frequently implicated as causes of respiratory disease in this patient population. c. pneumoniae may frequently inhabit the respiratory tracts of human i ...	1991	2007649
infection with chlamydia pneumoniae in brooklyn.	of 91 children and adults with lower respiratory tract infection, 17 (18.7%) had evidence of infection with chlamydia pneumoniae. infection was more common in older adolescents and adults than in children. only 3 of 8 culture-positive patients with paired sera had serologic evidence of acute infection. two patients were culture positive over a 12-month period. two other culture-positive patients had evidence of coinfection with other bacterial respiratory tract pathogens, which in these cases ap ...	1991	2010629
chlamydia trachomatis and chlamydia pneumoniae bind specifically to phosphatidylethanolamine in hela cells and to galnac beta 1-4gal beta 1-4glc sequences-found in asialo-gm1 and asial-gm2.	to examine the possible role of lipids as adhesion receptors for infection, chlamydia trachomatis and chlamydia pneumoniae were labeled with 125i and layered on thin-layer chromatograms (tlc) of separated lipids isolated from target cells, and bound bacteria were detected by autoradiography. elementary bodies from both species bound specifically and with high affinity to one lipid in hela 229 cells. purification of this receptor by column chromatography on deae sepharose followed by continuous p ...	1991	2025240
chlamydia pneumoniae strain twar antibody and angiographically demonstrated coronary artery disease.	a recent case-control study from finland reported a strong association between high antibody titers to chlamydia pneumoniae, strain twar, and both chronic coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction. the current case-control study investigated the relation between c. pneumoniae immunoglobulin g antibody titers and angiographically diagnosed coronary artery disease. cases (n = 461) were angiography patients with at least one coronary artery lesion occupying at least 50% of the luminal ...	1991	2029495
nucleotide sequence and taxonomic value of the major outer membrane protein gene of chlamydia pneumoniae iol-207.	chlamydia pneumoniae iol-207 genomic dna was hybridized with a 1.5 kb labelled dna probe containing the 3' region of the coding sequence for the major outer membrane protein (momp) of c. trachomatis serovar l1. an 8.5 kb bg/ii fragment containing the complete momp gene was cloned into lambda embl3. two hybridizing ecori fragments were sub-cloned into the lambda zap ii cloning vector and the resulting plasmids were used as templates for sequencing both strands of the c. pneumoniae momp gene. comp ...	1991	2033374
[respiratory tract diseases due to chlamydia pneumoniae].	a newly recognized chlamydial species, chlamydia pneumoniae causes acute respiratory infections including pneumonia, bronchitis and pharyngitis. in this paper, eight cases of bronchitis and tonsillitis associated with c. pneumoniae are presented. three cases came to the clinic because of persistent cough and productive sputum. c. pneumoniae was isolated from sputum of a patient and cultured in hela 229 cells. other two patients were diagnosed serologically; antibodies were measured by microimmun ...	1991	2040912
[prevalence of chlamydia pneumoniae infection among pneumonias in a sample of spanish hospital population].	the importance of chlamydia pneumoniae as a cause of respiratory tract infection in humans has been shown recently. there is no data in mediterranean countries about c. pneumoniae infection.	1991	2041399
[erythema nodosum in chlamydia pneumoniae infection].	chlamydia pneumonia is now recognized as a species of the chlamydia genus distinct from c psittaci and c trachomatis species. it is a common cause of pneumonia and other acute respiratory tract infections. we describe a patient with erythema nodosum secondary to infection with c pneumoniae. since this agent usually causes a mild illness, with no distinct clinical findings, we recommend adding serological tests for c pneumoniae to other relevant laboratory investigations in patients with erythema ...	1991	2042158
sequence analysis and lipid modification of the cysteine-rich envelope proteins of chlamydia psittaci 6bc.	the envelopes of elementary bodies of chlamydia spp. consist largely of disulfide-cross-linked major outer membrane protein (momp) and two cysteine-rich proteins (crps). the momp gene of chlamydia psittaci 6bc has been sequenced previously, and the genes encoding the small and large crps from this strain were cloned and sequenced in this study. the crp genes were found to be tandemly arranged on the chlamydial chromosome but could be independently expressed in escherichia coli. the deduced 87-am ...	1991	2050637
association of chlamydia pneumoniae (strain twar) infection with wheezing, asthmatic bronchitis, and adult-onset asthma.	objective--to study the clinical characteristics of respiratory tract illness caused by chlamydia pneumoniae.	1991	2056624
[prevalence of antibodies to chlamydia pneumoniae (strain twar) and other chlamydia in japan].	chlamydia pneumoniae (strain twar), the new third species of genus chlamydia, is emerging as an important human respiratory pathogen in western countries. however, little is known about it in japan. in this study, 1330 serum samples were tested for seroprevalence of three species of genus chlamydia including c. pneumoniae in hiroshima. microimmunofluorescence test was used to measure serum igg antibody, and formalin fixed elementary bodies of c. trachomatis, c. psittaci, and c. pneumoniae were u ...	1991	2066586
[recovery of chlamydia pneumoniae and chlamydia trachomatis in a patient with recurrent tonsillitis, bronchitis and otitis media with effusion].	we report a case of recurrent tonsillitis and otitis media with effusion (ome) from which chlamydia trachomatis was isolated. chlamydia pneumoniae, a newly recognized species of chlamydia, was also recovered from the tonsillar and bronchial swabs. a 8-year-old girl was seen on february 23, 1988, because of a running nose, a productive cough and bilateral hearing difficulty. she had a history of recurrent tonsillitis. the diagnosis was acute sinusitis with tubal obstruction, then cefixime was pre ...	1991	2066607
detection of chlamydia trachomatis in clinical specimens by the polymerase chain reaction.	sequences derived from the endogenous plasmid of chlamydia trachomatis and from the genes coding for ribosomal 16s rna of chlamydia psittaci were used as primers and oligonucleotide probes for detection of chlamydiae by the polymerase chain reaction. the endogenous plasmid primers generated specific amplified products of 517 bp with all known chlamydia trachomatis serovars. no specific products of chlamydia psittaci and chlamydia pneumoniae could be detected using these primers. with the rrna pr ...	1990	2073896
the sore throat. when to investigate and when to prescribe.	sore throats are most commonly due to infections, many of which are viral and do not require specific treatment. symptoms and signs of the common cold, influenza or croup, the occurrence of conjunctivitis in some adenoviral infections, generalised lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly in glandular fever or the presence of vesicles characteristic of herpangina (coxsackie a virus) or of herpes simplex infection, occasionally enable a clinical diagnosis and avoid the need for antibiotic therapy. in the ...	1990	2079000
the in-vitro antibiotic susceptibility of chlamydia pneumoniae.	a cell culture technique was used to test the in-vitro susceptibility of the type strain of chlamydia pneumoniae to 23 antibiotics including macrolides, tetracyclines and quinolones. the activity of the antibiotics tested was similar to previous findings with c. trachomatis. clarythromycin had the lowest mic overall (0.007 mg/l). other macrolides were found to have similar mics to erythromycin (0.06 mg/l). both the macrolides and the tetracyclines were more active than the quinolones. it is prop ...	1990	2081718
amino acid requirements for growth of chlamydia pneumoniae in cell cultures: growth enhancement by lysine or methionine depletion.	amino acid requirements for growth of two isolates of chlamydia pneumoniae were studied and compared with those for one strain of chlamydia trachomatis in a hela 229 cell culture. it was shown that among 13 amino acids in eagle minimum essential medium, c. pneumoniae required all amino acids except lysine. a true requirement for arginine, isoleucine, leucine, threonine, and valine could not be determined because depletion of 100% of these amino acids caused cell detachment. consequently, a requi ...	1990	2116442
[osler's endocarditis possibly caused by chlamydia pneumoniae (twar stain)].		1990	2141163
[a case of pneumonia caused by chlamydia pneumoniae, strain twar].	a case of pneumonia caused by c. pneumoniae, strain twar is described in this paper. a 65 year-old male with a persistent dry cough was admitted to our division for left lower lobe infiltrates of the chest x-ray. the serum antibody titers against mycoplasma and some viruses were not elevated, but the serum antibody titers against twar reached the maximum level (igg x 1024, iga x 256) using microplate immunofluorescence antibody technique (mfa). isolation of twar was tried by bal and nasophalingi ...	1990	2169505
a new respiratory tract pathogen: chlamydia pneumoniae strain twar.	chlamydia pneumoniae strain twar, the new third species of chlamydia, is a common cause of pneumonia and other acute respiratory tract infections. about 10% of hospitalized and outpatient pneumonia cases have been associated with twar infection. twar is among the four or five most commonly identified causes of all pneumonia. most twar infections are mild or asymptomatic, but occasionally severe pneumonia with death has been observed. laboratory diagnosis is not generally available. vigorous trea ...	1990	2181028
[studies on chlamydia pneumoniae, strain twar, infection. i. experimental infection of c. pneumoniae in mice and serum antibodies against twar by mfa].	six to seven-week-old icr mice were inoculated intranasally with c. pneumoniae tw-183 strain and observed for sickness and death. the inoculated mice showed weakness within the 1st day and decrease in weight were observed, however, mice were cured within 7 days after inoculation. no death was observed. histopathological studies of the mice lungs clearly revealed interstitial pneumonitis on the 3rd day and parenchymal pneumoniae on the 5th day after inoculation. pathological changes were, however ...	1990	2186158
use of hl cells for improved isolation and passage of chlamydia pneumoniae.	we compared growth of the recently discovered respiratory pathogen chlamydia pneumoniae in mccoy, hela 229, bhk-21, and hl cells. when cells were not pretreated with deae-dextran, hl cells had significantly higher mean numbers of inclusion-forming units (ifus) on initial inoculation than the other cell lines. when cells were pretreated with deae-dextran, hela 229 and hl cells had equivalent mean numbers of ifus on initial inoculation. hl cells had strikingly higher mean numbers of ifus in passag ...	1990	2191013
prevalence of antibodies to chlamydia pneumoniae in a pediatric hospital population in belgium.	to evaluate the prevalence of antibodies to chlamydia pneumoniae in a pediatric hospital population, 207 patients admitted to the pediatric unit of the hospital during the period january to april 1989 were screened. a microimmunofluorescence test was used to measure both chlamydia pneumoniae specific total antibody and igm antibody. fifty-eight (28%) patients were found to have antibodies to chlamydia pneumoniae. only one serum contained specific igm. analysis of the age specific prevalence of a ...	1990	2197093
new and emerging etiologies for community-acquired pneumonia with implications for therapy. a prospective multicenter study of 359 cases.	three hundred fifty-nine consecutive patients with community-acquired pneumonia admitted to university, community, and va hospitals underwent a standardized evaluation, including specialized tests for legionella spp. and chlamydia pneumoniae (twar). the most common underlying illnesses were immunosuppression (36.3%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (32.4%), and malignancy (28.4%). the most frequent etiologic agents were streptococcus pneumoniae (15.3%) and hemophilus influenzae (10.9%). su ...	1990	2205784
[studies on chlamydia pneumoniae, strain twar infection. 2. seroepidemiology of twar on healthy controls and patients with acute respiratory infections].	to determine of chlamydia pneumoniae, twar infection is common in japan. the author performed a spot antibody prevalence study of adults and children living in okayama prefecture. this study was carried out by microplate immunofluorescence antibody technique (mfa) using in situ inclusions of chlamydia pneumoniae (tw-183), chlamydia trachomatis (l2) and chlamydia psittaci (cal 10) as antigens respectively. and each chlamydial antiserum igg, iga, igm titers were determined by the dilution and poin ...	1990	2212768
diagnosis of chlamydia trachomatis cervical infection by detection of amplified dna with an enzyme immunoassay.	a sensitive and specific system for detection of amplified chlamydia trachomatis dna from cervical specimens by fluorometric quantitation in an enzyme immunoassay (eia) format (polymerase chain reaction [pcr]-eia) is described. the primers selected for pcr-amplified dna were from the 15 serovars of c. trachomatis and two strains of chlamydia pneumoniae (twar). one strain of chlamydia psittaci (borg) was not amplified. one hundred four previously cultured cervical specimens were evaluated. forty- ...	1990	2229379
transmission of chlamydia pneumoniae in young children in a japanese family.	chlamydia pneumoniae strain twar was isolated from the respiratory tract of a 5-year-old girl suffering from pneumonia. the igm and igg antibody titers to twar were 1:32 and 1:128, respectively. cultures and serology for other common bacterial and viral respiratory pathogens were negative. although she was treated with 35 mg/kg/day rokitamycin, twar was repeatedly isolated after treatment. her 3-year-old sister developed acute bronchitis, and twar was isolated from her nasopharynx. she was treat ...	1990	2230271
ofloxacin treatment of chlamydia pneumoniae (strain twar) lower respiratory tract infections.	limited data suggest that tetracycline or erythromycin is the antibiotic of choice for treating chlamydia pneumoniae infection, but they are not always effective or well tolerated. because the fluoroquinolone ofloxacin is effective for chlamydia trachomatis infections, we investigated its role in treating c. pneumoniae infections.	1990	2252040
epidemiological and clinical aspects on infections due to chlamydia pneumoniae (strain twar).	recently a new species of chlamydia has been recognized and named chlamydia pneumoniae, strain twar. this organism has now been causally associated with respiratory infections in humans. serosurveys demonstrate the universal distribution of this pathogen all over the world. the antibody prevalences increase from a few per cent in pre-school children to 20-30% in teenagers. they then increase at a slower rate with prevalences of 40-60% in adults. antibodies to the twar strains have so far been de ...	1990	2263898
structural and antigenic analysis of chlamydia pneumoniae.	several isolates of chlamydia pneumoniae were compared with each other and to chlamydia trachomatis and chlamydia psittaci by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblots. protein profiles of the c. pneumoniae isolates appeared to be the same and were distinct from the other chlamydia species. a 39.5-kilodalton (kda) protein, similar in molecular weight to the major outer membrane proteins (momp) of c. trachomatis and c. psittaci, was found in the sarkosyl-insoluble ...	1990	2294060
immunological specificity of monoclonal antibodies to chlamydia psittaci ovine abortion strain.	fifty-one monoclonal antibodies were prepared by two different techniques against chlamydia psittaci strain a22 isolated from an ovine abortion. these antibodies were tested for reactivity by the indirect immunofluorescent antibody technique with eleven reference chlamydia strains (nine c. psittaci, one chlamydia trachomatis and one chlamydia pneumoniae). four classes of specificity were recognized for monoclonal antibodies: genus, species, subspecies and type specificity. the type-specific mono ...	1990	2307492
a study of human respiratory tract chlamydial infections in cambridgeshire 1986-88.	human respiratory tract chlamydial infections have been studied in cambridgeshire for many years, but until recently we have been unable to distinguish between infection with chlamydia psittaci or chlamydia pneumoniae (twar). in this study, we have employed the micro-immunofluorescence (micro-if) test for this purpose and to look for the relative incidence of c. psittaci and c. pneumoniae infections in cambridgeshire. among 50 patients with community-acquired respiratory tract symptoms whose ser ...	1990	2347386
seroepidemiology of chlamydia in costa rica.	a population-based study of the sero-epidemiology of chlamydia was performed among a nationally representative sample of 760 costa rican women aged 25 to 59 years. interviews and sera collection were completed between september 1984 and february 1985. the overall seroprevalence of chlamydial antibodies among these women was 56.1%. women 25 to 39 years of age had a seroprevalence of 51.1%, while women 40 to 59 years of age had a seroprevalence of 64.2%. women who reported no prior sexual activity ...	1990	2370061
chlamydia pneumoniae strain twar, mycoplasma pneumoniae, and viral infections in acute respiratory disease in a university student health clinic population.	clinical and serologic data were collected on 667 university of washington students who presented to the david hall student health center between 1983 and 1987 with acute respiratory disease. sera were tested for evidence of acute or past infections with chlamydia pneumoniae strain twar, chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasma pneumoniae, influenza a virus, influenza b virus, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. pharyngeal swab specimens were cultured for c. pneumoniae and c. trachomatis, but ...	1990	2372005
serological response to chlamydia pneumoniae infection.	the human serological response was analyzed by using sera from patients who were serologically positive but isolation negative for chlamydia pneumoniae and from patients with proven c. pneumoniae infection based on serology and isolation. to assess whether seroreactivity to c. pneumoniae proteins had potential diagnostic value, the cross-reactivities of these sera to other chlamydia species and of sera from patients infected with c. trachomatis and c. psittaci to c. pneumoniae proteins were dete ...	1990	2380354
a sensitive cell line, hl cells, for isolation and propagation of chlamydia pneumoniae strain twar.	the sensitivity of a human line, hl cells, for growth of chlamydia pneumonia was compared with hela 229 cells using laboratory-adapted and wild strains. hl cells were more sensitive for growth of hela-adapted c. pneumoniae strains and more sensitive for isolation of the organism from patient specimens. adaptation of new isolates to continuous cell culture growth has been much more successful in hl cells. centrifugation of inoculum and incorporation of cycloheximide in the medium enhanced the inf ...	1990	2387999
isolation of chlamydia pneumoniae from middle ear aspirates of otitis media with effusion: a case report.		1990	2401787
detection and differentiation of chlamydia trachomatis, chlamydia psittaci, and chlamydia pneumoniae by dna amplification.	the polymerase chain reaction was used to detect major outer membrane protein (momp) gene sequences from the three species of chlamydia. using three primer pairs and one restriction enzyme digestion, three distinct genotypes, corresponding to the three species, chlamydia trachomatis, chlamydia pneumoniae, and chlamydia psittaci, were demonstrated. c. trachomatis was amplified by all three primer pairs and the amplified fragment was digested by ecori. c. pneumoniae was amplified by only two of th ...	1990	2401796
the nucleotide sequence of the 60 kda cysteine rich outer membrane protein of chlamydia pneumoniae strain iol-207.		1990	2402463
culture-negative endocarditis probably due to chlamydia pneumoniae.	a 59-year-old man had culture-negative endocarditis (clinical evidence compatible with endocarditis and histopathologic evidence of a recent episode of endocarditis) and serology compatible with a recent episode of chlamydia pneumoniae infection. the conclusion was that this episode of culture-negative endocarditis was probably due to c. pneumoniae.	1990	2404074
experimental infection with chlamydia pneumoniae in nonhuman primates.	to serially examine the immunopathogenesis and histopathology of infection with chlamydia pneumoniae, we inoculated two cynomolgus monkeys in the conjunctival sac, nose, and nasopharynx with c. pneumoniae twar. after inoculation, c. pneumoniae was isolated from the inoculation sites and the rectums of both monkeys for a period of 5 weeks. after a second inoculation, c. pneumoniae was recovered from the inoculation sites and the rectums of both monkeys for 20 weeks. a third inoculation with c. pn ...	1990	2407650
current knowledge on chlamydia pneumoniae, strain twar, an important cause of pneumonia and other acute respiratory diseases.	this article reviews current knowledge of chlamydia pneumoniae strain twar, a newly recognized chlamydia organism that causes acute respiratory infection, especially atypical pneumonia. information is included on the microbiology, classification and laboratory diagnosis of the organism. details of a series of studies of both endemic and epidemic respiratory infections are reviewed to present information on both the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of infection with strain twar. labor ...	1989	2496986
immune response to genital chlamydial infection and influence of chlamydia pneumoniae (twar) antibodies.	chlamydial igg antibodies at a titre of at least 32 were found to occur at approximately the same frequency (76-88%) in three groups of patients who had been treated for genital chlamydial infection. twenty-four patients who had recovered from acute salpingitis, however, had a higher geometric mean titre (gmt; 176) than 59 pregnant women (gmt 44) or 61 patients with uncomplicated genital chlamydial infection (gmt 57). the chlamydial antibody titres thus seemed to reflect the severity of inflamma ...	1989	2504596
molecular techniques for the detection of chlamydia trachomatis.	a dna probe assay (pace; gen-probe, san diego, calif.) was compared with a culture reference method for the detection of chlamydia trachomatis. using stock isolates of each of the 15 serovars (a to k, ba, l1, l2, and l3) of c. trachomatis, the lower limit of sensitivity for the dna probe ranged between 1,086 inclusion-forming units (ifu) for serovar e (bour) to 2,930 ifu for serovar l1 (440), with the only exception being serovar c (tw-3), with which 99 ifu was detected. there was no cross-react ...	1989	2584383
enzyme immunoassay to determine exposure to chlamydia pneumoniae (strain twar).	recent studies suggest that a group of chlamydia strains known as twar, which are now proposed to be a new species called chlamydia pneumoniae, may be a frequent cause of respiratory disease in the united states and many other countries. current serotesting methods do not allow rapid screening of large numbers of samples to distinguish c. trachomatis exposure from c. pneumoniae exposure. we developed an enzyme immunoassay to decrease cross-reactivity between immunoglobulin g antibodies reactive ...	1989	2592540
a clinical and epidemiological study of "ornithosis" caused by chlamydia psittaci and chlamydia pneumoniae (strain twar).	ornithosis is a notifiable disease in sweden since 1954. in 1981 and 1982 a sharp increase in the number of notifications occurred. since then the number has declined but is still high. a changed epidemiology characterized by no history of bird contact and no common source, raised the suspicion of a new agent. serological data now suggest that the epidemic was to a substantial part due to chlamydia pneumoniae (strain twar) (48% of the patients during 1981-1982 compared to 9% during 1984-1987). d ...	1989	2617210
chlamydia pneumoniae, strain twar.		1989	2646079
countrywide epidemics of chlamydia pneumoniae, strain twar, in scandinavia, 1981-1983.	there was a large increase in incidence of reported cases of ornithosis in norway, sweden, and denmark in 1981-1983. serologic evidence indicated that the epidemic was caused by the newly described chlamydia organism, c. pneumoniae, strain twar. when serum samples that had been shown to contain chlamydia complement fixing antibodies were tested by the microimmunofluorescence method with twar antigen, 49%-71% showed evidence of current twar infection during the epidemic years compared with 10%-20 ...	1989	2656879
chlamydia pneumoniae, strain twar, as the cause of an outbreak in a boys' school previously called psittacosis.	sera from an outbreak of acute respiratory illness in a boys boarding school originally thought to have been due to psittacosis (1) have been re-examined and evidence is presented that suggests that the outbreak was caused by chlamydia pneumoniae, strain twar (2).	1989	2680550
diagnosis of infection caused by chlamydia pneumoniae (strain twar) in patients with "ornithosis" in southern sweden 1981-1987.	serological distinction between ornithosis and infection by chlamydia pneumoniae (strain twar) was attempted by microimmunofluorescence (mif) of 156 cases previously considered as ornithosis on the ground of a positive complement fixation test with a chlamydia group antigen. at least 23% of these cases were twar infections according to the results at retesting by mif. the highest frequency of twar infections was demonstrated during 1981 with a decreasing number and proportion thereafter. we cont ...	1989	2694349
erythema nodosum--a manifestation of chlamydia pneumoniae (strain twar) infection.	we describe 2 cases of erythema nodosum (en) secondary to an infection with the twar strain of chlamydia, recently designated chlamydia pneumoniae. two young patients, 17 and 11 years old, were admitted with en and no physical signs of pneumonia. one patient had a non-productive cough and fever. the other patient only ran a high fever. chest radiography revealed bronchopneumonias. infection with the c. pneumoniae species was proven by serologic testing using microimmunofluorescence technique. se ...	1989	2694350
evidence that chlamydia pneumoniae, strain twar, is not sexually transmitted.	serum specimens from 230 sexually active women were tested for antibodies to chlamydia trachomatis and chlamydia pneumoniae. the women were randomly selected as controls in a population-based case-control study for ectopic pregnancy. a total of 123 had antibody to c. pneumoniae and 39 had antibody to c. trachomatis. there was an association between prevalence of antibody to c. trachomatis and an increasing number of lifetime sexual partners, early age at first intercourse, and a history of gonor ...	1989	2760487
experimental infection of baboons (papio cynocephalus anubis) with chlamydia pneumoniae strain 'twar'.	two infant baboons (papio cynocephalus anubis) were inoculated with chlamydia pneumoniae strain 'twar', one in the conjunctiva, nasopharynx and oropharynx, the other in the trachea. both remained well during 8 weeks of observation. c. pneumoniae infection persisted for at least 8 weeks after inoculation. chlamydia pneumoniae seems to be of low virulence in baboons and capable of causing chronic infection.	1989	2778341
in vitro susceptibilities of chlamydia pneumoniae (chlamydia sp. strain twar).	the in vitro susceptibilities of two clinical isolates of chlamydia pneumoniae from brooklyn, n.y., were determined for tetracycline, erythromycin, sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, and three new macrolides--azithromycin, clarithromycin, and roxithromycin. clarithromycin was the most active drug tested, followed by the other macrolides, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin.	1989	2817862
experimental chlamydia pneumoniae infection in mice: effect of reinfection and passive immunization.	nih/s mice were infected intranasally with chlamydia pneumoniae isolate kajaani 6 and rechallenged after either 28 or 70 days. a partial resistance to reinfection, indicated by a reduced recovery of live organisms, was noted at both time points of rechallenge: positive isolations from lung homogenates and/or bronchoalveolar lavage fluids were observed in fewer mice and the yields of isolated chlamydiae remained smaller, as compared to primary infection. however, a previous infection did not conf ...	1995	7476093
in vitro susceptibility of human vascular wall cells to infection with chlamydia pneumoniae.	chlamydia pneumoniae is a common respiratory pathogen. recent studies have demonstrated the presence of c. pneumoniae in coronary and aortic atherosclerotic lesions. to study the role of c. pneumoniae in atherosclerosis, we investigated the susceptibilities of three different cells of the human vascular wall to infection with c. pneumoniae ar-39. these cell types were endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages derived from peripheral blood monocytes. infection was assessed by using ...	1995	7494038
further characterization of chlamydia pneumoniae specific monoclonal antibodies.	studies using monoclonal antibodies have demonstrated species-specific reactivities with chlamydia pneumoniae. in this study, further characterization of c. pneumoniae specific monoclonal antibodies tt-205 and rr-402 and description of c. pneumoniae specific antibodies prepared against other isolates are presented. tt-205 and rr-402 were shown to neutralize infectivity. neutralization in cell culture was specific and enhanced by complement. attempts to characterize the reactive antigen by immuno ...	1995	7494492
isolation and characterization of a gene encoding a chlamydia pneumoniae 76-kilodalton protein containing a species-specific epitope.	chlamydia pneumoniae is a human respiratory pathogen. unlike the other two chlamydia species, no species-specific antigen has been defined for c. pneumoniae. an immunoreactive clone containing a 0.8-kb fragment was isolated from a c. pneumoniae (ar-39) genomic library by using anti-c. pneumoniae rabbit immune serum. by southern hybridization analysis of chromosomal digests of the different chlamydia spp., the 0.8-kb fragment was shown to react specifically with c. pneumoniae. subcloning of this ...	1994	7509320
[chlamydia infections and possibilities for prevention].		1993	7513175
immunoreactivity of the 60 kda cysteine-rich proteins of chlamydia trachomatis, chlamydia psittaci and chlamydia pneumoniae expressed in escherichia coli.	the 60 kda cysteine-rich proteins (crps) of chlamydia are developmentally regulated outer envelope proteins synthesized late in the chlamydial growth cycle. these proteins, found only on the extracellular infectious elementary bodies, elicit major antibody responses in chlamydial infection. we have cloned and expressed in escherichia coli the complete 60 kda crp genes from chlamydia trachomatis, c. psittaci and c. pneumoniae. the recombinant products were expressed as either 'native' proteins or ...	1994	7522846
detection of chlamydia pneumoniae in clinical specimens by polymerase chain reaction using nested primers.	a nested primers strategy was used to develop a two-step pcr test for the direct species-specific detection of the 16s rrna gene of chlamydia pneumoniae. this test was applied to 58 nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swab specimens collected from patients in studies of community-acquired pneumonia and in a local outbreak of respiratory disease. twelve patients (21%) showed evidence of chlamydia pneumoniae infection in serological tests (7/56; 13%), culture (8/58; 14%) or pcr (10/58; 17%). nested pc ...	1994	7531141
association of helicobacter pylori and chlamydia pneumoniae infections with coronary heart disease and cardiovascular risk factors.	to investigate the relation between seropositivity to chronic infections with helicobacter pylori and chlamydia pneumoniae and both coronary heart disease and cardiovascular risk factors.	1995	7549683
community-acquired pneumonia: impact of immune status.	this cross-sectional and prospective one year study evaluated adults admitted to an inner city hospital with community-acquired pneumonia. the study used extensive diagnostic methods to evaluate the etiologies of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients with differing immunologic status. of 385 study patients, concurrent problems associated with immunosuppression were noted in 221 (57%) patients, 180 of whom were human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected. the five most common caus ...	1995	7551387
an immunofluorescence assay in microwell plate (ifa) for detecting serum antibodies to chlamydia pneumoniae.	an indirect immunofluorescence assay using a 96 microwell cell culture plate (ifa) was developed for the detection of antibodies to c. pneumoniae. the results obtained by ifa on 230 sera of healthy subjects were compared with those obtained with the microimmunofluorescence test. the correlation coefficient for igg detection with the two methods was 0.96 showing good agreement.	1995	7553368
influence of centrifugation on the infectivity of chlamydia pneumoniae iol-207.	the influence of centrifugation on the infectivity of chlamydia pneumoniae iol-207 was compared with seven serovars of c. trachomatis biovar trachoma, the three serovars of c. trachomatis biovar lymphogranuloma and four c. psittaci strains. prolonged centrifugation from 1 to 4 hours resulted in a 3-fold increase in the infectivity of c. pneumoniae and variable or no increase in the infectivity of the other chlamydia strains studied. these findings indicate that a 4 hour centrifugation of c. pneu ...	1995	7553369
treatment of chlamydia pneumoniae infection in adult asthma: a before-after trial.	some diseases previously believed to be noninfectious, eg, peptic ulcer disease, are now known to be caused by chronic infection. recently, chronic chlamydia pneumoniae infection has been suggested as a cause for adult-onset asthma. the purpose of this study was to determine whether antichlamydial treatment would affect the natural history of this disease.	1995	7561707
c pneumoniae in adult asthma.		1995	7561718
chlamydia pneumoniae infection in children with lower respiratory tract infections.	the incidence of antibody and the clinical features of chlamydia pneumoniae (c.pneumoniae) infection have not been studied in children in japan. we investigated the incidence of c.pneumoniae antibody in sera from 580 healthy children (including 30 umbilical cord blood samples) during the 2-year period between june 1992 and june 1994. the antibody titer was determined by a microimmunofluorescence (mif) test by using the elementary body of c.pneumoniae tw-183 as the antigen. umbilical cord blood s ...	1995	7564162
reversible acute renal failure associated with chlamydia pneumoniae infection.		1995	7566585
[clinico-epidemiological considerations of 30 cases of pulmonitis and pleuropulmonitis in childhood].	the authors studied 30 children affected with pneumonia or pleuropneumonia. they point out some clinical and epidemiological features pertinent to the pathology examined.	1995	7567645
[the correlation between psittacosis-ornithosis and the immune status in childhood: apropos 5 cases].	the authors studied 5 children affected with a pneumopathy by chlamydia psittaci. they discuss the effects of a transitory immunodeficiency relative to nk cells in predisposing little patients to the infective disease.	1995	7567646
chlamydia pneumoniae: defining the clinical spectrum of infection requires precise laboratory diagnosis.		1995	7570463
the crp operon of chlamydia psittaci and chlamydia pneumoniae.	one of the critical developmental events during the unique intracellular life cycle of chlamydiae is their differentiation from a metabolically active, replicative form or reticulate body (rb) to an infectious extracellular form of the organism (elementary body or eb). this process is characterized by the expression of two extraordinarily cysteine-rich envelope proteins of molecular masses 9 kda and 60 kda. we describe the molecular cloning and sequence determination of the 9 kda cysteine-rich p ...	1995	7582008
measurement of sputum antibodies in the diagnosis of acute and chronic respiratory infections associated with chlamydia pneumoniae.	the aim of this study was to develop methods for the measurement of sputum antibodies in the laboratory diagnosis of acute and chronic lower respiratory tract infections caused by chlamydia pneumoniae. paired serum specimens, sputum specimens, and pharyngeal or nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained from 97 patients; 51 of them had community-acquired pneumonia, and 46 had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). c. pneumoniae-specific serum immunoglobulin g (igg), iga, and igm antibodies were m ...	1995	7583923
chlamydia pneumoniae and acute arterial thrombotic disease.		1995	7586293
the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia among hospitalized patients during a chlamydia pneumoniae epidemic in finland.	the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia during a chlamydia pneumoniae epidemic was studied among 125 hospitalized patients. etiologic investigations included blood and sputum cultures, pneumococcal antigen detection, and serologic investigations for common respiratory viruses and for streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, mycoplasma pneumococcal antigen detection, and serologic investigations for common and for streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenz ...	1995	7594672
[spontaneous cure of pneumonia caused by chlamydia pneumoniae].	a 62-year-old male was admitted to our hospital after an abnormal shadow was pointed out by chest x-ray in june, 1994, even though he was asymptomatic otherwise (first episode). the serum igg antibody against chlamydia pneumoniae was elevated up to 512-fold in the acute phase and decreased to 32-fold in the convalescent phase using the micro-immunofluorescence (mif) test, indicating a c. pneumoniae acute infection. in fact, no other micro-organisms were detected. the patient recovered from the p ...	1995	7594789