Publications

[chlamydia pneumoniae infection and cardiac ischemic syndromes].	the aim of this study was to assess the presence of chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies in patients with angiographically verified atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. a total of 114 consecutive patients were investigated between april 1995 and june 1996. patients were divided into two groups: 72 patients with acute myocardial infarction (ami; 53 men, 19 women, mean age 62.27 +/- 10.1 years), and 42 patients with chronic ischemic heart disease (cad; 37 men, 5 women, mean age 62.75 +/- 9.2 years) ...	1998	9922569
[basic and clinical study of chlamydia pneumoniae infections].		1998	9922675
c-reactive protein and coronary artery disease: additional evidence of the implication of an inflammatory process in acute coronary syndromes.	inflammation might promote the development of atherosclerosis, and high levels of c-reactive protein (crp) and fibrinogen are associated with an increased risk of acute coronary events.	1999	9924170
first sporadic cases of non-pneumonic legionellosis, pontiac fever in japan.	pontiac fever has rarely been found in sporadic cases. here, we report the first sporadic cases of non-pneumonic legionellosis, pontiac fever in japan. case 1. a 53-year-old man with spinocerebellar degeneration was presented to our hospital. he had an acute onset of high fever and consciousness disturbance. a chest x-ray film on admission was normal, but transient bilateral pleural effusions were revealed on hospital day 14. case 2. a 77-year-old woman with gastric ulcer was presented to our ho ...	1998	9932644
chlamydia pneumoniae but not cytomegalovirus antibodies are associated with future risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease: a prospective study in middle-aged to elderly men with treated hypertension.	several cross-sectional and prospective studies have indicated that high titers of antibodies to chlamydia pneumoniae and cytomegalovirus (cmv) are associated with coronary heart disease. the aim of the present study was to examine whether elevated titers of antibodies to these pathogens are predictive of not only coronary but also cerebrovascular disease.	1999	9933263
the prevalence of chlamydia pneumoniae in atherosclerotic and nonatherosclerotic blood vessels of patients attending for redo and first time coronary artery bypass graft surgery.	to determine if chlamydia pneumoniae (c. pneumoniae) is more prevalent in atherosclerotic compared with normal blood vessels of patients requiring redo and first time coronary artery bypass graft surgery (cabg).	1999	9935022
is infection control an academic study?	this editorial aims to answer the question of whether infection control is an academic specialty. by considering the consequences of a lack of infection control in terms of patient morbidity and mortality and hence cost, it is easy to establish the importance of the area. infection control embraces not only developing policies for preventing the physical spread of a micro-organism but also prophylactic therapy such as vaccination and therapeutic measures such as antibiotics. infection control no ...	1999	9949958
demonstration of chlamydia pneumoniae in cardiovascular tissues from children with kawasaki disease.		1999	9951988
antibiotics and risk of subsequent first-time acute myocardial infarction.	increasing evidence supports the hypothesis of a causal association between certain bacterial infections and increased risk of developing acute myocardial infarction. if such a causal association exists, subjects who used antibiotics active against the bacteria, regardless of indication, might be at lower risk of developing acute myocardial infarction than nonusers.	1999	9952202
antibiotics for prevention of myocardial infarction? not yet!		1999	9952208
frequency of apolipoprotein e (apoe) allele types in patients with chlamydia-associated arthritis and other arthritides.	genetic background is important in determining whether certain infecting bacteria disseminate to the joint and cause arthritis. we assessed whether apoe genotype is associated with the presence of dna from chlamydia or other bacteria in synovial tissues of patients with various arthritides. nucleic acids from synovial tissues of 135 patients were screened by pcr for dna from chlamydia trachomatis, c. pneumoniae and other bacteria (pan-bacteria). apoe genotype was determined by a pcr-based method ...	1999	9973579
new studies illuminate brain disorders.		1999	10022090
comparison of pcr protocols including positive controls for detection of chlamydia pneumoniae in respiratory specimens.	in order to develop a practical approach for detection of chlamydia pneumoniae by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in clinical respiratory samples, positive controls for rdna and major outer-membrane protein gene targets were constructed. two pcr strategies detected chlamydial dna in excess of 1000 copies per ml in the same 19 of 135 clinical specimens and identified pcr inhibitors in the same four samples.	1999	10024436
infection of human endothelial cells with chlamydia pneumoniae stimulates transendothelial migration of neutrophils and monocytes.	we have previously shown that different isolates of chlamydia pneumoniae display heterogeneity in the in vitro stimulation of chemokines and adhesion molecules from infected human endothelial cells. in the present study, we examined the ability of different isolates of c. pneumoniae to promote transendothelial migration of neutrophils and monocytes. human umbilical vein endothelial cells (huvec) were infected with low (<15)-passage c. pneumoniae isolates a-03, ps-32, and br-393 and high (>40)-pa ...	1999	10024578
chlamydia pneumoniae infection in human monocytes.	chlamydia pneumoniae infection has been associated with cardiovascular diseases in seroepidemiological studies and by demonstration of the pathogen in atherosclerotic lesions. it has the capacity to infect several cell types, including monocyte-derived macrophages, which play an essential role in the development of atherosclerosis. however, the persistence of c. pneumoniae in mononuclear cells is poorly understood. to study the morphology and biological characteristics of the infection, human pe ...	1999	10024593
chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis.	to review the literature for evidence that chronic infection with chlamydia pneumoniae is associated with atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndromes.	1999	10026342
chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies are associated with an atherogenic lipid profile.	to determine, within a representative population group of men and women, whether alteration of the lipid profile might underlie the reported association between chlamydia pneumoniae and ischaemic heart disease.	1999	10026343
chronic infection with helicobacter pylori, chlamydia pneumoniae, or cytomegalovirus: population based study of coronary heart disease.	to study possible associations between coronary heart disease and serological evidence of persistent infection with helicobacter pylori, chlamydia pneumoniae, or cytomegalovirus.	1999	10026344
elevated levels of c-reactive protein at discharge in patients with unstable angina predict recurrent instability.	in a group of patients admitted for unstable angina, we investigated whether c-reactive protein (crp) plasma levels remain elevated at discharge and whether persistent elevation is associated with recurrence of instability.	1999	10027805
detection of chlamydia pneumoniae but not cytomegalovirus in occluded saphenous vein coronary artery bypass grafts.	background: a causal relation between atherosclerosis and chronic infection with chlamydia pneumoniae and/or cytomegalovirus (cmv) has been suggested. whether the unresolved problem of venous coronary artery bypass graft occlusion is related to infection with c pneumoniae and/or cmv has not been addressed. methods and resutls: thirty-eight occluded coronary artery vein grafts and 20 native saphenous veins were examined. detection of c pneumoniae dna was performed by use of nested polymerase chai ...	1999	10027809
myocardial infarction, culture-negative endocarditis, and chlamydia pneumoniae infection: a dilemma?		1999	10028104
chlamydia infections and heart disease linked through antigenic mimicry.	chlamydia infections are epidemiologically linked to human heart disease. a peptide from the murine heart muscle-specific alpha myosin heavy chain that has sequence homology to the 60-kilodalton cysteine-rich outer membrane proteins of chlamydia pneumoniae, c. psittaci, and c. trachomatis was shown to induce autoimmune inflammatory heart disease in mice. injection of the homologous chlamydia peptides into mice also induced perivascular inflammation, fibrotic changes, and blood vessel occlusion i ...	1999	10037605
etiology and treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in ambulatory children.	to determine the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in ambulatory children and to compare responses to treatment with azithromycin, amoxicillin-clavulanate or erythromycin estolate.	1999	10048679
chlamydia pneumoniae infection associated with multi-organ failure and fatal outcome in a previously healthy patient.	chlamydia pneumoniae has been associated with respiratory infections and with cardiovascular disease. we describe here a patient with multi-organ failure and fatal outcome in whom c. pneumoniae was implicated as a causative agent. serological analysis for c. pneumoniae was done by immunofluorescence. immunohistochemistry was carried out with avidin-biotin peroxidase staining. the patient had pneumonia i month prior to death. c. pneumoniae was detected in the heart and lungs by immunohistochemist ...	1998	10066059
alzheimer's disease: a basis in bacteria?		1999	10068288
persistent chlamydial envelope antigens in antibiotic-exposed infected cells trigger neutrophil chemotaxis.	an in vitro coculture model system was used to explore conditions that trigger neutrophil chemotaxis to chlamydia trachomatis infected human epithelial cells (hec-1b). polarized hec-1b monolayers growing on extracellular matrix (ecm) were infected with c. trachomatis serovar e. by 36 h, coincident with the secretion of chlamydial lipopolysaccharide and major outer membrane protein to the surfaces of infected cells, human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmnl) loaded with azithromycin migrated thro ...	1999	10068592
lack of association between prior infection with chlamydia pneumoniae and acute or chronic coronary artery disease.	higher than normal serologic titers and the detection of bacteria within atheroma have suggested an association between chlamydia pneumoniae (c. pneumoniae) infection and coronary heart disease (chd), but the relationship has not been well established.	1999	10068844
[prevalence of chlamydia pneumoniae in respiratory infections in children: an ambulatory diagnostic problem].	it has been recently suggested that chlamydia pneumoniae infection is a common finding among children with acute respiratory diseases. chlamydia cell culture is difficult and time-consuming to perform. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) is a more rapid but also more expensive technique used to identify chlamydia in pharyngeal swab, but it can be performed only in few specialized laboratories. we tested a rapid enzyme immuno-assay to detect chlamydia in 20 children with respiratory infections (mean ...	1998	10068981
single channel analysis of recombinant major outer membrane protein porins from chlamydia psittaci and chlamydia pneumoniae.	we recently demonstrated that the major outer membrane protein of chlamydia psittaci, the primary vaccine candidate for combating chlamydial infections, functions as a porin-like ion channel. in this study, we have cloned, expressed and functionally reconstituted recombinant major outer membrane proteins from c. psittaci and chlamydia pneumoniae and analysed them at the single channel level. both form porin-like ion channels that are functionally similar to those formed by native c. psittaci maj ...	1999	10069399
prospective study of chlamydia pneumoniae igg seropositivity and risks of future myocardial infarction.	chlamydia pneumoniae has been hypothesized to play a role in atherothrombosis. however, prospective data relating exposure to chlamydia pneumoniae and risks of future myocardial infarction (mi) are sparse.	1999	10069783
role of innate and adaptive immunity in the outcome of primary infection with chlamydia pneumoniae, as analyzed in genetically modified mice.	infection with chlamydia pneumoniae is a common cause of acute respiratory disease in man and is also associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disorder. herein, we have compared bacterial load and immune parameters of c. pneumoniae-infected mice genomically lacking t cell coreceptors, cytokine receptors, or cytotoxic effector molecules. a protective role for cd8+ cells is shown by the enhanced severity of infection of cd8-/- or tap-1-/-/beta2-microglobulin -/- mice. cd8+ cells hindered a p ...	1999	10072530
[assessment of sputum culture and serology for detection of chlamydia pneumoniae in patients with symptomatic acute respiratory tract infection].	to evaluate sputum culture and serology for detection of chlamydia pneumoniae (c. pneumoniae) in adult patients with acute respiratory tract infection and normal subjects.	1997	10072833
the atherogenic effects of chlamydia are dependent on serum cholesterol and specific to chlamydia pneumoniae.	epidemiological investigations have linked chlamydia pneumoniae infection to atherosclerosis. it is not clear, however, whether c. pneumoniae infection plays a causal role in the development of atherosclerosis. mice with low-density lipoprotein receptor deficiency were induced to develop atherosclerotic lesions in aorta with a cholesterol-enriched diet that increased serum cholesterol by two- to threefold. using this mouse model, we found that the chlamydial infection alone with either the c. pn ...	1999	10074493
coronary angioplasty induces rise in chlamydia pneumoniae-specific antibodies.	chlamydia pneumoniae is frequently found in atherosclerotic lesions, and high titers of specific antibodies are associated with increased risk for acute myocardial infarction. however, a causative relation has not been established yet. we performed a prospective study of 93 patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (ptca) to investigate whether angioplasty influences chlamydia-specific antibody titers and whether there is an association with restenosis. blood samples wer ...	1999	10074519
molecular evidence for the existence of additional members of the order chlamydiales.	respiratory tract infections in man may be caused by several members of the genus chlamydia and also by two chlamydia-like strains, 'simkania negevensis' (z-agent) and 'parachlamydia acanthamoebae' (bng). to facilitate diagnostic procedures a pcr assay able to detect all known chlamydiaceae sequences in one reaction was developed. for this purpose, primers were selected to amplify a fragment of the 16s rrna gene. characterization of the amplified fragments was done by hybridization with specific ...	1999	10075423
[multicenter screening of chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonia by elisa method].	we prospectively investigated the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia among adult patients admitted to three general hospitals over one year. antibody titers to chlamydia pneumoniae were also measured by elisa method to investigate the incidence and clinical pictures of c. pneumoniae pneumonia in japan. two hundred and fourteen patients were enrolled in the study. seventeen patients (7.9%) satisfied the criteria for diagnosis of acute infection due to c. pneumoniae by elisa method. c. pneum ...	1999	10077904
infections and immunizations of children with sickle cell disease.	children with scd are prone to invasive infections caused by s. pneumoniae and h. influenzae. osteomyelitis is caused most often by salmonella species and less often by s. aureus. the chest syndrome and its associated microvascular disease carry a risk of prolonged and severe infections for mycoplasma, chlamydia, and probably other lower respiratory pathogens, particularly in the group of children with scd prone to pain or microvascular sequestration, such as those with sc hemoglobinopathy. desp ...	1999	10079855
[infection and sickle cell anemia].	sickle cell disease is associated with frequent and often severe infections as a result of immune function impairment and functional asplenia. also, infection can trigger a vasoocclusive crisis. pneumococcal bacteremia and meningitis are so severe as to warrant prophylactic penicillin therapy, which has provided a dramatic decrease in early mortality. bacterial pneumonia is common in patients younger than four years, with most cases being due to s. pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, mycoplasma ...	1999	10081775
intravenous azithromycin.	to review the pharmacology, microbiology, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety, tolerability, dosage, administration, and economic issues of intravenous azithromycin.	1999	10084418
treatment of community-acquired pneumonia--idsa guidelines. infectious diseases society of america.	the infectious diseases society of america (idsa) has published guidelines for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (cap). although streptococcus pneumoniae remains the most common etiologic agent, chlamydia pneumoniae and legionella pneumophila are also important causes. for all suspected cap patients, particularly those requiring hospitalization, chest radiographs are strongly recommended to confirm the diagnosis. the idsa guidelines, in contrast to those published by the american tho ...	1999	10084453
[endothelial dysfunction--assessment of current status and approaches to therapy].	the vascular endothelium is the inner lining of all blood vessels and serves as an important autocrine and paracrine organ, that regulates vascular wall functions. because of its strategic location between the circulating blood and the vascular wall, the endothelium interacts with cellular and neurohumoral mediators, thus controlling vascular contractile state and cellular composition. the vascular endothelium maintains vascular homeostasis by modulating blood vessel tone, by regulating local ce ...	1999	10093015
the role of viral and atypical bacterial pathogens in asthma pathogenesis.	the recent development of pcr for the diagnosis of respiratory viral infections has permitted studies revealing the importance of virus infections in acute exacerbations of asthma. several studies implicate rhinovirus as the major virus type in mild and severe wheezing illness in children of all age groups, but particularly over 1 year of age. rhinoviruses have been shown to replicate in the lower airway, suggesting that virus induced asthma exacerbations result from direct inoculation, spread o ...	1999	10093125
chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies associated with altered serum lipid profile.	chronic chlamydia pneumoniae infection has been associated with atherosclerosis by seroepidemiological studies. further, acute bacterial infections are known to influence lipid metabolism. to clarify the possible pathogenetic mechanisms of this association, we studied serum lipids and the c. pneumoniae igg antibody titers of 1,053 males who participated in the reindeer herders health survey in northern finland in 1986-1989. the mean age of the study group was 47 years (range 20-87). when compari ...	1998	10093301
an epidemic of a pertussis-like illness caused by chlamydia pneumoniae.	between june and july, 1994, we encountered an epidemic of a pertussis-like illness in adolescents in a junior high school located in a rural area of japan. the purposes of this study were to record the clinical manifestations and to identify an etiology.	1999	10093951
antibiotic treatment trials for secondary prevention of coronary artery disease events.		1999	10096927
randomized secondary prevention trial of azithromycin in patients with coronary artery disease and serological evidence for chlamydia pneumoniae infection: the azithromycin in coronary artery disease: elimination of myocardial infection with chlamydia (academic) study.	chlamydia pneumoniae commonly causes respiratory infection, is vasotropic, causes atherosclerosis in animal models, and has been found in human atheromas. whether it plays a causal role in clinical coronary artery disease (cad) and is amenable to antibiotic therapy is uncertain.	1999	10096928
treatment of helicobacter pylori and chlamydia pneumoniae infections decreases fibrinogen plasma level in patients with ischemic heart disease.	chronic chlamydia pneumoniae and helicobacter pylori infections could be a risk factor for ischemic heart disease (ihd), possibly by increasing fibrinogen levels. the aim of our study was to evaluate changes in fibrinogen level in patients with ihd and h pylori and/or c pneumoniae positivity randomly assigned to antibiotic treatment.	1999	10096930
endothelial cytotoxicity mediated by serum antibodies to heat shock proteins of escherichia coli and chlamydia pneumoniae: immune reactions to heat shock proteins as a possible link between infection and atherosclerosis.	growing evidence suggests that an immunological reaction against heat shock proteins (hsps) may be involved in atherogenesis. because hsps show a high degree of amino acid sequence homology between different species, from prokaryotes to humans, we investigated the possibility of "antigenic mimicry" caused by an immunological cross-reaction between microorganisms and autoantigens.	1999	10096931
epidemiology of chlamydia pneumoniae infection in a randomly selected population in a developed country.	this cross-sectional study of 400 sera from a randomly selected adult population in northern ireland, using a microimmunofluorescence assay, demonstrated high overall seropositivity (70%) for igg chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies in developed populations. seropositivity was shown to be unrelated to gender, age or smoking but there was an inverse trend between infection and educational level achieved as a measure of socio-economic status. igg levels were also higher during the winter months suggest ...	1999	10098793
seroprevalence of igg antibodies to the chlamydia-like microorganism 'simkania z' by elisa.	the newly described microorganism 'simkania z', related to the chlamydiae, has been shown to be associated with bronchiolitis in infants and community acquired pneumonia in adults. the prevalence of infection in the general population is unknown. a simple elisa assay for the detection of serum igg antibodies to 'simkania z' was used to determine the prevalence of such antibodies in several population samples in southern israel (the negev). the groups tested included 94 medical and nursing studen ...	1999	10098794
treatment with the antibiotic roxithromycin in patients with acute non-q-wave coronary syndromes. the final report of the roxis study.	mounting evidence suggests infection, specifically chlamydia pneumoniae, plays a role in atherosclerosis. we tested whether antibiotic treatment with the macrolide roxithromycin improves clinical outcome in patients with acute non-q-wave coronary syndromes. preliminary reports revealed a reduction in events in the roxithromycin group at 30 days. we now report the long-term follow-up results.	1999	10099908
characterization of the koala biovar of chlamydia pneumoniae at four gene loci--ompavd4, ompb, 16s rrna, groesl spacer region.	koalas are infected with two species of chlamydia, c. pecorum and c. pneumoniae. while it is known that significant genetic diversity occurs in the c. pecorum strains infecting koalas, very little is known about the c. pneumoniae strains that infect this host. in the current study, 10 isolates of koala c. pneumoniae were analysed at four gene loci and found to be different to both the human and horse c. pneumoniae strains at all loci (biovar differences ranging from 0.3% at groesl up to 9.0% at ...	1999	10188275
detection of chlamydia pneumoniae dna in atheromatous tissues by polymerase chain reaction.	chlamydia pneumoniae is an important human respiratory pathogen. recently, seroepidemiological data and the demonstration of chlamydial dna or antigen within parts of atherosclerotic lesions have suggested a causal association between chlamydial infections and atherosclerosis. as the results obtained by different groups show considerable variations, we provide further data based on a highly specific and sensitive nested pcr method. positivity was confirmed by nonradioactive hybridization with a ...	1999	10192148
comparative genomes of chlamydia pneumoniae and c. trachomatis.	chlamydia are obligate intracellular eubacteria that are phylogenetically separated from other bacterial divisions. c. trachomatis and c. pneumoniae are both pathogens of humans but differ in their tissue tropism and spectrum of diseases. c. pneumoniae is a newly recognized species of chlamydia that is a natural pathogen of humans, and causes pneumonia and bronchitis. in the united states, approximately 10% of pneumonia cases and 5% of bronchitis cases are attributed to c. pneumoniae infection. ...	1999	10192388
chlamydia pneumoniae in arteries: the facts, their interpretation, and future studies.		1998	10193317
chlamydia pneumoniae in atheroma: consideration of criteria for causality.	(1) to seek evidence of the existence of chlamydia pneumoniae in a spectrum of atheromatous lesions in different types of arteries from individuals of different ages, using a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay supported by electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry; (2) to use electron microscopy to examine interactions between c pneumoniae and the cells present in the arterial tissue; (3) to assess the extent to which the data fulfil the criteria for causality.	1998	10193321
antibiotics for myocardial infarction? a possible role of infection in atherogenesis and acute coronary syndromes.	the role of inflammatory mechanisms in the initiation, progression and clinical expression of atherosclerosis is increasingly appreciated. with this awareness, the possibility that acute or chronic infection may initiate or modulate these processes in an active area of investigation. infectious organisms may influence the atherosclerotic process through direct local effects on the coronary endothelium, on vascular smooth muscle cells and on macrophages in the atherosclerotic lesion. infection ma ...	1999	10193683
löfgren's syndrome as the first manifestation of acute infection due to chlamydia pneumoniae: a prospective study.		1999	10194106
viruses and bacteria in bronchial samples from patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia.	viruses and bacteria in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, protected specimen brush samples, and bronchial biopsies from 14 patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia (11 patients with common variable immunodeficiency [cvid] and three patients with x-linked agammaglobulinemia [xla]) were analyzed. at the time of the study, the patients had no signs of acute respiratory infections, and no antibiotics were administered. in addition to routine bacterial and viral cultures, polymerase chain reaction te ...	1999	10194166
chlamydia pneumoniae and asthma.		1998	10195087
chlamydia pneumoniae and asthma.		1998	10195089
c-reactive protein in healthy subjects: associations with obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction: a potential role for cytokines originating from adipose tissue?	c-reactive protein, a hepatic acute phase protein largely regulated by circulating levels of interleukin-6, predicts coronary heart disease incidence in healthy subjects. we have shown that subcutaneous adipose tissue secretes interleukin-6 in vivo. in this study we have sought associations of levels of c-reactive protein and interleukin-6 with measures of obesity and of chronic infection as their putative determinants. we have also related levels of c-reactive protein and interleukin-6 to marke ...	1999	10195925
[atherosclerosis--a chronic infectious disease caused by chlamydia pneumoniae].	recent investigations allow a controversial but convincing interpretation of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (arteriosclerosis). atherosclerosis can be apparently the result of ultrachronic persistent infection by chlamydia pneumoniae and not the result of heterogenous risk factors. the main arguments for the chlamydial genesis are: correlation of coronary heart disease and other atherosclerotic diseases and antibodies against chlamydia pneumoniae. chlamydia pneumoniae could be detected with ...	1999	10200611
[chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonia].		1999	10201185
signal transduction pathways activated in endothelial cells following infection with chlamydia pneumoniae.	chlamydia pneumoniae is an important respiratory pathogen. recently, its presence has been demonstrated in atherosclerotic lesions. in this study, we characterized c. pneumoniae-mediated activation of endothelial cells and demonstrated an enhanced expression of endothelial adhesion molecules followed by subsequent rolling, adhesion, and transmigration of leukocytes (monocytes, granulocytes). these effects were blocked by mabs against endothelial and/or leukocyte adhesion molecules (beta1 and bet ...	1999	10202027
role of 'atypical' pneumonia pathogens in respiratory tract infections.	the 'atypical' pathogens are important causes of pneumonia, causing illness ranging from mild to life-threatening. the most common atypical pathogens are mycoplasma pneumoniae and chlamydia pneumoniae; others include legionella species, chlamydia psittaci and viruses such as influenza, adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus. infection rates for these agents are difficult to determine because many clinicians and investigators do not routinely test for them, but reported rates are in the range ...	1999	10202227
levofloxacin in the treatment of community acquired pneumonia.	levofloxacin is the first fluoroquinolone with enhanced activity against streptococcus pneumoniae to be released in canada. in vitro, it is active against more than 99% of isolates of s pneumoniae, even those resistant to penicillin. it is also active against respiratory pathogens such as haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydia pneumoniae and legionella species. when given orally, bioavailability is greater than 99%, and the drug is highly concentrated in ...	1999	10202232
asthma, atopy and chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies in adults.	factors involved in the development of inflammation and asthma in nonatopic subjects have remained largely obscure, although there is some evidence to suggest that certain infections may play a role.	1999	10202367
a review of chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis.	chlamydia pneumoniae is a gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium that causes acute upper and lower respiratory infections. its distribution is worldwide. seroepidemiological studies have shown an association between c. pneumoniae and atherosclerosis, and the risk of acute myocardial infarction. several studies had detected c. pneumoniae in atherosclerotic lesions from coronary and carotid arteries, in abdominal aortic aneurysms (aaa), and in sclerotic aortic valves. one study consistentl ...	1999	10204048
relation of chlamydia pneumoniae serology to mortality and incidence of ischaemic heart disease over 13 years in the caerphilly prospective heart disease study.	to investigate the effect of chlamydia pneumoniae infection on future development of ischaemic heart disease and mortality.	1999	10205100
chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies may predict fatal heart disease		1999	10205137
chronic infection in the aetiology of atherosclerosis--focus on chlamydia pneumoniae.	an inflammatory basis to atherosclerosis is now accepted. it remains plausible (but unproven) that common infectious agents may contribute to the inflammatory signal, and hence the development (and/or progression of atherosclerosis and its clinical sequelae. of the candidate microorganisms implicated, chlamydia pneumoniae has emerged as the most likely pathogen to have a casual role. evidence for this is based on sero-epidemiological, pathological and laboratory-based evidence, in addition to ea ...	1999	10208475
[prevalence of anti-chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies in preadolescent children in congo].	chlamydia pneumoniae (cpn) is recognised as a common cause of both upper and lower respiratory tract infections. seroepidemiological studies seem to indicate a world-wide distribution of this organism. in order to evaluate the prevalence of antibodies to cpn in a healthy pediatric population, we measured anti-c. pneumoniae antibodies in a group of 253 infants without respiratory tract infections, aged from 1 to 12 years. sera were obtained from children seen at immunization clinics and schools i ...	1999	10214510
community-acquired pneumonia in adults: a multicentric observational aipo study.	the aim of this study was to obtain reliable data about the current aetiology (i.e. the frequency of the individual pathogens) of community-acquired pneumonia (cap) while surveying the diagnostic and therapeutic behaviour of italian chest physicians, compared with existing guidelines, and to test the usefulness of the current severity "criteria" or score as a predictor of disease outcome and guide for appropriate hospitalization. a prospective multicentre observational trial was carried out betw ...	1999	10218366
is cardiovascular disease preventable by vaccination?	the possibility of using vaccination as a tool in the prevention of atherosclerotic disease was opened by the findings that infection with chlamydia pneumoniae was an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, including acute myocardial infarction. since this finding, data have accumulated confirming the initial epidemiological association and demonstrating the presence of c. pneumoniae and/or its components in vascular lesions. recent intervention trials with antimicrobial drugs have f ...	1999	10219715
[electron microscopy, chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis].		1999	10220758
[chlamydia pneumoniae as a causative agent in atherosclerosis].	there are indications that inflammatory mechanisms play a part in the development of atherosclerosis, and infections by various micro-organisms have been related to the development of atherosclerotic lesions of vascular walls. epidemiological observations, immunohistochemical examination of samples of vascular wall and studies in laboratory animals have yielded strong indications that infections with chlamydia pneumoniae, a gram-negative bacterium, are related to the development of atheroscleros ...	1999	10221082
[atherosclerosis as an infectious disease].	according to several published studies micro-organisms may be involved in atherogenesis. an association is described between cytomegalovirus or chlamydia pneumoniae and an increased risk of vascular events. the micro-organisms are able to infect endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in vivo and in vitro, evoking to pathophysiological reactions of these cells which may lead to atherosclerosis, arterial thrombosis and plaque rupture. in two small secondary prevention trials, macrolide treatmen ...	1999	10221083
lack of association between first myocardial infarction and past use of erythromycin, tetracycline, or doxycycline.	to evaluate the association of prior treatment with antibiotics active against chlamydia pneumoniae with the risk for incident myocardial infarction, we conducted a population-based case-control study. we found that use of erythromycin, tetracycline, or doxycycline during the previous 5 years was not associated with risk for first myocardial infarction. these results suggest little or no association between the use of these antibiotics and the risk for first myocardial infarction in the primary ...	1999	10221884
[epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia in children. current data].	viruses, particularly syncitial respiratory virus, are the main aetiology of community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections in infants, while bacterial agents are more frequently responsible in children older than 3 years. antimicrobial therapy must take into account the development of reduced susceptibility of penicillin to strains of streptoccocus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae with beta-lactamase, and high frequency of mycoplasma pneumoniae and chlamydia pneumoniae infections. a ...	1998	10223154
[chlamydia pneumoniae and mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children].	chlamydia pneumoniae and mycoplasma pneumoniae are frequently involved in lower respiratory tract infections in children. their responsibility must be evoked whenever an antibiotic treatment has been prescribed for a suspected bacterial origin, without clinical improvement (persistent fever particularly) after 48 hours. this must lead to the prescription of a macrolide.	1998	10223156
epizootiology of chlamydia infections in two free-range koala populations.	the prevalence of chlamydia pecorum and chlamydia pneumoniae infections in two free-range koala populations was assessed using genus-specific pcr combined with species-specific dna probe hybridisation. population a had a very high overall level of chlamydial infection (85%) with significantly more of these infections being due to c. pecorum (73%) compared to c. pneumoniae (24%). the second population had a much lower prevalence of infection (10%) with equal levels of both species. an important f ...	1999	10223324
is streptococcus pneumoniae the leading cause of pneumonia of unknown etiology? a microbiologic study of lung aspirates in consecutive patients with community-acquired pneumonia.	although a wide variety of recognized pathogens can cause community-acquired pneumonia, in many patients the etiology remains unknown after routine diagnostic workup. the aim of this study was to identify the causal agent in these patients by obtaining lung aspirates with transthoracic needle aspiration.	1999	10225239
prolonged respiratory failure in chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonia.	we describe a 65-year-old man, who had cardiomyopathy and developed acute respiratory failure requiring ventilator treatment. acute pneumonia caused by chlamydia pneumoniae was diagnosed based on pcr positivity of bronchoalveolar lavage. gas exchange did not improve in response to appropriate antibiotic therapy, and the patient died.	1998	10225398
[chlamydia pneumoniae in coronary plaques: increased detection with acute coronary syndrome].	there is seroepidemiologic and experimental evidence for a link between chlamydia (c.) pneumoniae and arteriosclerosis. however, the clinical importance and the pathogenic pathways implicated remain unclear. in the present study, we sought to evaluate the presence and the location of c. pneumoniae in coronary atheroma, as well as a potential prevalence with unstable versus stable angina.	1999	10226644
detection of chlamydia pneumoniae by colorimetric in situ hybridization.	chlamydia pneumoniae causes chronic infections, which have been associated with cardiovascular diseases. the antigenic structures of the organism have been detected in atherosclerotic lesions by immunohistochemistry. we wanted to further evaluate the presence and localization of c. pneumoniae in different tissues by in situ hybridization. we established a new colorimetric in situ hybridization method using a digoxigenin-labelled probe and studied the localization of c. pneumoniae in formalin-fix ...	1999	10230702
chlamydial heat shock proteins and disease pathology: new paradigms for old problems?	the mucosal pathogen chlamydia trachomatis affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide and is a significant cause of sexually transmitted disease. although most acute infections can be easily managed, complications often occur that can be especially severe in women. it has been proposed that increased exposure to conserved chlamydial antigens, such as through reinfection or persistent infection, results in chronic inflammation and tissue scarring and contributes to the pathogenesis of endom ...	1999	10231012
necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis in a 14-yr-old female.	a case of a 14-yr-old female with necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis (nsg) is presented. she was referred because of chest pain and malaise, and radiography revealed multiple pulmonary nodules. her history showed seasonal sensitization to aeroallergens and hay fever. infectious agents or malignancies did not characterize these nodules. however, she was treated with macrolide antibiotics because of suspected infection with chlamydia pneumoniae. open lung biopsy showed histological findings of nsg ...	1999	10232451
bacteria found in blocked bypass grafts.		1999	10233788
can c-reactive protein predict the future?		1999	10233822
[a case of atypical pneumonia caused by viral-bacterial-fungal association].		1999	10234764
emended description of the order chlamydiales, proposal of parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms.	the current taxonomic classification of chlamydia is based on limited phenotypic, morphologic and genetic criteria. this classification does not take into account recent analysis of the ribosomal operon or recently identified obligately intracellular organisms that have a chlamydia-like developmental cycle of replication. neither does it provide a systematic rationale for identifying new strains. in this study, phylogenetic analyses of the 16s and 23s rrna genes are presented with corroborating ...	1999	10319462
analysis of the 16s rrna gene of micro-organism wsu 86-1044 from an aborted bovine foetus reveals that it is a member of the order chlamydiales: proposal of waddliaceae fam. nov., waddlia chondrophila gen. nov., sp. nov.	the structural gene encoding the 16s rrna of the new obligate intracellular organism presently designated wsu 86-1044t was sequenced and analysed to establish its phylogenetic relationships. the 16s rdna sequence was most closely related to those of chlamydial species, having 84.7-85.3% sequence similarity, while it had 72.4-73.2% similarity with rickettsia-like organisms. when the sequences of the four species of chlamydiae (chlamydophila psittaci, chlamydia trachomatis, chlamydophila pneumonia ...	1999	10319478
two nursing home outbreaks of respiratory infection with legionella sainthelensi.	to describe outbreaks of infection caused by legionella sainthelensi occurring in older residents of two nursing homes and to determine risk factors for the development of infection.	1999	10323647
commentary: chlamydia pneumoniae infection and ischaemic heart disease.		1999	10336284
chlamydia pneumoniae infection of human endothelial cells induces proliferation of smooth muscle cells via an endothelial cell-derived soluble factor(s).	an association of chlamydia pneumoniae with atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease has been determined epidemiologically and by the detection of c. pneumoniae organisms in atherosclerotic lesions in both humans and animal models of atherosclerosis. previously, it has been shown that c. pneumoniae is capable of replicating in cell types found within atheromatous lesions, viz., endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells (smc), and macrophages, yet the role of c. pneumoniae in the pathogenesis of a ...	1999	10338498
lymphotoxin inhibits chlamydia pneumoniae growth in hep-2 cells.	cytokines such as gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) inhibit the intracellular replication of chlamydia pneumoniae or chlamydia trachomatis. in this study, we found that another cytokine, lymphotoxin (tnf-beta), restricts the growth of c. pneumoniae in hep-2 cells. when lymphotoxin (10 u/ml) was added during incubation from 8 to 16 h postinoculation, inclusion body formation was severely reduced. in addition, we observed activation of nitric oxide production and the nuc ...	1999	10338541
chlamydia pneumoniae infection and atherosclerotic coronary disease.	previous works have suggested an association between chlamydia pneumoniae infection and coronary heart disease. we evaluated the prevalence of c. pneumoniae infection in patients with acute myocardial infarction (ami) and coronary heart disease (chd).	1999	10347340
[chlamydia pneumonia and atherosclerosis].		1999	10347630
[chlamydia pneumonia and atherosclerosis].		1999	10347631