| sudan dyes in adulterated saffron (crocus sativus l.): identification and quantification by (1)h nmr. | saffron, the dried red stigmas of crocus sativus l., is considered as one of the most expensive spices worldwide, and as such, it is prone to adulteration. this study introduces an nmr-based approach to identify and determine the adulteration of saffron with sudan i-iv dyes. a complete (1)h and (13)c resonance assignment for sudan i-iv, achieved by two-dimensional homonuclear and heteronuclear nmr experiments, is reported for the first time. specific different proton signals for the identificati ... | 2017 | 27664653 |
| intron retention and rhythmic diel pattern regulation of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2 during crocetin biosynthesis in saffron. | the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2, a new member of the ccd family, catalyzes the conversion of zeaxanthin into crocetin-dialdehyde in crocus. ccd2 is expressed in flowers, being responsible for the yellow, orange and red colorations displayed by tepals and stigma. three csccd2 genes were identified in crocus sativus, the longest contains ten exons and the shorter is a truncated copy with no introns and which lacks one exon sequence. analysis of rna-seq datasets of three developmental stages ... | 2016 | 27071403 |
| antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects of crocus sativus l. and its main constituents. | crocus sativus l. (c. sativus), commonly known as saffron, is used as a food additive, preservative, and medicinal herb. traditionally, it has been used as an alternative treatment for different diseases. c. sativus' medicinal effects are related to its major constituents like crocins, crocetin, and safranal. according to the literature, c. sativus and its constituents could be considered as an effective treatment for neurodegenerative disorders, coronary artery diseases, asthma, bronchitis, col ... | 2016 | 27098287 |
| neuroprotective activities of saffron and crocin. | we first considered that saffron is really safety food because it has a long-use history. the neuroprotective activities of saffron and its major constituent, crocin, are separately discussed in vitro and in vivo. we reviewed the inhibitory activities of crocin against pc-12 cell apoptosis. the oxidative stress decreased the cellular levels of glutathione (gsh) which is an inhibitor of neutral sphingomyelinase (n-smase). therefore, the level of gsh was assayed by the addition of crocin resulted ... | 2016 | 27651258 |
| tissue-engineered regeneration of hemisected spinal cord using human endometrial stem cells, poly ε-caprolactone scaffolds, and crocin as a neuroprotective agent. | loss of motor and sensory function as a result of neuronal cell death and axonal degeneration are the hallmarks of spinal cord injury. to overcome the hurdles and achieve improved functional recovery multiple aspects, it must be taken into account. tissue engineering approaches by coalescing biomaterials and stem cells offer a promising future for treating spinal cord injury. here we investigated human endometrial stem cells (henscs) as our cell source. electrospun poly ε-caprolactone (pcl) scaf ... | 2016 | 27624387 |
| de novo transcriptome assembly and comprehensive expression profiling in crocus sativus to gain insights into apocarotenoid biosynthesis. | saffron (crocus sativus l.) is commonly known as world's most expensive spice with rich source of apocarotenoids and possesses magnificent medicinal properties. to understand the molecular basis of apocarotenoid biosynthesis/accumulation, we performed transcriptome sequencing from five different tissues/organs of c. sativus using illumina platform. after comprehensive optimization of de novo transcriptome assembly, a total of 105, 269 unique transcripts (average length of 1047 bp and n50 length ... | 2016 | 26936416 |
| effects of saffron (crocus sativus l.) stigma extract and its active constituent crocin on neuropathic pain responses in a rat model of chronic constriction injury. | this study was designed to investigate the therapeutic effects of saffron (crocus sativus l.) and its main constituent crocin on neuropathic pain behavioral responses induced by chronic constriction injury (cci) in rats. adult male wistar rats (200 to 250 g) were randomly assigned into 5 groups: sham + saline, cci + saline, cci+ saffron (30 mg/kg), cci + crocin (15 mg/kg) and cci + crocin (30 mg/kg). cci was induced by applying 4 loose ligatures around the sciatic nerve. two weeks after nerve le ... | 2016 | 27610166 |
| efficacy of a formulation containing serenoa repens, crocus sativus and pinus massoniana extracts in men with concomitant luts and erectile dysfunction. | the relationship between lower urinary tract symptoms (luts) and erectile dysfunction (ed) has received increased attention recently. this study aims to evaluate the efficacy of idiprost® gold, a product containing serenoa repens, crocus sativus and pinus massoniana bark extract (pmbe), in improving sexual function, urinary symptoms and quality of life in patients with concomitant luts and ed. | 2017 | 27583656 |
| medicinal herbs in iranian traditional medicine for learning and memory. | a few factors such as age, stress, and emotions may lead to impaired learning, memory loss, amnesia, and dementia or threats like schizophrenia and alzheimer's disease (ad). iranian traditional medicine (itm) recommends some herbs and herbal preparations for the treatment or prevention of cns problems. | 2016 | 27516676 |
| saffron (crocus sativus) pretreatment confers cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injuries in isolated rabbit heart. | restoration of blood flow to the ischemic myocardium is imperative to avoid demise of cardiomyocytes, but is paradoxically associated with irreversible damage to cardiac tissues due to the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ros). we have previously reported that saffron, a natural antioxidant, attenuated ischemia-reperfusion (ir) injuries in vitro; however, its role in a meaningful cardiac recovery remains unknown. here, we show that saffron supplement (oral administration for 6 we ... | 2016 | 27507116 |
| crocin inhibits cell proliferation and enhances cisplatin and pemetrexed chemosensitivity in lung cancer cells. | crocin is the major constituent of saffron, a naturally derived chinese medicine obtained from the dried stigma of the crocus sativus flower. it has a variety of pharmacological effects, including anti-oxidative, immunity enhancement, and anti-tumorigenic properties; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects remain unknown. | 2015 | 26798587 |
| canadian network for mood and anxiety treatments (canmat) 2016 clinical guidelines for the management of adults with major depressive disorder: section 5. complementary and alternative medicine treatments. | the canadian network for mood and anxiety treatments (canmat) conducted a revision of the 2009 guidelines by updating the evidence and recommendations. the scope of the 2016 guidelines remains the management of major depressive disorder (mdd) in adults, with a target audience of psychiatrists and other mental health professionals. | 2016 | 27486153 |
| efficacy and safety of crocus sativus l. in patients with mild cognitive impairment: one year single-blind randomized, with parallel groups, clinical trial. | there is evidence to suggest the efficacy of crocus (saffron) in the management of cognitive decline. this study examined the efficacy of crocus in patients with amnesic and multi domain mci (amcimd). the participants included 17 patients on crocus and 18 on a waiting list, who were examined with a short neuropsychological battery, mri 3t, while some patients were examined via 256-channel electroencephalogram (hd-eeg) at baseline and after 12 months. the results showed that patients on crocus ha ... | 2016 | 27472878 |
| geographical classification of italian saffron (crocus sativus l.) based on chemical constituents determined by high-performance liquid-chromatography and by using linear discriminant analysis. | one hundred and forty-four italian saffron samples produced in the years from 2009 to 2015 in five distinct areas located in four different regions, abruzzo (l'aquila), tuscany (florence), umbria (cascia and città della pieve) and sardinia, have been analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. intensities of the chromatographic peaks attributed to crocins, safranal, picrocrocin and its derivatives and flavonoids were considered as variables in linear discrimina ... | 2016 | 27374513 |
| protective effect of crocin against apoptosis induced by subchronic exposure of the rat vascular system to diazinon. | research has suggested that natural antioxidant, crocin, an active ingredient of saffron, may protect against diazinon (dzn)-induced toxicity. although increased production of lipid peroxidation by dzn in rat aorta has been shown previously, the effects of dzn on oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in vascular system have not been evaluated. in this study, the effect of crocin on dzn-induced apoptosis in rat vascular system was investigated. the rats were divided into 7 groups: corn oil (control) ... | 2016 | 27353299 |
| a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial of saffron (crocus sativus l.) in the treatment of anxiety and depression. | depression and anxiety are prevalent serious psychiatric disorders. several drugs are used to treat these conditions but these are often associated with serious side effects. for this reason alternative therapies, including herbal medication such as saffron, have been proposed. we aimed to assess the effects of saffron extract for the treatment of anxiety and depression using a 12-week double-blind, placebo-controlled trial design. | 2016 | 27101556 |
| constituents of saffron (crocus sativus l.) as potential candidates for the treatment of anxiety disorders and schizophrenia. | anxiety disorders and schizophrenia are common public health issues. the dried stigma of the plant crocus sativus l., (c. sativus) commonly known as saffron are used in folk medicine for various purposes. several lines of evidence suggest that c. sativus, crocins and safranal are implicated in anxiety and schizophrenia. here, i intend to critically review advances in research of these emerging molecules for the treatment of anxiety and schizophrenia, discuss their advantages over currently used ... | 2016 | 26950102 |
| processed stigmas of crocus sativus l. imaged by maldi-based ms. | the processed, i.e. dried under certain conditions, stigmas of crocus sativus l. are one of the most expensive plant parts used commercially. for the color, aroma and biological activity a very complex mixture of glycolipids termed crocins are responsible. therefore studying structural composition and distribution in the commercial plant material is of great interest. we showed successfully the application of a maldi-based mass spectrometric imaging (msi) approach for stigmas towards different c ... | 2016 | 27006097 |
| somatic embryogenesis in crocus sativus l. | saffron (crocus sativus l.) is one of the most important species in crocus genus because of its effective usage. it is not only a very expensive spice, but it has also a big ornamental plant potential. crocus species are propagated by corm and seed, and male sterility is the most important problem of this species. hence, somatic embryogenesis can be regarded as a strategic tool for the multiplication of saffron plants. in this chapter, the production of saffron corms via somatic embryogenesis is ... | 2016 | 26619871 |
| dietary saffron reduced the blood pressure and prevented remodeling of the aorta in l-name-induced hypertensive rats. | the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of nutritional saffron (crocus sativus l.) stigma hydroalcoholic extract on blood pressure (bp) and histology of the aorta in normotensive and hypertensive rats. | 2015 | 26949504 |
| pattern recognition analysis of chromatographic fingerprints of crocus sativus l. secondary metabolites towards source identification and quality control. | chromatographic fingerprinting is an effective methodology for authentication and quality control of herbal products. in the presented study, a chemometric strategy based on multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (mcr-als) and multivariate pattern recognition methods was used to establish a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms) fingerprint of saffron. for this purpose, the volatile metabolites of 17 iranian saffron samples, collected from different geographical regions, w ... | 2016 | 26922339 |
| razi's al-hawi and saffron (crocus sativus): a review. | traditional knowledge can be used as a source for development of new medicines. in the present study, we compare the data on saffron in razi's al-hawi book with modern scientific studies. a computerized search of published articles was performed using medline, scopus as well as native references. the search terms used were saffron, crocus sativus, crocetin, crocin, safranal, razi, and al-hawi. a variety of properties of saffron including diuretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, ... | 2015 | 26877844 |
| microencapsulation of saffron petal anthocyanins with cress seed gum compared with arabic gum through freeze drying. | in this research, encapsulation efficiency of cress seed gum (csg) as a native hydrocolloid was compared with arabic gum (ag) and maltodextrin (dextrose equivalent of 20 (m20), and 7 (m7)) for saffron (crocus sativus) petal's extract by freeze drying method. combinations of csg-m20, ag-m20, and m7-m20 with ratios of 50:50 and m20 alone (100%) were used as wall materials. a mixture of 1:5 (based on dry matter) between core (concentrated anthocyanin extract of saffron petal) and wall materials wer ... | 2016 | 26876823 |
| potential ergogenic effects of saffron. | crocus sativus, commonly known as saffron, is a rich source of carotenoids with many health benefits. the muscular strength, pulmonary function, and reaction time are vital to the athlete's performance, and this study aimed to investigate an ergogenic effect of saffron. twenty-eight nonactive and healthy male university students were randomly assigned into the saffron (n = 14) and control (n = 15) groups. the experimental group received dried saffron stigma (300 mg/day for 10 days) and the contr ... | 2016 | 26811090 |
| antioxidant activity, cytotoxic activity and metabolic profiling of juices obtained from saffron (crocus sativus l.) floral by-products. | juices obtained from cold-pressed saffron (crocus sativus l.) floral by-products were evaluated as a potential source of compounds with antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. floral by-products were split in two batches for extraction 24 and 48h after flower harvesting, respectively. the in vitro anti-oxidant activity of these extracts was tested using the frap and dpph assays, and two biological models of lipid oxidation (activity in preventing cholesterol degradation and protection against cu(2 ... | 2016 | 26775939 |
| safranal as a safe compound to mice immune system. | the aim of the present study was to investigate immunotoxic effect of safranal (saf), a main component of crocus sativus essential oil, using balb/c mice. | 2017 | 26468464 |
| safety evaluation of saffron stigma (crocus sativus l.) aqueous extract and crocin in patients with schizophrenia. | saffron is the stigma of crocus sativus l., which has the potentials to play a role in the treatment of many diseases. although many researches are now going on this precious spice, there are few data on saffron safety in human, especially in patients with chronic mental illnesses. this study aimed to evaluate the short-term safety and tolerability of both saffron and crocin (its major constituent) in adult patients with schizophrenia. | 2017 | 26468460 |
| the effect of sailuotong (slt) on neurocognitive and cardiovascular function in healthy adults: a randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled crossover pilot trial. | sailuotong (slt) is a standardised herbal medicine formula consisting of panax ginseng, ginkgo biloba, and crocus sativus, and has been designed to enhance cognitive and cardiovascular function. | 2016 | 26762282 |
| evidence of neuroprotective effects of saffron and crocin in a drosophila model of parkinsonism. | evidence suggests that saffron and its major bioactives exhibit significant neuromodulatory effects in various animal models. however, specific data related to their efficacy to attenuate oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in animal models of parkinson's disease (pd) are limited. hence, we investigated the neuroprotective efficacy of saffron methanolic extract (sme) and its active constituent, crocin (cr) employing a drosophila model of parkinsonism. we focussed on attenuation of rotenone (rot)- ... | 2016 | 26705857 |
| crocetin protects ultraviolet a-induced oxidative stress and cell death in skin in vitro and in vivo. | crocetin, the aglycone of crocin, is a carotenoid found in fruits of gardenia (gardeina jasminoides ellis) and saffron (crocus sativus l.). we investigated the protective effects of crocetin against ultraviolet-a (uv-a)-induced skin damage and explored the underlying mechanism. human skin-derived fibroblasts cells (nb1-rgb) were damaged by exposure to uv-a irradiation (10j/cm(2)). crocetin protected these cells against cell death and reduced the production of reactive oxygen species induced by u ... | 2016 | 27452919 |
| therapeutic effects of saffron (crocus sativus l.) in digestive disorders: a review. | saffron, the dried red-orange stigmas of crocus sativus l, has been known as a flavoring agent, food coloring and traditional herbal medicine. pharmacological effects of saffron are mainly attributed to crocin, crocetin, picrocrocin and safranal. these components especially crocin, have significant effects including antidepressant and anticonvulsant, analgesic, anti-cancer and other therapeutic effects on different parts of our body namely cardiovascular, immune, respiratory, genital-urinary and ... | 2016 | 27403251 |
| potential application of machine vision technology to saffron (crocus sativus l.) quality characterization. | saffron quality characterization is an important issue in the food industry and of interest to the consumers. this paper proposes an expert system based on the application of machine vision technology for characterization of saffron and shows how it can be employed in practical usage. there is a correlation between saffron color and its geographic location of production and some chemical attributes which could be properly used for characterization of saffron quality and freshness. this may be ac ... | 2016 | 27374547 |
| can bioactive compounds of crocus sativus l. influence the metabolic activity of selected cyp enzymes in the rat? | safranal and crocin are biologically active compounds isolated from crocus sativus l., commonly known as saffron. clinical trials confirm that saffron has antidepressant effect, thus being a potential valuable alternative in the treatment of depression. the aim of the present study was to determine, whether systemic administration of safranal and crocin can influence the metabolic activity of cyp3a, cyp2c11, cyp2b, and cyp2a in rat liver microsomes (rlm). the experiments were carried out on male ... | 2015 | 26681074 |
| crocin, a carotenoid component of crocus cativus, exerts inhibitory effects on l-type ca(2+) current, ca(2+) transient, and contractility in rat ventricular myocytes. | crocin, a carotenoid component of crocus sativus l. belonging to the iridaceae family, has demonstrated cardioprotective effects. to investigate the cellular mechanisms of these cardioprotective effects, here we studied the influence of crocin on l-type ca(2+)current (i(ca-l)), intracellular ca(2+) ([ca(2+)]i), and contraction of isolated rat cardiomyocytes by using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique and video-based edge detection and dual excitation fluorescence photomultiplier systems. croci ... | 2016 | 26674933 |
| the safety assessment of saffron (crocus sativus l.) on sympathovagal balance and heart rate variability; a comparison with amiodarone. | dry stigmas of the crocus sativus l. (saffron) are well known in world as a popular flavouring and therapeutic agent. the anxiolytic, antidepressant, anticonvulsant and antiarrhythmic effects of saffron suggest that it may affect the autonomic control of the heart. this study assessed its safety on cardiac sympathovagal balance and heart rate variability in rat. experimental groups were control, saf50, saf100, saf200 (received saffron at dosages of 50 and 100 and 200 mg/kg/d, orally, respectivel ... | 2015 | 27329172 |
| ptr-tof-ms and hplc analysis in the characterization of saffron (crocus sativus l.) from italy and iran. | saffron samples from italy and iran were analyzed for their content in aroma and bioactive compounds with different analytical techniques. hplc was used for the identification and quantification of crocins, picrocrocin, safranal and flavonoids content, while the novel proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer was employed for the aroma compounds analysis. italian saffron turned out to be richer in total crocins and safranal contents. sample characterization was performed with an ... | 2016 | 26304322 |
| saffron: a natural product with potential pharmaceutical applications. | recently, a great deal of interest has been developed to isolate and investigate novel bioactive components from natural resources with health beneficial effects. saffron is the dried stigma of crocus sativus l. and has been used for centuries in traditional medicine mainly for its healing properties, as well as for the treatment of various pathological conditions. objectives of the present review are to unravel its therapeutic properties and investigate the potential applications of saffron in ... | 2015 | 26272123 |
| crocin treatment prevents doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. | doxorubicin (dox)-induced cardiotoxicity is well-known as a serious complication of chemotherapy in patients with cancer. it is unknown whether crocin (cro), main component of crocus sativus l. (saffron), could reduce the severity of dox-induced cardiotoxicity. therefore, this study was undertaken to assess the protective impact of cro on dox-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. the rats were divided into four groups: control, dox (2mg/kg/48h, for 12days), and cro groups that receiving dox as in grou ... | 2016 | 27297631 |
| crocetin ester improves myocardial ischemia via rho/rock/nf-κb pathway. | crocetin ester (ce) is the active ingredient of crocus sativus l. stigmas and gardenia jasminoides ellis fruit. the main purpose of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of ce on isoproterenol (iso)-induced acute myocardial ischemia (ami) through rho/rock/nf-κb pathway and explore its underlying mechanism. administration of ce (25 and 50mg/kg) could significantly reduce the serum contents of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-α), interleuki ... | 2016 | 27285672 |
| determining the most effective traits to improve saffron (crocus sativus l.) yield. | to determine the effective traits to improve saffron yield, a split plot design based on rbcd was done in mashhad region in iran for three years (2012-2014). the results showed that all traits except number of daughter corm, fresh weight of daughter corm and dry leaf weight had low general heritability. results of genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation and genetic advance demonstrated that the majority of traits had a low diversity and the selection did not have any effect in improvi ... | 2016 | 27186029 |
| antimicrobial activity, synergism and inhibition of germ tube formation by crocus sativus-derived compounds against candida spp. | the limited arsenal of synthetic antifungal agents and the emergence of resistant candida strains have prompted the researchers towards the investigation of naturally occurring compounds or their semisynthetic derivatives in order to propose new innovative hit compounds or new antifungal combinations endowed with reduced toxicity. we explored the anti-candida effects, for the first time, of two bioactive compounds from crocus sativus stigmas, namely crocin 1 and safranal, and some semisynthetic ... | 2016 | 27160150 |
| rapid authentication of the precious herb saffron by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) based on internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) sequence. | saffron is one of the most expensive species of chinese herbs and has been subjected to various types of adulteration because of its high price and limited production. the present study introduces a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) technique for the differentiation of saffron from its adulterants. this novel technique is sensitive, efficient and simple. six specific lamp primers were designed on the basis of the nucleotide sequence of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) nuclear ... | 2016 | 27146605 |
| efficacy of crocus sativus l. on reduction of cadmium-induced toxicity on spermatogenesis in adult rats. | cadmium is a toxic heavy metal element, which probably cause infertility by impairment in spermatogenesis. the present work aimed (i) to study the toxic effect of cadmium on spermatogenesis in rat, as well as (ii) the protective effect of crocus sativus l. on cadmium-intoxicated rats. cadmium chloride was administered intraperitoneally during 16 days at intervals of 48 h between subsequent treatments. crocus sativus l. was pre-treated in both of control and cadmium-injected rats. animals were sa ... | 2016 | 27135275 |
| crocin improves damage induced by nicotine on a number of reproductive parameters in male mice. | crocin, a carotenoid isolated from crocus sativus l. (saffron), is a pharmacologically active component of saffron. nicotine consumption can decrease fertility in males through induction of oxidative stress and dna damage. the aim of this study is to determine the effects of crocin on reproductive parameter damages in male mice exposed to nicotine. | 2017 | 27123203 |
| effects of crocin supplementation during in vitro maturation of mouse oocytes on glutathione synthesis and cytoplasmic maturation. | crocin is an active ingredient of saffron (crocus sativus l.) and its antioxidant properties have been previously investigated. this carotenoid scavenges free radicals and stimulates glutathione (gsh) synthesis; consequently, it may protect cells against oxidative stress. the aim of this research is to protect oocytes from oxidative stress by the addition of a natural source antioxidant. | 2017 | 27123201 |
| effect of crocus sativus extracts and its active constituent safranal on the harmaline-induced tremor in mice. | due to unsatisfactory response or intolerable side effects of current drugs, treatment of essential tremor remains inadequate. thus, we aimed to investigate the protective and therapeutic effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of crocus sativus (saffron), and its active consistent, safranal, on the harmaline-induced tremor in mice. | 2015 | 26124930 |
| could crocus sativus (saffron) be combined with conventional therapies for ocular diseases? | | 2015 | 26632137 |
| saffron ethanolic extract attenuates oxidative stress, spatial learning, and memory impairments induced by local injection of ethidium bromide. | cognitive deficits have been observed in patients with multiple sclerosis (ms) because of hippocampal insults. oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathophysiology of ms. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of crocus sativus l., commonly known as saffron, on learning and memory loss and the induction of oxidative stress in the hippocampus of toxic models of ms. one week after ms induction by intrahippocampal injection of ethidium bromide (eb), animals were treated with two dose ... | 2017 | 26600849 |
| quantitation of crocins and picrocrocin in saffron by hplc: application to quality control and phytochemical differentiation from other crocus taxa. | a chromatographic method was developed and fully validated for the determination of the major saffron constituents, i.e., picrocrocin and five major crocins. dried samples (styles of crocus sativus and other crocus taxa) were extracted with meoh : water (1 : 1, v/v), and chromatographic separation of the analytes was achieved by reversed-phase chromatography using a gradient elution. full validation was performed using spiked samples with analytes, which were isolated, purified, and characterize ... | 2015 | 26018797 |
| overexpression of crocus carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase, csccd4b, in arabidopsis imparts tolerance to dehydration, salt and oxidative stresses by modulating ros machinery. | apocarotenoids modulate vital physiological and developmental processes in plants. these molecules are formed by the cleavage of carotenoids, a reaction catalyzed by a family of enzymes called carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (ccds). apocarotenoids like β-ionone and β-cyclocitral have been reported to act as stress signal molecules during high light stress in many plant species. in crocus sativus, these two apocarotenoids are formed by enzymatic cleavage of β-carotene at 9, 10 and 7, 8 bonds by ... | 2015 | 26595090 |
| protective effects of the aqueous extract of crocus sativus against ethylene glycol induced nephrolithiasis in rats. | this study evaluated the possible protective effect of crocus sativus l. (saffron) in the treatment of renal calculi. aqueous extract of saffron (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, daily) was administered intraperitoneally in two regimens of protective or curative, using male wistar rats. urolithiasis was induced by ethylene glycol (% 0.75) in drinking water. urine was collected for biochemical analysis and the kidneys were prepared for total lipid peroxide and histological evaluation. ethylene glycol feedin ... | 2015 | 26535035 |
| crocin reduced acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in wistar rat through inhibition of oxidative stress. | acrylamide (acr) has many applications in different industries. acr damages the central and the peripheral nervous system in human and animals. importance of acr-induced neurotoxicity encouraged researchers to find both different mechanisms involved in acr neurotoxicity and potent neuroprotective agents. therefore, this study was designed to investigate the protective effect of crocin, an active constituent of crocus sativus l. (saffron) on acr-induced neurotoxicity in wistar rats. | 2015 | 26523222 |
| reversal effects of crocin on amyloid β-induced memory deficit: modification of autophagy or apoptosis markers. | crocin, as a carotenoid, is one of the main and active constituents of saffron stigmas (crocus sativus l.) that is widely used in folk medicine. several studies have pointed out the potent antioxidant and neuroprotective properties of crocin which may have therapeutic values for management of neurodegenerative disorders such as alzheimer's disease. alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia among the elderly and is characterized by massive neuronal loss and progressive cognitive imp ... | 2015 | 26484504 |
| evaluation of the antidepressant-like effects of acute and sub-acute administration of crocin and crocetin in mice. | the present study was designed to investigate the putative antidepressant effects of crocin and crocetin, two major active ingredients of crocus sativus l. (saffron) using mice in two different regimens of acute and sub-acute administration. | 2017 | 26468466 |
| the effects of crocus sativus (saffron) and its constituents on nervous system: a review. | saffron or crocus sativus l. (c. sativus) has been widely used as a medicinal plant to promote human health, especially in asia. the main components of saffron are crocin, picrocrocin and safranal. the median lethal doses (ld50) of c. sativus are 200 mg/ml and 20.7 g/kg in vitro and in animal studies, respectively. saffron has been suggested to be effective in the treatment of a wide range of disorders including coronary artery diseases, hypertension, stomach disorders, dysmenorrhea and learning ... | 2017 | 26468457 |
| smooth muscle relaxant activity of crocus sativus (saffron) and its constituents: possible mechanisms. | saffron, crocus sativus l. (c. sativus) is rich in carotenoids and used in traditional medicine for treatment of various conditions such as coughs, stomach disorders, amenorrhea, asthma and cardiovascular disorders. these therapeutic effects of the plant are suggested to be due to its relaxant effect on smooth muscles. the effect of c. sativus and its constituents on different smooth muscles and the underlying mechanisms have been studied. several studies have shown the relaxant effects of c. sa ... | 2017 | 26468456 |
| neuroprotective effects of crocin against oxidative stress induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat retina. | crocin, a pharmacologically active component of crocus sativus l. (saffron), has been reported to be useful in the treatment of oxidative stress injury. in the present study, we investigated the antioxidative effect of crocin and the change of the erk signaling pathway on rat retina induced by ischemia/reperfusion (ir) injury. | 2015 | 26437379 |
| how to isolate a plant's hypomethylome in one shot. | genome assembly remains a challenge for large and/or complex plant genomes due to their abundant repetitive regions resulting in studies focusing on gene space instead of the whole genome. thus, dna enrichment strategies facilitate the assembly by increasing the coverage and simultaneously reducing the complexity of the whole genome. in this paper we provide an easy, fast, and cost-effective variant of mre-seq to obtain a plant's hypomethylome by an optimized methyl filtration protocol followed ... | 2015 | 26421293 |
| saffron: its phytochemistry, developmental processes, and biotechnological prospects. | the present state of knowledge concerning developmental processes and the secondary metabolism of saffron, crocus sativus l. (iridaceae), along with the genes involved in these processes so far known, is reviewed. flowers and corms constitute the most valuable parts of saffron. corm and flower development are two key aspects to be studied in saffron to increase the yield and quality of the spice, to raise its reproductive rate, and to implement new production systems. important knowledge about t ... | 2015 | 26414550 |
| effects of crocetin esters and crocetin from crocus sativus l. on aortic contractility in rat genetic hypertension. | endothelial dysfunction, characterized by an enhancement in vasoconstriction, is clearly associated with hypertension. saffron (crocus sativus l.) bioactive compounds have been recognized to have hypotensive properties. recently, we have reported that crocetin exhibits potent vasodilator effects on isolated aortic rings from hypertensive rats. in this work, we have aimed to analyze the anticontractile ability of crocetin or crocetin esters pool (crocins) isolated from saffron. thus, we have stud ... | 2015 | 26402666 |
| comprehensive transcriptome analysis of crocus sativus for discovery and expression of genes involved in apocarotenoid biosynthesis. | crocus sativus stigmas form rich source of apocarotenoids like crocin, picrocrocin and saffranal which besides imparting color, flavour and aroma to saffron spice also have tremendous pharmacological properties. inspite of their importance, the biosynthetic pathway of crocus apocarotenoids is not fully elucidated. moreover, the mechanism of their stigma specific accumulation remains unknown. therefore, deep transcriptome sequencing of crocus stigma and rest of the flower tissue was done to ident ... | 2015 | 26370545 |
| crocus sativus petals: waste or valuable resource? the answer of high-resolution and high-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance. | intact crocus sativus petals were studied for the first time by high-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (hr-mas nmr) spectroscopy, revealing the presence of kinsenoside (2) and goodyeroside a (3), together with 3-hydroxy-γ-butyrolactone (4). these findings were confirmed by hr-nmr analysis of the ethanol extract of fresh petals and showed that, even though carried out rapidly, partial hydrolysis of glucopyranosyloxybutanolides occurs during extraction. on the other hand, ... | 2015 | 26367873 |
| natural compounds from saffron and bear bile prevent vision loss and retinal degeneration. | all retinal disorders, regardless of their aetiology, involve the activation of oxidative stress and apoptosis pathways. the administration of neuroprotective factors is crucial in all phases of the pathology, even when vision has been completely lost. the retina is one of the most susceptible tissues to reactive oxygen species damage. on the other hand, proper development and functioning of the retina requires a precise balance between the processes of proliferation, differentiation and program ... | 2015 | 26263962 |
| comparative expression analysis of senescence gene csnap and b-class floral development gene csap3 during different stages of flower development in saffron (crocus sativus l.). | crocus sativus, a monocot triploid species belonging to the iridaceae family, is cultivated for its red stigmatic lobes of the carpel that constitute saffron. flower development has been extensively studied in different plants. different floral developmental pathways have been deciphered in many plants. in crocus sativus, flower is the most important part and understanding the pathway underlying the flower development can pave the way for new avenues to improve its productivity and quality. the ... | 2015 | 26261412 |
| intestinal formation of trans-crocetin from saffron extract (crocus sativus l.) and in vitro permeation through intestinal and blood brain barrier. | extracts of saffron (crocus sativus l.) have traditionally been used against depressions. recent preclinical and clinical investigations have rationalized this traditional use. trans-crocetin, a saffron metabolite originating from the crocin apocarotenoids, has been shown to exert strong nmda receptor affinity and is thought to be responsible for the cns activity of saffron. pharmacokinetic properties of the main constituents from saffron have only been described to a limited extent. therefore t ... | 2015 | 25636868 |
| simultaneous quantification of crocetin esters and picrocrocin changes in chinese saffron by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector during 15 years of storage. | saffron, which is made up of the dried stigmas of crocus sativus l., has been successfully cultivated in china since 1970s and zhejiang province is now the largest producing area in china, but the contents of crocetin esters and picrocrocin in saffron from zhejiang province has not been determined simultaneously by high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) and changes of these constituents in chinese saffron during storage for years has not been studied. | 2017 | 26246729 |
| crocin protects pc12 cells against mpp(+)-induced injury through inhibition of mitochondrial dysfunction and er stress. | the molecular machinery that mediates neuronal injury in neurodegenerative conditions such as parkinson's disease (pd) remains to be fully deciphered, which will hopefully provide novel therapeutic targets for these disorders. crocin, one of the water-soluble carotenoids isolated from the crocus sativus l (saffron) stigma, has been reported to exert therapeutic potential in many disease models. here, we establish an in vitro pd model using 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (mpp(+))-injured pc12 cells ... | 2015 | 26209153 |
| a systematic review of randomized controlled trials examining the effectiveness of saffron (crocus sativus l.) on psychological and behavioral outcomes. | throughout the past three decades, increased scientific attention has been given to examining saffron's (crocus sativus l.) use as a potential therapeutic or preventive agent for a number of health conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and depression. | 2015 | 26165367 |
| crocetin, a carotenoid derived from saffron (crocus sativus l.), improves acetylcholine-induced vascular relaxation in hypertension. | hypertension is associated with endothelial dysfunction characterized by decreased vasorelaxation. crocetin, a bioactive compound of saffron, exhibits favorable cardiovascular properties. we analyze the vasomodulatory effects of crocetin in hypertension. | 2014 | 25531977 |
| attenuation of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis by ethanolic and aqueous extracts of crocus sativus l. stigma after chronic constriction injury of rats. | in our previous study, the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of crocus sativus elicited antinociceptive effects in the chronic constriction injury (cci) model of neuropathic pain. in this study, we explored anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic effects of such extracts in cci animals. a total of 72 animals were divided as vehicle-treated cci rats, sham group, cci animals treated with the effective dose of aqueous and ethanolic extracts (200 mg/kg, i.p.). the lumbar spinal cord levels o ... | 2014 | 25493695 |
| crocin, the main active saffron constituent, as an adjunctive treatment in major depressive disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot clinical trial. | herbal remedies play an important role in treatment of psychiatric disorders. the aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of crocin, the main active constituent of saffron, as an adjunctive treatment in major depressive disorder (mdd). | 2015 | 25484177 |
| evaluation of saffron (crocus sativus l.) adulteration with plant adulterants by (1)h nmr metabolite fingerprinting. | in the present work, a preliminary study for the detection of adulterated saffron and the identification of the adulterant used by means of (1)h nmr and chemometrics is reported. authentic greek saffron and four typical plant-derived materials utilised as bulking agents in saffron, i.e., crocus sativus stamens, safflower, turmeric, and gardenia were investigated. a two-step approach, relied on the application of both opls-da and o2pls-da models to the (1)h nmr data, was adopted to perform authen ... | 2015 | 25466103 |
| hepatoprotective effect of crocus sativus (saffron) petals extract against acetaminophen toxicity in male wistar rats. | acetaminophen (apap) toxicity is known to be common and potentially fatal. this study aims to investigate the protective effects of hydroalcoholic extract, remaining from crocus sativus petals (csp) against apap-induced hepatotoxicity by measuring the blood parameters and studying the histopathology of liver in male rats. | 2014 | 25386395 |
| saffron (crocus sativus) for depression: a systematic review of clinical studies and examination of underlying antidepressant mechanisms of action. | saffron, a spice derived from the flower of crocus sativus, has now undergone several trials examining its antidepressant effects and, in a recent meta-analysis, was confirmed to be effective for the treatment of major depression. | 2014 | 25384672 |
| crocus sativus l. (saffron) for cancer chemoprevention: a mini review. | cancer is one of the most feared diseases globally and there has been a sustained rise in its incidence in both developing and developed countries. despite the growing therapeutic options for patients with cancer, their efficacy is time-limited and non-curative. hence to overcome these drawbacks, an incessant screening for superior and safer drugs has been ongoing for numerous decades, resulting in the detection of anti-cancer properties of several phytochemicals. chemoprevention using readily a ... | 2015 | 26151016 |
| diversity and relationships of crocus sativus and its relatives analysed by inter-retroelement amplified polymorphism (irap). | saffron (crocus sativus) is a sterile triploid (2n = 3x = 24) cultivated species, of unknown origin from other diploid and polyploid species in the genus crocus (iridaceae). species in the genus have high morphological diversity, with no clear phylogenetic patterns below the level of section crocus series crocus. using dna markers, this study aimed to examine the diversity and relationships within and between species of crocus series crocus. | 2015 | 26138822 |
| inhibitory effect of corcin on aggregation of 1n/4r human tau protein in vitro. | alzheimer's disease (ad) is the most common age-related neurodegenerative disorder. one of the hallmarks of ad is an abnormal accumulation of fibril forms of tau protein which is known as a microtubule associated protein. in this regard, inhibition of tau aggregation has been documented to be a potent therapeutic approach in ad and tauopathies. unfortunately, the available synthetic drugs have modest beneficial efficacy with several side effects. therefore, pipeline drugs from natural sources wi ... | 2015 | 26124935 |
| hypoglycemic effects of three iranian edible plants; jujube, barberry and saffron: correlation with serum adiponectin level. | one of the most common disorders of the endocrine system is diabetes mellitus. this disease is associated with dyslipidemia. adiponectin is a protein hormone that secreted by adipocytes and has an important role in regulating of glucose and fatty acid metabolic pathways. this study was designed to investigate the changes in serum level of adiponectin in diabetic rats treated with hydroalcoholic extracts of three medicinal plants; jujube (ziziphus jujuba), barberry (berberis vulgaris) and saffron ... | 2015 | 26639503 |
| identification of safranal as the main allelochemical from saffron (crocus sativus). | dried parts of 75 medicinal plant species collected from different regions in iran were assayed by the dish pack method for volatile allelopathic activity, using lactuca sativa (lettuce) as the test plant. the highest (60%) inhibition was observed for saffron (stigma of crocus sativus), followed by dracocephalum kotschyi, solanum nigrum and artemisia aucheri. safranal was identified as the main chemical by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (hs- gc-ms) analyses of saffron. moreover, ... | 2015 | 26058156 |
| petals of crocus sativus l. as a potential source of the antioxidants crocin and kaempferol. | saffron from the province of l'aquila, in the abruzzo region of italy, is highly prized and has been awarded a formal recognition by the european union with eu protected designation of origin (pdo) status. despite this, the saffron regions are abandoned by the younger generations because the traditional cultivation of saffron (crocus sativus l.) is labour intensive and yields only one crop of valuable saffron stamens per year. petals of the saffron crocus have had additional uses in traditional ... | 2015 | 26012879 |
| effects of a topical saffron (crocus sativus l) gel on erectile dysfunction in diabetics: a randomized, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. | erectile dysfunction is a man's persistent or recurrent inability to achieve and maintain erection for a satisfactory sexual relationship. as diabetes is a major risk factor for erectile dysfunction, the prevalence of erectile dysfunction among diabetic men has been reported as 35% to 90%. this randomized, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial investigated the effects of a topical saffron (crocus sativus l) gel on erectile dysfunction in diabetic men. patients were randomly allo ... | 2015 | 25948674 |
| saffron as an antidote or a protective agent against natural or chemical toxicities. | saffron (crocus sativus) is an extensively used food additive for its color and taste. since ancient times this plant has been introduced as a marvelous medicine throughout the world. the wide spectrum of saffron pharmacological activities is related to its major constituents including crocin, crocetin and safranal. based on several studies, saffron and its active ingredients have been used as an antioxidant, antiinflammatory and antinociceptive, antidepressant, antitussive, anticonvulsant, memo ... | 2015 | 25928729 |
| the effect of chronic administration of safranal on systolic blood pressure in rats. | safranal, the main component of crocus sativus essential oil, exhibits different pharmacological activities. in this study, the effects of safranal, on blood pressure of normotensive and desoxycorticosterone acetate (doca) - salt induced hypertensive rats in chronic administration were investigated. three doses of safranal (1, 2 and 4 mg/kg/day) and spironolactone (50 mg/kg/day) were administrated to the different groups of normotensive and hypertensive rats (at the end of 4 weeks treatment by d ... | 2015 | 25901167 |
| preventive effects of hydroalcoholic extract of saffron on hematological parameters of experimental asthmatic rats. | asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the respiratory airways distinguished by edema and infiltration of inflammatory immune cells. to test our hypothesis about the anti-inflammatory effect of saffron, we examined effects of crocus sativus (c. sativus) extract as a prophylactic anti-inflammatory agent in sensitized rats. | 2013 | 25050284 |
| aflp and ms-aflp analysis of the variation within saffron crocus (crocus sativus l.) germplasm. | the presence and extent of genetic variation in saffron crocus are still debated, as testified by several contradictory articles providing contrasting results about the monomorphism or less of the species. remarkably, phenotypic variations have been frequently observed in the field, such variations are usually unstable and can change from one growing season to another. considering that gene expression can be influenced both by genetic and epigenetic changes, epigenetics could be a plausible caus ... | 2015 | 25885113 |
| cardioprotective effect of saffron extracts against acute doxorubicin toxicity in isolated rabbit hearts submitted to ischemia-reperfusion injury. | doxorubicin (dox) is an anthracycline antibiotic routinely used as a chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of solid tumours. however, dox possesses an acute and cumulative cardiotoxicity due to free radical production. the present study was designed to investigate the possible protective effects of saffron (crocus sativus) extracts against dox-induced acute cardiotoxicity in isolated rabbit hearts submitted to 30 min global ischemia followed by 40 min reperfusion. dox was delivered during rep ... | 2015 | 25854766 |
| gc-ms-olfactometric characterization of the most aroma-active components in a representative aromatic extract from iranian saffron (crocus sativus l.). | aroma and aroma-active compounds of iranian saffron (crocus sativus l.) were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry. the saffron aromatic extracts were obtained by four different extraction techniques including solvent-assisted flavour evaporation (safe), liquid-liquid extraction (lle), solid phase extraction (spe), and simultaneous distillation extraction (sde) and compared to achieve a representative aromatic extract from saffron. according to sensory analysis, the aroma ... | 2015 | 25842335 |
| new insights into the biological properties of crocus sativus l.: chemical modifications, human monoamine oxidases inhibition and molecular modeling studies. | although there are clinical trials and in vivo studies in literature regarding the anxiolytic and antidepressant activities of the components of crocus sativus l., their effects on the human monoamine oxidases (hmao-a and hmao-b), enzymes which are involved in mental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, have not yet been investigated. we have thus examined the hmao inhibitory activities of crocin and safranal (the most important active principles in saffron) and, subsequently, designed a se ... | 2014 | 24904963 |
| evaluation of antioxidant activities of bioactive compounds and various extracts obtained from saffron (crocus sativus l.): a review. | saffron (crocus sativus l. stigma), the most valuable medicinal food product, belongs to the iridaceae family which has been widely used as a coloring and flavoring agent. these properties are basically related to its crocins, picrocrocin and safranal contents which have all demonstrated health promoting properties. the present review article highlights the phytochemical constituents (phenolic and flavonoid compounds, degraded carotenoid compounds crocins and crocetin) that are important in anti ... | 2015 | 25829569 |
| safranal of crocus sativus l. inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase and attenuates asthma in a mouse model of asthma. | the present study involves evaluation of antioxidant potential of crocus sativus and its main constituents, safranal (sfn) and crocin (cro), in bronchial epithelial cells, followed antiinflammatory potential of the active constituent safranal, in a murine model of asthma. to investigate the antioxidizing potential of crocus sativus and its main constituents in bronchial epithelial cells, the stress was induced in these cells by a combination of different cytokines that resulted in an increase in ... | 2015 | 25756352 |
| application of response surface methodology to optimise supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of volatile compounds from crocus sativus. | crocus sativus has been used as a traditional chinese medicine for a long time. the volatile compounds of c. sativus appear biologically active and may act as antioxidants as well as anticonvulsants, antidepressants and antitumour agents. in order to obtain the highest possible yield of essential oils from c. sativus, response surface methodology was employed to optimise the conditions of supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extraction of the volatile compounds from c. sativus. four factorswere in ... | 2014 | 24834501 |
| anti-asthma potential of crocin and its effect on mapk signaling pathway in a murine model of allergic airway disease. | crocin, a diterpenoid glucoside, has multitudinous activities such as anti-inflammation, anti-allergy, anti-oxidation and relaxing smooth muscles. | 2015 | 25753844 |
| neuropharmacological aspects of crocus sativus l.: a review of preclinical studies and ongoing clinical research. | crocus sativus l. (iridaceae) is an important member of the genus crocus having high medicinal value. its dried stigmas, known as "saffron" are being widely used form past many centuries as a food additive, coloring agent, flavoring agent and a potential source of traditional medicine. the stigmas along with other botanical parts of crocus sativus are being extensively used in ethnomedical treatment of varied central nervous system diseases. in line with its ethnomedical importance, several prec ... | 2015 | 25714974 |
| the effect of crocus sativus l. and its constituents on memory: basic studies and clinical applications. | memory-related disorders are a common public health issue. memory impairment is frequent in degenerative diseases (such as alzheimer's disease and parkinson disease), cerebral injuries, and schizophrenia. the dried stigma of the plant crocus sativus l. (c. sativus), commonly known as saffron, is used in folk medicine for various purposes. several lines of evidence suggest that c. sativus and its constituents are implicated in cognition. here we critically review advances in research of these eme ... | 2015 | 25713594 |
| anticarcinogenic effect of saffron (crocus sativus l.) and its ingredients. | conventional and newly emerging treatment procedures such as chemotherapy, catalytic therapy, photodynamic therapy and radiotherapy have not succeeded in reversing the outcome of cancer diseases to any drastic extent, which has led researchers to investigate alternative treatment options. the extensive repertoire of traditional medicinal knowledge systems from various parts of the world are being re-investigated for their healing properties crocus sativus l., commonly known as saffron, is the ra ... | 2014 | 24761112 |
| saffron improves epididymal sperm parameters in rats exposed to cadmium. | cadmium (cd) is known to cause various disorders in the testis. the general population may be exposed to cd through ingestion of food and drinking water, inhalation of particulates from ambient air, tobacco smoke and ingestion of contaminated soil and dust. saffron (crocus sativus l.) is widely used as a food flavour, and has well known medicinal effects. | 2014 | 24719804 |
| effects of sulfur water extraction on anthocyanins properties of tepals in flower of saffron (crocus sativus l). | a sulfur solution with different metabisulfite concentrations (100, 400, 700, 1,000 and 2,000 ppm) was used to extract anthocyanins from saffron tepals. the extraction process was compared with acidified ethanol solution at similar extraction times of 20, 40, 60, 120, and 180 min at 40 °c. the recovery of anthocyanins with sulfur solution was higher than ethanol extraction and reached to 700 mg anthocyanins/100 g, when the sulfur concentration and extraction time were 700 ppm and 60 min, respect ... | 2015 | 25694689 |
| protective effects of crocus sativus l. extract and crocin against chronic-stress induced oxidative damage of brain, liver and kidneys in rats. | chronic stress has been reported to induce oxidative damage of the brain. a few studies have shown that crocus sativus l., commonly known as saffron and its active constituent crocin may have a protective effect against oxidative stress. the present work was designed to study the protective effects of saffron extract and crocin on chronic - stress induced oxidative stress damage of the brain, liver and kidneys. | 2014 | 25671180 |
| identification, cloning and characterization of an ultrapetala transcription factor csult1 from crocus: a novel regulator of apocarotenoid biosynthesis. | crocus sativus is a triploid sterile plant with long red stigmas which form commercial saffron. saffron is the site for synthesis and accumulation of apocarotenoids like crocin, picrocrin and safranal which are responsible for its color, flavour and aroma making it world's most expensive spice. these compounds are formed by oxidative cleavage of zeaxanthin by carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases. although the biosynthetic pathway of apocarotenoids is known to a considerable extent, the mechanism tha ... | 2015 | 25640597 |
| crocin effects on human myeloma cells regarding intracellular redox state, dna fragmentation, and apoptosis or necrosis profile. | well-documented studies reported several pharmacological properties for crocin, the active compound of crocus sativus, such as its antitumor, radical scavenging, antidepressant, and memory-enhancing effects. | 2014 | 25625054 |