Publications

detection of a new bacterium related to 'candidatus midichloria mitochondrii' in bed bugs.		2009	19438654
evaluation of two least toxic integrated pest management programs for managing bed bugs (heteroptera: cimicidae) with discussion of a bed bug intercepting device.	the cost and effectiveness of two bed bug (cimex lectularius l.) integrated pest management (ipm) programs were evaluated for 10 wk. sixteen bed bug-infested apartments were chosen from a high-rise low-income apartment building. the apartments were randomly divided into two treatment groups: diatomaceous earth dust-based ipm (d-ipm) and chlorfenapyr spray-based ipm (s-ipm). the initial median (minimum, maximum) bed bug counts (by visual inspection) of the two treatment groups were 73.5 (10, 352) ...	2009	19496428
addition of alarm pheromone components improves the effectiveness of desiccant dusts against cimex lectularius.	we demonstrate that the addition of bed bug, cimex lectularius, alarm pheromone to desiccant formulations greatly enhances their effectiveness during short-term exposure. two desiccant formulations, diatomaceous earth (de) and dri-die (silica gel), were applied at the label rate with and without bed bug alarm pheromone components, (e)-2-hexenal, (e)-2-octenal, and a (e)-2-hexenal:(e)-2-octenal blend. first-instar nymphs and adult females were subjected to 10-min exposures, and water loss rates w ...	2009	19496429
a carbon dioxide, heat and chemical lure trap for the bedbug, cimex lectularius.	a trap for the collection of bedbugs, cimex lectularius linnaeus (hemiptera: cimicidae), is described. the trap was baited with co2 (50-400 ml/min), heat (37.2-42.2 degrees c) and a chemical lure comprised of 33.0 microg proprionic acid, 0.33 microg butyric acid, 0.33 microg valeric acid, 100 microg octenol and 100 microg l-lactic acid, impregnated into a gel. laboratory studies, conducted in a square arena measuring 183 cm on each side, showed that traps with and without baits captured adult be ...	2009	19499616
bacteriolytic activity in the ejaculate of an insect.	the rapid evolution of ejaculate components is considered to be largely driven by sexual selection. less attention has been paid to the fact that sperm and microorganisms frequently meet; we consequently predict selection for substances that protect a male's ejaculate. we report, for the first time, bacteriolytic activity (lysozyme-like immune activity [lla]) in the ejaculate of an animal, the common bedbug cimex lectularius. we also show that in almost half the males lla in the seminal fluid ex ...	2009	19548839
bedbugs.	cimex lectularius (the "bedbug") is an insect that feeds nocturnally, taking a requisite blood meal from a sleeping human or other parasitized host. immunological reactions to bedbug saliva vary, but typically, bites yield erythematous and pruritic papules. the face and distal extremities, areas uncovered by sleeping clothes or blankets, are preferentially involved. until the late 1990s, bedbug infestations in the united states were declining. resurgence is attributed to increased travel and res ...	2009	19580578
lethal effects of heat and use of localized heat treatment for control of bed bug infestations.	bed bugs, cimex lectularius l., hide in cracks and crevices in furniture and are difficult to control. the bed bug thermal death kinetics were examined to develop a heat treatment method to eliminate bed bug infestations in room contents. high temperatures caused temporary immobilization (knockdown) of bed bugs even with exposures that did not have lethal effects. exposure of bed bug adults to 39 degrees c for 240 min caused no mortality; however, as temperatures increased from 41 to 49 degrees ...	2009	19610436
efficacy of permethrin treated long-lasting insecticidal nets on malaria transmission and observations on the perceived side effects, collateral benefits and human safety in a hyperendemic tribal area of orissa, india.	studies were conducted on the efficacy of olyset nets-a long-lasting insecticidal net (llin) factory treated with 2% (w/w) permethrin on malaria transmission in an area under the influence of pyrethroid susceptible vector species anopheles culicifacies and a. fluviatilis in sundargarh district, orissa, india. the study area comprised 22 villages that were randomized into three clusters and designated as olyset net, untreated net, and no net area. malaria incidence in the study population was mea ...	2009	19647715
[ectoparasites. part 2: bed bugs, demodex, sand fleas and cutaneous larva migrans].	ectoparasites or epidermal parasites include a very heterogenous group of infections of the outer layers of the skin. worldwide the most common are scabies, lice, tungiasis, and hookworm-induced cutaneous larva migrans. in recent years, bed bug infestations in hotels or vacation homes seem to have become more frequent. demodex folliculorum and demodex brevis are found in the facial and scalp hair follicles in 95% of individuals. classic demodex folliculitis is often overlooked in differential di ...	2009	19701614
the feeding process of cimex lectularius (linnaeus 1758) and cimex hemipterus (fabricius 1803) on different bloodmeal sources.	the bedbugs cimex lectularius and cimex hemipterus are obligate hematophages in all their nymphal instars as well as in the adult stage. the efficiency with which the insects obtain blood from their hosts is directly related to their population dynamics. in the present study we compared the feeding process and salivary content in individuals of these two species when fed on different blood sources or host sites, using a cibarial pump electromyogram. females ingested more blood than males but nee ...	2009	19712677
bed bug (heteroptera: cimicidae) attraction to pitfall traps baited with carbon dioxide, heat, and chemical lure.	carbon dioxide (co2), heat, and chemical lure (1-octen-3-ol and l-lactic acid) were tested as attractants for bed bugs, cimex lectularius l. (heteroptera: cimicidae), by using pitfall traps. both co2 and heat were attractive to bed bugs. co2 was significantly more attractive to bed bugs than heat. traps baited with chemical lure attracted more bed bugs but at a statistically nonsignificant level. in small arena studies (56 by 44 cm), pitfall traps baited with co2 or heat trapped 79.8 +/- 6.7 and ...	2009	19736771
insecticides susceptibility status of the bedbugs (cimex lectularius) in a rural area of magugu, northern tanzania.	the recent spread of bedbugs, cimex lectularius l. (heteroptera: cimicidae), has received attention of the public health sector for designing of effective plan of action for control. several studies have focused on determining the distribution and abundance of bedbug populations in tropical areas. this study establishes baseline information on deltamethrin, permethrin, alphacypermethrin, lambdacypermethrin and k-o tab susceptibility status in a bedbug population collected from magugu area in nor ...	2009	20300399
evaluation of piperonyl butoxide as a deltamethrin synergist for pyrethroid-resistant bed bugs.	an understanding of the mechanisms of insecticide resistance in the bed bug, cimex lectularius l., has the potential to lead to new approaches for the control of resistant populations. we used the cytochrome p450 monooxygenase (p450) inhibitor piperonyl butoxide (pbo) to assess the role of p450s in deltamethrin resistance in three field-collected bed bug strains, la-1, cin-1 and wor-1. in addition, we exposed two highly resistant strains, cin-1 and wor-1 (resistance ratio [rr] >2,500-fold), to d ...	2009	20069862
bed bugs - what the gp needs to know.	since the mid 1990s, there has been a global resurgence of bed bugs (cimex spp.), which are blood feeding insects that readily bite humans. patients suffering with bite reactions are increasingly presenting to medical practitioners.	2009	19893834
field evaluations of insecticide treatment regimens for control of the common bed bug, cimex lectularius (l.).	because bedbugs, cimex lectularius l., have not been a problem in the usa for over 40 years, few insecticide products are labeled for their control. most products that are labeled for bedbugs are pyrethroids. however, recent studies indicate that field-collected bedbugs may be resistant to pyrethroids. there are also non-pyrethroid products labeled for bedbugs, but, like the pyrethroids, none of these products has been evaluated for field efficacy. this study evaluated the efficacy of two insect ...	2009	19097027
effect of population structure and size on aggregation behavior of cimex lectularius (hemiptera: cimicidae).	the bed bug, cimex lectularius l. (hemiptera: cimicidae), occurs in aggregations until the conditions are no longer beneficial, leading to dispersal. active and passive bed bug dispersal causes migrations from main aggregations either within a room, from room to room within a building, or from building to building. because bed bug movement is an important factor in the spread of infestations, we wanted to determine how population structure and size affect bed bug aggregations. engorged bed bugs ...	2009	19769030
detection of seminal fluid proteins in the bed bug, cimex lectularius, using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry.	the global increase of the human parasite, the common bed bug cimex lectularius, calls for specific pest control target sites. the bed bug is also a model species for sexual conflict theory which suggests that seminal fluids may be highly diverse. the species has a highly unusual sperm biology and seminal proteins may have unique functions. one-dimensional page gels showed 40-50% band sharing between c. lectularius and another cimicid species, afrocimex constrictus. however, adult, sexually rest ...	2009	19091156
recognition and management of common ectoparasitic diseases in travelers.	this review article summarizes the ectoparasitic diseases likely to be seen by a western dermatologist. the article aims to cover both endemic diseases and those likely to present in the returning traveler. tungiasis is due to the gravid sand flea (tunga penetrans) embedding into the stratum corneum of a human host. as the flea is a ground dweller, lesions are usually present on the feet and are classically periungual. the sand flea is eventually shed spontaneously but to reduce the infection ri ...	2009	19170405
behavioral responses of the bed bug to insecticide residues.	the recent resurgence of bed bugs, cimex lectularius l. (heteroptera: cimicidae), has increased the demand for information about effective control tactics. several studies have focused on determining the susceptibility of bed bug populations to insecticides. however, behavioral responses of bed bugs to insecticide residues could influence their efficacy. the behavioral responses of bed bugs to deltamethrin and chlorfenapyr, two commonly used insecticides for bed bug control in the united states, ...	2009	19198517
sensitivity to bites by the bedbug, cimex lectularius.	bedbugs are a public health problem and can cause significant economic losses, but little is known about the effects of bites on humans. we reviewed case reports and published papers on bedbug bites to assess the empirical basis of the commonly cited figure that only approximately 80% of the population are sensitive to bedbug bites. we found the sensitivity estimate to be based on only one study carried out 80 years ago. however, this study did not account for the now well-established fact that ...	2009	19292820
bed bugs (cimex lectularius) and clinical consequences of their bites.	bed bug (cimex lectularius) infestations are rapidly increasing worldwide. health consequences include nuisance biting and cutaneous and systemic reactions. the potential for bed bugs to serve as disease vectors and optimal methods for bed bug pest control and eradication are unclear.	2009	19336711
situation exploitation: higher male mating success when female resistance is reduced by feeding.	optimal male and female mating rates rarely coincide. males often shift the rate in their favor by either increased signaling and by overcoming female resistance to copulation. the concept of sensory exploitation posits that males produce signals that mimic naturally selected benefits and so deceitfully attract females. however, males also have to overcome female resistance to actual copulation. males may do so by copulating during situations when the female's ability to resist is decreased beca ...	2009	18752607
antibody responses of domestic animals to salivary antigens of triatomainfestans as biomarkers for low-level infestation of triatomines.	hematophagous arthropods such as triatoma infestans, the vector of trypanosoma cruzi, elicit host-immune responses during feeding. characterization of antibody responses to salivary antigens offers the potential to develop immunologically based monitoring techniques for exposure to re-emergent triatomine bug populations in peridomestic animals. igg-antibody responses to the salivary antigens of t.infestans have been detected in chickens as soon as 2 days after the first exposure to five adult bu ...	2009	19248784
insect-specific irreversible inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase in pests including the bed bug, the eastern yellowjacket, german and american cockroaches, and the confused flour beetle.	insecticides directed against acetylcholinesterase (ache) are facing increased resistance among target species as well as increasing concerns for human toxicity. the result has been a resurgence of disease vectors, insects destructive to agriculture, and residential pests. we previously reported a free cysteine (cys) residue at the entrance to the ache active site in some insects but not higher vertebrates. we also reported cys-targeting methanethiosulfonate molecules (amtsn), which, under condi ...	2010	20109441
wolbachia as a bacteriocyte-associated nutritional mutualist.	many insects are dependent on bacterial symbionts that provide essential nutrients (ex. aphid-buchnera and tsetse-wiglesworthia associations), wherein the symbionts are harbored in specific cells called bacteriocytes that constitute a symbiotic organ bacteriome. facultative and parasitic bacterial symbionts like wolbachia have been regarded as evolutionarily distinct from such obligate nutritional mutualists. however, we discovered that, in the bedbug cimex lectularius, wolbachia resides in a ba ...	2010	20080750
[bedbug dermatitis (cimex lectularius)].		2010	20110070
practical solutions for treating laundry infested with cimex lectularius (hemiptera: cimicidae).	the common bed bug, cimex lectularius (l.) (hemiptera: cimicidae) is known to become associated, from time to time, with clothing or linen. in such locations, it may escape insecticide treatment, and may be carried to new locations. we test the suggestion that laundering is sufficient to kill all life stages and thus help prevent reinfestation and dispersion. we establish minimum temperatures for washing and minimum temperatures and times for tumble-drying, as well as testing cold soaking, dry c ...	2010	20214378
widespread distribution of knockdown resistance mutations in the bed bug, cimex lectularius (hemiptera: cimicidae), populations in the united states.	we previously reported high deltamethrin resistance in bed bugs, cimex lectularius, collected from multiple areas of the united states (romero et al., 2007). recently, two mutations, the valine to leucine mutation (v419l) and the leucine to isoleucine mutation (l925i) in voltage-gated sodium channel alpha-subunit gene, had been identified to be responsible for knockdown resistance (kdr) to deltamethrin in bed bugs collected from new york (yoon et al., 2008). the current study was undertaken to i ...	2010	20301216
nymphs of the common bed bug (cimex lectularius) produce anti-aphrodisiac defence against conspecific males.	abdominal wounding by traumatic insemination and the lack of a long distance attraction pheromone set the scene for unusual sexual signalling systems. male bed bugs (cimex lectularius) mount any large, newly fed individual in an attempt to mate. last instar nymphs overlap in size with mature females, which make them a potential target for interested males. however, nymphs lack the female's specific mating adaptations and may be severely injured by the abdominal wounding. we, therefore, hypothesi ...	2010	20828381
effects of life stages and feeding regimes on active movement behavior of the tropical bed bug, cimex hemipterus (hemiptera: cimicidae).	this study examined the effects of different life stages (first, second, third, fourth, and five instars; adult females and adult males) and feeding regimes (starved and blood fed) on the active movement activity of the tropical bed bug, cimex hemipterus (f.), under mixed-stage conditions. we used an extended arena made from tygon tube coils and observed the movement frequency and movement distance at selected time intervals up to 120 h. the fifth instars and adult males and females showed signi ...	2010	20496576
taking a bite out of the bed bug sialome.		2010	20593899
estimating the feeding rate of the bedbug cimex lectularius in an infested room: an inexpensive method and a case study.	the common bedbug, cimex lectularius l. (hemiptera: cimicidae), is a globally re-emerging pest that is playing an increasing role in legal disputes and compensation claims as a result of its unpleasant feeding activity. however, there is little information about the feeding frequency of bedbugs outside controlled laboratory cultures. here, we present a simple method of estimating the average time since the last bloodmeal of individual female bedbugs in a single sampling event, applicable to a si ...	2010	20377731
4-oxo-aldehydes from the dorsal abdominal glands of the bed bug (hemiptera: cimicidae).	analyses of the dorsal abdominal glands of fourth- and fifth-instar nymphs of the bed bud, cimex lectularius l. (hemiptera: cimicidae), indicated the predominant constituents were (e)-2-hexenal and (e)-2-octenal, with lesser amounts of 4-oxo-(e)-2-hexenal and 4-oxo-(e)-2-octenal. the latter two compounds have not been reported previously as occurring in bed bugs. there were no differences in the chemical composition of the dorsal abdominal glands excised from exuviae left behind by either male o ...	2010	20380293
circadian rhythm of spontaneous locomotor activity in the bed bug, cimex lectularius l.	bed bugs must avoid detection when finding hosts and returning to hidden harborages. their stealthy habits include foraging when hosts are asleep. characteristics of spontaneous locomotor activity rhythm of bed bugs with different feeding histories were studied. in the absence of host stimuli, adults and nymphs were much more active in the dark than in the light. the onset of activity in the scotophase commenced soon after lights-off. the free-running period (tau) for all stages was longer in co ...	2010	20452356
the efficacy of neem seed extracts (tre-san, mitestop on a broad spectrum of pests and parasites.	the paper summarizes the acaricidal and insecticidal effects of a patented neem seed extract when diluted 1:10 with shampoo or 1:20, 1:30, 1:33, 1:40, respectively, 1:66 with tap water. it was shown that a broad range of pests and parasites, such as house dust mites, poultry mites, harvest mites, ixodes and rhipicephalus ticks, cat fleas (adults, larvae), bed bugs (all stages), head lice and mallophaga, cockroaches (genera blatta, blattella, gomphadorhina), raptor bugs (triatoma), and even food- ...	2010	20461406
insight into the sialome of the bed bug, cimex lectularius.	the evolution of insects to a blood diet leads to the development of a saliva that antagonizes their hosts' hemostasis and inflammation. hemostasis and inflammation are redundant processes, and thus a complex salivary potion composed of dozens or near 100 different polypeptides is commonly found by transcriptome or proteome analysis of these organisms. several insect orders or families evolved independently to hematophagy, creating unique salivary potions in the form of novel pharmacological use ...	2010	20441151
cimex lectularius--an unwelcome train attendant.		2010	20007064
ectoparasites from feral pigeons affecting humans.	feral pigeons pose a considerable health risk to the human population. they are vectors of infectious diseases and source of antigens causing allergic diseases. breeding and roosting sites of pigeons harbor parasites that may infest humans. in the present article, a concomitant parasitization of a young female with 3 different ectoparasites, the bedbug cimex lectularius, the pigeon tick argas reflexus and the red mite dermanyssus gallinae, is reported. the parasites invaded the apartment from a ...	2010	20016127
characterization of the antennal olfactory system of the bed bug (cimex lectularius).	the common bed bug cimex lectularius (hemiptera; cimicidae) is a temporary ectoparasite on humans that is currently reinvading the developed countries. like other haematophagous arthropods, host seeking and orientation in c. lectularius is partially mediated by olfaction. in this study, we reconfirmed the distribution of the 44 olfactory sensilla and identified 3 different sensillum types located at the distal tip of c. lectularius antenna by external morphology mapping. using a panel of relevan ...	2010	20032111
characteristics of cimex lectularius (hemiptera: cimicidae), infestation and dispersal in a high-rise apartment building.	bed bugs, cimex lectularius l. (hemiptera: cimicidae), are a fast-growing urban pest of significant public health importance in the united states and many other countries. yet, there is very little field research on the ecology of this pest due to its near absence in the united states and most developed nations for several decades. we investigated characteristics of the bed bug infestation and dispersal in a 223-unit high-rise apartment building through visual inspections, intercepting devices, ...	2010	20214383
the life cycle and effectiveness of insecticides against the bed bugs of thailand.	the purpose of this study was to determine the life cycle and effectiveness of insecticides against bed bugs in thailand. bed bugs from dwelling places in chon buri and chiang mai provinces were determined to be cimex hemipterus and cimex lectularius, respectively. both bed bug species were reared by feeding on rabbit blood at 2-day intervals in laboratory conditions at 28-32 degrees c with 75% relative humidity. the duration from egg to adult stages took 39.9 +/- 7.0 and 36.9 +/- 8.2 days in c. ...	2010	20578541
bed bug deterrence.	a recent study in bmc biology has determined that the immature stage of the bed bug (the nymph) signals its reproductive status to adult males using pheromones and thus avoids the trauma associated with copulation in this species. the success of this nymphal strategy of deterrence is instructive. against the background of increasing problems with bed bugs, this research raises the question whether pheromones might be used to control them. see research article http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-70 ...	2010	20828375
the bed bug dilemma.		2010	21133314
survey of bed bugs in infested premises in malaysia and singapore.	a total of 54 bed bug-infested sites (hotels, public accommodations, and residential premises) in malaysia and singapore was surveyed between july, 2005 and december, 2008. only one species of bed bug was found, the tropical bed bug cimex hemipterus (fabricius). bed bug infestations were common in hotels and public accommodations when compared to residential premises. the three most common locations of infestation within an infested premise were the bedding (31.1%), the headboard (30.3%), and cr ...	2010	20618653
evaluation of chlorfenapyr for control of the bed bug, cimex lectularius l.	the presence of bed bug populations resistant to pyrethroids demands the development of new control tactics, including the use of insecticides with new modes of action. insecticides that disrupt oxidative phosphorylation in insect mitochondria can be an option. laboratory assays were used to measure the toxicity of chlorfenapyr to susceptible strains and two strains highly resistant to pyrethroids. the effectiveness of two chlorfenapyr-based formulations was compared, and behavioral responses of ...	2010	20661938
establishment of quantitative sequencing and filter contact vial bioassay for monitoring pyrethroid resistance in the common bed bug, cimex lectularius.	two point mutations (v419l and l925i) in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel alpha-subunit gene have been identified in deltamethrin-resistant bed bugs. a quantitative sequencing (qs) protocol was developed to establish a population-based genotyping method as a molecular resistance-monitoring tool based on the frequency of the two mutations. the nucleotide signal ratio at each mutation site was generated from sequencing chromatograms and plotted against the corresponding resistance allele frequ ...	2010	20695274
acoustic indicators for targeted detection of stored product and urban insect pests by inexpensive infrared, acoustic, and vibrational detection of movement.	crawling and scraping activity of three stored-product pests, sitophilus oryzae (l.) (coleoptera: curculionidae), tribolium castaneum (herbst) (coleoptera: tenebrionidae), and stegobium paniceum (l.) (coleoptera: anobiidae), and two urban pests, blattella germanica (l.) (blattodea: blattellidae) and cimex lectularius l. (hemiptera: cimicidae), were monitored individually by infrared sensors, microphones, and a piezoelectric sensor in a small arena to evaluate effects of insect locomotory behavio ...	2010	21061963
uninvited guests: traditional insect repellents in estonia used against the clothes moth tineola bisselliella, human flea pulex irritons and bedbug cimex lectularius.	extensive folklore records from pre-modern estonia give us an excellent opportunity to study a variety of local plant knowledge and plant use among the peasantry in various parts of the country. one important biocultural domain where plant knowledge has been crucial was in the various methods of combating different ectoparasites that cohabited and coexisted with humans and their domestic animals. some of these methods were widely known (world-wide, eurasia, europe, baltic rim), while others were ...	2010	21070174
bunnies, bed bugs, and blackberries.		2010	21133309
effects of temperature and humidity on the survival and water loss of cimex hemipterus (hemiptera: cimicidae).	the effect of temperature and humidity on the survival and water loss of the tropical bed bug, cimex hemipterus (f.), was studied using two field-collected strains. insects were exposed to temperatures ranging from 20 to 45 degrees c and relative humidities (rhs) of 33, 75, and 100%. c. hemipterus survived longest under the interaction of low temperature (20 degrees c) and high rh (75-100%). survival and water loss were significantly affected (p < 0.01) by temperature and rh (either singly, or i ...	2010	21175045
bedbug infestation and its control practices in gbajimba: a rural settlement in benue state, nigeria.	the common bedbug cimex lectularius linnaeus 1758 (hemiptera: cimicidae) is a globally re-emerging pest of serious public health concern. we investigated bedbug infestation in randomly selected apartments in gbajimba community in guma local government area in benue state, nigeria.	2010	21178215
hematological changes in mice exposed to biting of the bedbug: cimex lectularius l. (hemiptera: cimicidae).	the studies on hematologic changes in humans or animals as a result of bedbug bites are lacking. this study was undertaken to examine changes in the blood picture of mice (mus musculus) exposed to cimex lectularius biting. as compared to the check animals, mice exposed to bedbug bites either once or twice within 7 days showed insignificantly higher wbc's (1.6 and 2.8% increase, respectively) and lower hgb content (0.5 and 0.8% decrease, respectively) and significantly higher plt's (p < 0.01) by ...	2010	21268536
bed bugs: the pesticide dilemma.		2010	20556941
survival rate of bat bugs (cimex pipistrelli, heteroptera) under different microclimatic conditions.	survival of facultative ectoparasites, e.g. bed bugs (cimex spp.), is more intensely affected by climatic factors, namely temperature, than that of permanent ectoparasites. the ontogenetic time of the bat bug (cimex pipistrelli) in bat roosts is limited by different survival rates under different temperatures in particular nymphal stages. this limitation could affect bug densities and cause asynchrony between the ectoparasite and bat reproductive cycle. therefore, bug survival under different te ...	2010	20544221
bed bugs: a public health problem in need of a collaborative solution.		2010	20420053
eds trying not to let the bed bugs bite.	as bed bugs have emerged as a growing problem for eds, managers have developed strategies for prevention and decontamination. here are some of the approaches they have shared with ed management: educate your staff on what they should look for on patients and in rooms that would indicate the presence of bed bugs. be proactive. have an exterminator examine your ed on a regular basis. a decontamination room on the outside of the building will prevent the spread of these bugs in your ed.	2010	20853579
bed bugs, public health, and social justice.		2011	21667722
[renaissance of bed bugs].		2011	21644374
bed bugs revisited.		2011	21409956
analysis of 44 cases before the landlord and tenant board involving bed bug infestations in ontario, canada: focus on adjudicator decisions based on entomological/pest management evidence and accountability under the residential tenancy act and other applicable legislation.	the resurgence of bed bugs in major urban centres in north america has resulted in conflict between landlords and tenants. this is commonly focused on attribution of blame for source of infestation, on responsibility, on costs for preparation, treatment and losses, and for compensation as rent abatement and/or alternative temporary housing. in ontario, canada, these issues are often decided by adjudicators at the landlord and tenant board hearing claims, counter-claims and defense by legal repre ...	2011	26467732
they only come out at night: bed bugs and their alarming resurgence.		2011	21157285
population growth potential of the bed bug, cimex lectularius l.: a life table analysis.	experimental life tables were constructed and analyzed for three strains of the common bed bug: a pyrethroid-susceptible laboratory strain (hs), a highly resistant field strain (rr), and a field strain with a declining level of resistance (kr). egg to adult survival in the rr strain was 94% compared with 79% and 69% in the hs and kr strains, respectively. the rr strain also developed significantly faster from egg to adult (~35 days) than the other two strains (~40 days). analysis of a survivorsh ...	2011	26467620
temperature and time requirements for controlling bed bugs (cimex lectularius) under commercial heat treatment conditions.	developing effective alternative approaches for disinfesting bed bugs from residential spaces requires a balance between obtaining complete insect mortality, while minimizing costs and energy consumption. one method of disinfestation is the application of lethal high temperatures directly to rooms and contents within a structure (termed whole-room heat treatments). however, temperature and time parameters for efficacy in whole-room heat treatments are unknown given the slower rate of temperature ...	2011	26467736
reproductive potential of field-collected populations of cimex lectularius l. and the cost of traumatic insemination.	egg production was compared among three field-collected bed bug strains over the course of 13 feeding/oviposition cycles, each of which lasted ~10 days. no significant differences were found among bed bug strains in the mean number of eggs/female/day (~1.0 egg). however, significant differences were found among strains in their patterns of egg production throughout the study period. specifically, differences were observed in the timing of peak egg production and the rapidity of egg production de ...	2011	26467730
moving from the old to the new: insecticide research on bed bugs since the resurgence.	the scarcity of bed bugs in many countries over the last 50 years has resulted in a lack of modern research into the toxicology of this pest. although bed bugs resurged in the late 1990s, published research related to insecticides has lagged behind and only began to appear in 2006. the difficulty in controlling bed bugs triggered the interest of both private and academic sectors to determine the value of currently available insecticides. what follows, is updated information on effectiveness of p ...	2011	26467623
host searching and aggregation activity of recently fed and unfed bed bugs (cimex lectularius l.).	groups of starved, virgin adult male or female bed bugs were stimulated to search for a host by the presence of a heated artificial feeder. some of the bed bug groups were allowed to obtain a blood meal and some were not. after the removal of the feeder, bed bugs were observed throughout the scotophase to record their searching and aggregation behavior. groups of male and female bed bugs that were unable to obtain a blood meal continued to search in the arena for the majority of the scotophase. ...	2011	26467621
stress tolerance of bed bugs: a review of factors that cause trauma to cimex lectularius and c. hemipterus.	recent emergence of bed bugs (cimex spp.) has prompted a significant expansion of research devoted to this pest. the ability to survive and recover from stress has significant implications on the distribution and survival of insects, and bed bugs are no exception. research on bed bug stress tolerance has shown considerable progress and necessitates a review on this topic. bed bugs have an extraordinary ability to resist dehydration between bloodmeals, and this represents a critical factor allowi ...	2011	26467619
karyotypes, male meiosis and comparative fish mapping of 18s ribosomal dna and telomeric (ttagg) n repeat in eight species of true bugs (hemiptera, heteroptera).	eight species belonging to five true bug families were analyzed using dapi/cma3-staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) with telomeric (ttagg)n and 18s rdna probes. standard chromosomal complements are reported for the first time for deraeocoris rutilus (herrich-schäffer, 1838) (2n=30+2m+xy) and deraeocoris ruber(linnaeus, 1758) (2n=30+2m+xy) from the family miridae. using fish, the location of a 18s rdna cluster was detected in these species and in five more species: megaloceroea ...	2011	24260641
bed bugs: the australian response.	australia has experienced a sudden and unexpected resurgence in bed bug infestations from both cimex lectularius l. and cimex hemipterus f. a survey in 2006 revealed that infestations had increased across the nation by an average of 4,500% since the start of the decade. in response, a multi-disciplinary approach to combat the rise of this public health pest was implemented and involved the coordinated efforts of several organizations. the key components of the strategy included the introduction ...	2011	26467616
bed bug infestations and control practices in china: implications for fighting the global bed bug resurgence.	the bed bug resurgence in north america, europe, and australia has elicited interest in investigating the causes of the widespread and increasing infestations and in developing more effective control strategies. in order to extend global perspectives on bed bug management, we reviewed bed bug literature in china by searching five chinese language electronic databases. we conducted telephone interviews of staff from 77 health and epidemic prevention stations in six chinese cities in november 2010 ...	2011	26467615
host-seeking behavior in the bed bug, cimex lectularius.	the reemergence of the bed bug, cimex lectularius linnaeus, has recently spawned a frenzy of public, media, and academic attention. in response to the growing rate of infestation, considerable work has been focused on identifying the various host cues utilized by the bed bug in search of a meal. most of these behavioral studies examine movement within a confined environment, such as a petri dish. this has prevented a more complete understanding of the insect's host-seeking process. this work des ...	2011	26467497
transcriptomics of the bed bug (cimex lectularius).	bed bugs (cimex lectularius) are blood-feeding insects poised to become one of the major pests in households throughout the united states. resistance of c. lectularius to insecticides/pesticides is one factor thought to be involved in its sudden resurgence. despite its high-impact status, scant knowledge exists at the genomic level for c. lectularius. hence, we subjected the c. lectularius transcriptome to 454 pyrosequencing in order to identify potential genes involved in pesticide resistance.	2011	21283830
bedbugs and infectious diseases.	bedbugs are brown and flat hematophagous insects. the 2 cosmopolite species, cimex lectularius and cimex hemipterus, feed on humans and/or domestic animals, and recent outbreaks have been reported in occidental countries. site assessment for bedbug eradication is complex but can be assured, despite emerging insecticide resistance, by hiring a pest-control manager. the common dermatological presentation of bites is an itchy maculopapular wheal. urticarial reactions and anaphylaxis can also occur. ...	2011	21288844
control of cimex lectularius using heat combined with dichlorvos resin strips.	successful management of the bed bug, cimex lectularius l. (hemiptera: cimicidae), is difficult because of its pesticide resistance, which can allow a reduction in population, but not elimination. we evaluated the effect of heat and/or air circulation on the efficacy of dichlorvos resin strips in the control of bed bugs. treatments were performed in unoccupied dormitory rooms and consisted of dichlorvos resin strips containing 18.6% active ingredient, the same strips + fan, and strips + fan + he ...	2011	21332764
effectiveness of bed bug monitors for detecting and trapping bed bugs in apartments.	bed bugs, cimex lectularius l., are now considered a serious urban pest in the united states. because they are small and difficult to find, there has been strong interest in developing and using monitoring tools to detect bed bugs and evaluate the results of bed bug control efforts. several bed bug monitoring devices were developed recently, but their effectiveness is unknown. we comparatively evaluated three active monitors that contain attractants: cdc3000, nightwatch, and a home-made dry ice ...	2011	21404868
bed bugs, public health, and social justice: part 1, a call to action.	the resurgence of bed bugs poses an urgent situation since infestations are rampant globally, nationally, and locally. in ohio, bed bugs have become a virtual epidemic in many towns and cities, especially in central and southwestern regions of the state. these blood-feeding insects cause an array of adverse health effects in humans. furthermore, bed bugs disproportionately occur in urban areas, and housing and the built environment are now recognized as dominant influences on health. bed bugs' p ...	2011	21488465
bed bugs, public health, and social justice: part 2, an opinion survey.	bed bug infestations have resurged globally, nationally, and locally, yet the public health community in the u.s. has yet to mount a coordinated response to the escalating bed bug problem. surveys of attendees at the 2009 national environmental health association annual educational conference & exhibition, 2009 ohio association of health commissioners fall conference, 2009 central ohio bed bug summit, and 2010 hamilton county council on aging annual conference were conducted to gauge opinions ab ...	2011	21488466
resurgence of bedbugs in southern france: a local problem or the tip of the iceberg?	bedbugs (cimex lectularius) have been feeding on sleeping human beings since prehistory. in europe, bed bugs were common and endemic until world war ii when improved body and home hygiene, and widespread use of insecticides led to almost complete eradication. current evidence indicates that bedbugs are making a comeback in europe, usa, canada and australia. in our practice in southern france, we observed several cases within a period of only 1 year.	2011	20704629
a calcium-activated nucleotidase secreted from ostertagia ostertagi 4th-stage larvae is a member of the novel salivary apyrases present in blood-feeding arthropods.	apyrases (atp-diphosphohydrolase) comprise a ubiquitous class of glycosylated nucleotidases that hydrolyse extracellular atp and adp to orthophosphate and amp. one class of newly-described, ca2+-dependent, salivary apyrases known to counteract blood-clotting, has been identified in haematophagous arthropods. herein, we have identified a gene (oos-apy-1) encoding a protein that structurally conforms to the ca2+-activated apyrase from the bed bug, cimex lectularius, by immunologically screening an ...	2011	20809998
arthropod-borne diseases associated with political and social disorder.	the living conditions and the crowded situations of the homeless, war refugees, or victims of a natural disaster provide ideal conditions for the spread of lice, fleas, ticks, flies and mites. the consequence of arthropod infestation in these situations is underestimated. along with louse-borne infections such as typhus, trench fever, and relapsing fever, the relationship between acinetobacter spp.-infected lice and bacteremia in the homeless is not clear. murine typhus, tungiasis, and myiasis a ...	2011	20822446
from the cover: drinking a hot blood meal elicits a protective heat shock response in mosquitoes.	the mosquito's body temperature increases dramatically when it takes a blood meal from a warm-blooded, vertebrate host. by using the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, we demonstrate that this boost in temperature following a blood meal prompts the synthesis of heat shock protein 70 (hsp70). this response, elicited by the temperature of the blood meal, is most robust in the mosquito's midgut. when rna interference is used to suppress expression of hsp70, protein digestion of the blood meal is ...	2011	21518875
surface contact toxicity and synergism of several insecticides against different stages of the tropical bed bug, cimex hemipterus (hemiptera: cimicidae).	five formulated insecticides (lambda-cyhalothrin at 10 mg m?², bifenthrin at 50 mg m?², fipronil at 10 mg m?², fenitrothion at 50 mg m?², imidacloprid at 5 mg m?²) and one active ingredient (ddt at 500 mg m?²) were evaluated using a surface contact method against early and late instars and adults of two strains of the tropical bed bug, cimex hemipterus (f.). synergism of lambda-cyhalothrin and fipronil using piperonyl butoxide (pbo) was also assessed.	2011	21370390
characterization of an obligate intracellular bacterium in the midgut epithelium of the bulrush bug chilacis typhae (heteroptera, lygaeidae, artheneinae).	many members of the suborder heteroptera have symbiotic bacteria, which are usually found extracellularly in specific sacs or tubular outgrowths of the midgut or intracellularly in mycetomes. in this study, we describe the second molecular characterization of a symbiotic bacterium in a monophagous, seed-sucking stink bug of the family lygaeidae (sensu stricto). chilacis typhae possesses at the end of the first section of the midgut a structure which is composed of circularly arranged, strongly e ...	2011	21378044
bedbugs (cimicidae infestation): the worldwide renaissance of an old partner of human kind.	bedbugs have been known as a human parasite for thousands of years, but scientific studies about this insect are recent and limited. cimex lectularius, the common bedbug, was a well-known parasite in human dwellings until the end of the second world war. nowadays, bedbugs are considered uncommon in the industrialized world. anecdotal reports suggest that bedbugs are getting more common in the united states, canada, and united kingdom. in brazil, there are few reports about bedbug infestations in ...	2011	21412594
alarm pheromones and chemical communication in nymphs of the tropical bed bug cimex hemipterus (hemiptera: cimicidae).	the recent resurge of bed bug infestations (cimex spp.; cimicidae) and their resistance to commonly used pesticides calls for alternative methods of control. pheromones play an important role in environmentally sustainable methods for the management of many pest insects and may therefore be applicable for the control of bed bugs. the tropical bed bug, cimex hemipterus, is a temporary ectoparasite on humans and causes severe discomfort. compared to the common bed bug, cimex lectularius, little is ...	2011	21479180
resistance differences between chlorpyrifos and synthetic pyrethroids in cimex lectularius population from denmark.	bed bug, cimex lectularius l., populations were investigated for resistance against permethrin and chlorpyrifos in a topical application bioassay, after an initial establishment of a discriminating dose with a susceptible population. for both insecticides, ca. two times the lethal dose ld(99) was selected: 2,560 ng of permethrin and 200 ng of chlorpyrifos per bed bug, respectively. bed bugs were collected from infested homes in denmark at ten locations and bred in the laboratory. the frequency o ...	2011	21626157
male mating rate is constrained by seminal fluid availability in bedbugs, cimex lectularius.	sexual selection, differences in reproductive success between individuals, continues beyond acquiring a mating partner and affects ejaculate size and composition (sperm competition). sperm and seminal fluid have very different roles in sperm competition but both components encompass production costs for the male. theoretical models predict that males should spend ejaculate components prudently and differently for sperm and seminal fluid but empirical evidence for independent variation of sperm n ...	2011	21779378
bedbugs: an update on recognition and management.	the common bedbug (cimex lectularius) is increasingly prevalent and a source of concern and questions for patients. in addition to a range of cutaneous presentations and potential for serious sequelae, bedbug bites cause significant psychological distress and create an economic burden associated with infestation control. recognition of characteristic entomology, clinical presentation, diagnostic features and differential diagnosis can support expedient identification of patients exposed to infes ...	2011	21833462
bed bugs can cause severe anaemia in adults.	a 60-year-old woman and her 67-year-old male partner, admitted for pneumonia and non-st elevation myocardial infarction, respectively, had severe anaemia (hb 5.3 and 5.2 g/dl, respectively), as a result from massive infestation with cimex lectularius. after two erythrocyte transfusions and thorough decontamination, their clinical course was unremarkable.	2011	22190128
Multiple traumatic insemination events reduce the ability of bed bug females to maintain water balance.	To examine how traumatic insemination, a wounding process to females inflicted by males during copulation, reduces the longevity of females of the bedbug, Cimex lectularius, we assessed if multiple bouts of mating impact water relations of females by measuring net transpiration water loss rates. Our studies show that net transpiration rate of females correlates with frequency of mating (small increase after exposure to low numbers of males; large increase after exposure to large numbers of males ...	2011	21858473
semiochemicals of the common bed bug, cimex lectularius l. (hemiptera: cimicidae), and their potential for use in monitoring and control.	the recent resurgence of the common bed bug, cimex lectularius l., has driven an increase in research into the biology and behaviour of this pest. current control is reliant on the application of insecticides, but, owing to the development of insecticide resistance, there is a need for new tools and techniques. semiochemicals (behaviour- and physiology-modifying chemicals) could be exploited for management of bed bugs. the aim of this review was to evaluate studies undertaken in bed bug chemical ...	2011	20859928
a bioassay for studying behavioural responses of the common bed bug, cimex lectularius (hemiptera: cimicidae) to bed bug-derived volatiles.	the common bed bug, cimex lectularius (hemiptera: cimicidae), has recently re-emerged in increasing numbers, distribution and intensity of infestation in many countries. current control relies on the application of residual pesticides; but, due to the development of insecticide resistance, there is a need for new tools and techniques. semiochemicals (behaviour and physiology modifying chemicals) could be exploited for management of bed bugs. however, in order to identify semiochemicals that can ...	2011	20102661
metabolic resistance in bed bugs.	blood-feeding insects have evolved resistance to various insecticides (organochlorines, pyrethroids, carbamates, etc.) through gene mutations and increased metabolism. bed bugs (cimex lectularius) are hematophagous ectoparasites that are poised to become one of the major pests in households throughout the united states. currently, c. lectularius has attained a high global impact status due to its sudden and rampant resurgence. resistance to pesticides is one factor implicated in this phenomenon. ...	2011	26467498
identification and characterization of three cholinesterases from the common bed bug, cimex lectularius.	we identified and characterized the full-length cdna sequences encoding two acetylcholinesterases (clache1 and clache2) and a salivary gland-specific cholinesterase-like protein (clsche) from the common bed bug, cimex lectularius. all three cholinesterase genes (clac1, clace2 and clsce) have conserved motifs, including a catalytic triad, a choline-binding site and an acyl pocket. phylogenetic analysis showed that clache1 belongs to the insect ache1 clade, whereas clache2 belongs to the insect ac ...	2011	22136067
deep sequencing of pyrethroid-resistant bed bugs reveals multiple mechanisms of resistance within a single population.	a frightening resurgence of bed bug infestations has occurred over the last 10 years in the u.s. and current chemical methods have been inadequate for controlling this pest due to widespread insecticide resistance. little is known about the mechanisms of resistance present in u.s. bed bug populations, making it extremely difficult to develop intelligent strategies for their control. we have identified bed bugs collected in richmond, va which exhibit both kdr-type (l925i) and metabolic resistance ...	2011	22039447
bedbugs as vectors for drug-resistant bacteria.	to the editor: over the past 10 years in north america and western europe, a resurgence of bedbugs (cimex lectularius) has occurred (1). although the basis for this resurgence is unclear, large bedbug infestations have been attributed to increased worldwide travel, altered insecticide management, and increased resistance to pesticides (2). marginalized populations in large urban centers appear to be disproportionately affected; ~30% of shelters in toronto, ontario, canada, report bedbugs (1). we ...	2011	21749792
Insecticide resistance in bedbugs in Thailand and laboratory evaluation of insecticides for the control of Cimex hemipterus and Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae).	Bedbugs are found in many countries around the world, and in some regions they are resistant to numerous insecticides. This study surveyed bedbugs in Thailand and determined their resistance to insecticides. The surveys were carried out in six provinces that attract large numbers of foreign tourists: Bangkok, Chonburi, Chiang Mai, Ubon Ratchathani, Phuket, and Krabi. Bedbugs were collected from hotels and colonized in the laboratory to evaluate their resistance to insecticides. Cimex hemipterus ...	2011	21936321
acute illnesses associated with insecticides used to control bed bugs--seven states, 2003--2010.	the common bed bug, cimex lectularius, is a wingless, reddish-brown insect that requires blood meals from humans, other mammals, or birds to survive. bed bugs are not considered to be disease vectors, but they can reduce quality of life by causing anxiety, discomfort, and sleeplessness. bed bug populations and infestations are increasing in the united states and internationally. bed bug infestations often are treated with insecticides, but insecticide resistance is a problem, and excessive use o ...	2011	21937972
human fine body hair enhances ectoparasite detection.	although we are relatively naked in comparison with other primates, the human body is covered in a layer of fine hair (vellus and terminal hair) at a relatively high follicular density. there are relatively few explanations for the evolutionary maintenance of this type of human hair. here, we experimentally test the hypothesis that human fine body hair plays a defensive function against ectoparasites (bed bugs). our results show that fine body hair enhances the detection of ectoparasites through ...	2011	22171023
identification and validation of reference genes for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in cimex lectularius.	quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qrt-pcr) has emerged as robust methodology for gene expression studies, but reference genes are crucial for accurate normalization. commonly used reference genes are housekeeping genes that are thought to be nonregulated; however, their expression can be unstable across different experimental conditions. we report the identification and validation of suitable reference genes in the bed bug, cimex lectularius, by using qrt-pcr. the expression stab ...	2011	21845960