Publications

isolation of an english uukuvirus (family bunyaviridae).	a virus of the uukuniemi serogroup was isolated from various organs of a moribund kittiwake (rissa tridactyla) and from ticks (ixodes uriae) that were feeding on the bird. the kittiwake was found on marsden beach, north-east england. this is the first virus in the family bunyaviridae to have been isolated in england and only the second english arthropod-borne virus after louping ill virus, family togaviridae (smith & varma, 1981). the possibility of infection of humans by uukuviruses is discusse ...	0	6501877
a new species of coccidium (eimeria rissae n. sp. eimeriidae, sporozoa) from the kittiwake, rissa tridactyla tridactyla (l).		1957	13483609
the effect of salt gland removal on cloacal ion and water excretion in the growing kittiwake, rissa tridactyla.		1972	5027186
[the uropygial gland wax from the kittiwake (rissa tridactyla)].		1972	4403592
the ornithodoros (alectorobius) capensis group (acarina: ixodoidea: argasidae) of the palearctic and oriental regions. o. (a.) maritimus: identity, marine bird hosts, virus infections, and distribution in western europe and northwestern africa.	in 1967, vermeil and marguet described ornithodoros coniceps maritimus from larvae reared from larvae taken from marine birds on dumet island (atlantic ocean), basse bretagne, france. we collected o. (a.) coniceps canestrini, 1890, from the type locality (venice, italy) and determined that the taxons coniceps and maritimus each require full species status. we selected a lectotype and paralectotypes for the taxon maritimus from the original dumet island material. the larva of maritimus is redescr ...	1976	978368
studies on bunyaviridae including zaliv terpeniya virus isolated from ixodes uriae ticks (acarina: ixodidae) in brittany, france.	three viruses were isolated from ticks parasitizing nesting seabirds on cape sizun, brittany, france, during the spring of 1979: soldado like virus (bunyaviridae, nairovirus genus) from ornithodoros (alectorobius) maritimus (argasidae), zaliv terpeniya (zt) virus (bunyaviridae, uukuvirus genus) from ixodes (ceratixodes) uriae (ixodidae) parasitizing chicks of the kittiwake (rissa tridactyla), and a virus of the sakhalin group from i. (c.) uriae. certain virological and ultrastructural properties ...	1981	6173027
orbiviruses and bunyaviruses from a seabird colony in scotland.	viruses isolated from ticks (ixodes uriae) and a kittiwake (rissa tridactyla) from a seabird colony at st. abb's head, scotland, were shown by complement fixation tests (cft) to be antigenically related to the uukuniemi and kemerovo serogroups. electron microscopic examination of cell cultures infected with the kemerovo group viruses revealed particles characteristic of orbiviruses, 72 +/- 3 nm in diam., with an inner core 37 +/- 3 nm in diam., in association with intracytoplasmic, densely stain ...	1981	7320703
avalon virus, sakhalin group (nairovirus, bunyaviridae) from the seabird tick ixodes (ceratixodes) uriae white 1852 in france.	nine strains of avalon virus were isolated from ixodes uriae ticks collected in the cape sizun seabird reserve, brittany, from 1979 to 1985, during a longitudinal study of consequences of tick-borne infections for kittiwakes (rissa tridactyla). avalon virus strains isolated in france proved difficult to study owing to the weak infectious titres they exhibited in suckling mice or cultured cells. however, some interesting data concerning the ecology of virus infection and the morphology of the vir ...	1986	2878589
proximate and ultimate roles of food amount in regulating egret sibling aggression.	in facultatively siblicidal bird species, the amount of food delivered by parent birds to their young ("food amount") has been assumed to be both an important proximate and ultimate cause of fatal aggression. the proximate "food amount hypothesis" (fah) contends that sibling aggression will vary inversely with the quantity of food delivered by the parents, presumably mediated by chick hunger. at the ultimate level, food shortages are expected to influence whether the combined effects of aggressi ...	1987	29357167
[the occurrence and characterization of campylobacter spp. in silver gulls (larus argentatus), three-toed gulls (rissa tridactyla) and house sparrows (passer domesticus)].	altogether 16 campylobacter (c.) isolates could be recovered from 65 herring gulls: 5 x c. laridis, 2 x c. jejuni biovar 1, 4 x c. jejuni biovar 2 and 5 x c. coli. campylobacter spp. were isolated from 15 out of 51 samples from kittiwakes: 2 x c. jejuni biovar 1 and 13 x c. laridis. all c. coli isolates grew on agar containing 1.5% nacl. two campylobacter isolates from 50 house sparrows differed from all other isolates by a distinct beta-hemolysis and other phenotypic characteristics and could n ...	1989	2750361
[the "diseased" or "dead" guillemots (uria aalge), three-toed gulls (rissa tridactyla), silver gulls (larus argentatus) and laughing gulls (larus ridibundus) found in the area of the german bay, 1982-1985].	between 1982 and 1985 the cadavers of 50 guillemots (uria aalge), 41 kittiwakes (rissa tridactyla), 26 herring gulls (larus argentatus) and 34 black-headed gulls (larus ridibundus) were examined pathological, bacteriological and virological. the probable cause of death was established. parasitosis were particularly prevalent in herring gulls (49%), where the main infection--as in black-headed gulls--was with cestoides. in kittiwakes and guillemots mainly spiruroideae were recorded. the commonest ...	1989	2752934
isolation of soldado virus from a seabird (rissa tridactyla l.) in france.		1990	1975718
mercury concentrations in seabirds from colonies in the northeast atlantic.	total mercury concentrations were determined in samples of body feathers from a range of common seabird species breeding at låtrabjarg, northwest iceland, st. kilda, foula and the firth of forth, scotland and bleiksøy, syltefjord, and hornøy, norway. seabirds from låtrabjarg generally exhibited the highest mercury concentrations, with a trend of decreasing mercury concentrations in a southwest to northeast direction in seabirds at the other colonies; seabirds at hornøy were generally found to ha ...	1992	1456785
unusual mass mortality of juvenile kittiwakes (rissa tridactyla).		1992	1621344
[the life cycle and fine morphology of the embryophores in microsomacanthus paraparvula (cestoda: hymenolepididae), a parasite of diving ducks in chukotka].	it was found out, that the cestode microsomacanthus paraparvula regel, 1994 being a common parasite of diving ducks in chukotka uses a caddisfly grensia praeteria (trichoptera) as an intermediate host in its life cycle. mature fragments of the cestode have been collected from droppings of the experimentally infected nestling of the kittiwake rissa tridactyla (non-specific host) and used for the fine morphology study of embryonic shells and for an infection of intermediate hosts.	1995	8984430
the activity periods and life-cycle of the tick ixodes uriae (acari: ixodidae) in relation to host breeding strategies.	we investigated the timing of seasonal activity of the seabird tick ixodes uriae by examining engorgement rates of off-host ticks and the prevalence of infested common guillemots (uria aalge) and kittiwakes (rissa tridactyla) on the isle of may, scotland. more than 99% of i. uriae fed during the period late april to early august which coincided with the seabird breeding season. no ticks fed in the autumn and winter, and none over-wintered in the engorged state. peak tick feeding activity was dur ...	1996	8684831
levels and congener pattern of polychlorinated biphenyls in kittiwakes (rissa tridactyla), in relation to mobilization of body-lipids associated with reproduction.	three groups of female kittiwakes (rissa tridactyla) were collected in a north-norwegian colony: (i) before breeding; (ii) immediately after egg-laying; and (iii) late in the chick-rearing period. concentrations of 21 selected individual polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) were determined in liver, brain and fat tissues by capillary gaschromatography (gc-ecd). this was done in order to investigate how the mobilization of lipids associated with breeding influences concentrations and compositions of ...	1996	15091408
raising young reduces body condition and fat stores in black-legged kittiwakes.	we conducted a manipulative experiment to investigate how raising chicks affects the body condition (body mass scaled by body size) and body composition (percent fat vs. lean mass) of black-legged kittiwakes (rissa tridactyla). for 4 consecutive years (1991-1994) we removed eggs from randomly selected nests and then compared adults raising chicks with adults that had their eggs removed. at the end of the chick-rearing period, adults raising chicks were significantly lighter for their size than a ...	1999	28308303
dispersal and distribution of the tick ixodes uriae within and among seabird host populations: the need for a population genetic approach.	the aim of this study was to characterize the spatial distribution of the tick ixodes uriae within and among populations of its seabird hosts and to consider the potential insight that could be gained by a population genetic approach to the issue of dispersal of this tick. analyses of data collected around the avalon peninsula, newfoundland, indicated that both the prevalence and mean abundance of ticks varied significantly among sample locations. whereas ticks were found on all 4 host species e ...	1999	10219295
isolation and characterisation of a mycoplasma from a kittiwake (rissa tridactyla).		2000	10706315
induced maternal response to the lyme disease spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in a colonial seabird, the kittiwake rissa tridactyla.	mothers are predicted to invest in their offspring depending on the quality of their mate, their opportunity to invest in future reproduction and the characteristics of the habitat in which their offspring will be born. recent studies have suggested a transfer of maternal immunity to offspring as an induced response to the local presence of parasites in the environment, but evidence has been indirect. here, we show the presence of antibodies against the lyme disease agent borrelia burgdorferi se ...	2001	11297183
an evaluation of marine bird population trends following the exxon valdez oil spill, prince william sound, alaska.	we examined post-spill trends (1989-1998) of marine bird populations in prince william sound (pws) following the exxon valdez oil spill (evos) to evaluate recovery of injured taxa. two criteria were employed. first, we examined population trends of injured taxa only in the oiled area of pws using regression models. second, we examined population trends of injured taxa in the oiled area relative to the unoiled area using homogeneity of the slopes tests. we considered a population recovering if th ...	2001	11381751
contaminant residues in seabird eggs from the canadian arctic. part i. temporal trends 1975-1998.	concentrations of total mercury, selenium and a suite of organochlorine compounds were measured in eggs of thick-billed murres (uria lomvia), northern fulmars (fulmarus glacialis) and black-legged kittiwakes (rissa tridactyla) collected on prince leopold island in lancaster sound, nunavut, canada, between 1975 and 1998. mercury levels in thick-billed murre and northern fulmar eggs increased significantly during this period while selenium concentrations decreased significantly in northern fulmar ...	2001	11444005
chlordane components and metabolites in seven species of arctic seabirds from the northwater polynya: relationships with stable isotopes of nitrogen and enantiomeric fractions of chiral components.	the northwater polynya (now) is a large area of year-round open water found in the high arctic between ellesmere island and greenland. now has high biological productivity compared with other arctic marine areas, and supports large populations of several seabird species. seven species of seabirds, dovekie (alle alle, dove), thick-billed murre (uria lomvia, tbmu), black guillemot (cepphus grylle, blgu), black-legged kittiwake (rissa tridactyla, blki), ivory gull (pagophila eburnea, ivgu), glaucou ...	2001	11383340
biomagnification of organochlorines along a barents sea food chain.	to trace the biomagnification of organochlorines in marine food chains near svalbard, which may lead to the high organochlorine concentrations in top predators from the area, we compared concentrations and patterns of organochlorines in selected taxa. the pelagic crustaceans, calanus spp. (copepods), thysanoessa spp. (euphausiids), parathemisto libellula (amphipod), and the fish species, boreogadus saida (polar cod) and gadus morhua (cod) were selected to represent the lower trophic levels in th ...	2001	11383336
contaminant residues in seabird eggs from the canadian arctic. ii. spatial trends and evidence from stable isotopes for intercolony differences.	eggs of glaucous gulls (larus hyperboreus), black-legged kittiwakes (rissa tridactyla), thick-billed murres (uria lomvia) and black guillemots (cepphus grylle) were collected from several sites throughout the canadian arctic. samples were analyzed for organochlorines as well as mercury and selenium. glaucous gulls breeding at sites in the high arctic showed higher levels of organochlorine contamination than those in the western low arctic. this was likely due to dietary differences among colonie ...	2002	11843528
examination of the bioaccumulation of halogenated dimethyl bipyrroles in an arctic marine food web using stable nitrogen isotope analysis.	concentrations of four possibly naturally produced organohalogens--1,1'-dimethyl-3,3',4-tribromo-4,5,5'-trichloro-2,2'-bipyrrole (dbp-br3cl3), 1,1'-dimethyl-3,3',4,4'-tetrabromo-5,5'-dichloro-2,2'-bipyrrole (dbp-br4cl2), 1,1'-dimethyl-3,3',4,4',5-pentabromo-5'-chloro-2,2'-bipyrrole (dbp-br5cl) and 1,1'-dimethyl-3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexabromo-2,2'-bipyrrole (dbp-br6)--were quantitated and the extent of their magnification through an entire arctic marine food web [measured as integrated trophic magnific ...	2002	11808557
the energy economy of the arctic-breeding kittiwake (rissa tridactyla): a review.	the present paper reviews recent studies on changes in body mass, body composition and rates of energy expenditure during the breeding season in the black-legged kittiwake (rissa tridactyla) on svalbard (79 degrees n). the main characteristic of the energy budget is a pronounced decrease in body mass as well as basal metabolic rate (bmr) after the eggs have hatched. while most internal organs lose mass in direct proportion to the general decrease in body mass, the liver and kidney masses decreas ...	2002	12443932
individual covariation in life-history traits: seeing the trees despite the forest.	we investigated the influence of age on survival and breeding rates in a long-lived species rissa tridactyla using models with individual random effects permitting variation and covariation in fitness components among individuals. differences in survival or breeding probabilities among individuals are substantial, and there was positive covariation between survival and breeding probability; birds that were more likely to survive were also more likely to breed, given that they survived. the patte ...	2002	18707403
spatial genetic structure of the ectoparasite ixodes uriae within breeding cliffs of its colonial seabird host.	to examine the potential importance of the spatial subdivision of hosts for the functioning of parasite populations, we analysed patterns of local genetic structure within natural populations of the seabird ectoparasite, ixodes uriae, at the scale of the host breeding cliff. the seabird hosts of this parasite nest in dense colonies with a hierarchical spatial organisation (individual nests-breeding cliffs-colony). using eight microsatellite markers and samples from three breeding cliffs of the b ...	2003	14512959
are corticosterone levels a good indicator of food availability and reproductive performance in a kittiwake colony?	we evaluated the use of corticosterone to gauge forage availability and predict reproductive performance in black-legged kittiwakes (rissa tridactyla) breeding in alaska during 1999 and 2000. we modeled the relationship between baseline levels of corticosterone and a suite of individual and temporal characteristics of the sampled birds. we also provided supplemental food to a sample of pairs and compared their corticosterone levels with that of pairs that were not fed. corticosterone levels were ...	2003	12788295
benefits and costs of increased levels of corticosterone in seabird chicks.	seabird chicks respond to food shortages by increasing corticosterone (cort) secretion, which is probably associated with fitness benefits and costs. to examine this, we experimentally increased levels of circulating cort in captive black-legged kittiwake chicks fed ad libitum. we found that cort-implanted chicks begged more frequently and were more aggressive compared to controls. these behavioral modifications must be beneficial to chicks as they facilitate acquisition of food from the parents ...	2003	12614644
host-dependent genetic structure of parasite populations: differential dispersal of seabird tick host races.	despite the fact that parasite dispersal is likely to be one of the most important processes influencing the dynamics and coevolution of host-parasite interactions, little information is available on the factors that affect it. in most cases, opportunities for parasite dispersal should be closely linked to host biology. here we use microsatellite genetic markers to compare the population structure and dispersal of two host races of the seabird tick ixodes uriae at the scale of the north atlantic ...	2003	12683525
polychlorinated biphenyl (pcb) congener concentrations in seabirds found dead in mortality incidents around the british coast.	livers from 121 birds killed in mortality incidents in u.k. coastal waters between 1991 and 1996 were analyzed for 16 pcb congeners (iupac numbers 8, 18, 28, 31, 52, 77, 101, 118, 126, 128, 138, 149, 153, 169, 170, and 180). species analyzed were guillemot (uria aalge), shag (phalacrocorax arisotelis), kittiwake (rissa tridactyla), puffin (fratercula arctica), razorbill (alca torda), fulmar (fulmarus glacialis), gannet (sula bassana), and herring gull (larus argentatus). this is the first report ...	2003	12948183
dioxins, furans, and non-ortho pcbs in canadian arctic seabirds.	this is the first account of pcdds, pcdfs, and non-ortho pcbs in canadian arctic seabirds. livers and eggs of thick-billed murres, northern fulmars, and black-legged kittiwakes were collected in 1975 and 1993 from prince leopold island in lancaster sound, canada. detectable concentrations of pcdds, pcdfs, and non-ortho pcbs were found in all the arctic seabird samples analyzed. of the pcdd congeners assayed, only 2,3,7,8-substituted pcdds were detected in the samples, whereas non-2,3,7,8-substit ...	2003	12901652
cadmium, zinc, copper, arsenic, selenium and mercury in seabirds from the barents sea: levels, inter-specific and geographical differences.	trace elements cd, zn, cu, as, se and hg were analysed in muscle and liver of brünnich's guillemot, common guillemot, puffin, black guillemot, little auk, razorbill, common eider, king eider, glaucous gull, herring gull, black-legged kittiwake, northern fulmar and arctic tern collected in 1991-1992 at the main breeding colonies in the barents sea. the highest levels of the most toxic elements cd and hg were found in birds nesting north of spitsbergen. extremely high levels of as were detected in ...	2003	12699923
female choice of young sperm in a genetically monogamous bird.	when females copulate with multiple males the potential exists for female sperm choice. females may increase the probability of being fertilized by preferred males by selectively retaining their sperm while ejecting the sperm of unfavoured males. an alternative criterion to male quality for female sperm choice may be sperm age because old sperm degrade and can lead to zygote death or unhealthy offspring. here, we report that in a genetically monogamous bird, the black-legged kittiwake rissa trid ...	2004	15252964
organochlorine contaminants in seven species of arctic seabirds from northern baffin bay.	organochlorine contaminants (ocs) were determined in liver and fat of seven species of seabirds (alle alle, uria lomvia, cepphus grylle, rissa tridactyla, pagophila eburnea, larus hyperboreus, and fulmaris glacialis) collected in may/june 1998 from the northwater polynya in northern baffin bay. oc concentrations ranged over an order of magnitude between seabird species and oc groups, with pcbs having the highest concentrations followed by ddt, chlordane, hch and clbz. positive relationships betw ...	2004	14720475
bioaccumulation of pcbs in arctic seabirds: influence of dietary exposure and congener biotransformation.	four seabird species and their prey (zooplankton or fish) were collected in the barents sea to determine how dietary exposure, cytochrome p450 (cyp) enzyme activities and sex influenced their hepatic pcb concentrations and accumulation patterns. five males and five females from each seabird species (little auk (alle alle), brunnich's guillemot (uria lomvia), black guillemot (cepphus grylle) and black-legged kittiwake (rissa tridactyla)) were analysed. pcb concentrations could not be explained di ...	2005	15620585
[a comparative analysis of the helminth fauna of kittiwake rissa tridactyla (linnaeus, 1758) and glaucous gull larus hyperboreus gunnerus, 1767 from different parts of the barents sea].	the article is based on the results of helminthological observations made on kittiwake rissa tridactyla and glaucous gull larus hyperboreus in 1991-2001 in different areas of the barents sea (eastern murman coast, franz josef land, novaya zemlya, spitzbergen). 18 helminth species (2 trematodes, 11 cestodes, 4 nematodes, and 2 acanthocephalans) were recorded in the kittiwakes and 19 (3 trematodes, 9 cestodes, 5 nematodes and 2 acanthocephalans) species were recorded in the glaucous gulls. tremato ...	2005	16396393
comparative host-parasite population structures: disentangling prospecting and dispersal in the black-legged kittiwake rissa tridactyla.	although much insight is to be gained through the comparison of the population genetic structures of parasites and hosts, there are, at present, few studies that take advantage of the information on vertebrate life histories available through the consideration of their parasites. here, we examined the genetic structure of a colonial seabird, the black-legged kittiwake (rissa tridactyla) using seven polymorphic microsatellite markers to make inferences about population functioning and intercolony ...	2005	16029481
modulation of prolactin but not corticosterone responses to stress in relation to parental effort in a long-lived bird.	we tested the hypothesis that parental effort modulates the magnitude of corticosterone and prolactin responses to stress in a long-lived bird, the black-legged kittiwake (rissa tridactyla). to do so, we compared corticosterone and prolactin responses to capture/restraint stress between chick-rearing birds and failed breeders (no parental effort). we predicted that (1) the increase in plasma corticosterone levels in response to stress should be lower in chick-rearing birds, (2) the decrease in p ...	2005	15777812
kittiwakes strategically reduce investment in replacement clutches.	many life-history traits are expressed interactively in life, but to a varying extent on different occasions. changes in trait expression can be accounted for by differences in the quality of the environment ('environmental constraint' hypothesis) or by strategic adjustments, if the relative contribution of the trait to fitness varies with time ('strategic allocation' hypothesis). in birds, egg production is lower in replacement clutches than in first clutches, but it is unknown whether this red ...	2006	16777751
spatial trends and associated biological responses of organochlorines and brominated flame retardants in hatchlings of north atlantic kittiwakes (rissa tridactyla).	persistent organic pollutants (pops), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), some organochlorinated pesticides (ocps), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes), and hexabromocyclododecane (hbcd), were analyzed in yolk sacs of kittiwake (rissa tridactyla) hatchlings from kongsfjorden at svalbard (norwegian arctic; 79 degrees n) and from runde, an island on the coast of norway (62 degrees n). retinol (vitamin a), retinyl palmitate, and alpha-tocopherol (vitamin e) were measured in plasma and live ...	2006	16764485
regional and species specific bioaccumulation of major and trace elements in arctic seabirds.	twenty-five essential and nonessential elements were analyzed in arctic seabirds to study the influence of phylogeny, tissue, arctic region, and diet on avian element accumulation and to identify co-occurrence among metals. muscle and liver concentrations were positively correlated, generally being higher in liver than in muscle, and generally did not differ by sex. zinc showed the highest absolute concentrations in all samples (mean, 11.2-26.7 microg/g in muscle, depending on species and area), ...	2006	17089716
tick-borne great island virus: (i) identification of seabird host and evidence for co-feeding and viraemic transmission.	great island virus (giv) is an arbovirus present in the tick ixodes uriae, a common ectoparasite of nesting seabirds. common guillemot (uria aalge) and black-legged kittiwake (rissa tridactyla) are the preferred and most abundant hosts of i. uriae on the isle of may, scotland. as part of a study to understand the epidemiology of giv, the ability of guillemot and kittiwake to support tick-borne transmission of giv was examined. giv was present in ticks feeding in isolated guillemot colonies and g ...	2006	16216136
temporal trends of organochlorines and mercury in seabird eggs from the canadian arctic, 1975-2003.	organochlorine pesticides, pcbs, total mercury and selenium were measured in eggs of thick-billed murres, northern fulmars and black-legged kittiwakes collected from prince leopold island in the canadian high arctic between 1975 and 2003. the primary organochlorines found were sigmapcb, p,p'-dde, oxychlordane, and hexachlorobenzene (hcb). most of organochlorines analyzed showed either significant declines or no significant change between 1975 and 2003 in all three species. however, significant i ...	2007	17240500
selective bioaccumulation of chlorinated pesticides and metabolites in arctic seabirds.	chlorinated pesticides and metabolites (cps) were quantified in the seabird species: little auk (alle alle), brünnich's guillemot (uria lomvia), black guillemot (cepphus grylle) and black-legged kittiwake (rissa tridactyla). the purpose was to evaluate avian accumulation of selected cps based on their concentrations and relative patterns, their relation to dietary descriptors (stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen), to enzymes involved in biotransformation, as well as cps' accumulation potentia ...	2007	16890332
evidence of an interannual effect of maternal immunization on the immune response of juveniles in a long-lived colonial bird.	little is known about the maternal transfer of antibodies in natural host-parasite systems despite its possible evolutionary and ecological implications. in domestic animals, the maternal transfer of antibodies can enhance offspring survival via a temporary protection against parasites, but it can also interfere with the juvenile immune response to antigens. we tested the functional role of maternal antibodies in a natural population of a long-lived colonial seabird, the kittiwake (rissa tridact ...	2007	17922718
serosurvey for toxoplasma gondii in arctic foxes and possible sources of infection in the high arctic of svalbard.	samples (blood or tissue fluid) from 594 arctic foxes (alopex lagopus), 390 svalbard reindeer (rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus), 361 sibling voles (microtus rossiaemeridionalis), 17 walruses (odobenus rosmarus), 149 barnacle geese (branta leucopsis), 58 kittiwakes (rissa tridactyla), and 27 glaucous gulls (larus hyperboreus) from svalbard and nearby waters were assayed for antibodies against toxoplasma gondii using a direct agglutination test. the proportion of seropositive animals was 43% in ar ...	2007	17950534
interannual dynamics of antibody levels in naturally infected long-lived colonial birds.	little is known about the long-term persistence of specific antibodies (ab) in natural host-parasite systems despite its potential epidemiological and ecological importance. in long-lived species, knowledge of the dynamics of individual immunological profiles can be important not only for interpreting serology results, but also for assessing transmission dynamics and the potential selective pressures acting on parasites. the aim of this paper was to investigate temporal variation in levels of sp ...	2007	18229852
corticosterone and time-activity budget: an experiment with black-legged kittiwakes.	in vertebrates, the well established increase in plasma corticosterone in response to food shortage is thought to mediate adjustments of foraging behavior and energy allocation to environmental conditions. however, investigating the functional role of corticosterone is often constrained by the difficulty to track time-activity budget of free-ranging animals. to examine how an experimental increase in corticosterone affects the activity budget of male black-legged kittiwakes (rissa tridactyla), w ...	2007	17707380
food availability affects the maternal transfer of androgens and antibodies into eggs of a colonial seabird.	mothers can improve the quality of their offspring by increasing the level of certain components in their eggs. to examine whether or not mothers increase deposition of such components in eggs as a function of food availability, we food-supplemented black-legged kittiwake females (rissa tridactyla) before and during egg laying and compared deposition of androgens and antibodies into eggs of first and experimentally induced replacement clutches. food-supplemented females transferred lower amounts ...	2007	17465898
plastic debris as nesting material in a kittiwake-(rissa tridactyla)-colony at the jammerbugt, northwest denmark.	this paper continues the investigations of clemens and hartwig from 1992 on the proportion of garbage used as nesting material in the kittiwake colony at bulbjerg in the jammerbugt in northwest denmark. whereas in the year 1992 plastic garbage items were included in 39.3% of 466 kittiwake nests in the bulbjerg colony, in 2005 57.2% of 311 nests contained plastic debris. although it has been forbidden to dispose of plastic garbage into the marine environment since the implementation of the marpol ...	2007	17391710
interannual variability of black-legged kittiwake productivity is reflected in baseline plasma corticosterone.	seabird productivity is shaped by marine resource availability. we examined the link between seabird productivity and an indirect measure of food availability: baseline plasma corticosterone. we predicted low productivity would coincide with elevated baseline corticosterone levels in black-legged kittiwakes (rissa tridactyla). during a 5-year period of declining kittiwake productivity in chiniak bay, kodiak island, alaska, we found increasing baseline corticosterone levels during both incubation ...	2007	17161400
public information affects breeding dispersal in a colonial bird: kittiwakes cue on neighbours.	habitat selection and dispersal behaviour are key processes in evolutionary ecology. recent studies have suggested that individuals may use the reproductive performance of conspecifics as a source of public information on breeding patch quality for dispersal decisions, but experimental evidence is still limited for species breeding in aggregates, i.e. colonial species. we addressed this issue by manipulating the local breeding success of marked individuals and that of their neighbours on a serie ...	2008	18647711
the role of parent-offspring interactions during and after fledging in the black-legged kittiwake.	most bird species endure a high mortality at fledging, and selection should favour parental behaviour diminishing these costs. post-fledging parental care varies greatly among species and is often linked to parent-offspring recognition. in the black-legged kittiwake (rissa tridactyla), fledglings need to return to the natal nest to be fed by their parents until independence. rejections of fledglings by non-parent adults may be fairly violent, and parents are expected to recognize and help their ...	2008	18457925
metabolic adjustments in breeding female kittiwakes (rissa tridactyla) include changes in kidney metabolic intensity.	black-legged kittiwakes (blkis) reduce self-maintenance cost through reductions in mass-specific basal metabolic rate (bmr), body mass and the size of visceral organs during the chick-rearing period. in the present study, we measured kidney in vitro oxygen consumption and plasma 3,3',5-triiodo-l: -thyronine (t3) levels of incubating and chick-rearing female blkis, to test whether the decrease in bmr is caused mainly by decreased metabolic intensity or simply by reductions in the size of organs w ...	2008	18437391
interannual variation in the adrenal responsiveness of black-legged kittiwake chicks (rissa tridactyla).	over the last decade, field endocrinologists have explored the efficacy of using plasma corticosterone concentrations of breeding seabirds as an indicator of food availability and predictor of breeding success. however, studies have been predominately confined to adults and the results have been inconsistent. we examined the relationship between the productivity of black-legged kittiwakes (rissa tridactyla) and the baseline and stress-induced corticosterone levels of 12-15 day-old kittiwake chic ...	2008	18308320
spatial and temporal dynamics of corticosterone and corticosterone binding globulin are driven by environmental heterogeneity.	the question of whether changes in glucocorticoid concentrations reflect consistent changes in physiology associated with transitions between different stages of reproduction, or whether they reflect responses to environmental conditions, is one the central issues in field endocrinology studies. we examined the temporal and spatial dynamics of corticosterone (cort, baseline, and acute stress-induced) and corticosterone binding globulin (cbg) concentrations in blood of black-legged kittiwakes (ri ...	2008	18164297
multiple deleterious effects of experimentally aged sperm in a monogamous bird.	sperm aging is known to be detrimental to reproductive performance. however, this apparently general phenomenon has seldom been studied in an evolutionary context. the negative impact of sperm aging on parental fitness should constitute a strong selective pressure for adaptations to avoid its effects. we studied the impact of sperm aging on black-legged kittiwakes (rissa tridactyla), a monogamous seabird. kittiwakes comprise a model system because (i) of evidence that females eject their mates' ...	2008	18779581
arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury, and selenium in feathers of black-legged kittiwake (rissa tridactyla) and black oystercatcher (haematopus bachmani) from prince william sound, alaska.	arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury and selenium were analyzed in the feathers of black-legged kittiwakes (rissa tridactyla) from shoup bay in prince william sound, alaska to determine if there were age-related differences in metal levels, and in black oystercatchers (haematopus bachmani)) from the same region to determine if there were differences in oiled and unoiled birds. except for mercury, there were no age-related differences in metals levels in the feathers of kittiwakes ...	2008	18440597
variable exposure and immunological response to lyme disease borrelia among north atlantic seabird species.	colonial seabirds often breed in large aggregations. these individuals can be exposed to parasitism by the tick ixodes uriae, but little is known about the circulation of pathogens carried by this ectoparasite, including lyme disease borrelia. here we investigated the prevalence of antibodies (ab) against borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in seabird species sampled at eight locations across the north atlantic. using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests, we found that the prevalence of anti-borr ...	2008	18577503
differential effects of a local industrial sand lance fishery on seabird breeding performance.	fisheries management across the world is moving toward an ecosystem-based approach, implying that fishery effects on nontarget species should be taken into account. however, such effects are often not well understood, partly because, they can be difficult to distinguish from impacts of environmental fluctuations. we evaluated the effects of an industrial sand lance (ammodytes marinus) fishery off the north sea coast of the united kingdom, which has been opened and closed in a quasi-experimental ...	2008	18488628
levels and temporal trends (1983-2003) of persistent organic pollutants (pops) and mercury (hg) in seabird eggs from northern norway.	the main objective of this study was to investigate possible temporal trends of persistent organic pollutants (pops) and mercury in eggs of herring gulls (larus argentatus), black-legged kittiwakes (rissa tridactyla), common guillemots (uria aalge) and atlantic puffins (fratercula arctica) in northern norway. eggs were collected in 1983, 1993 and 2003. egg concentrations of pops (pcb congeners iupac numbers: cb-28, 74, 66, 101, 99, 110, 149, 118, 153, 105, 141, 138, 187, 128, 156, 157, 180, 170, ...	2008	18262696
trace element and metallothionein concentrations in seabirds from the canadian arctic.	livers and kidneys were collected for five seabird species from the canadian arctic during the 1983 and 1991 to 1993 breeding seasons. livers were analyzed for cd, hg, pb, and se, and kidneys were analyzed for cd, cu, zn, and metallothionein (mt). concentrations of the essential elements, cu and zn, were in agreement with those previously published in the literature. thick-billed murres (uria lomvia) from ivujivik on the hudson strait/hudson bay coast in northwestern quebec (canada) had the high ...	2008	17944549
sources of organochlorine contaminants and mercury in seabirds from the aleutian archipelago of alaska: inferences from spatial and trophic variation.	persistent organochlorine compounds and mercury (hg) have been detected in numerous coastal organisms of the aleutian archipelago of alaska, yet sources of these contaminants are unclear. we collected glaucous-winged gulls, northern fulmars, and tufted puffins along a natural longitudinal gradient across the western and central aleutian islands (buldir, kiska, amchitka, adak), and an additional 8 seabird species representing different foraging and migratory guilds from buldir island to evaluate: ...	2008	18692865
current state of the populations of black-legged kittiwakes rissa tridactyla l., 1758 and guillemots uria aalge pontoppidan, 1763 and uria lomvia l., 1758 in colonies on the murman coast.		2009	19650325
levels and temporal trends (1983-2003) of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecanes in seabird eggs from north norway.	the present study assessed temporal trends (1983-2003) of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) and hexabromocyclododecanes (hbcds) in eggs of herring gulls (larus argentatus), atlantic puffins (fratercula arctica), and black-legged kittiwakes (rissa tridactyla) in north norway. generally, pbde concentrations increased between 1983 and 1993 and then leveled out, although species-specific trends were reported. levels of alpha-hbcd increased in all species throughout the 20-year period. levels of ...	2009	19102583
consequences of recruitment decisions and heterogeneity on age-specific breeding success in a long-lived seabird.	an individual's age at first reproduction and investment in successive reproductive attempts are involved in mechanisms that can impede somatic repair, resulting in a decline in reproductive abilities with age (reproductive senescence). we used long-term data from the black-legged kittiwake, a long-lived seabird, to address the relationship between recruitment age, age-specific breeding success (bs), and reproductive senescence, while accounting for breeding experience and temporal variation in ...	2009	19769127
evidence that pairing with genetically similar mates is maladaptive in a monogamous bird.	evidence of multiple genetic criteria of mate choice is accumulating in numerous taxa. in many species, females have been shown to pair with genetically dissimilar mates or with extra-pair partners that are more genetically compatible than their social mates, thereby increasing their offsprings' heterozygosity which often correlates with offspring fitness. while most studies have focused on genetically promiscuous species, few studies have addressed genetically monogamous species, in which mate ...	2009	19566922
application of the two-sample doubly labelled water method alters behaviour and affects estimates of energy expenditure in black-legged kittiwakes.	despite the widespread use of the doubly labelled water (dlw) method in energetic studies of free-ranging animals, effects of the method on study animals are rarely assessed. we studied behavioural effects of two alternative dlw protocols. during two consecutive breeding seasons, 42 parent black-legged kittiwakes received either the commonly used two-sample (ts) or the less invasive single-sample (ss) dlw treatment. a third group served as a non-treated control. we evaluated the effect of treatm ...	2010	20709924
stress and the timing of breeding: glucocorticoid-luteinizing hormones relationships in an arctic seabird.	in birds, stressful environmental conditions delay the timing of breeding but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. the stress hormone corticosterone appears to be a good candidate for mediating the decision to breed and when to start egg-laying, via a possible inhibition of luteinizing hormone (lh) and sex-steroids production. we used luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (lhrh) challenge in pre-laying male and female black-legged kittiwakes (rissa tridactyla) to test whether lh and ...	2010	20688061
long-term survival effect of corticosterone manipulation in black-legged kittiwakes.	the secretion of corticosterone in response to stress is thought to be an adaptive mechanism, which promotes immediate survival at the expense of current reproduction. however, at the individual level, the hypothesis of a corticosterone-related survival appears to be complex. in this study, we tested this hypothesis by combining for the first time an experimental manipulation of corticosterone levels and capture-mark-recapture (cmr) models. to do so, we increased corticosterone levels of chick-r ...	2010	20338171
evidence for an intrinsic energetic ceiling in free-ranging kittiwakes rissa tridactyla.	1. the rate at which free-living animals can expend energy is limited but the causes of this limitation are not well understood. theoretically, energy expenditure may be intrinsically limited by physiological properties of the animal constraining its capacity to process energy. alternatively, the limitation could be set extrinsically by the amount of energy available in the environment or by a fitness trade-off in terms of reduced future survival associated with elevated metabolism. 2. we measur ...	2010	19817918
effect of nestling status and brood size on concentration of corticosterone of free-living kittiwake chicks.	vertebrates respond to perceived stressors through increased plasma concentrations of glucocorticoids. however, there is considerable variation within and across species in the circumstances and degree to which glucocorticoid levels are elevated. we measured baseline and acute stress-induced levels of corticosterone of free-living, black-legged kittiwake chicks (rissa tridactyla) across four consecutive breeding seasons in the northern gulf of alaska to determine the effect of hatching order and ...	2010	19699742
biotransformation of pcbs in arctic seabirds: characterization of phase i and ii pathways at transcriptional, translational and activity levels.	arctic seabirds are exposed to a wide range of halogenated organic contaminants (hocs). exposure occurs mainly through food intake, and many pollutants accumulate in lipid-rich tissues. little is known about how hocs are biotransformed in arctic seabirds. in this study, we characterized biotransformation enzymes in chicks of northern fulmars (fulmarus glacialis) and black-legged kittiwakes (rissa tridactyla) from kongsfjorden (svalbard, norway). phase i and ii enzymes were analyzed at the transc ...	2010	20176133
sexually transmitted bacteria affect female cloacal assemblages in a wild bird.	ecology letters (2010) 13: 1515-1524 abstract: sexual transmission is an important mode of disease propagation, yet its mechanisms remain largely unknown in wild populations. birds comprise an important model for studying sexually transmitted microbes because their cloaca provides a potential for both gastrointestinal pathogens and endosymbionts to become incorporated into ejaculates. we experimentally demonstrate in a wild population of kittiwakes (rissa tridactyla) that bacteria are transmitte ...	2010	20961376
changes in body composition during breeding: reproductive strategies of three species of seabirds under poor environmental conditions.	seabirds differ dramatically in life history traits and breeding strategies. for example, gulls have short incubation shifts (several hours) and high metabolic rates, auks have medium-length incubation shifts (12-24h) and high metabolic rates, and petrels have long incubation shifts (days) and low metabolic rates. how these different strategies affect the dynamics of body components is poorly known. we compared body, organ and lipid mass changes among three different seabirds (gull: black-legged ...	2010	20888927
hepatic antioxidant responses related to levels of pcbs and metals in chicks of three arctic seabird species.	the efficiency of antioxidant defenses and relationship with body burden of metal and organic contaminants has not been previously investigated in arctic seabirds, neither in chicks nor in adults. the objective of this study was to compare such defenses in chicks from three species, black-legged kittiwake (rissa tridactyla), northern fulmar (fulmarus glacialis), and herring gull (larus argentatus), and the relationship with tissue concentrations of essential metals such as selenium and iron and ...	2011	21377543
within and between species competition in a seabird community: statistical exploration and modeling of time-series data.	in a changing environment, the maintenance of communities is subject to many constraints (phenology, resources, climate, etc.). one such constraint is the relationship between conspecifics and competitors. in mixed colonies, seabirds may have to cope with interspecific and intraspecific competition for both space and food resources. we applied competitive interaction models to data on three seabird breeding populations: black-legged kittiwake (rissa tridactyla), common guillemot (uria aalge) and ...	2011	22179331
virological and serological surveillance for type a influenza in the black-legged kittiwake (rissa tridactyla).	the epidemiology of avian influenza viruses (aivs) in gulls is only partially known. the role of the world's most numerous gull species, the black-legged kittiwake (rissa tridactyla), as a potential aiv reservoir species has been unclear. the prevalence of aiv and humoral response against aiv were therefore studied in a colony of apparently healthy black-legged kittiwakes breeding in a nesting cliff in the south west barents region of norway (70°22' n, 31°10' e), in 2008 and 2009.	2011	21241499
lysosomal and lipid-associated parameters in the livers of three species of arctic seabird chicks: species differences and relationships with contaminant levels.	lysosomal membrane stability, lipofuscin (lf), malondialdehyde (mda), neutral lipid (nl) levels, as well as halogenated organic compounds (hocs), cr, cd, pb and fe concentrations were analyzed in liver of black-legged kittiwake (bk), herring gull (hg), and northern fulmar (nf) chicks. there were significant species differences in the levels of nl, lf and lysosomal membrane stability. these parameters were not associated with the respective hoc concentrations. lf accumulation was associated with ...	2011	21724205
integument coloration signals reproductive success, heterozygosity, and antioxidant levels in chick-rearing black-legged kittiwakes.	carotenoid pigments are important for immunity and as antioxidants, and carotenoid-based colors are believed to provide honest signals of individual quality. other colorless but more efficient antioxidants such as vitamins a and e may protect carotenoids from bleaching. carotenoid-based colors have thus recently been suggested to reflect the concentration of such colorless antioxidants, but this has rarely been tested. furthermore, although evidence is accruing for multiple genetic criteria for ...	2011	21792598
assessing hypotheses about nesting site occupancy dynamics.	hypotheses about habitat selection developed in the evolutionary ecology framework assume that individuals, under some conditions, select breeding habitat based on expected fitness in different habitat. the relationship between habitat quality and fitness may be reflected by breeding success of individuals, which may in turn be used to assess habitat quality. habitat quality may also be assessed via local density: if high-quality sites are preferentially used, high density may reflect high-quali ...	2011	21661556
an individual and a sex odor signature in kittiwakes?: study of the semiochemical composition of preen secretion and preen down feathers.	the importance of olfaction in birds' social behavior has long been denied. avian chemical signaling has thus been relatively unexplored. the black-legged kittiwake provides a particularly appropriate model for investigating this topic. kittiwakes preferentially mate with genetically dissimilar individuals, but the cues used to assess genetic characteristics remain unknown. as in other vertebrates, their body odors may carry individual and sexual signatures thus potentially reliably signaling in ...	2011	21656004
experimentally reduced corticosterone release promotes early breeding in black-legged kittiwakes.	breeding at the right time is important for successful reproduction. in birds, stressful environmental conditions are known to delay the timing of breeding but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. the stress hormone corticosterone appears to be a good candidate for mediating egg-laying date according to early environmental conditions and physiological state. by experimentally reducing the release of corticosterone in black-legged kittiwakes during the pre-laying period, we tested whe ...	2011	21613516
now you see him, now you don't: experience, not age, is related to reproduction in kittiwakes.	in long-lived species, individuals can skip reproduction. the proportion of breeders affects population growth rate and viability, there is a need to investigate the factors influencing intermittent breeding. the theory predicts that if lack of experience is an important constraint, breeding probabilities should increase with experience for individuals of the same age, whereas under the so-called restraint hypothesis, breeding probabilities should increase with age regardless of experience. howe ...	2011	21367783
seasonal interactions in the black-legged kittiwake, rissa tridactyla: links between breeding performance and winter distribution.	relationships between events in one period of the annual cycle and behaviour in subsequent seasons are key determinants of individual life histories and population dynamics. however, studying such associations is challenging, given the difficulties in following individuals across seasons, particularly in migratory species. relationships between breeding performance and subsequent winter ecology are particularly poorly understood, yet are likely to be profoundly important because of the costs of ...	2011	21208952
drivers of age-specific survival in a long-lived seabird: contributions of observed and hidden sources of heterogeneity.	1. we assessed the relative influence of variability in recruitment age, dynamic reproductive investment (time-specific reproductive states) and frailty (unobserved differences in survival abilities across individuals) on survival in the black-legged kittiwake. furthermore, we examined whether observed variability in survival trajectories was best explained by immediate reproductive investment, cumulative investment, or both. 2. individuals that delayed recruitment (≥ age 7) suffered a higher mo ...	2011	21182519
maternal androgens increase sibling aggression, dominance, and competitive ability in the siblicidal black-legged kittiwake (rissa tridactyla).	animals and plants routinely produce more offspring than they can afford to rear. mothers can favour certain young by conferring on them competitive advantages such as a leading position in the birth sequence, more resources or hormones. avian mothers create hatching asynchrony within a clutch and at the same time bestow the eggs with different concentrations of androgens that may enhance or counteract the competitive advantage experienced by early-hatching "core" young. in siblicidal birds, cor ...	2012	23112843
relationships between pops and baseline corticosterone levels in black-legged kittiwakes (rissa tridactyla) across their breeding cycle.	chronic exposure to persistent organic pollutants (pops) in wildlife might alter the response to environmental changes through interference with the regulation of stress hormones. here, we examined the relationship between blood concentrations of several pops and baseline plasma corticosterone levels in the black-legged kittiwake (rissa tridactyla) during three distinct periods in the breeding season. the concentrations of pops and corticosterone increased, whereas body mass decreased progressiv ...	2012	22366481
semiochemical compounds of preen secretion reflect genetic make-up in a seabird species.	several vertebrates choose their mate according to genetic heterozygosity and relatedness, and use odour cues to assess their conspecifics' genetic make-up. in birds, although several species (including the black-legged kittiwake) exhibit non-random mating according to genetic traits, the cues used to assess genetic characteristics remain unknown. the importance of olfaction in birds' social behaviour is gaining attention among researchers, and it has been suggested that, as in other vertebrates ...	2012	21937499
halogenated organic contaminants and their correlations with circulating thyroid hormones in developing arctic seabirds.	thyroid hormones are essential for normal growth and development and disruption of thyroid homeostasis can be critical to young developing individuals. the aim of the present study was to assess plasma concentrations of halogenated organic contaminants (hocs) in chicks of two seabird species and to investigate possible correlations of hocs with circulating thyroid hormone (th) concentrations. plasma from black-legged kittiwake (rissa tridactyla) and northern fulmar (fulmarus glacialis) chicks we ...	2012	22154184
influence of climate change and trophic coupling across four trophic levels in the celtic sea.	climate change has had profound effects upon marine ecosystems, impacting across all trophic levels from plankton to apex predators. determining the impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems requires understanding the direct effects on all trophic levels as well as indirect effects mediated by trophic coupling. the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of climate change on the pelagic food web in the celtic sea, a productive shelf region in the northeast atlantic. using long-term ...	2012	23091621
climate, copepods and seabirds in the boreal northeast atlantic - current state and future outlook.	the boreal northeast atlantic is strongly affected by current climate change, and large shifts in abundance and distribution of many organisms have been observed, including the dominant copepod calanus finmarchicus, which supports the grazing food web and thus many fish populations. at the same time, large-scale declines have been observed in many piscivorous seabirds, which depend on abundant small pelagic fish. here, we combine predictions from a niche model of c. finmarchicus with long-term d ...	2012	23504776
determining seabird body condition using nonlethal measures.	abstract energy stores are critical for successful breeding, and longitudinal studies require nonlethal methods to measure energy stores ("body condition"). nonlethal techniques for measuring energy reserves are seldom verified independently. we compare body mass, size-corrected mass (scm), plasma lipids, and isotopic dilution with extracted total body lipid content in three seabird species (thick-billed murres uria lomvia, all four measures; northern fulmars fulmarus glacialis, three measures; ...	2012	22237292
exposure of black-legged kittiwakes to lyme disease spirochetes: dynamics of the immune status of adult hosts and effects on their survival.	1. despite a growing interest in wildlife disease ecology, there is a surprising lack of knowledge about the exposure dynamics of individual animals to naturally circulating infectious agents and the impact of such agents on host life-history traits. 2. the exploration of these questions requires detailed longitudinal data on individual animals that can be captured multiple times during their life but also requires being able to account for several sources of uncertainty, notably the partial obs ...	2012	22428953
prey patch patterns predict habitat use by top marine predators with diverse foraging strategies.	spatial coherence between predators and prey has rarely been observed in pelagic marine ecosystems. we used measures of the environment, prey abundance, prey quality, and prey distribution to explain the observed distributions of three co-occurring predator species breeding on islands in the southeastern bering sea: black-legged kittiwakes (rissa tridactyla), thick-billed murres (uria lomvia), and northern fur seals (callorhinus ursinus). predictions of statistical models were tested using movem ...	2013	23301063
migration and opportunistic feeding increase pcb accumulation in arctic seabirds.	it is widely accepted that body concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (pops) tend to increase with trophic level (tl). yet, little attention has been paid to the causes in the underlying differences in pop body concentrations between species occupying similar tls. in this paper we use two modeling approaches to quantify the importance of migration and opportunistic feeding, relative to that of trophic level, in explaining interspecific differences in polychlorinated biphenyl (pcb) body ...	2013	24024972