Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| non-ltr retrotransposons in the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae: unprecedented diversity and evidence of recent activity. | over a hundred families of non-long terminal repeat retrotransposons (non-ltrs) were found in the newly released anopheles gambiae genome assembly during a reiterative and comprehensive search using the conserved reverse transcriptase (rt) domains of known non-ltrs as the starting queries. these families, which are defined by at least 20% amino acid sequence divergence in their rt domains, range from a few to approximately 2,000 copies and occupy at least 3% of the genome. in addition to having ... | 2003 | 12832632 |
| prevalence of plasmodium falciparum infection in pregnant women in gabon. | in areas where malaria is endemic, pregnancy is associated with increased susceptibility to malaria. it is generally agreed that this risk ends with delivery and decreases with the number of pregnancies. our study aimed to demonstrate relationships between malarial parasitaemia and age, gravidity and anaemia in pregnant women in libreville, the capital city of gabon. | 2003 | 12919637 |
| influence of maternal filariasis on childhood infection and immunity to wuchereria bancrofti in kenya. | to determine whether maternal filariasis influences the risk of infection by and immunity to wuchereria bancrofti in children, we performed a cross-sectional study in an area of kenya where filariasis is endemic. residents of 211 households were enrolled; 376 parents and 938 of their offspring between the ages of 2 and 17 years were examined for filarial infection status as determined by blood-borne microfilariae and filarial antigenemia. children of infected mothers had a three- to fourfold inc ... | 2003 | 12933869 |
| species identification within the anopheles funestus group of malaria vectors in cameroon and evidence for a new species. | anopheles funestus is a major vector of malaria in africa. it belongs to a group of sibling species that can be identified morphologically only at certain stages of their development. a diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based tool made it possible to differentiate five species of the group. the assay seems to be applicable over all their distribution area for four of these species: an. funestus, an. leesoni, an. parensis, and an. vaneedenip. the fifth species, an. rivulorum, is the seco ... | 2003 | 13677376 |
| observations on the swarming and mating behaviour of anopheles funestus from southern mozambique. | control of malaria by the release of genetically modified mosquitoes refractory to transmission is now becoming a possibility. in many areas of africa, anopheles gambiae is found together with an equally important vector, an. funestus. given their sympatry and the likelihood of a similar mating period some aspects of the mating behaviour of an. gambiae s.l. and an. funestus are likely to differ. we therefore attempted to characterise the swarming behaviour of an. funestus and to determine if any ... | 2003 | 12636875 |
| construction of a bac library and generation of bac end sequence-tagged connectors for genome sequencing of the african malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae. | a bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) genomic dna library of anopheles gambiae, the major human malaria vector in sub-saharan africa, was constructed and characterized. this library (nd-tam) is composed of 30,720 bac clones in eighty 384-well plates. the estimated average insert size of the library is 133 kb, with an overall genome coverage of approximately 14-fold. the ends of approximately two-thirds of the clones in the library were sequenced, yielding 32,340 pair-mate ends. a statistical a ... | 2003 | 12655398 |
| heterologous expression of four glutathione transferase genes genetically linked to a major insecticide-resistance locus from the malaria vector anopheles gambiae. | a cluster of eight genes encoding glutathione transferases (gsts) are located on division 33b of polytene chromosome arm 3r of the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae. this region of the genome contains a major 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-( p -chlorophenyl)ethane (ddt)-resistance locus, rtd1. these gsts belong to the insect-specific epsilon class and share between 22.6 and 65.2% identity at the amino acid level. two distinct allelic variants of the epsilon gst, gste1, differing at 12 out of ... | 2003 | 12718742 |
| transposable element (te) display and rapid detection of te insertion polymorphism in the anopheles gambiae species complex. | transposable element (te) display was shown to be a highly specific and reproducible method of detecting the insertion sites of tes in individuals of the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae, and its sibling species, a. arabiensis. relatively high levels of insertion polymorphism were observed during the te display of several families of miniature inverted-repeat tes (mites) that have variable copy numbers. the genomic locations of selected insertion sites were identified by matching the ... | 2003 | 12752653 |
| polymorphism in two merozoite surface proteins of plasmodium falciparum isolates from gabon. | plasmodium falciparum antigenic diversity and polymorphism confuses the issue of antimalarial vaccine development. merozoite surface protein (msp)-1 and -2 are two highly polymorphic vaccine candidates. characterisation of their precise polymorphism in endemic regions may facilitate the design of an effective vaccine. | 2003 | 12773207 |
| sequence analysis of a 282-kilobase region surrounding the citrus tristeza virus resistance gene (ctv) locus in poncirus trifoliata l. raf. | citrus tristeza virus (ctv) is the major virus pathogen causing significant economic damage to citrus worldwide, and a single dominant gene, ctv, provides broad spectrum resistance to ctv in poncirus trifoliata l. raf. ctv was physically mapped to a 282-kb region using a p. trifoliata bacterial artificial chromosome library. this region was completely sequenced to about 8x coverage using a shotgun sequencing strategy and primer walking for gap closure. sequence analysis predicts 22 putative gene ... | 2003 | 12586873 |
| infection of malaria (anopheles gambiae s.s.) and filariasis (culex quinquefasciatus) vectors with the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae. | current intra-domiciliary vector control depends on the application of residual insecticides and/or repellents. although biological control agents have been developed against aquatic mosquito stages, none are available for adults. following successful use of an entomopathogenic fungus against tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) we investigated the potency of this fungus as a biological control agent for adult malaria and filariasis vector mosquitoes. | 2003 | 14565851 |
| quantitative trait loci in anopheles gambiae controlling the encapsulation response against plasmodium cynomolgi ceylon. | anopheles gambiae females are the world's most successful vectors of human malaria. however, a fraction of these mosquitoes is refractory to plasmodium development. l3-5, a laboratory selected refractory strain, encapsulates transforming ookinetes/early oocysts of a wide variety of plasmodium species. previous studies on these mosquitoes showed that one major (pen1) and two minor (pen2, pen3) autosomal dominant quantitative trait loci (qtls) control the melanotic encapsulation response against p ... | 2003 | 14577840 |
| variation of malaria transmission and morbidity with altitude in tanzania and with introduction of alphacypermethrin treated nets. | highland areas with naturally less intense malaria transmission may provide models of how lowland areas might become if transmission was permanently reduced by sustained vector control. it has been argued that vector control should not be attempted in areas of intense transmission. | 2003 | 14585106 |
| a survey of the anopheles funestus (diptera: culicidae) group of mosquitoes from 10 sites in kenya with special emphasis on population genetic structure based on chromosomal inversion karyotypes. | we sampled anopheles funestus giles mosquitoes from 10 sites in kenya to determine (1) the different members of this group present at these sites and (2) the population genetic structure of these species based on chromosomal inversion karyotypes with particular reference to the role of the eastern arm of the great rift valley and geographical distance as barriers to gene flow. four members of this species group, namely an. funestus s.s., an. parensis, an. leesoni, and an. rivulorum, were found. ... | 2003 | 14596280 |
| is the mbita trap a reliable tool for evaluating the density of anopheline vectors in the highlands of madagascar? | background: one method of collecting mosquitoes is to use human beings as bait. this is called human landing collection and is a reference method for evaluating mosquito density per person. the mbita trap, described by mathenge et al in the literature, consists of an entry-no return device whereby humans are used as bait but cannot be bitten. we compared the mbita trap and human landing collection in field conditions to estimate mosquito density and malaria transmission. methods: our study was c ... | 2003 | 14624701 |
| population genetic structure of the african malaria mosquito anopheles funestus in kenya. | anopheles funestus giles is a major malaria vector in africa, but little is known about the genetic structure of natural populations. in this study, microsatellite markers were used to investigate the genetic structure of a. funestus populations from kenya. two populations from western kenya 80 km apart and two from coastal kenya 50 km apart were collected and examined for allelic variation at five trinucleotide microsatellite loci. we found a. funestus giles was the predominant species (> 98%) ... | 2003 | 14628948 |
| raised houses reduce mosquito bites. | background: in many parts of continental africa house construction does not appear to impede entry of malaria vectors and, given their generally late biting cycle, the great majority of transmission takes place indoors. in contrast, many houses in são tomé, 140 km off the coast of gabon, are raised on stilts and built of wooden planks. building on stilts is a time-honoured, but largely untested, way of avoiding mosquito bites. exposure may also be affected by mosquito activity times and age comp ... | 2003 | 14667242 |
| linking field-based ecological data with remotely sensed data using a geographic information system in two malaria endemic urban areas of kenya. | background: remote sensing technology provides detailed spectral and thermal images of the earth's surface from which surrogate ecological indicators of complex processes can be measured. methods: remote sensing data were overlaid onto georeferenced entomological and human ecological data randomly sampled during april and may 2001 in the cities of kisumu (population asymptotically equal to 320,000) and malindi (population asymptotically equal to 81,000), kenya. grid cells of 270 meters x 270 met ... | 2003 | 14667243 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of a cdna encoding cytochrome c oxidase subunit va from the lesser grain borer, rhyzopertha dominica (f.) (coleoptera: bostrichidae). | a cdna encoding subunit va of cytochrome c oxidase (ec 1.9.3.1) was cloned and characterized from a lesser grain borer (rhyzopertha dominica) cdna library. the complete cdna consists of 693-bp and contains an open reading frame of 450-bp that encodes 150 amino acid residues. the sequence includes a 28-bp putative n-terminal and a 122-bp putative mature protein. the estimated molecular weight and pi for the predicted mature protein are 13,962 and 4.60, respectively. the cdna-deduced amino acid se ... | 2003 | 14518003 |
| identification of the vectors of lymphatic filariasis in the lower shire valley, southern malawi. | an investigation of lymphatic filariasis vectors in malawi is reported. anopheles funestus, a. arabiensis, and a. gambiae sensu stricto had high rates of filarial infection (2.2-3.1%) and carried infective larvae. anopheles funestus was the predominant species collected (77.6%) and was the primary vector during the study period of april to may 2002. | 2003 | 15228246 |
| functional genomics of wood quality and properties. | genomics promises to enrich the investigations of biology and biochemistry. current advancements in genomics have major implications for genetic improvement in animals, plants, and microorganisms, and for our understanding of cell growth, development, differentiation, and communication. significant progress has been made in the understanding of plant genomics in recent years, and the area continues to progress rapidly. functional genomics offers enormous potential to tree improvement and the und ... | 2003 | 15629055 |
| bioinformatics-based identification of chemosensory proteins in african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae. | chemosensory proteins (csps) are identifiable by four spatially conserved cysteine residues in their primary structure or by two disulfide bridges in their tertiary structure according to the previously identified olfactory specific-d related proteins. a genomics- and bioinformatics-based approach is taken in the present study to identify the putative csps in the malaria-carrying mosquito, anopheles gambiae. the results show that five out of the nine annotated candidates are the most possible an ... | 2003 | 15629057 |
| [recent observations on the sensitivity to pyrethroids and ddt of anopheles arabiensis and anopheles funestus in the central highlands of madagascar; preliminary results on the absence of the kdr mutation in an. arabiensis]. | anopheles arabiensis and anopheles funestus are the principal vectors of malaria on the central highlands of madagascar. these two species of mosquito are directly or indirectly the targets of indoor insecticide spread. the survey of the susceptibility of these two vectors to insecticides is essential specifying for the anti-vectorial current directives and for the future programs. this paper describes: --the recent tests of susceptibility and the study of the knock-down effect of four pyrethroi ... | 2003 | 15678819 |
| molecular differentiation of colonized human malaria vectors by 28s ribosomal dna polymorphisms. | anopheles gambiae s.s. giles, an. stephensi liston, an. freeborni aitken, and an. quadrimaculatus say are cultured and studied in molecular genetic and transgenic laboratories with increasing frequency. with limited research space, these mosquitoes are often maintained in the same insectary. under these conditions, cross-contamination of colonies can occur and have devastating consequences to affected research programs. we have developed a polymerase chain reaction-based assay targeting the 28s ... | 2004 | 15516651 |
| high malaria transmission intensity due to anopheles funestus (diptera: culicidae) in a village of savannah-forest transition area in cameroon. | an entomological survey was conducted on vectors of malaria in a village of the forest-savannah transition area in cameroon from february 1999 to october 2000. a total of 2,050 anopheline mosquitoes belonging to eight species were caught 1) after landing on human volunteers, 2) by using pyrethrum spray collections in human dwellings, and 3) in resting sites outdoors. anopheles funestus giles was the most abundant species (accounting for 91% of anophelines caught) followed by anopheles gambiae gi ... | 2004 | 15535619 |
| relationships between body size of anopheles mosquitoes and plasmodium falciparum sporozoite rates along the kenya coast. | the influence of body size of anopheles gambiae s.s., anopheles arabiensis, anopheles merus, and anopheles funestus on the transmission of plasmodium falciparum was studied at 3 sites along the kenyan coast. adult mosquitoes were collected inside houses by pyrethrum spray collection (psc) from april to september 2001. wing length was measured microscopically to the nearest 0.01 mm as an index of mosquito body size. the p. falciparum circumsporozoite protein (csp) was detected by enzyme-linked im ... | 2004 | 15669379 |
| lineage-specific and ubiquitous biological roles of the mammalian transcription factor lsf. | transcriptional regulation in mammalian cells is driven by a complex interplay of multiple transcription factors that respond to signals from either external or internal stimuli. a single transcription factor can control expression of distinct sets of target genes, dependent on its state of post-translational modifications, interacting partner proteins, and the chromatin environment of the cellular genome. furthermore, many transcription factors can act as either transcriptional repressors or ac ... | 2004 | 15563829 |
| autodissemination of the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae amongst adults of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae s.s. | the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae is being considered as a biocontrol agent for adult african malaria vectors. in the laboratory, work was carried out to assess whether horizontal transmission of the pathogen can take place during copulation, as this would enhance the impact of the fungus on target populations when compared with insecticides. | 2004 | 15566626 |
| reduced bio-efficacy of permethrin ec impregnated bednets against an anopheles gambiae strain with oxidase-based pyrethroid tolerance. | insecticide-treated nets (itns) are an integral component of malaria control programmes in africa. how much pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors will impact on the efficacy of itns is controversial. the purpose of this study was to evaluate knockdown and killing effects of itns on a metabolic-based resistant or tolerant malaria vector strain. | 2004 | 15569394 |
| population genetic structure of anopheles gambiae mosquitoes on lake victoria islands, west kenya. | understanding the genetic structure of island anopheles gambiae populations is important for the current tactics in mosquito control and for the proposed strategy using genetically-modified mosquitoes (gmm). genetically-isolated mosquito populations on islands are a potential site for testing gmm. the objective of this study was to determine the genetic structure of a. gambiae populations on the islands in lake victoria, western kenya. | 2004 | 15581429 |
| daily oviposition patterns of the african malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae giles (diptera: culicidae) on different types of aqueous substrates. | background: anopheles gambiae giles is the most important vector of human malaria in sub-saharan africa. knowledge of the factors that influence its daily oviposition pattern is crucial if field interventions targeting gravid females are to be successful. this laboratory study investigated the effect of oviposition substrate and time of blood feeding on daily oviposition patterns of an. gambiae mosquitoes. methods: greenhouse-reared gravid and hypergravid (delayed oviposition onset) an. gambiae ... | 2004 | 15596009 |
| spatial distribution patterns of malaria vectors and sample size determination in spatially heterogeneous environments: a case study in the west kenyan highland. | the current study examined temporal and spatial distribution patterns of anopheline malaria vectors in a highland site and determined the number of houses to be sampled to achieve the targeted precision level. adult mosquito sampling was conducted seasonally in may and august 2002 in a 3 by 3-km2 area, and in november 2002 and february 2003 in an expanded 4 by 4-km2 area in kakamega district, western kenya. anopheles gambiae giles was the predominant malaria vector species, constituting 84.6% of ... | 2004 | 15605637 |
| entomopathogenic fungi for mosquito control: a review. | fungal diseases in insects are common and widespread and can decimate their populations in spectacular epizootics. virtually all insect orders are susceptible to fungal diseases, including dipterans. fungal pathogens such as lagenidium, coelomomyces and culicinomyces are known to affect mosquito populations, and have been studied extensively. there are, however, many other fungi that infect and kill mosquitoes at the larval and/or adult stage. the discovery, in 1977, of the selective mosquito-pa ... | 2004 | 15861235 |
| influence of age and previous diet of anopheles gambiae on the infectivity of natural plasmodium falciparum gametocytes from human volunteers. | the effect of age and dietary factors of anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae) on the infectivity of natural plasmodium falciparum parasites was studied. mosquitoes of various ages (1-3, 4-7 and 8-11 day old) and those fed blood (either single or double meals) and sugar meals were experimentally co-infected with p. falciparum gametocytes obtained from different naturally infected human volunteers. on day 7, midguts were examined for oocyst infection to determine whether mosquito age or diets ha ... | 2004 | 15861248 |
| malaria panel assay versus pcr: detection of naturally infected anopheles melas in a coastal village of equatorial guinea. | a study was carried out in a village of the mainland region of equatorial guinea in order to ascertain a) which members of anopheles gambiae complex could be involved in malaria transmission and b) the rate of infectivity for anopheles melas comparing two different methods, a pcr able to detect sporozoite-dna and an immunochromatographic assay mpr (malaria rapid dipstick panel assay). | 2004 | 15238168 |
| dosage-dependent effects of permethrin-treated nets on the behaviour of anopheles gambiae and the selection of pyrethroid resistance. | the evolution and spread of pyrethroid resistance in anopheles gambiae s.s, the major malaria vector in sub-saharan africa, is of great concern owing to the importance of pyrethroid-treated nets in the who global strategy for malaria control. the impact of kdr (the main pyrethroid-resistance mechanism) on the behaviour of an. gambiae is not well understood. the objective of this study was to determine whether high or low doses of permethrin differ in their resistance-selection effects. | 2004 | 15242513 |
| advances in the study of anopheles funestus, a major vector of malaria in africa. | the recent literature on cytogenetic and molecular studies of anopheles funestus, a major vector of malaria in africa, is reviewed. molecular data from west and central africa suggest a new species in the group closely allied to anopheles rivulorum. cytogenetic and molecular studies of populations from west, central, east and southern africa indicate considerable genetic structuring within an. funestus itself, which may well restrict the spread of pyrethroid resistance that has been demonstrated ... | 2004 | 15242700 |
| mosquito transposable elements. | the completion of the genome assembly for the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae, and continuing genomic efforts for the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, have allowed the use of bioinformatics tools to identify and characterize a diverse array of transposable elements (tes) in these and other mosquito genomes. an overview of the types and number of both rna-mediated and dna-mediated tes that are found in mosquito genomes is presented. a number of novel and interesting tes from thes ... | 2004 | 15242704 |
| malaria morbidity and immunity among residents of villages with different plasmodium falciparum transmission intensity in north-eastern tanzania. | the relationship between the burden of uncomplicated malaria and transmission intensity is unclear and a better understanding of this relationship is important for the implementation of intervention programmes. | 2004 | 15282030 |
| a weather-driven model of malaria transmission. | climate is a major driving force behind malaria transmission and climate data are often used to account for the spatial, seasonal and interannual variation in malaria transmission. | 2004 | 15350206 |
| malaria transmission dynamics at a site in northern ghana proposed for testing malaria vaccines. | we studied the malaria transmission dynamics in kassena nankana district (knd), a site in northern ghana proposed for testing malaria vaccines. intensive mosquito sampling for 1 year using human landing catches in three micro-ecological sites (irrigated, lowland and rocky highland) yielded 18 228 mosquitoes. anopheles gambiae s.l. and anopheles funestus constituted 94.3% of the total collection with 76.8% captured from the irrigated communities. other species collected but in relatively few numb ... | 2004 | 14728621 |
| malaria transmission in southern madagascar: influence of the environment and hydro-agricultural works in sub-arid and humid regions. part 1. entomological investigations. | a 4-year entomological study was carried out in southern madagascar to identify malaria vectors, evaluate the transmission and compare the influence of irrigation in the sub-arid and adjacent humid regions. three villages were involved in this entomological survey: androvasoa (located in the natural sub-arid ecosystem), pépiniére (sited at the centre of an irrigated rice scheme in the sub-arid region) and esana (bordered with rice fields in the humid region). mosquitoes were collected inside and ... | 2004 | 14732241 |
| microsatellite dna polymorphism and heterozygosity in the malaria vector mosquito anopheles funestus (diptera: culicidae) in east and southern africa. | there has been an increase in malaria cases in southern african countries in recent years due to the presence of populations of anopheles funestus that are resistant to the pyrethroid class of insecticides. since a. funestus is one of the major african malaria vectors, knowledge of its genetic structure will benefit control strategies, such as the management of insecticide resistance, by allowing predictions to be made of possible spread of the resistance. this study uses microsatellite dna mark ... | 2004 | 14739021 |
| measurement of antibody levels against region ii of the erythrocyte-binding antigen 175 of plasmodium falciparum in an area of malaria holoendemicity in western kenya. | region ii of the 175-kda erythrocyte-binding antigen (eba-175rii) of plasmodium falciparum is functionally important in sialic acid-dependent erythrocyte invasion and is considered a prime target for an invasion-blocking vaccine. the objectives of this study were to (i) determine the prevalence of anti-eba-175rii antibodies in a naturally exposed population, (ii) determine whether naturally acquired antibodies have a functional role by inhibiting binding of eba-175rii to erythrocytes, and (iii) ... | 2004 | 14742515 |
| allomonal effect of breath contributes to differential attractiveness of humans to the african malaria vector anopheles gambiae. | background: removal of exhaled air from total body emanations or artificially standardising carbon dioxide (co2) outputs has previously been shown to eliminate differential attractiveness of humans to certain blackfly (simuliidae) and mosquito (culicidae) species. whether or not breath contributes to between-person differences in relative attractiveness to the highly anthropophilic malaria vector anopheles gambiae sensu stricto remains unknown and was the focus of the present study. methods: the ... | 2004 | 14748930 |
| a microsatellite map of the african human malaria vector anopheles funestus. | microsatellite markers and chromosomal inversion polymorphisms are useful genetic markers for determining population structure in anopheline mosquitoes. in anopheles funestus (2n = 6), only chromosome arms 2r, 3r, and 3l are known to carry polymorphic inversions. the physical location of microsatellite markers with respect to polymorphic inversions is potentially important information for interpreting population genetic structure, yet none of the available marker sets have been physically mapped ... | 2004 | 14757727 |
| comparative field evaluation of the mbita trap, the centers for disease control light trap, and the human landing catch for sampling of malaria vectors in western kenya. | the mosquito sampling efficiency of a new bed net trap (the mbita trap) was compared with that of the centers for disease control miniature light trap (hung adjacent to an occupied bed net) and the human landing catch in western kenya. overall, the mbita trap caught 48.7 +/- 4.8% (mean +/- sem) the number of anopheles gambiae giles sensu lato caught in the human landing catch and 27.4 +/- 8.2% of the number caught by the light trap. the corresponding figures for anopheles funestus giles were 74. ... | 2004 | 14971695 |
| anopheles funestus in sahel: new evidence from niger. | 2004 | 14987899 | |
| evaluation of a species-specific pcr assay for the anopheles funestus group from eleven african countries and madagascar. | a newly published cocktail polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay can identify five members of the anopheles funestus group: an. funestus, an. vaneedeni, an. parensis, an. leesoni and an. rivulorum. the assay was evaluated on specimens from 11 african countries: angola, cote d'ivoire, ethiopia, kenya, malawi, mozambique, namibia, south africa, tanzania, uganda and zambia; and the island of madagascar. the polymerase chain reaction single strand conformation polymorphism (pcr-sscp) and the interna ... | 2004 | 15029875 |
| restriction fragment length polymorphism method for the identification of major african and asian malaria vectors within the anopheles funestus and an. minimus groups. | the african anopheles funestus and the asian an. minimus groups are closely related and are probably considered distinct only because of their geographic separation. this study aimed at improving two identification methods based on polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) already developed for either group. each pcr-rflp, either on the internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) for the an. minimus group, and domain 3 (d3) for the an. funestus group, was applied to ... | 2004 | 15031514 |
| malaria vectors in the bioko island (equatorial guinea): estimation of vector dynamics and transmission intensities. | the current study was performed on the bioko island (equatorial guinea) with the aim of establishing a rapid assessment technique for mapping malaria risk and measuring vector densities. human bait collection, tent traps, light traps, indoor resting collection, and window exit traps were used to collect anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles funestus, the two anopheline species involved in malaria transmission in this island. capture data were used to compare differences in the behavior and vector ... | 2004 | 15061273 |
| [anopheles and malaria transmission in ambohimena, a village in the occidental fringe of madagascar highlands]. | the anopheline vectors and malaria transmission were investigated in the middle west of madagascar, in the village of ambohimena (at the altitude of 940 meters) during two years (august 1996 to july 1998). this village is located outside the vector control area, where yearly ddt house spraying campaigns have been conducted between 1993 and 1998. collection of mosquitoes was mainly based on all night man billing collections (650 man-nights), pyrethrum spray catches (224 bedrooms) and direct colle ... | 2004 | 15071831 |
| isolation and characterization of y chromosome sequences from the african malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae. | the karyotype of the african malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae contains two pairs of autosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes. the y chromosome, constituting approximately 10% of the genome, remains virtually unexplored, despite the recent completion of the a. gambiae genome project. here we report the identification and characterization of y chromosome sequences of total length approaching 150 kb. we developed 11 y-specific pcr markers that consistently yielded male-specific products in specime ... | 2004 | 15082548 |
| characterization of potential larval habitats for anopheles mosquitoes in relation to urban land-use in malindi, kenya. | background: this study characterized anopheles mosquito larval habitats in relation to ecological attributes about the habitat and community-level drainage potential, and investigated whether agricultural activities within or around urban households increased the probability of water body occurrence. malindi, a city on the coast of kenya, was mapped using global positioning system (gps) technology, and a geographic information system (gis) was used to overlay a measured grid, which served as a s ... | 2004 | 15125778 |
| mosquito appetite for blood is stimulated by plasmodium chabaudi infections in themselves and their vertebrate hosts. | arthropod vectors of disease may encounter more than one infected host during the course of their lifetime. the consequences of super-infection to parasite development are rarely investigated, but may have substantial epidemiological and evolutionary consequences. | 2004 | 15151700 |
| population structure of the malaria vector anopheles funestus in senegal based on microsatellite and cytogenetic data. | the study of chromosomal inversions distribution within natural anopheles funestus populations from west africa revealed high levels of genetic structuring. in burkina faso, this was interpreted as evidence for incipient speciation, and two chromosomal forms were described, namely 'folonzo' and 'kiribina'. assignation of field collected specimens to one chromosomal form depends upon application of an algorithm based on chromosomal inversions. we assessed relevance and applicability of this algor ... | 2004 | 15157226 |
| molecular characterization of insulin-like peptide genes and their expression in the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae. | of the seven genes encoding insulin-like peptides (ilps) in the mosquito, anopheles gambiae, four are arrayed proximally as duplicate pairs on chromosome three. amino acid substitutions encoded in the duplicate genes occur in the c peptide and not the b and a peptides. except for one duplicated gene, sequence-specific transcripts for all other agamilps were obtained from female mosquitoes. transcript expression of each agamilp was determined by rt-pcr in the head, thorax, and abdomen of all life ... | 2004 | 15157231 |
| the global distribution and population at risk of malaria: past, present, and future. | the aim of this review was to use geographic information systems in combination with historical maps to quantify the anthropogenic impact on the distribution of malaria in the 20th century. the nature of the cartographic record enabled global and regional patterns in the spatial limits of malaria to be investigated at six intervals between 1900 and 2002. contemporaneous population surfaces also allowed changes in the numbers of people living in areas of malaria risk to be quantified. these data ... | 2004 | 15172341 |
| functional analysis of the putative fusion domain of the baculovirus envelope fusion protein f. | group ii nucleopolyhedroviruses (npvs), e.g., spodoptera exigua mnpv, lack a gp64-like protein that is present in group i npvs but have an unrelated envelope fusion protein named f. in contrast to gp64, the f protein has to be activated by a posttranslational cleavage mechanism to become fusogenic. in several vertebrate viral fusion proteins, the cleavage activation generates a new n terminus which forms the so-called fusion peptide. this fusion peptide inserts in the cellular membrane, thereby ... | 2004 | 15194771 |
| plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriage in asymptomatic children in western kenya. | studies on plasmodium falciparum gametocyte development and dynamics have almost exclusively focused on patients treated with antimalarial drugs, while the majority of parasite carriers in endemic areas are asymptomatic. this study identified factors that influence gametocytaemia in asymptomatic children in the absence and presence of pyrimethamine-sulphadoxine (sp) antimalarial treatment. | 2004 | 15202944 |
| a single multiplex assay to identify major malaria vectors within the african anopheles funestus and the oriental an. minimus groups. | the african anopheles funestus and the oriental an. minimus groups are closely related and composed of major malaria vectors in africa and southeast asia, respectively. none of the species of either the an. funestus or the an. minimus group can be identified with absolute certainty using the adult morphology. polymorphisms present on the internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) of ribosomal dna allowed the development of 10 primers that combined with an universal forward primer lead to a simple and ... | 2004 | 15210996 |
| unravelling complexities in human malaria transmission dynamics in africa through a comprehensive knowledge of vector populations. | malaria transmission dynamics is highly variable throughout africa: inoculation rates vary from almost null to more than a 1000 infective bites per year, transmission can occur throughout the year or only during a couple of months, and heterogeneities are also observed between years within the same locale. depending on the area, as much as five different anophelines species can transmit parasites to the human population. major vectors are anopheles gambiae, anopheles arabiensis, anopheles funest ... | 2004 | 15225985 |
| genes encoding vitamin-k epoxide reductase are present in drosophila and trypanosomatid protists. | vitamin-k epoxide reductase is encoded by the vkorc1 gene in mammals and other vertebrates, which also have a paralog, vkorc1l1. single homologs are present in basal deuterostome and insect genomes, including drosophila, and three trypanosomatid protists. vkor is therefore an ancient gene/protein that can be studied in the drosophila model system. | 2004 | 15514077 |
| a simulation model of african anopheles ecology and population dynamics for the analysis of malaria transmission. | malaria is one of the oldest and deadliest infectious diseases in humans. many mathematical models of malaria have been developed during the past century, and applied to potential interventions. however, malaria remains uncontrolled and is increasing in many areas, as are vector and parasite resistance to insecticides and drugs. | 2004 | 15285781 |
| a spider that feeds indirectly on vertebrate blood by choosing female mosquitoes as prey. | spiders do not feed directly on vertebrate blood, but a small east african jumping spider (salticidae), evarcha culicivora, feeds indirectly on vertebrate blood by choosing as preferred prey female mosquitoes that have had recent blood meals. experiments show that this spider can identify its preferred prey by sight alone and by odor alone. when presented with two types of size-matched motionless lures, e. culicivora consistently chose blood-fed female mosquitoes in preference to nonmosquito pre ... | 2005 | 16217015 |
| combined evidence annotation of transposable elements in genome sequences. | transposable elements (tes) are mobile, repetitive sequences that make up significant fractions of metazoan genomes. despite their near ubiquity and importance in genome and chromosome biology, most efforts to annotate tes in genome sequences rely on the results of a single computational program, repeatmasker. in contrast, recent advances in gene annotation indicate that high-quality gene models can be produced from combining multiple independent sources of computational evidence. to elevate the ... | 2005 | 16110336 |
| gh97 is a new family of glycoside hydrolases, which is related to the alpha-galactosidase superfamily. | as a rule, about 1% of genes in a given genome encode glycoside hydrolases and their homologues. on the basis of sequence similarity they have been grouped into more than ninety gh families during the last 15 years. the gh97 family has been established very recently and initially included only 18 bacterial proteins. however, the evolutionary relationship of the genes encoding proteins of this family remains unclear, as well as their distribution among main groups of the living organisms. | 2005 | 16131397 |
| satellite dna from the y chromosome of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae. | satellite dna is an enigmatic component of genomic dna with unclear function that has been regarded as "junk." yet, persistence of these tandem highly repetitive sequences in heterochromatic regions of most eukaryotic chromosomes attests to their importance in the genome. we explored the anopheles gambiae genome for the presence of satellite repeats and identified 12 novel satellite dna families. certain families were found in close juxtaposition within the genome. six satellites, falling into t ... | 2005 | 15466420 |
| identification of three members of the anopheles funestus (diptera: culicidae) group and their role in malaria transmission in two ecological zones in nigeria. | the role of the anopheles funestus group in malaria transmission was investigated in two ecological zones in nigeria. sampling was carried out at four sites each around ibadan (forest) and ilorin (savanna). human landing catches were supplemented with indoor and outdoor resting collections. pcr was used to identify 1848 a. funestus group mosquitoes to species level (749 in the savanna, 1099 in the forest) and three species were identified. in the forest, a. funestus s.s. predominated (55.4%), fo ... | 2005 | 15869772 |
| the unexpected importance of mosquito oviposition behaviour for malaria: non-productive larval habitats can be sources for malaria transmission. | mosquitoes commute between blood-meal hosts and water. thus, heterogeneity in human biting reflects underlying spatial heterogeneity in the distribution and suitability of larval habitat as well as inherent differences in the attractiveness, suitability and distribution of blood-meal hosts. one of the possible strategies of malaria control is to identify local vector species and then attack water bodies that contain their larvae. | 2005 | 15892886 |
| rag1 core and v(d)j recombination signal sequences were derived from transib transposons. | the v(d)j recombination reaction in jawed vertebrates is catalyzed by the rag1 and rag2 proteins, which are believed to have emerged approximately 500 million years ago from transposon-encoded proteins. yet no transposase sequence similar to rag1 or rag2 has been found. here we show that the approximately 600-amino acid "core" region of rag1 required for its catalytic activity is significantly similar to the transposase encoded by dna transposons that belong to the transib superfamily. this supe ... | 2005 | 15898832 |
| experimental hut evaluation of bednets treated with an organophosphate (chlorpyrifos-methyl) or a pyrethroid (lambdacyhalothrin) alone and in combination against insecticide-resistant anopheles gambiae and culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. | pyrethroid resistant mosquitoes are becoming increasingly common in parts of africa. it is important to identify alternative insecticides which, if necessary, could be used to replace or supplement the pyrethroids for use on treated nets. certain compounds of an earlier generation of insecticides, the organophosphates may have potential as net treatments. | 2005 | 15918909 |
| anopheles gambiae s.l. and anopheles funestus mosquito distributions at 30 villages along the kenyan coast. | this study investigated whether anopheles gambiae s.l. and anopheles funestus giles mosquito populations were distributed randomly among houses on the coast of kenya. sample means and variances of mosquitoes were estimated from bimonthly pyrethrum spray collections at 30 villages from july 1997 through may 1998. in total, 5,476 an. gambiae s.l. and 3,461 an. funestus were collected. the number of an. gambiae s.l. collected was highest in november/december and lowest in may. the number of an. fun ... | 2005 | 15962770 |
| vector abundance and malaria transmission in rice-growing villages in mali. | anophelism without malaria has long been recognized. in large irrigation projects, such as that around niono, mali, villages in irrigated areas sometimes have more anopheline vectors of malaria than adjacent nonirrigated villages, but overall malaria prevalence is substantially less. one hypothesized explanation for this is high anopheline densities lead to smaller adults, who do not live so long and hence are less efficient at transmitting the disease. we analyzed serial collections from 18 vil ... | 2005 | 15964957 |
| evolution of the acyl-coa binding protein (acbp). | acyl-coa-binding protein (acbp) is a 10 kda protein that binds c12-c22 acyl-coa esters with high affinity. in vitro and in vivo experiments suggest that it is involved in multiple cellular tasks including modulation of fatty acid biosynthesis, enzyme regulation, regulation of the intracellular acyl-coa pool size, donation of acyl-coa esters for beta-oxidation, vesicular trafficking, complex lipid synthesis and gene regulation. in the present study, we delineate the evolutionary history of acbp t ... | 2005 | 16018771 |
| molecular differentiation between chromosomally defined incipient species of anopheles funestus. | anopheles funestus giles is one of the most important vectors of malaria in sub-saharan africa. the population structure of this mosquito in burkina faso, west africa based on chromosomal inversion data led to the description of two chromosomal forms, kiribina and folonzo. because both forms co-occur in the same locales yet differ significantly, both in the frequency of inverted arrangements on chromosome arms 3r and 2r and in vectorial capacity, they were hypothesized to be emerging species wit ... | 2005 | 16033431 |
| genomic islands of speciation in anopheles gambiae. | the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (a. gambiae), provides a unique opportunity to study the evolution of reproductive isolation because it is divided into two sympatric, partially isolated subtaxa known as m form and s form. with the annotated genome of this species now available, high-throughput techniques can be applied to locate and characterize the genomic regions contributing to reproductive isolation. in order to quantify patterns of differentiation within a. gam ... | 2005 | 16076241 |
| plasmodium species mixed infections in two areas of manhiça district, mozambique. | we compared the distribution patterns of individual plasmodium species and mixed-species infections in two geographically close endemic areas, but showing environmental differences. comparisons concerned circulating plasmodium infections in both human and mosquito vector populations in the dry and wet seasons, at a micro-epidemiological level (households). both areas revealed a very high overall prevalence of infection, all year-round and in all age groups. plasmodium falciparum was the predomin ... | 2005 | 16094461 |
| laboratory selection for and characteristics of pyrethroid resistance in the malaria vector anopheles funestus. | a laboratory colony of anopheles funestus giles (diptera: culicidae) was established in 2000 from material collected from southern mozambique where pyrethroid resistance had been demonstrated in the wild population. a subsample of the colony was selected for pyrethroid resistance using 0.1% lambda-cyhalothrin. bioassay susceptibility tests in subsequent generations f(2) to f(4) showed increased resistance with each successive generation. survival of individual mosquitoes fed only on 10% sugar so ... | 2005 | 16134975 |
| an integrated genetic and physical map for the malaria vector anopheles funestus. | we have constructed a genetic map of the major african malaria vector, anopheles funestus, using genetic markers segregating in f(2) progeny from crosses between two strains colonized from different field sites. genotyping was performed on 174 progeny from three families using 33 microsatellite markers, a single rflp, and 15 single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) loci. four linkage groups were resolved and these were anchored to chromosomes x and 2 and chromosomal arms 3r and 3l by comparison with ... | 2005 | 16143619 |
| modulation of anopheles gambiae gene expression in response to o'nyong-nyong virus infection. | to determine if gene expression of an. gambiae is modulated in response to o'nyong-nyong virus (onnv) infection, we utilized cdna microarrays including about 20 000 cdnas. gene expression levels of onnv-infected female mosquitoes were compared to that of the uninfected control females harvested at 14 days postinfection. in response to onnv infection, expression levels of 18 genes were significantly modulated, being at least two-fold up- or down-regulated. quantitative real-time pcr analysis (qrt ... | 2005 | 16164603 |
| gambol and tc1 are two distinct families of dd34e transposons: analysis of the anopheles gambiae genome expands the diversity of the is630-tc1-mariner superfamily. | tc1 is a family of dna transposons found in diverse organisms including vertebrates, invertebrates and fungi. tc1 belongs to the is630-tc1-mariner superfamily, which is characterized by common 'ta' target site and conserved d(asp)de(glu) or ddd catalytic triad. all functional tc1-like transposons contain a transposase with a dd34e catalytic triad. we conducted a systematic analysis of dd34e transposons in the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae, using a reiterative and exhaustive search ... | 2005 | 16164609 |
| rapid urban malaria appraisal (ruma) i: epidemiology of urban malaria in ouagadougou. | rapid urbanization in sub-saharan africa has a major impact on malaria epidemiology. while much is known about malaria in rural areas in burkina faso, the urban situation is less well understood. | 2005 | 16168054 |
| effect of water resource development and management on lymphatic filariasis, and estimates of populations at risk. | lymphatic filariasis (lf) is a debilitating disease overwhelmingly caused by wuchereria bancrofti, which is transmitted by various mosquito species. here, we present a systematic literature review with the following objectives: (i) to establish global and regional estimates of populations at risk of lf with particular consideration of water resource development projects, and (ii) to assess the effects of water resource development and management on the frequency and transmission dynamics of the ... | 2005 | 16172476 |
| effect of artemether-lumefantrine policy and improved vector control on malaria burden in kwazulu-natal, south africa. | between 1995 and 2000, kwazulu-natal province, south africa, experienced a marked increase in plasmodium falciparum malaria, fuelled by pyrethroid and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance. in response, vector control was strengthened and artemether-lumefantrine (al) was deployed in the first ministry of health artemisinin-based combination treatment policy in africa. in south africa, effective vector and parasite control had historically ensured low-intensity malaria transmission. malaria is dia ... | 2005 | 16187798 |
| effect of larval crowding on mating competitiveness of anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. | the success of sterile or transgenic anopheles for malaria control depends on their mating competitiveness within wild populations. current evidence suggests that transgenic mosquitoes have reduced fitness. one means of compensating for this fitness deficit would be to identify environmental conditions that increase their mating competitiveness, and incorporate them into laboratory rearing regimes. | 2005 | 16197541 |
| 16s rrna gene-based identification of midgut bacteria from field-caught anopheles gambiae sensu lato and a. funestus mosquitoes reveals new species related to known insect symbionts. | field-collected mosquitoes of the two main malaria vectors in africa, anopheles gambiae sensu lato and anopheles funestus, were screened for their midgut bacterial contents. the midgut from each blood-fed mosquito was screened with two different detection pathways, one culture independent and one culture dependent. bacterial species determination was achieved by sequence analysis of 16s rrna genes. altogether, 16 species from 14 genera were identified, 8 by each method. interestingly, several of ... | 2005 | 16269761 |
| isolation and sequence analysis of p450 genes from a pyrethroid resistant colony of the major malaria vector anopheles funestus. | pyrethroid resistance has been demonstrated in populations of anopheles funestus from south africa and southern mozambique. resistance is associated with elevated p450 monooxygenase enzymes. in this study, degenerate primers based on conserved regions of anopheles gambiae p450 cyp4, 6 and 9 families were used to amplify genomic and cdna templates from a. funestus. a total of 12 cyp4, 12 cyp6 and 7 cyp9 partial genes have been isolated and sequenced. blast results revealed that a. funestus p450s ... | 2005 | 16287623 |
| rangewide population genetic structure of the african malaria vector anopheles funestus. | anopheles funestus is a primary vector of malaria in africa south of the sahara. we assessed its rangewide population genetic structure based on samples from 11 countries, using 10 physically mapped microsatellite loci, two per autosome arm and the x (n = 548), and 834 bp of the mitochondrial nd5 gene (n = 470). on the basis of microsatellite allele frequencies, we found three subdivisions: eastern (coastal tanzania, malawi, mozambique and madagascar), western (burkina faso, mali, nigeria and we ... | 2005 | 16313589 |
| chromosomal evidence of incipient speciation in the afrotropical malaria mosquito anopheles funestus. | the analysis of chromosomal polymorphism of paracentric inversions in anopheline mosquitoes has often been instrumental to the discovery of sibling species complexes and intraspecific genetic heterogeneities associated with incipient speciation processes. to investigate the population structure of anopheles funestus giles (diptera: culicidae), one of the three most important vectors of human malaria in sub-saharan africa, a three-year survey of chromosomal polymorphism was carried out on 4,638 k ... | 2005 | 16336311 |
| genetic structure of anopheles gambiae populations on islands in northwestern lake victoria, uganda. | alternative means of malaria control are urgently needed. evaluating the effectiveness of measures that involve genetic manipulation of vector populations will be facilitated by identifying small, genetically isolated vector populations. the study was designed to use variation in microsatellite markers to look at genetic structure across four lake victoria islands and two surrounding mainland populations and for evidence of any restriction to free gene flow. | 2005 | 16336684 |
| impact of ddt re-introduction on malaria transmission in kwazulu-natal. | to determine whether the re-introduction of ddt in kwazulu-natal had any effects on malaria transmission in the province. | 2005 | 16344885 |
| chromosomal differentiation of anopheles funestus from luanda and huambo provinces, western and central angola. | the chromosomal polymorphism of anopheles funestus sensu stricto from angola was analyzed from indoor-resting samples collected in 11 peri-urban and rural sites of the luanda and huambo provinces, which are > 450 km apart and have distinct eco-climatic conditions. five polymorphic paracentric inversions were observed (scored chromatids range = 202 to 248): 2ra, 2rh, 3ra, 3rb, and 3la. inversions 3rb and 3la were highly polymorphic; the 2ra and 3ra arrangements were absent in luanda. no significa ... | 2005 | 16354814 |
| evaluation of environmental data for identification of anopheles (diptera: culicidae) aquatic larval habitats in kisumu and malindi, kenya. | this research evaluates the extent to which use of environmental data acquired from field and satellite surveys enhances predictions of urban mosquito counts. mosquito larval habitats were sampled, and multispectral thermal imager (mti) satellite data in the visible spectrum at 5-m resolution were acquired for kisumu and malindi, kenya, during february and march 2001. all entomological parameters were collected from january to may 2001, june to august 2002, and june to august 2003. in a poisson ... | 2005 | 16365996 |
| characterization of neuropeptide f and its receptor from the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae. | the genome of anopheles gambiae contains sequences encoding a neuropeptide f (ang-npf) and npf receptor (ang-npfr) related to the neuropeptide y signaling family. cdnas for each were cloned and sequenced. ang-npfr was stably expressed for radioligand binding analysis. ang-npf exhibited high affinity (ic50 approximately 3 nm) membrane binding; npfs from aedes aegypti (aea-npf) and drosophila melanogaster (drm-npf) were less potent, with the rank order: ang-npf>aea-npf>drm-npf>drm-npf8-36. rt-pcr ... | 2005 | 15626509 |
| characterization of two novel pacifastin-like peptide precursor isoforms in the desert locust (schistocerca gregaria): cdna cloning, functional analysis and real-time rt-pcr gene expression studies. | in the last decade, a new serine protease inhibitor family has been described in arthropods. eight members of the family were purified from locusts and share a conserved cysteine array (cys-xaa(9-12)-cys-asn-xaa-cys-xaa-cys-xaa(2-3)-gly-xaa(3-6)-cys-thr-xaa3-cys) with nine inhibitory domains of the light chain of the crayfish protease inhibitor, pacifastin (plds; pacifastin light chain domains). using cdna cloning, several pacifastin-related precursors have been identified, encoding additional p ... | 2005 | 15631618 |
| habitat characterization and spatial distribution of anopheles sp. mosquito larvae in dar es salaam (tanzania) during an extended dry period. | by 2030, more than 50% of the african population will live in urban areas. controlling malaria reduces the disease burden and further improves economic development. as a complement to treated nets and prompt access to treatment, measures targeted against the larval stage of anopheles sp. mosquitoes are a promising strategy for urban areas. however, a precise knowledge of the geographic location and potentially of ecological characteristics of breeding sites is of major importance for such interv ... | 2005 | 15649333 |
| comparative performance of the mbita trap, cdc light trap and the human landing catch in the sampling of anopheles arabiensis, an. funestus and culicine species in a rice irrigation in western kenya. | mosquitoes sampling is an important component in malaria control. however, most of the methods used have several shortcomings and hence there is a need to develop and calibrate new methods. the mbita trap for capturing host-seeking mosquitoes was recently developed and successfully tested in kenya. however, the mbita trap is less effective at catching outdoor-biting anopheles funestus and anopheles arabiensis in madagascar and, thus, there is need to further evaluate this trap in diverse epidemi ... | 2005 | 15667666 |
| gene flow between chromosomal forms of the malaria vector anopheles funestus in cameroon, central africa, and its relevance in malaria fighting. | knowledge of population structure in a major vector species is fundamental to an understanding of malaria epidemiology and becomes crucial in the context of genetic control strategies that are being developed. despite its epidemiological importance, the major african malaria vector anopheles funestus has received far less attention than members of the anopheles gambiae complex. previous chromosomal data have shown a high degree of structuring within populations from west africa and have led to t ... | 2005 | 15677749 |
| an active transposable element, herves, from the african malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae. | transposable elements have proven to be invaluable tools for genetically manipulating a wide variety of plants, animals, and microbes. some have suggested that they could be used to spread desirable genes, such as refractoriness to plasmodium infection, through target populations of anopheles gambiae, thereby disabling the mosquito's ability to transmit malaria. to achieve this, a transposon must remain mobile and intact after the initial introduction into the genome. endogenous, active class ii ... | 2005 | 15545643 |