Publications

[the importance of anopheles funestus in the transmission of malaria in the hamlet of mahitsy, in tananarive, madagascar].	this survey carried out in 1989, confirms the part played by an. funestus in the transmission of malaria, in some villages of the malagasy highlands.	1990	2350839
[ecological factors in the renewed outbreak of malaria in madagascar].	the new epidemic of malaria which spread on the madagascar high plateau in 1986-1987 is due to the combination of several factors (some of which are analysed by the authors, especially those related to anopheles, parasite and man). the authors compare the situations on the high plateau and on st mary island, on the east madagascar coast, where the malaria is stable. concerning the vector, the most interesting fact is the come-back of anopheles funestus on the high plateau from which it had disap ...	1990	2208464
effect of plasmodium falciparum on the survival of naturally infected afrotropical anopheles (diptera: culicidae).	the effect of the malarial parasite, plasmodium falciparum welch, on the daily survival rates and longevity of anopheles gambiae giles sensu lato and anopheles funestus giles was determined for wild-caught, naturally infected females from western kenya. mosquitoes were collected inside houses and held in cages until death, after which they were assayed for p. falciparum circumsporozoite protein by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). survival rates of field populations determined by par ...	1990	2201768
malaria sporozoite detection by dissection and elisa to assess infectivity of afrotropical anopheles (diptera: culicidae).	malaria infection rates determined by dissection and plasmodium falciparum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) were compared for 26,935 anopheles gambiae giles sensu lato and 17,739 anopheles funestus giles collected during 20 mo in western kenya. elisa infection rates were about 43% higher than dissection sporozoite rates. in dissection-negative anopheles, circumsporozoite (cs) protein was detected by elisa in 5.2% of 10,017 salivary gland samples and in 12.2% of 237 thorax samples. the a ...	1990	2185363
[field trial of the efficacy of 3 pyrethroids in the control of malaria vectors].	three pyrethroids, oms-3002, oms-3004 and oms-3021 were tested in the experimental station of soumousso (burkina faso), a who reference centre. total indoor house-spraying was carried out in bobo and mossi huts, using a hudson type sprayer at doses of 1 g/m2 for oms-3002, 0.1 g/m2 for oms-3004 and oms-3021. the density of anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus collected in huts treated with oms-3002 was reduced by 70%: a 94% exit rate was observed in the treated huts (compared to 33% in the co ...	1991	1844500
quantitation of malaria sporozoites transmitted in vitro during salivation by wild afrotropical anopheles.	the malaria transmission potential of wild, infective anopheles from western kenya was evaluated by determining the number of sporozoites transmitted in vitro by salivation when their mouthparts were inserted into capillary tubes containing either sucrose or blood. with sucrose, 86.6% of 102 infective anopheles transmitted a geometric mean (gm) of 3.84 sporozoites (range 1-34). with blood, 23.1% of 104 infective anopheles, tested on the day of collection, transmitted a gm of 2.30 sporozoites (ra ...	1991	1768903
ookinete rates in afrotropical anopheline mosquitoes as a measure of human malaria infectiousness.	anopheles gambiae s.1. and an. funestus were sampled for plasmodium spp. ookinetes in two p. falciparum-endemic sites in western kenya. since the ookinete is a transitional stage of short duration, occurring after fertilization and before oocyst development, only females in the half-gravid and gravid stages of blood digestion were examined. preparations of homogenized midguts were spotted onto microslides and examined microscopically after staining with giemsa. overall, ookinetes were detected i ...	1992	1636882
[epidemiological malaria surveillance in 3 villages of the madagascar highlands].	results of the epidemiological surveillance of falciparum malaria carried out since 1987 in three villages of the malagasy highlands are reported. they clearly show the unsteady endemo-epidemic characteristic of the disease with highly variable transmission levels according to foci. at manarintsoa, a south-western village 20km away from the capital, the disease has now fully disappeared after the ravage of 1986. but it might reappear with new imported cases and by lack of antivectorial measures. ...	1993	8192540
field trials of bacillus thuringiensis h-14 and bacillus sphaericus (strain 2362) formulations against anopheles arabiensis in the central highlands of madagascar.	malaria is highly endemic and unstable in the central highlands plateau of madagascar. the infection is seasonally transmitted by anopheles funestus and an. arabiensis. the latter species is abundant especially in rice-growing areas. the field efficacies of commercial formulations of bacillus thuringiensis h-14 and b. sphaericus (strain 2362) were assessed against an. arabiensis in 5 types of larval habitats. the granular formulation of b. thuringiensis (vectobac gr) provided very good control i ...	1993	8245944
[malaria indices, larval ecology and trophic activity of anopheles mosquitoes in djohong (adamaoua, cameroon) in the rainy season].	in djohong in the wet season the prevalence of malaria is 17.5% for plasmodium falciparum and 1.1% for plasmodium malariae. in children 2 to 9 years of age the plasmodic index is 38.6% (mesoendemicity) for the children of the peasants and 9.4% for those belonging to other socioeconomical groups. in infants less than 12 months old, the plasmodic index is 9.3%, this relatively high rate corresponding to the high transmission period of the rainy season. anopheles gambiae is the mosquito species mos ...	1993	8289630
bloodfeeding behavior of anopheles gambiae s.l. and anopheles funestus in kilifi district, kenya.	blood meal samples were tested by elisa for 534 anopheles gambiae s.l. and 76 anopheles funestus collected from 25 sites in kilifi district, kenya. human igg was detected in 94.4% of the an. gambiae s.l. and in 90.8% of the an. funestus. no samples were positive for cow and only a few were positive for goat. both species fed predominantly on humans irrespective of host availability. at these sites on the kenyan coast, the high degree of human-feeding by malaria vectors contributes to the efficie ...	1993	8350080
[environment and malaria in burundi. apropos of a malaria epidemic in a non-endemic mountainous region].	in march 1991, an unusual increase of the consultations for fever and/or cephalgias was reported by the health centre of muhanga. at the same time, the administrative authorities worried about the increase of death registration in some hills, located around the big swamp of ruvubu, and next to this health centre. in this area, hypoendemic for malaria, the epidemic was belatedly recognized, entailing a gross death rate between 25.6 and 31.5/1000 person/year in 1991, in the three most hit hill-are ...	1993	7819788
baseline entomological data for a pilot malaria control program in equatorial guinea.	entomological studies conducted on the island of bioko and the mainland province, río muni, in equatorial guinea provided baseline data for a pilot malaria control program. the main species collected resting in houses at low density were anopheles gambiae s.l. giles and anopheles funestus giles. an. gambiae s.l. density increased during the rainy season, whereas an. funestus populations remained stable during both dry and wet seasons. both species tended to be endophilic and were not collected r ...	1993	8510123
absence of seasonal variation in malaria parasitaemia in an area of intense seasonal transmission.	parasitological surveys carried out in two villages of the kilombero district of tanzania indicated a very high prevalence of plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia throughout the year (all ages mean prevalence = 69.2%) and a low, unstable prevalence of p. malariae (all ages mean prevalence = 4.5%). fevers (temperature > or = 37.5 degrees c) in both children and adults showed irregular changes in prevalence over time, but there was no seasonal pattern. neither was there seasonal variation in either ...	1993	8103627
origin of blood meals in indoor and outdoor resting malaria vectors in western kenya.	blood meals were obtained from indoor and outdoor resting malaria vectors in three villages of western kenya and tested by sandwich elisa to determine host preferences and their human blood index (hbi). anopheles gambiae s.s. collected indoors at kisian village had a hbi of 0.97 while that of anopheles arabiensis collected at ahero was 0.23. however, the hbi of a. arabiensis varied depending on the availability of outdoor resting shelters. most female a. arabiensis (98.9%) collected outdoors in ...	1994	7709869
[study of malaria vectors in the south-west of madagascar].	the authors describe the results of an entomological study run in december 1994 in the little town of bezaha (south-western madagascar). the observed entomological indexes are those of an intensive malaria transmission area. the authors suggest to organize a longitudinal entomological survey along with a clinical and parasitological study. they also point out the fact that they found two microfilariae wuchereria bancrofti in an anopheles funestus female.	1994	7575037
[aspects of malaria in a village of the humid savannah of the ivory coast].	malaria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in ivory coast. this fact justifies further epidemiological investigations to define regional features and allow implementation of the most suitable control measures. to this end, a study focusing on transmission of malaria was conducted between january and may 1993 concurrently with malarial parasite identification in allokoukro, a village in the humid savannah in the central region of ivory coast. two vectors of malaria were found in the vill ...	1994	7746125
malaria in a rural area of sierra leone. iii. vector ecology and disease transmission.	studies were undertaken on the role of anopheles gambiae and an. funestus in the transmission of malaria in four villages in a high-rainfall, forested area in the bo district of southern sierra leone. anopheles gambiae s.s., identified chromosomally as the forest form, was the most important vector, with a mean annual sporozoite rate, based on elisa, of 7.4%. anopheles funestus, which was found in considerably lower numbers, was mainly a dry season vector, with an annual sporozoite rate of 11.4% ...	1994	7944670
[anopheles funestus and rice agriculture in the madagascar highlands].	an exhaustive study of the potential habitats of anopheles funestus was led during 1992 in ankazobe on the plateau of madagascar, 95 km northwest of the capital tananarive. the rice fields provide more than 90% of the positive habitats versus less than 10% for the nonhuman biotopes. larva are especially abundant on the surfaces of the rice during grain head formation and maturation. the dense vegetation coverage provides them with shade and protection against predators. after harvesting, the fol ...	1995	8784552
response of wild anopheles funestus to repellent-protected volunteers is unaffected by malaria infection of the vector.	a field experiment was conducted to compare the biting behavior of plasmodium falciparum-infected and uninfected anopheles on humans using mosquito repellents. repellent formulations (5% [wt/vol] n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide [deet] or 5% [wt/vol] ai3-37220, a piperidine compound, both in 100% ethanol, or 100% ethanol alone [as a control]) were applied to the lower legs of 3 collectors in each of 4 houses. collectors caught mosquitoes over 6 collection nights. mosquitoes were collected into vial ...	1995	8825504
field evaluation of arthropod repellents, deet and a piperidine compound, ai3-37220, against anopheles funestus and anopheles arabiensis in western kenya.	a field evaluation of the repellents n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet) and 1-(3-cyclohexen-1-yl-carbonyl)-2-methylpiperidine (ai3-37220, a piperidine compound) was conducted against anopheles funestus and an. arabiensis in kenya. both repellents provided significantly more protection (p < 0.001) than the ethanol control. ai3-37220 was significantly more effective (p < 0.001) than deet in repelling both species of mosquitoes. after 9 h, 0.1 mg/cm2 of ai3-37220 provided 89.8% and 71.1% protecti ...	1996	8827589
some observations on the biting behavior of anopheles gambiae s.s., anopheles arabiensis, and anopheles funestus and their implications for malaria control.	studies were carried out in three villages in western kenya on the biting behavior of anopheles gambiae s.s., anopheles arabiensis, and anopheles funestus. blood feeding behavior and departure from houses were studied under the impact of permethrin-impregnated eaves-sisal curtains. only 2-13% of the female vector population was collected biting before 2200 hr. over 90% of the villagers went to bed by 2100 hr. an. funestus was 6.6-8.2 times more likely to bite people indoors than outdoors, while ...	1996	8631382
age-related prevalence of plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite antibody in an hyperendemic area of madagascar, and its relationship with parasite prevalence.	an epidemiologic survey on malaria endemicity levels, including entomologic, parasitologic, and immunologic indicators, was carried out in a village of the madagascar highlands (analaroa) at the end of the 1990-1991 rainy season. the results indicate that malaria is hyperendemic and anopheles funestus is the main vector in the area. the prevalence of parasitemia decreased with age from a maximum level of about 60% in children less than five years of age to a minimum of about 16% among those more ...	1996	8842115
different response to plasmodium falciparum malaria in west african sympatric ethnic groups.	the comparison of malaria indicators among populations that have different genetic backgrounds and are uniformly exposed to the same parasite strains is one approach to the study of human heterogeneties in the response to the infection. we report the results of comparative surveys on three sympatric west african ethnic groups, fulani, mossi, and rimaibé, living in the same conditions of hyperendemic transmission in a sudan savanna area northeast of ouagadougou, burkina faso. the mossi and rimaib ...	1996	8917569
the impact of permethrin-impregnated bednets on malaria vectors of the kenyan coast.	the effects of introducing permethrin-impregnated bednets on local populations of the malaria vector mosquitoes anopheles funestus and the an.gambiae complex was monitored during a randomized controlled trial at kilifi on the kenyan coast. pyrethrum spray collections: inside 762 households were conducted between may 1994 and april 1995 after the introduction of bednets in half of the study area. all-night human bait collections were performed in two zones (one control and one intervention) for t ...	1996	8887336
field trial of permethrin impregnated sisal curtains in malaria control in western kenya.	a trial to determine the effectiveness of sisal eaves-curtains impregnated with permethrin for malaria control was conducted in the malaria holoendemic western kenya between 1991 and 1993. indoor resting densities of anopheles gambiae s.l. and anopheles funestus were reduced by 90.9% and 93.8% respectively in protected houses. the entomological inoculation rate (eir) was reduced by 72% in the intervention village. there was no significant reduction in vector longevity or survival as shown by the ...	1996	8997865
[role of anopheles funestus in the transmission of malaria in the south of madagascar (ampanihy district)].	the authors reported the results of paludometric and entomological studies carried-out for two years: 1995-1996 in two localities: ampanihy and ankilimivory located in the south of madagascar. these studies followed a suspect malaria epidemic in ankilimivory in june and july 1994; the population plasmodic index was of 45%. in april 1995, this data was of 35% in ampanihy and of 15% in ankilimivory. entomological studies carried out in april 1996 allowed to find anopheles funestus in ankilimivory ...	1996	12463008
resting behaviour, ecology and genetics of malaria vectors in large scale agricultural areas of western kenya.	in kenya indoor and outdoor resting densities of anopheles arabiensis and anopheles funestus at the ahero rice irrigation scheme, and anopheles gambiae s.s., an. arabiensis and an. funestus at the miwani sugar belt were assessed for 13 months by pyrethrum spray collections in houses and granaries. the vector's house leaving behaviour was evaluated with exit traps and it was noted that early exophily (i.e., deliberate) was not detected in any of the vectors. assortative indoor/outdoor resting beh ...	1996	9257337
mosquito vectors of bancroftian filariasis in kwale district, kenya.	a total of 2,906 female mosquitoes were collected over a period of one year using pyrethrum spray-sheet and human bait methods, and dissected for filaria larvae in three hinterland villages of coastal kenya. the dominant species, anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus were also found to be the main vectors. from the spray catch collections 0,9 and 1 cx. quinquefasciatus, an. gambiae and an. funestus out of 491, 708 and 403 respectively were infective. in the same order, 4, 2 and 2 out of 512, ...	1997	9337005
high annual and seasonal variations in malaria transmission by anophelines and vector species composition in dielmo, a holoendemic area in senegal.	we conducted a three-year entomologic study in dielmo, a village of 250 inhabitants in a holoendemic area for malaria in senegal. anophelines were captured on human bait and by pyrethrum spray collections. the mosquitoes belonging to the anopheles gambiae complex were identified using the polymerase chain reaction. malaria vectors captured were an. funestus, an. arabiensis, and an. gambiae. anopheles funestus was the most abundant mosquito captured the first year, an. arabiensis in the following ...	1997	9129525
[the impact of curtains impregnated with deltamethrin on the vectors and morbidity of malaria: results in ankazobe, on the plateaus of madagascar].	to evaluate the efficacy of deltamethrin impregnated curtains on malaria morbidity in a low transmission area, we studied volunteer families in the village of ankazobe in the madagascar highlands from february 1993 to june 1994. after randomization, we provided 46 houses having 244 inhabitants with impregnated curtains (i) and 45 others having 257 inhabitants with nonimpregnated curtains (ni) as controls. we first estimated the number of mosquito bites in the protected versus nonprotected househ ...	1997	9172875
dynamics of malaria transmission near two permanent breeding sites in baringo district, kenya.	entomological and malario-metric measurements were made near two permanent breeding sites in baringo district, kenya in order to determine the prevalence and seasonality of malaria and the relative importance of two local anopheline mosquitoes as malaria vectors. the breeding sites studied were the perkerra irrigation scheme and the loboi swamp, whereas the mosquito species involved were anopheles gambiae giles (sensu lato) and anopheles funestus giles. malaria accounted for 54 per cent of annua ...	1997	9183076
the bionomics of anopheles funestus and its role in malaria transmission in a forested area of southern cameroon.		1997	9373627
evolution of malaria in africa for the past 40 years: impact of climatic and human factors.	different malarial situations in africa within the past 40 years are discussed in order to evaluate the impact of climatic and human factors on the disease. north of the equator, more droughts and lower rainfall have been recorded since 1972; and in eastern and southern africa, there have been alternating dry and wet periods in relation to el niño. since 1955, the increase in human population from 125 to 450 million has resulted in both expansion of land cultivation and urbanization. in stable m ...	1998	9673911
the role of four anopheline species (diptera: culicidae) in malaria transmission in coastal tanzania.	malaria is holoendemic in coastal tanzania with anopheles funestus and members of the a. gambiae complex being mainly responsible for transmission. over a 4 months' sampling period 2222 anopheline mosquitoes were collected using light-traps and indoor resting catches, of which 58.6% were a. gambiae, 7.6% a. arabiensis, 6.9% a. merus and 26.9% a. funestus. plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite antigen (csa) rates were: a. funestus 6.05% (n = 479), a. gambiae 8.4% (n = 1042), a. arabiensis 7.3% ( ...	1998	9764318
malaria's eve: evidence of a recent population bottleneck throughout the world populations of plasmodium falciparum.	we have analyzed dna sequences from world-wide geographic strains of plasmodium falciparum and found a complete absence of synonymous dna polymorphism at 10 gene loci. we hypothesize that all extant world populations of the parasite have recently derived (within several thousand years) from a single ancestral strain. the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval for the time when this most recent common ancestor lived is between 24,500 and 57,500 years ago (depending on different estimates of t ...	1998	9539753
[origin of malaria epidemics on the plateaus of madagascar and the mountains of east and south africa].	the highlands of madagascar were malaria free until 1878, when a severe epidemic occurred, following the development of irrigated rice farming. then, the disease became endemic. between 1949 and 1962, malaria was "eradicated" on the highlands by joint house spraying and chemoprophylaxis measures. the main vector an. funestus disappeared. in 1986-1988, a very severe epidemic with high lethality rate devastated the highlands. it is now under control. thanks to the data of a religious dispensary, w ...	1998	9559166
midgut bacteria in anopheles gambiae and an. funestus (diptera: culicidae) from kenya and mali.	field studies in kenya and mali investigated the prevalence of bacteria in the midguts of malaria vectors, and the potential relationship between gram-negative bacteria species and plasmodium falciparum sporozoites. midguts were dissected from 2,430 mosquitoes: 863 anopheles funestus giles and 1,037 an. gambiae s.l. giles from kenya, and 530 an. gambiae s.l. from mali. an. funestus had a higher prevalence of gram-negative bacteria (28.5%) compared with an. gambiae collected in kenya and mali (15 ...	1998	9615538
cloning of the american cockroach cr-pii allergens: evidence for the existence of cross-reactive allergens between species.	previously, we have identified the 28 and 32 kd proteins as additional important allergens from the american cockroach (periplaneta americana) cr-pii allergenic fraction.	1998	9648712
hpall endonuclease distinguishes between two species in the anopheles funestus group.	the anopheles funestus group consists of at least eight species that are currently identified mainly on morphological criteria. until recently, only an. funestus s.s. was implicated in the transmission of malaria in africa, but recent work in tanzania has shown that an. rivulorum is also involved, albeit to a lesser degree than an. funestus. the constraints in the identification of the species and the need to clarify better their epidemiological role have led to the development of a pcr-rflp met ...	1998	9662477
seasonal density, sporozoite rates and entomological inoculation rates of anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus in a high-altitude sugarcane growing zone in western kenya.	an entomological study was conducted on vectors of malaria and their relative contribution to plasmodium falciparum transmission in mumias, a high-altitude site and large-scale sugarcane growing zone in kakamega district, western kenya. anopheles gambiae s.l., the predominant vector species, represented 84% (n=2667) of the total anopheles mosquitoes collected with an. funestus comprising only 16%. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) identified all 600 specimens of the an. gambiae complex tested as a ...	1998	9754665
bionomical and cytogenetic heterogeneities of anopheles funestus in senegal.	malaria transmission by anopheles funestus was investigated from may 1994 to september 1997 in different locations from western to eastern senegal along the northern border of the gambia. 10515 a. funestus were captured on human volunteers or by indoor pyrethrum spraying. circumsporozoite protein rates showed that a. funestus had a high infection rate, 2-7%, in the whole of the study area. analysis of feeding behaviour showed great variation of anthropophilic rates from western senegal, where po ...	1998	10326101
chromosomal and bionomic heterogeneities suggest incipient speciation in anopheles funestus from burkina faso.	sampling of day-resting anopheles funestus was carried out in september-november 1991, october-december 1992, and november 1994 at two sites near ouagadougou, burkina faso: the small village of noungou where humans outnumber cattle, and the nearby fulani settlement of loumbila where cattle outnumber humans. collections made inside human dwellings were supplemented in 1992 by outdoor-resting samples from artificial pit-shelters. indoor-resting an. funestus were also collected in november 1992 and ...	1999	10870569
mitochondrial and ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (its2) diversity of the african malaria vector anopheles funestus.	the pattern of sequence variation in the mitochondrial dna cytochrome b gene (cyt-b) and ribosomal dna internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) was examined in anopheles funestus from senegal and burkina faso in west africa and kenya in east africa. from both west african countries, samples included individuals hypothesized to represent reproductively isolated taxa based upon different karyotypes and behaviours. analysis of the cyt-b data revealed high haplotypic diversity (86%) and an average pairw ...	1999	10065543
odor-mediated behavior of afrotropical malaria mosquitoes.	the african mosquito species anopheles gambiae sensu lato s.l. and anopheles funestus rank among the world's most efficient vectors of human malaria. their unique bionomics, particularly their anthropophilic, endophagic and endophilic characters, guarantee a strong mosquito-host interaction, favorable to malaria transmission. olfactory cues govern the various behaviors of female mosquitoes and here we review the role of semiochemicals in the life history of african malaria vectors. recent eviden ...	1999	9990718
[anopheles mascarensis (de meillon, 1947): main vector of malaria in the region of fort-dauphin (south-east of madagascar)].	anopheles funestus and anopheles gambiae s.l. have been considered until now the major vectors of malaria everywhere in madagascar. anopheles mascarensis, a mosquito native to madagascar, has been identified in sainte-marie island as a secondary vector only. in 1997, an entomological study was carried out to identify the malaria vectors in the area of fort-dauphin, south-east of madagascar. every month, mosquitoes were collected from landing catches on human volunteers (from 7:00 am to 5:00 pm i ...	1999	10399606
spatial distribution and habitat characterization of anopheline mosquito larvae in western kenya.	studies were conducted to characterize larval habitats of anopheline mosquitoes and to analyze spatial heterogeneity of mosquito species in the suba district of western kenya. a total of 128 aquatic habitats containing mosquito larvae were sampled, and 2,209 anopheline and 10,538 culicine larvae were collected. the habitats were characterized based on size, ph, distance to the nearest house and to the shore of lake victoria, coverage of canopy, surface debris, algae and emergent plants, turbidit ...	1999	10674687
single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis for identification of four members of the anopheles funestus (diptera: culicidae) group.	members of the anopheles funestus giles group are difficult to identify because of the morphological overlap that exists within the group. this inability to distinguish species, as well as the fact that the species vary in their behavior and biting preferences, complicate the successful planning and maintaining of malaria control programs. in this article we discuss the use of a single-strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) assay to distinguish 4 members of the an. funestus group collected at 1 ...	1999	10083746
malaria transmission in a region of savanna-forest mosaic, haut-ogooué, gabon.	during the 2 years 1993 to 1995, an entomological survey was carried out in the savanna-forest area of franceville, gabon, investigating malaria transmission in one suburban district of franceville (akou) and in one rural village (benguia). the biting rates of the anopheles vectors were 10 times higher in the rural zone compared to the suburban zone. anopheles funestus giles was the predominant species in both zones followed by anopheles gambiae s.l. giles. the densities of anopheles nili theoba ...	1999	10342264
earth observation, geographic information systems and plasmodium falciparum malaria in sub-saharan africa.	this review highlights the progress and current status of remote sensing (rs) and geographical information systems (gis) as currently applied to the problem of plasmodium falciparum malaria in sub-saharan africa (ssa). the burden of p. falciparum malaria in ssa is first summarized and then contrasted with the paucity of accurate and recent information on the nature and extent of the disease. this provides perspective on both the global importance of the pathogen and the potential for contributio ...	2000	10997207
isolation of polymorphic microsatellite loci from the malaria vector anopheles funestus.		2000	10736053
population structure and recent evolution of plasmodium falciparum.	plasmodium falciparum is the agent of malignant malaria, one of mankind's most severe maladies. the parasite exhibits antigenic polymorphisms that have been postulated to be ancient. we have proposed that the extant world populations of p. falciparum have derived from one single parasite, a cenancestor, within the last 5, 000-50,000 years. this inference derives from the virtual or complete absence of synonymous nucleotide polymorphisms at genes not involved in immune or drug responses. seeking ...	2000	10860962
anopheles arabiensis and an. funestus are equally important vectors of malaria in matola coastal suburb of maputo, southern mozambique.	transmission characteristics of malaria were studied in matola, a coastal suburb of maputo, the capital city, in southern mozambique, from november 1994 to april 1996. the local climate alternates between cool dry season (may-october) and hot rainy season (november-april) with mean annual rainfall 650-850 mm. saltmarsh and freshwater pools provide mosquito breeding sites in matola. malaria prevalence reached approximately 60% among people living nearest to the main breeding sites of the vectors. ...	2000	10872861
annual plasmodium falciparum entomological inoculation rates (eir) across africa: literature survey, internet access and review.	this paper presents the results of an extensive search of the formal and informal literature on annual plasmodium falciparum entomological inoculation rates (eir) across africa from 1980 onwards. it first describes how the annual eir data were collated, summarized, geo-referenced and staged for public access on the internet. problems of data standardization, reporting accuracy and the subsequent publishing of information on the internet follow. the review was conducted primarily to investigate t ...	2000	10897348
a probability model of vector behavior: effects of ddt repellency, irritancy, and toxicity in malaria control.	a probability model of how ddt residues may function within a malaria control program is described. a step-wise organization of endophagic behaviors culminates in a vector acquiring a human blood meal inside the house. different vector behaviors are described, epidemiologically defined, temporally sequenced, and quantified with field data. components of vector behavior and the repellent, irritant, and toxic actions of insecticide residues are then assembled into a probability model. the sequence ...	2000	10925797
ribosomal dna internal transcribed spacer (its2) sequences differentiate anopheles funestus and an. rivulorum, and uncover a cryptic taxon.	differentiation among the closely related afrotropical species comprising the funestus group is difficult by traditional taxonomic measures. anopheles rivulorum is the second most abundant and widespread species in the funestus group, and is occasionally collected indoors along with the dominant member and major malaria vector, an. funestus. the prospect of misidentification of an. rivulorum as an. funestus prompted the development of a rapid, polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based method for ide ...	2000	10971714
dry season refugia of malaria-transmitting mosquitoes in a dry savannah zone of east africa.	dry season survival of anopheles funestus, anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis in the kilombero valley a dry savannah zone of east africa, was investigated with over 400 collections from 23 areas, covering 300 sq km of the valley. anopheles gambiae was found only in association with humans, in forested areas of high annual rainfall, while an. funestus occurred at high densities at the valley edge where large non-moving bodies of water remained. a large population of an. arabiensis was pre ...	2000	11304064
[malaria and schistosomiasis: 2 examples using systems of geographical information and teledetection in madagascar].	schistosomiasis and malaria constitute major health problems in madagascar. the main objectives of the national schistosomiasis control programme--launched in 1998--are to improve knowledge about the modes of transmission of the disease and conduct mass treatment in hyperendemic areas, so as to lower incidence rates. a geographic information system (gis) was established aiming to conduct a series of remote sensing studies based on digital image processing and analysis from landsat tm and panchro ...	2000	11030060
identification of eukaryotic peptide deformylases reveals universality of n-terminal protein processing mechanisms.	the n-terminal protein processing pathway is an essential mechanism found in all organisms. however, it is widely believed that deformylase, a key enzyme involved in this process in bacteria, does not exist in eukaryotes, thus making it a target for antibacterial agents such as actinonin. in an attempt to define this process in higher eukaryotes we have used arabidopsis thaliana as a model organism. two deformylase cdnas, the first identified in any eukaryotic system, and six distinct methionine ...	2000	11060042
a simplified model for predicting malaria entomologic inoculation rates based on entomologic and parasitologic parameters relevant to control.	malaria transmission intensity is modeled from the starting perspective of individual vector mosquitoes and is expressed directly as the entomologic inoculation rate (eir). the potential of individual mosquitoes to transmit malaria during their lifetime is presented graphically as a function of their feeding cycle length and survival, human biting preferences, and the parasite sporogonic incubation period. the eir is then calculated as the product of 1) the potential of individual vectors to tra ...	2000	11289661
anopheles funestus resistant to pyrethroid insecticides in south africa.	northern kwazulu/natal (kzn) province of south africa borders on southern mozambique, between swaziland and the indian ocean. to control malaria vectors in kzn, houses were sprayed annually with residual ddt 2 g/ m2 until 1996 when the treatment changed to deltamethrin 20-25 mg/m2. at ndumu (27 degrees 02's, 32 degrees 19'e) the recorded malaria incidence increased more than six-fold between 1995 and 1999. entomological surveys during late 1999 found mosquitoes of the anopheles funestus group (d ...	2000	10872862
spatial and temporal variations of the chromosomal inversion polymorphism of anopheles funestus in senegal.	the polymorphism of paracentric inversions of an. funestus polytene chromosomes was studied along a transect in senegal in order to assess their variations at the spatial and temporal level. there was an increase in the degree of chromosomal polymorphism from the west to south-east. at the geographical level the variations in inversion frequencies were highly significant whatever the chromosomal arm considered. however, the variations in the chromosomal inversion frequencies did not change signi ...	2000	11031753
chromosomal inversion polymorphism of anopheles funestus from forest villages of south cameroon.	the polymorphism of paracentric inversions of anopheles funestus polytene chromosomes was studied in three villages (nkoteng, obala, and simbock) located in a forest area of south cameroon in order to analyse the genetic structure of these populations. a total of 146-210 chromatids could be scored from specimens collected over about two years. a low degree of chromosomal polymorphism was observed with two floating inversions on chromosomal arm 2 (2h and 2d), and three fixed arrangements on arms ...	2000	11686083
[insecticide sensitivity in malaria vectors in high altitude madagascar after five years of vector control].	in 1991, anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus, the main malaria vectors in the highlands of madagascar, were reported to be fully susceptible to ddt; nevertheless a slight decrease in the susceptibility levels was recorded when compared with previous assays carried out in 1962. from 1993 to 1997, five cycles of indoor residual spraying have been carried out in the highlands: a total of 1,482,000 kg of 70% wp ddt have been used for the treatment of houses and animal shelters. from 1996 to 199 ...	2000	12463031
false detection of plasmodium falciparum sporozoites in anopheles marshallii group mosquitoes.	a study was conducted to determine the role of members of the anopheles funestus group in malaria transmission in the mpumalanga province, in the northeastern region of south africa. female anopheline mosquitoes were collected between january 1996 and november 1997 by means of human landing catches and tested for salivary gland plasmodium falciparum infections by means of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) method with pf2a10 antibodies. infection rates from april and may 1997 collecti ...	2001	14529083
the availability of potential hosts as a determinant of feeding behaviours and malaria transmission by african mosquito populations.	a simple model for the influence of host availability on vector bloodmeal choice is applied to estimate the relative availabilities of humans, cattle and other host populations to malaria vectors in african communities, using published human blood indices and ratios of cattle to humans. cattle were bitten < 0.01, 0.021 +/- 0.11, 1.61 +/- 0.16 and 1.61 +/- 0.46 times as often as humans by anopheles funestus, an. gambiae sensu stricto and an. arabiensis in segera, tanzania, and an. gambiae sensu l ...	2001	11706651
[the campaign against malaria in central western madagascar: comparison of the efficacy of lambda-cyhalothrin and ddt house spraying. i--entomological study].	for malaria vector control in madagascar, the efficacy of lambda-cyhalothrin 10% wettable powder (icon 10 wp) was compared with ddt 75% wp for house-spraying. this evaluation was conducted from november 1997 to september 1998 in highland villages of vakinankaratra region, at the fringe of the malaria epidemic zone, outside the zone covered by routine ddt house-spraying (opération de pulvérisation intro-domiciliaire de ddt: opid zone). treatments were compared by house-spraying in four areas: 1) ...	2001	11802266
malaria in the highlands of madagascar after five years of indoor house spraying of ddt.	the central region of madagascar is a vast area of highlands (altitude 700-2000 m). malaria transmission has re-established itself here since the last epidemic of 1985-90 and has caused the deaths of 40,000 persons according to the minister of health. to combat the main malaria vector in the region, anopheles funestus, annual programmes of indoor house spraying of ddt were carried out between december 1993 and january 1998 in most rural areas at altitude 1000-1500 m. a parasitological and serolo ...	2001	11280055
[geographic approach in malaria control in the central highlands of madagascar].	following the severe malaria outbreak in the central highlands in madagascar in 1986, a vector control program by use ddt pm 75 house-spraying has been implemented to operate in areas located at altitudes between 1000 and 1500 m. early treatment with chloroquine has also been incorporated in the control program. to detect areas at particular high risk for malaria outbreak the geographic information system (gis) has been applied and tested. the study has shown that the system can be used in malar ...	2001	12471743
characteristics of larval anopheline (diptera: culicidae) habitats in western kenya.	a longitudinal survey of mosquito larval habitats was carried out in asembo bay, western kenya, during the rainy season of 1998. all pools of standing water along a 700-m transect were sampled twice per week. for each habitat, eight environmental variables were recorded and a sample of anopheline larvae was collected for identification. in total, 1,751 anopheles gambiae s.l. and 2,784 anopheles funestus giles were identified. identification of an. gambiae s.l. by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ...	2001	11296836
impact of irrigation on malaria in africa: paddies paradox.	the high population growth rate of the african continent has led to an increased demand for food and is in danger of outstripping agricultural production. in order to meet this need, many governments have sought ways of improving food production by initiating large-scale irrigation projects, involving reclamation of arid and semi-arid areas for the cultivation of crops. although crop irrigation promises one solution to alleviating hunger and encourages economic growth, irrigation has often been ...	2001	11297093
effect of permethrin-impregnated nets on exiting behavior, blood feeding success, and time of feeding of malaria mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in western kenya.	the impact of permethrin-treated bednets on the feeding and house entering/exiting behavior of malaria vectors was assessed in two studies in western kenya. in one study, matched pairs of houses were allocated randomly to receive bednets or no bednets. exiting mosquitoes were collected in colombian curtains hung around half of each house; indoor resting mosquitoes were collected by pyrethrum spray catches. the number of anopheles gambiae giles and an. arabiensis patton estimated to have entered ...	2001	11476333
attraction of anopheles (diptera: culicidae) to volatile chemicals in western kenya.	anopheles gambiae s.l. and anopheles funestus giles are the primary vectors of malaria in east africa. identification of host-location olfactory cues may increase trap sensitivity for vector control and surveillance programs. solid-state army miniature light traps were operated near sleeping humans in huts at night without lights and augmented with the potential attractants: l-lactic acid, limburger cheese volatiles, hexanoic acid, and carbon dioxide. mosquito response varied between species and ...	2001	11296830
bioassay and biochemical analyses of insecticide resistance in southern african anopheles funestus (diptera: culicidae).	anopheles funestus giles has been implicated as a major malaria vector in sub-saharan africa where pyrethroid insecticides are widely used in agriculture and public health. samples of this species from northern kwazulu/natal in south africa and the beluluane region of southern mozambique showed evidence of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. insecticide exposure, synergist and biochemical assays conducted on a. funestus suggested that elevated levels of mixed function oxidases were responsibl ...	2001	11587622
meiotic recombination, cross-reactivity, and persistence in plasmodium falciparum.	we incorporate a representation of plasmodium falciparum recombination within a discrete-event model of malaria transmission. we simulate the introduction of a new parasite genotype into a human population in which another genotype has reached equilibrium prevalence and compare the emergence and persistence of the novel recombinant forms under differing cross-reactivity relationships between the genotypes. cross-reactivity between the parental (initial and introduced) genotypes reduces the frequ ...	2001	11525454
comeback of anopheles funestus in sahelian senegal.		2001	11511072
linear and spatial organization of polytene chromosomes of the african malaria mosquito anopheles funestus.	anopheles funestus giles is one of the major malaria vectors in africa, but little is known about its genetics. lack of a cytogenetic map characterized by regions has hindered the progress of genetic research with this important species. this study developed a cytogenetic map of an. funestus using ovarian nurse cell polytene chromosomes. we demonstrate an important application with the cytogenetic map for characterizing various chromosomal inversions for specimens collected from coastal kenya. t ...	2001	11560898
current status of malaria and potential for control.	malaria remains one of the world's worst health problems with 1.5 to 2.7 million deaths annually; these deaths are primarily among children under 5 years of age and pregnant women in sub-saharan africa. of significance, more people are dying from malaria today than 30 years ago. this review considers the factors which have contributed to this gloomy picture, including those which relate to the vector, the female anopheline mosquito; to human activity such as creating new mosquito breeding sites, ...	2001	11148010
eight novel families of miniature inverted repeat transposable elements in the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae.	eight novel families of miniature inverted repeat transposable elements (mites) were discovered in the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae, by using new software designed to rapidly identify mite-like sequences based on their structural characteristics. divergent subfamilies have been found in two families. past mobility was demonstrated by evidence of mite insertions that resulted in the duplication of specific ta, taa, or 8-bp targets. some of these mites share the same target duplicat ...	2001	11172014
maque, a family of extremely short interspersed repetitive elements: characterization, possible mechanism of transposition, and evolutionary implications.	database analysis revealed a novel family of very short interspersed repetitive elements named maque in the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae. past mobility of maque was demonstrated by evidence of its insertion that resulted in a target duplication. approximately 220 copies of maque were present in the a. gambiae genome. although only approximately 60 bp long, maque has the appearance of a distinct transposition unit. eleven of the 12 maque elements found in the database were flanked ...	2001	11223264
distribution of ovary ecdysteroidogenic hormone i in the nervous system and gut of mosquitoes.	ovary ecdysteroidogenic hormone i (oeh i) is a gonadotropin in the female mosquito, aedes aegypti. whole-mount immunocytochemistry using oeh i antisera revealed an extensive distribution of immunostained cells in larvae and adults of this mosquito comparable to that observed in the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae. medial neurosecretory cells were stained in brains of larvae and adult ae. aegypti. in an gambiae the lateral neurosecretory cells were stained more often. in both species, ...	2001	15455063
[feeding behaviour of anopheles funestus resting females in senegal].	the feeding behaviour of an. funestus resting females was studied in eleven sites in senegal along a west-east transect in two biogeographical zones (the sudanese and sudanese-guinean zones) by an elisa technique. mosquitoes were collected by pyrethrum spray catches. for the 1563 blood meals tested, the main hosts were humans, cows, sheep and horses representing respective proportions of 85%, 9.9%, 1.3% and 3.8%. no blood meal was taken on chicken. the percentage of non-reacting blood meals was ...	2001	16579080
a cocktail polymerase chain reaction assay to identify members of the anopheles funestus (diptera: culicidae) group.	anopheles funestus giles is a major malaria vector in africa belonging to a group of species with morphologically similar characteristics. morphological identification of members of the a. funestus group is difficult because of overlap of distinguishing characteristics in adult or immature stages as well as the necessity to rear isofemale lines to examine larval and egg characters. a rapid rdna polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method has been developed to accurately identify five members of the a ...	2002	12224596
[a comparison of 2 capture methods for sampling the population of anopheles funestus giles in a sudanese savannah village (dielmo, senegal)].	we conducted a comparative study of two collection methods for sampling an. funestus populations--human bait catch and indoor pyrethrum spray--in the sudanese savannah area of senegal from april 1996 to march 1997. an. funestus females were captured every month during the study period. the resting density per dwelling was 1.9 times higher than those obtained with human landing catch. the population dynamics were similar with two peaks situated respectively at the beginning of the rainy season be ...	2002	12145957
impact of the malaria control campaign (1993-1998) in the highlands of madagascar: parasitological and entomological data.	malaria transmission in the central highlands of madagascar was interrupted in the 1960s by a national control program that used ddt indoor spraying and mass treatment with chloroquine. at the end of the 1980s in this region, epidemic malaria reappeared. italian health authorities provided technical assistance to the national malaria control program since the beginning of the resurgence of malaria in the central highlands. yearly residual house spraying performed for 5 years (1993-1998) and the ...	2002	12135262
inversions and gene order shuffling in anopheles gambiae and a. funestus.	in tropical africa, anopheles funestus is one of the three most important malaria vectors. we physically mapped 157 a. funestus complementary dnas (cdnas) to the polytene chromosomes of this species. sequences of the cdnas were mapped in silico to the a. gambiae genome as part of a comparative genomic study of synteny, gene order, and sequence conservation between a. funestus and a. gambiae. these species are in the same subgenus and diverged about as recently as humans and chimpanzees. despite ...	2002	12364797
dissecting the molecular mechanisms of olfaction in a malaria-vector mosquito.		2002	11830653
high malaria transmission intensity in a village close to yaounde, the capital city of cameroon.	a 2-yr longitudinal malaria study was undertaken in a suburb of yaounde, the capital city of cameroon, in the village of simbock, approximately 2 km from the city limits. this study allowed assessment of malaria transmission intensity and dynamics in this region before implementation of pyrethroid impregnated bed nets through the national vector control program. anophelines were captured on human volunteers by pyrethrum spray collections and in resting sites outdoors. malaria vectors were anophe ...	2002	11931035
influence of host and larval habitat distribution on the abundance of african malaria vectors in western kenya.	the abundance of anopheline mosquitoes varies substantially among houses within the same villages. anopheles gambiae sensu stricto is highly anthropophilic, and anopheles arabiensis is zoophilic; thus, it is often hypothesized that the abundance of an. gambiae and an. arabiensis in a house is associated with the distribution of livestock and humans. in this paper we examined the influence of livestock and human host availability on the distribution and abundance of malaria vectors in the basin r ...	2002	12363061
neuropeptides and peptide hormones in anopheles gambiae.	the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae, is specialized for rapid completion of development and reproduction. a vertebrate blood meal is required for egg production, and multiple feedings subsequently allow transmission of malaria parasites, plasmodium spp. regulatory peptides from 35 genes annotated from the a. gambiae genome likely coordinate these and other physiological processes. plasmodium parasites may affect actions of newly identified insulin-like peptides, which coordinate grow ...	2002	12364794
host-specific cues cause differential attractiveness of kenyan men to the african malaria vector anopheles gambiae.	many studies have suggested that variability in the attractiveness of humans to host-seeking mosquitoes is caused by differences in the make-up of body emanations, and olfactory signals in particular. most investigations have either been laboratory-based, utilising odour obtained from sections of the body, or have been done in the field with sampling methods that do not discriminate between visual, physical and chemical cues of the host. accordingly, evidence for differential attractiveness base ...	2002	12513703
impact of insecticide-treated materials on filaria transmission by the various species of vector mosquito in africa.	nocturnally periodic bancroftian filariasis is maintained by three mainly endophilic vectors in east africa: culex quinquefasciatus, anopheles funestus and the an. gambiae complex. permethrin-impregnated bednets provide considerable protection against these mosquitoes, but the species respond differently. the degree of protection conferred by treated bednets was determined in kenyan communities where all three vectors actively transmit wuchereria bancrofti. the annual transmission potential in t ...	2002	12625922
the effects of climatic factors on the distribution and abundance of malaria vectors in kenya.	since 1988 malaria epidemics have occurred in multiple sites in western kenya highlands. climatic variability has been associated with some of the recent epidemics. we examined influences of climatic factors on the distribution and abundance of three malaria vector species, anopheles gambiae, anopheles arabiensis, and anopheles funestus in western kenya and in the great rift valley. mosquito samples were collected from the lowland and highland areas with various climatic conditions. the three ve ...	2002	12495180
malariasphere: a greenhouse-enclosed simulation of a natural anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae) ecosystem in western kenya.	the development and implementation of innovative vector control strategies for malaria control in africa requires in-depth ecological studies in contained semi-field environments. this particularly applies to the development and release of genetically-engineered vectors that are refractory to plasmodium infection. here we describe a modified greenhouse, designed to simulate a natural anopheles gambiae giles ecosystem, and the first successful trials to complete the life-cycle of this mosquito ve ...	2002	12537599
isolations of bwamba virus from south central uganda and north eastern tanzania.	bwamba virus (genus bunyavirus, family bunyaviridae) is widely distributed in africa. it causes many unidentified fevers because of its benign nature.	2002	12789111
analysis of the population structure of anopheles funestus (diptera: culicidae) from western and coastal kenya using paracentric chromosomal inversion frequencies.	in total, 324 anopheles funestus giles specimens collected from seven houses in western kenya and seven in coastal kenya were scored for their paracentric chromosomal inversions with the aim of determining the level of genetic differentiation based on these inversions. houses in each area were within a 2-km radius. the two areas are approximately 700 km apart. only inversions 2a, 3a, 3b, and 5a were found to be polymorphic. levels of polymorphism varied greatly between inversions. there were no ...	2002	11931275
abstracts of the fourth international symposium on molecular insect science. may 28-june 2, 2002. tucson, arizona, usa.		2002	15455051
a possible alternative method for collecting mosquito larvae in rice fields.	rice fields are efficient breeding places for malaria vectors in madagascar. in order to establish as easily as possible if a rice field is an effective larval site for anophelines, we compared classical dipping versus a net as methods of collecting larvae.	2002	12057018
variation of malaria transmission and morbidity with altitude in tanzania and with introduction of alphacypermethrin treated nets.	highland areas with naturally less intense malaria transmission may provide models of how lowland areas might become if transmission was permanently reduced by sustained vector control. it has been argued that vector control should not be attempted in areas of intense transmission.	2003	14585106
transposable element (te) display and rapid detection of te insertion polymorphism in the anopheles gambiae species complex.	transposable element (te) display was shown to be a highly specific and reproducible method of detecting the insertion sites of tes in individuals of the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae, and its sibling species, a. arabiensis. relatively high levels of insertion polymorphism were observed during the te display of several families of miniature inverted-repeat tes (mites) that have variable copy numbers. the genomic locations of selected insertion sites were identified by matching the ...	2003	12752653