Publications

biological transmission of arboviruses: reexamination of and new insights into components, mechanisms, and unique traits as well as their evolutionary trends.	among animal viruses, arboviruses are unique in that they depend on arthropod vectors for transmission. field research and laboratory investigations related to the three components of this unique mode of transmission, virus, vector, and vertebrate host, have produced an enormous amount of valuable information that may be found in numerous publications. however, despite many reviews on specific viruses, diseases, or interests, a systematic approach to organizing the available information on all f ...	0	16223950
larvicidal efficacy of ethiopian ethnomedicinal plant juniperus procera essential oil against afrotropical malaria vector anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae).	to screen the essential oil of juniperus procera (j. procera) (cupressaceae) for larvicidal activity against late third instar larvae of anopheles arabiensis (an. arabiensis) patton, the principle malaria vector in ethiopia.	0	25183156
novel and viable acetylcholinesterase target site for developing effective and environmentally safe insecticides.	insect pests are responsible for human suffering and financial losses worldwide. new and environmentally safe insecticides are urgently needed to cope with these serious problems. resistance to current insecticides has resulted in a resurgence of insect pests, and growing concerns about insecticide toxicity to humans discourage the use of insecticides for pest control. the small market for insecticides has hampered insecticide development; however, advances in genomics and structural genomics of ...	0	22280344
mosquitocidal properties of igg targeting the glutamate-gated chloride channel in three mosquito disease vectors (diptera: culicidae).	the glutamate-gated chloride channel (glucl) is a highly sensitive insecticide target of the avermectin class of insecticides. as an alternative to using chemical insecticides to kill mosquitoes, we tested the effects of purified immunoglobulin g (igg) targeting the extracellular domain of glucl from anopheles gambiae (agglucl) on the survivorship of three key mosquito disease vectors: anopheles gambiae s.s., aedes aegypti and culex tarsalis. when administered through a single blood meal, anti-a ...	0	25994632
evidence for stopping mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis in some, but not all local government areas of plateau and nasarawa states, nigeria.	an average of six annual rounds of ivermectin and albendazole were distributed in plateau and nasarawa states, nigeria, to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. from 2007 to 2008, population-based surveys were implemented in all 30 local government areas (lgas) of the two states to determine the prevalence of wuchereria bancrofti antigenemia to assess which lga mass drug administration (mda) could be halted. in total, 36,681 persons from 7,819 households were examined for filarial antigen as determine ...	0	22855758
variation in number and formation of repeat sequences in the rdna its2 region of five sibling species in the anopheles barbirostris complex in thailand.	repeat sequences of approximately 100 base pairs in length were found in the rdna its2 region of anopheles barbirostris van der wulp (diptera: culicidae) species a1, a2, a3, a4, and an. campestris-like in the an. barbirostris complex. variation in the number of repeats was observed among the five sibling species. specifically, 10 repeats were observed in a1, eight in a2, a4, and campestris-like, and three in a3. based on similarities in the sequences of the repeats, related repeats were classifi ...	0	22233453
phylogeny of anopheline (diptera: culicidae) species in southern africa, based on nuclear and mitochondrial genes.	a phylogeny of anthropophilic and zoophilic anopheline mosquito species was constructed, using the nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit i (coi) genes. the its2 alignment, typically difficult due to its noncoding nature and large size variations, was aided by using predicted secondary structure, making this phylogenetically useful gene more amenable to investigation. this phylogeny is unique in explicitly including zoophilic, non-vector anophel ...	0	26047180
review of the malaria epidemiology and trends in zambia.	a comprehensive desk review of malaria trends was conducted between 2000-2010 in zambia to study malaria epidemiology and trends to guide strategies and approaches for effective malaria control. this review considered data from the national health information management system, malaria surveys and programme review reports and analyzed malaria in-patient cases and deaths in relation to intervention coverage for all ages. data showed three distinct epidemiological strata after a notable malaria re ...	0	23593585
competitive displacement and reduction.		0	17853612
monitoring malaria vector control interventions: effectiveness of five different adult mosquito sampling methods.	long-term success of ongoing malaria control efforts based on mosquito bed nets (long-lasting insecticidal net) and indoor residual spraying is dependent on continuous monitoring of mosquito vectors, and thus on effective mosquito sampling tools. the objective of our study was to identify the most efficient mosquito sampling tool(s) for routine vector surveillance for malaria and lymphatic filariasis transmission in coastal kenya. we evaluated relative efficacy of five collection methods--light ...	0	24180120
diversity and convergence of sodium channel mutations involved in resistance to pyrethroids.	pyrethroid insecticides target voltage-gated sodium channels, which are critical for electrical signaling in the nervous system. the intensive use of pyrethroids in controlling arthropod pests and disease vectors has led to many instances of pyrethroid resistance around the globe. in the past two decades, studies have identified a large number of sodium channel mutations that are associated with resistance to pyrethroids. the purpose of this review is to summarize both common and unique sodium c ...	0	24019556
dose and developmental responses of anopheles merus larvae to salinity.	saltwater tolerance is a trait that carries both ecological and epidemiological significance for anopheles mosquitoes that transmit human malaria, as it plays a key role in determining their habitat use and ecological distribution, and thus their local contribution to malaria transmission. here, we lay the groundwork for genetic dissection of this trait by quantifying saltwater tolerance in three closely related cryptic species and malaria vectors from the afrotropical anopheles gambiae complex ...	0	23966587
heterochromatin, histone modifications, and nuclear architecture in disease vectors.	interactions between a pathogen and a vector are plastic and dynamic. such interactions can be more rapidly accommodated by epigenetic changes than by genetic mutations. gene expression can be affected by the proximity to the heterochromatin, by local histone modifications, and by the three-dimensional position within the nucleus. recent studies of disease vectors indicate that gene regulation by these factors can be important for susceptibility to pathogens, reproduction, immunity, development, ...	0	26097808
infravec: research capacity for the implementation of genetic control of mosquitoes.	mosquitoes represent a major and global cause of human suffering due to the diseases they transmit. these include parasitic diseases, i.e. malaria and filariasis, and viral infections such as dengue, encephalitis, and yellow fever. the threat of mosquito-borne diseases is not limited to tropical and subtropical regions of the world. trade and climate changes have opened new niches to tropical vectors in temperate areas of the world, thus putting previously unaffected regions at risk of disease t ...	0	24428829
draft genome sequences of enterobacter sp. isolate ag1 from the midgut of the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae.	an isolate of enterobacter sp. was obtained from the microbial community within the gut of the anopheles gambiae mosquito, a major malaria vector in africa. this genome was sequenced and annotated. the genome sequences will facilitate subsequent efforts to characterize the mosquito gut microbiome.	0	22965099
molecular genetic manipulation of vector mosquitoes.	genetic strategies for reducing populations of vector mosquitoes or replacing them with those that are not able to transmit pathogens benefit greatly from molecular tools that allow gene manipulation and transgenesis. mosquito genome sequences and associated est (expressed sequence tags) databases enable large-scale investigations to provide new insights into evolutionary, biochemical, genetic, metabolic, and physiological pathways. additionally, comparative genomics reveals the bases for evolut ...	0	18996342
the remarkable journey of adaptation of the plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite to new world anopheline mosquitoes.	plasmodium falciparum originated in africa, dispersed around the world as a result of human migration and had to adapt to several different indigenous anopheline mosquitoes. anophelines from the new world are evolutionary distant form african ones and this probably resulted in a more stringent selection of plasmodium as it adapted to these vectors. it is thought that plasmodium has been genetically selected by some anopheline species through unknown mechanisms. the mosquito immune system can gre ...	0	25185006
rift valley fever outbreak, southern mauritania, 2012.	after a period of heavy rainfall, an outbreak of rift valley fever occurred in southern mauritania during september-november 2012. a total of 41 human cases were confirmed, including 13 deaths, and 12 rift valley fever virus strains were isolated. moudjeria and temchecket departments were the most affected areas.	0	24447334
neuropeptidomics of the mosquito aedes aegypti.	neuropeptidomic data were collected on the mosquito ae. aegypti, which is considered the most tractable mosquito species for physiological and endocrine studies. the data were solely obtained by direct mass spectrometric profiling, including tandem fragmentation, of selected tissues from single specimens, which yielded a largely complete accounting of the putative bioactive neuropeptides; truncated neuropeptides with low abundance were not counted as mature peptides. differential processing with ...	0	20163154
patterns of genomic differentiation between ecologically differentiated m and s forms of anopheles gambiae in west and central africa.	anopheles gambiae m and s are thought to be undergoing ecological speciation by adapting to different larval habitats. toward an improved understanding of the genetic determinants and evolutionary processes shaping their divergence, we used a 400,000 single-nucleotide polymorphism (snp) genotyping array to characterize patterns of genomic differentiation between four geographically paired m and s population samples from west and central africa. in keeping with recent studies based on more limite ...	0	23132896
insecticide-treated plastic sheeting for emergency malaria prevention and shelter among displaced populations: an observational cohort study in a refugee setting in sierra leone.	a double-blind phase iii malaria prevention trial was conducted in two refugee camps using pre-manufactured insecticide-treated plastic sheeting (itps) or untreated polyethylene sheeting (ups) randomly deployed to defined sectors of each camp. in largo camp the itps or ups was attached to inner walls and ceilings of shelters, whereas in tobanda the itps or ups was used to line only the ceiling and roof. in largo the plasmodium falciparum incidence rate in children up to 3 years of age who were c ...	0	22855753
anopheles darlingi polytene chromosomes: revised maps including newly described inversions and evidence for population structure in manaus.	salivary gland polytene chromosomes of 4th instar anopheles darlingi root were examined from multiple locations in the brazilian amazon. minor modifications were made to existing polytene photomaps. these included changes to the breakpoint positions of several previously described paracentric inversions and descriptions of four new paracentric inversions, two on the right arm of chromosome 3 and two on the left arm of chromosome 3 that were found in multiple locations. a total of 18 inversions o ...	0	27223867
comparative genomics of odorant binding proteins in anopheles gambiae, aedes aegypti, and culex quinquefasciatus.	about 1 million people in the world die each year from diseases spread by mosquitoes, and understanding the mechanism of host identification by the mosquitoes through olfaction is at stake. the role of odorant binding proteins (obps) in the primary molecular events of olfaction in mosquitoes is becoming an important focus of biological research in this area. here, we present a comprehensive comparative genomics study of obps in the three disease-transmitting mosquito species anopheles gambiae, a ...	0	23292137
seasonal variation in metabolic rate, flight activity and body size of anopheles gambiae in the sahel.	malaria in africa is vectored primarily by the anopheles gambiae complex. although the mechanisms of population persistence during the dry season are not yet known, targeting dry season mosquitoes could provide opportunities for vector control. in the sahel, it appears likely that m-form a. gambiae survive by aestivation (entering a dormant state). to assess the role of eco-physiological changes associated with dry season survival, we measured body size, flight activity and metabolic rate of wil ...	0	22623189
genetic diversity of plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-1 block 2 in sites of contrasting altitudes and malaria endemicities in the mount cameroon region.	the present study analyzed the relationship between the genetic diversity of plasmodium falciparum and parasitologic/entomologic indices in the mount cameroon region by using merozoite surface protein 1 as a genetic marker. blood samples were collected from asymptomatic children from three altitude zones (high, intermediate, and low). parasitologic and entomologic indices were determined by microscopy and landing catch mosquito collection/circumsporozoite protein-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assa ...	0	22556072
effect of swamp cultivation on distribution of anopheline larval habitats in western kenya.	malaria resurgence in highland regions of east africa has been on increase. the spatio-temporal distribution of larval habitats of malaria vectors determines the distribution of adult vectors, hence, disease transmission. vector's ecology is necessary for strategic vector control through effective plan for source reduction. mapping of the larval habitats is necessary for targeted control measures. the purpose of this study is to assess and compare the spatial and seasonal variations in anophelin ...	0	22898476
single-nucleotide polymorphisms for high-throughput genotyping of anopheles arabiensis in east and southern africa.	anopheles arabiensis patton is one of the principal vectors of malaria in sub-saharan africa, occupying a wide variety of ecological zones. this species is increasingly responsible for malaria transmission in africa and is becoming the dominant vector species in some localities. despite its growing importance, little is known about genetic polymorphisms in this species. multiple sequences of various gene fragments from an. arabiensis isolates from cameroon were obtained from genbank. in total, 2 ...	0	22493848
elastomeric polypeptides.	elastomeric polypeptides are very interesting biopolymers and are characterized by rubber-like elasticity, large extensibility before rupture, reversible deformation without loss of energy, and high resilience upon stretching. their useful properties have motivated their use in a wide variety of materials and biological applications. this chapter focuses on elastin and resilin - two elastomeric biopolymers - and the recombinant polypeptides derived from them (elastin-like polypeptides and resili ...	0	21826606
coalescent patterns for chromosomal inversions in divergent populations.	chromosomal inversions allow genetic divergence of locally adapted populations by reducing recombination between chromosomes with different arrangements. divergence between populations (or hybridization between species) is expected to leave signatures in the neutral genetic diversity of the inverted region. quantitative expectations for these patterns, however, have not been obtained. here, we develop coalescent models of neutral sites linked to an inversion polymorphism in two locally adapted p ...	0	22201172
influence of the timing of malaria infection during pregnancy on birth weight and on maternal anemia in benin.	abstract. although consequences of malaria in pregnancy are well known, the period of pregnancy in which infection has the highest impact is still unclear. in benin, we followed up a cohort of 1,037 women through pregnancy until delivery. the objective was to evaluate the relationship between the timing of infection and birth weight, and maternal anemia at delivery. at the beginning of pregnancy, peripheral infections were associated with a decrease in mean birth weight (-98.5 g; p = 0.03) and a ...	0	21813837
conquering malaria: enhancing the impact of effective interventions towards elimination in the diverse and changing epidemiology.	malaria remains a major global disease burden causing just under a million deaths each year, mainly of children and pregnant women in sub-saharan africa. it consumes up to 40% of public health expenditure of these poor countries, causing in africa us$ 12 billion in lost gdp every year. this should not be acceptable since malaria is preventable, and there is clear evidence that optimal use of current tools can reduce much of the suffering and deaths. three major factors allowing this to happen in ...	0	21731304
preventing childhood malaria in africa by protecting adults from mosquitoes with insecticide-treated nets.	malaria prevention in africa merits particular attention as the world strives toward a better life for the poorest. insecticide-treated nets (itns) represent a practical means to prevent malaria in africa, so scaling up coverage to at least 80% of young children and pregnant women by 2010 is integral to the millennium development goals (mdg). targeting individual protection to vulnerable groups is an accepted priority, but community-level impacts of broader population coverage are largely ignore ...	0	17608562
functional classification and central nervous projections of olfactory receptor neurons housed in antennal trichoid sensilla of female yellow fever mosquitoes, aedes aegypti.	mosquitoes are highly dependent on their olfactory system for, e.g. host location and identification of nectar-feeding and oviposition sites. odours are detected by olfactory receptor neurons (orns) housed in hair-shaped structures, sensilla, on the antennae and maxillary palps. in order to unravel the function of the olfactory system in the yellow fever vector, aedes aegypti, we performed single-sensillum recordings from trichoid sensilla on female antennae. these sensilla are divided into four ...	0	17880395
in-vivo parasitological response to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in pregnant women in southern malawi.	malaria in pregnancy is a significant cause of maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. malawi adopted intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxinepyrimethamine (sp) for the control of malaria in pregnancy in 1993. however there is little information on the in-vivo sp efficacy in pregnant women. this study was conducted to determine: prevalence of malaria and anaemia at the first antenatal visit and rate of parasitological failure to sp in pregnancy.	0	23878625
towards abolition of immunogenic structures in insect cells: characterization of a honey-bee (apis mellifera) multi-gene family reveals both an allergy-related core alpha1,3-fucosyltransferase and the first insect lewis-histo-blood-group-related antigen-synthesizing enzyme.	glycoproteins from honey-bee (apis mellifera), such as phospholipase a2 and hyaluronidase, are well-known major bee-venom allergens. they carry n-linked oligosaccharide structures with two types of alpha1,3-fucosylation: the modification by alpha1,3-fucose of the innermost core glcnac, which constitutes an epitope recognized by ige from some bee-venom-allergic patients, and an antennal lewis-like galnacbeta1,4(fucalpha1,3)glcnac moiety. we now report the cloning and expression of two cdnas encod ...	0	17029591
arrestins: ubiquitous regulators of cellular signaling pathways.	in vertebrates, the arrestins are a family of four proteins that regulate the signaling and trafficking of hundreds of different g-protein-coupled receptors (gpcrs). arrestin homologs are also found in insects, protochordates and nematodes. fungi and protists have related proteins but do not have true arrestins. structural information is available only for free (unbound) vertebrate arrestins, and shows that the conserved overall fold is elongated and composed of two domains, with the core of eac ...	0	17020596
plotrep: a web tool for defragmentation and visual analysis of dispersed genomic repeats.	identification of dispersed or interspersed repeats, most of which are derived from transposons, retrotransposons or retrovirus-like elements, is an important step in genome annotation. software tools that compare genomic sequences with precompiled repeat reference libraries using sensitive similarity-based methods provide reliable means of finding the positions of fragments homologous to known repeats. however, their output is often incomplete and fragmented owing to the mutations (nucleotide s ...	0	16845104
rem1, a new type of long terminal repeat retrotransposon in chlamydomonas reinhardtii.	a new long terminal repeat (ltr) retrotransposon, named rem1, has been identified in the green alga chlamydomonas reinhardtii. it was found in low copy number, highly methylated, and with an inducible transpositional activity. this retrotransposon is phylogenetically related to ty3-gypsy ltr retrotransposons and possesses new and unusual structural features. a regulatory module, orf3p, is present in an inverse transcriptional orientation to that of the polyprotein and contains phd-finger and chr ...	0	16287873
know your enemy: some facts about the natural history of malawi's anopheles mosquitoes and implications for malaria control.	in this article i examine the relevance of environmental control techniques in malawi in the context of what we know about breeding, resting and feeding habits of the common anopheles species. i hope that this article may help to put to rest some common misconceptions concerning anopheles control as a malaria prevention strategy.	0	27528915
the malaria vectors of the lower shire valley, malawi.	the aim of this study was to characterise breeding sites and climatic factors that influence the abundance of malaria vectors in the lower shire valley, malawi. we regularly sampled adult and larval mosquitoes over the transition periods between the wet and dry seasons during 2000 and 2001. three potential malaria vectors, an. arabiensis, an. gambine sensu stricto and an. funestus, and a fourth non-vector species an. quadriannulatus, were identified. (this is the first record of an. quadriannula ...	0	27528914
ethical debate: doctoring malaria, badly: the global campaign to ban ddt.		0	11099289
heterogeneities in the transmission of infectious agents: implications for the design of control programs.	from an analysis of the distributions of measures of transmission rates among hosts, we identify an empirical relationship suggesting that, typically, 20% of the host population contributes at least 80% of the net transmission potential, as measured by the basic reproduction number, r0. this is an example of a statistical pattern known as the 20/80 rule. the rule applies to a variety of disease systems, including vector-borne parasites and sexually transmitted pathogens. the rule implies that co ...	0	8990210
a network population model of the dynamics and control of african malaria vectors.	a more robust assessment of malaria control through mosquito larval habitat destruction will come from a better understanding of the distribution, productivity and connectivity of breeding sites. the present study examines the significance of vector dispersal ability, larval habitat stability and productivity on the persistence and extinction of a mosquito population inhabiting a dynamic network of breeding sites. we use this novel method of vector modelling to show that when dispersal is limite ...	0	20813387
a behavioral mechanism underlying ecological divergence in the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae.	disruptive selection mediated by predation on aquatic immature stages has been proposed as a major force driving ecological divergence and fostering speciation between the m and s molecular forms of the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae. in the dry savannahs of west africa where both molecular forms co-occur, the s form thrives in temporary pools filled with rainwater, whereas the m form preferentially breeds in permanent freshwater habitats where predator pressure is higher. here, we ...	0	22476108
vasa genes: emerging roles in the germ line and in multipotent cells.	sexually reproducing metazoans establish a cell lineage during development that is ultimately dedicated to gamete production. work in a variety of animals suggests that a group of conserved molecular determinants act in this germ line maintenance and function. the most universal of these genes are vasa and vasa-like dead-box rna helicase genes. however, recent evidence indicates that vasa genes also function in other cell types, distinct from the germ line. here we evaluate our current understan ...	0	20586054
islands of speciation or mirages in the desert? examining the role of restricted recombination in maintaining species.	over the past decade, many studies documented high genetic divergence between closely related species in genomic regions experiencing restricted recombination in hybrids, such as within chromosomal rearrangements or areas adjacent to centromeres. such regions have been called 'islands of speciation' because of their presumed role in maintaining the integrity of species despite gene flow elsewhere in the genome. here, we review alternative explanations for such patterns. segregation of ancestral ...	0	19920849
dimorphic olfactory lobes in the arthropoda.	specialized olfactory lobe glomeruli relating to sexual or caste differences have been observed in at least five orders of insects, suggesting an early appearance of this trait in insect evolution. dimorphism is not limited to nocturnal species, but occurs even in insects that are known to use vision for courtship. other than a single description, there is no evidence for similar structures occurring in the crustacea, suggesting that the evolution of dimorphic olfactory systems may typify terres ...	0	19686183
revisiting the impact of inversions in evolution: from population genetic markers to drivers of adaptive shifts and speciation?	there is a growing appreciation that chromosome inversions affect rates of adaptation, speciation, and the evolution of sex chromosomes. comparative genomic studies have identified many new paracentric inversion polymorphisms. population models suggest that inversions can spread by reducing recombination between alleles that independently increase fitness, without epistasis or coadaptation. areas of linkage disequilibrium extend across large inversions but may be interspersed by areas with littl ...	0	20419035
effect of a fall in malaria transmission on morbidity and mortality in kilifi, kenya.	as efforts to control malaria are expanded across the world, understanding the role of transmission intensity in determining the burden of clinical malaria is crucial to the prediction and measurement of the effectiveness of interventions to reduce transmission. furthermore, studies comparing several endemic sites led to speculation that as transmission decreases morbidity and mortality caused by severe malaria might increase. we aimed to assess the epidemiological characteristics of malaria in ...	0	18984188
the behaviour of mosquitoes in relation to humans under holed bednets: the evidence from experimental huts.	the physical integrity of bednets is a concern of national malaria control programs, as it is a key factor in determining the rate of replacement of bednets. it is largely assumed that increased numbers of holes will result in a loss of protection of sleepers from potentially infective bites. experimental hut studies are valuable in understanding mosquito behaviour indoors, particularly as it relates to blood feeding and mortality. this review summarises findings from experimental hut studies, f ...	0	25410994
evolutionary conservation of the u7 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein in drosophila melanogaster.	the u7 snrnp involved in histone rna 3' end processing is related to but biochemically distinct from spliceosomal snrnps. in vertebrates, the sm core structure assembling around the noncanonical sm-binding sequence of u7 snrna contains only five of the seven standard sm proteins. the missing sm d1 and d2 subunits are replaced by u7-specific sm-like proteins lsm10 and lsm11, at least the latter of which is important for histone rna processing. so far, it was unknown if this special u7 snrnp compo ...	0	14624008
malaria.		0	12446541
comparative susceptibility to permethrin of two anopheles gambiae s.l. populations from southern benin, regarding mosquito sex, physiological status, and mosquito age.	to investigate what kind of mosquito sample is necessary for the determination of insecticide susceptibility in malaria vectors.	0	25182557
preserving pyrethroids.		0	24700973
multimodal integration of carbon dioxide and other sensory cues drives mosquito attraction to humans.	multiple sensory cues emanating from humans are thought to guide blood-feeding female mosquitoes to a host. to determine the relative contribution of carbon dioxide (co2) detection to mosquito host-seeking behavior, we mutated the aaeggr3 gene, a subunit of the heteromeric co2 receptor in aedes aegypti mosquitoes. gr3 mutants lack electrophysiological and behavioral responses to co2. these mutants also fail to show co2-evoked responses to heat and lactic acid, a human-derived attractant, suggest ...	0	24581501
the central role of mosquito cytochrome p450 cyp6zs in insecticide detoxification revealed by functional expression and structural modelling.	the resistance of mosquitoes to chemical insecticides is threatening vector control programmes worldwide. cytochrome p450 monooxygenases (cyps) are known to play a major role in insecticide resistance, allowing resistant insects to metabolize insecticides at a higher rate. among them, members of the mosquito cyp6z subfamily, like aedes aegypti cyp6z8 and its anopheles gambiae orthologue cyp6z2, have been frequently associated with pyrethroid resistance. however, their role in the pyrethroid degr ...	0	23844938
cloning, expression analysis, and molecular modeling of the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor alpha2 subunit gene from the common cutworm, spodoptera litura.	intensive research on the molecule structures of the gamma-nminobutyric acid (gaba) receptor in agricultural pests has great significance to the mechanism investigation, resistance prevention, and molecular design of novel pesticides. the gaba receptor a2 (slgabarα2) subunit gene in spodoptera litura (fabricius) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) was cloned using the technologies of reverse transcription pcr and rapid amplification of cdna ends. the gemonic dna sequence of slgabarα2 has 5164 bp with 8 exo ...	0	23909412
malaria, clinical features and acute crisis in children suffering from sickle cell disease in resource-limited settings: a retrospective description of 90 cases.	the prevalence of sickle cell disease (scd) is extremely high in the democratic republic of congo (drc). despite the high prevalence of this disease in our midst, there has been no report on the clinical features in the sickle cell pediatric population suffering from malaria in our midst.	0	23816320
bed bugs evolved unique adaptive strategy to resist pyrethroid insecticides.	recent advances in genomic and post-genomic technologies have facilitated a genome-wide analysis of the insecticide resistance-associated genes in insects. through bed bug, cimex lectularius transcriptome analysis, we identified 14 molecular markers associated with pyrethroid resistance. our studies revealed that most of the resistance-associated genes functioning in diverse mechanisms are expressed in the epidermal layer of the integument, which could prevent or slow down the toxin from reachin ...	0	23492626
nutrition-dependent control of insect development by insulin-like peptides.	in metazoans, members of the insulin-like peptide (ilp) family play a role in multiple physiological functions in response to the nutritional status. ilps have been identified and characterized in a wide variety of insect species. insect ilps that are mainly produced by several pairs of medial neurosecretory cells in the brain circulate in the hemolymph and act systemically on target tissues. physiological and biochemical studies in lepidoptera and genetic studies in the fruit fly have greatly e ...	0	26664828
anopheles funestus and costalis in duars.		1901	29004192
an epidemic of malaria in the kenya highlands transmitted by anopheles funestus.		1949	18148580
the duration of the gonotrophic cycle in anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus, with a note on the efficiency of hand catching.		1953	13060242
control of malaria in mauritius; eradication of anopheles funestus and aedes aegypti.		1953	13077717
[presence of spirochetes in salivary glands of anopheles funestus, giles, 1900].		1954	13182502
the pre-gravid phase of ovarian development in anopheles funestus.		1955	13259446
normal resistance-level of anopheles funestus giles to insecticides.		1957	13430815
on the behaviour of anopheles funestus in unsprayed and ddt sprayed houses.		1959	14412573
[abnormal ovogenesis in a female of anopheles funestus giles].		1961	13904213
observations on the irritability of mosquitos to ddt in uganda.	the need for new investigations on the effect of insecticides on the behaviour of mosquitos was recently stressed by the who expert committee on insecticides, which recommended a provisional method for the determination of the irritability of mosquitos to insecticides for trials in the field and the laboratory. one such trial, carried out in uganda under what can be termed typical field conditions, is reported in the present paper.two strains of anopheles gambiae, one of anopheles funestus, one ...	1962	14024193
[study of the physiological age of the females of anopheles funestus funestus giles in the region of miandrivazo, madagascar].		1962	13902375
observations on nulliparous and parous rates in a population of anopheles funestus in east africa.		1963	14042651
observations on the determination of the age composition and epidemiological importance of populations of anopheles gambiae giles and anopheles funestus giles in tanganyika.	following a request from the world health organization an investigation was undertaken to determine whether the method developed by polovodova in the ussr for determining the physiological age of female anophelines could be applied to the two main vectors of malaria in africa, anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus.it was demonstrated that polovodova's method was fully applicable to these african species. the greater difficulties encountered in determining the age of these species, as compared ...	1964	14122438
[data on determination of the age composition and epidemiological significance of the population of anopheles gambiae giles and anopheles funestus giles in tanganyika].		1964	14177716
partial suppression of malaria parasites, and of the transmission of malaria, in aedes aegypti (l.) doubly-infected with semliki forest virus and plasmodium gallinaceum brumpt.	laboratory experiments were undertaken with aedes aegypti infected with both semliki forest virus (sfv) from infant mice and plasmodium gallinaceum from fowls to determine if such double infection of mosquitos suppressed their ability to transmit the malaria parasite, a possibility suggested to explain reduction in malaria transmission in uganda in 1960 when anopheles funestus and anopheles gambiae were transmitting both malaria and o'nyongnyong virus to the african population. in general, trans ...	1964	14278005
nyando virus: a hitherto undescribed virus isolated from anopheles funestus giles collected in kenya.		1965	14292787
a quantitative study of naturally-acquired malaria infections in anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus in a highly malarious area of east africa.		1966	6006329
[contribution to the study of parasitism of adult anopheles funestus by gastromermis sp. (mermithidae)].		1966	6014290
a large-scale field trial of malathion as an insecticide for antimalarial work in southern uganda.	malathion shows promise as a substitute for chlorinated-hydrocarbon insecticides in the control of malaria whenever the latter are unsuitable because of anopheles resistance or other reasons. a field trial of malathion was carried out in 1963-64, covering an area of about 500 km(2) with a population of about 26 000, in masaka district, southern uganda. all houses and animal shelters were sprayed with malathion at 2 g/m(2) at roughly 4-month intervals. the average combined densities of the female ...	1967	5299860
a new species of the anopheles funestus complex (diptera: culicidae) from zanzibar, united republic of tanzania.		1968	5302338
[the presence in southwest upper volta of populations of anopheles funestus giles resistant to dieldrin].		1968	5692840
a village-scale trial of oms-214 (dicapthon) for the control of anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus in northern nigeria.		1969	5308704
a village-scale trial of oms-708 (mobam) for the control of anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus in northern nigeria.		1969	5308705
vectors of the 1969 yellow fever epidemic on the jos plateau, nigeria.	entomological investigations of the possible mosquito vectors of the yellow fever epidemic on the jos plateau, nigeria, were carried out between 27 october and 15 november 1969.of the 5 species of aedes (stegomyia) collected, ae. luteocephalus was the most abundant in human-bait captures. ae. aegypti, ae. africanus, and ae. vittatus were collected in low numbers. the aegypti larval index in the areas investigated was very low and the species was not considered to be the primary vector in the epi ...	1972	4403105
hut entry and exit by anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus in an unsprayed village near kaduna in northern nigeria.	hut entry and exit by an. gambiae and an. funestus were studied in an unsprayed village near kaduna in northern nigeria. a high turn-over of indoor resting mosquitoes of all blood digestion stages was noted throughout the night. the behaviour of both species was similar. the entry pattern was more uniform than the exit which showed two distinct peaks around sunset and after midnight. most of the daytime resting mosquitoes left the huts during the first hour after sunset, and therefore the mosqui ...	1976	1032326
arbovirus isolations from mosquitoes: kano plain, kenya.	arbovirus isolation attempts on 324,486 mosquitoes captured over a four-year period on the kano plain, kenya, yielded 15 isolates including pongola (six strains), ilesha (three strains), germiston (two strains), sindbis (one strain), barur (one strain) and two viruses which could not be characterized. mansonia uniformis, anopheles gambiae and culex antennatus constituted 70% of the total collection and accounted for all of the isolates except one, which came from anopheles funestus.	1977	24288
the survival in nature of wuchereia-infected anopheles funestus giles in north-eastern tanzania.	hungry anopheles funestus females were caught in cdc light traps positioned overnight in village houses in which the occupants were protected by bed nets. the sampling was performed in six huts near muheza, in north-eastern tanzania, september to november 1972. parous, unfed mosquitoes were carefully examined, usually under phase-contrast optics, for the presence of developing wuchereria bancrofti larvae. because a. funestus seek blood meals at three-day intervals, most filariae were three, six, ...	1977	327630
malaria along the southernmost fringe of its distribution in africa: epidemiology and control.	after more than thirty years of malaria control in northern transvaal with residual insecticides, malaria prevalence has been reduced to a low level. however, low-grade transmission of plasmodium falciparum continues, with periodic focal outbreaks after abnormally high rainfall. from october 1973 to september 1976, the operational and epidemiological factors involved in this residual transmission were studied in over 17 000 people of an area of northern transvaal. incidence surveys based on the ...	1977	330017
empidomermis cozii n.gen., n.sp. (mermithidae: nematoda) a parasite of anopheles funestus (culicidae: diptera) in west africa.		1977	907930
recovery of o'nyong-nyong virus from anopheles funestus in western kenya.	o'nyong-nyong (onn) virus first appeared nearly 20 years ago and was responsible for one of the largest arbovirus outbreaks ever documented. since the original outbreak ended, onn activity, as determined serologically, gradually declined on the kano plain in western kenya. in june, 1978, a virus similar or identical to onn was isolated from a pool of anopheles funestus giles captured at ahero on the kano plain. the possible implications of this isolation are discussed.	1981	6272457
cladistic analysis of mosquito chromosome data (anopheles (cellia) myzomyia.	homologies are presented among the ovarian polytene chromosomes of the following taxa of the series myzomyia, subgenus cellia: anopheles funestus, parensis, aruni? confusus, rivulorum, fuscivenosus, leesoni, demeilloni, wellcomei, and theileri from the afrotropical region; and fluviatilis and culicifacies from the oriental region. rearrangements involve many paracentric inversions and a possible whole-arm translocation. a cladistic approach was used in constructing a phylogeny, and out-group com ...	1982	7069187
effects of ecological changes on the malaria vectors anopheles funestus and the anopheles gambiae complex of mosquitoes in accra, ghana.	studies have been conducted on mosquito breeding, indoor resting density and some parasitological and vectorial indices in accra since 1911. an. gambiae s.l. has adapted to breeding appreciably in water-filled domestic containers in recent times (viz. 21.14 +/- 4.4% of all breeding), compared with a low frequency of breeding in such domestic containers in the earlier years 1911-1930 (viz. 1.97 +/- 1.67% of all breeding). its breeding has also increased (viz. 5.3% to 25.4% of all breeding) in the ...	1984	6748132
different malaria control activities in an area of liberia--effects on malariometric parameters.	the epidemiology of malaria was studied in a west african mining town (yekepa) and three surrounding zones defined as close, middle and far areas. malariometric parameters were investigated in children two to nine years of age at the end of the rainy season. in yekepa, vector control measures and intense suppression of malaria with drugs had created an almost hypoendemic situation with a spleen rate of 11%. in close area, vector control was applied to some extent and malaria drugs were frequentl ...	1985	3896168
seasonal vector density and disease incidence patterns of malaria in an area of zimbabwe.	anopheline mosquitoes were studied in an area of zimbabwe to correlate their population densities with seasonality in malaria incidence. four trapping methods were employed for adult mosquitoes: pit traps, outdoor and indoor man-baited nets and a sheep-baited net. anopheles funestus exhibited two population peaks during the year, one in march and the other in september/october. the following over-all proportions of the an. gambiae complex were recorded: an. gambiae giles (2.5%), an. arabiensis p ...	1985	4002287
[epidemiologic study of malaria in the rice-growing regions of yagoua and maga (north cameroon)].	the results of the malaria investigation carried out in april 1981 in the irrigated regions of the logone valley show that plasmodium falciparum is the only species o. the genus plasmodium to be found there. in terms of parasitaemia in blood, the prevalence of malaria is highest in the 5 to 9 year-old age group, whereas fluorescent antibodies are to be found progressively greater quantities as subjects grow older. from the age of 40, 95% of the inhabitants of the region present circulating antib ...	1985	2863004
the changed pattern of malaria endemicity and transmission at amani in the eastern usambara mountains, north-eastern tanzania.	parasitological and entomological studies on malaria were conducted between 1980 and 1982 on the amani hills in the eastern usambara mountains of north-eastern tanzania. malaria vectors were scarce on the amani hills until the late 1960s and it was generally presumed that any cases of malaria transmission must have been contracted by people while visiting lower altitudes where malaria is holoendemic. however, the malaria vectors anopheles funestus and an. gambiae have both become more abundant d ...	1987	3586093
reappearance of anopheles funestus as a malaria vector in the antananarivo region, madagascar.		1988	3256124
effect of human circumsporozoite antibodies in plasmodium-infected anopheles (diptera: culicidae).	human circumsporozoite (cs) antibodies to plasmodium falciparum were detected in blood meals from 45.0% of 1,547 field-collected anopheles gambiae giles sensu lato and anopheles funestus giles from western kenya. possible effects on malaria infections within the anopheles host were investigated. circumsporozoite antibodies were detected in blood meals up to 36 h after feeding. antibodies crossing the midgut were detected experimentally in hemolymph from 4 to 36 h after feeding; human igg also wa ...	1989	2685310
the current state of studies of malaria vectors and the antivectorial campaign in west africa.	most malaria transmission in west africa is by anopheles funestus and an. gambiae s.l. an. funestus is not very polymorphic and is generally susceptible to currently used insecticides. an. gambiae in contrast is very polymorphic. on the basis of chromosomal polymorphism an. gambiae can be divided into forest and savannah forms. the savannah forms in turn exist as several types, viz. bissau, mopti and bamako. insecticide susceptibility does not correlate with chromosomal type in most cases; never ...	1989	2696159
malaria sporozoite detection by dissection and elisa to assess infectivity of afrotropical anopheles (diptera: culicidae).	malaria infection rates determined by dissection and plasmodium falciparum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) were compared for 26,935 anopheles gambiae giles sensu lato and 17,739 anopheles funestus giles collected during 20 mo in western kenya. elisa infection rates were about 43% higher than dissection sporozoite rates. in dissection-negative anopheles, circumsporozoite (cs) protein was detected by elisa in 5.2% of 10,017 salivary gland samples and in 12.2% of 237 thorax samples. the a ...	1990	2185363