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evaluation of miosis, behavior and cholinesterase inhibition from low-level, whole-body vapor exposure to soman in african green monkeys (chlorocebus sabeus).relatively little is known about the effects of very low-level exposures to nerve agents where few signs or symptoms are present.201020412376
reduced soma size of the m-neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus following foetal alcohol exposure in non-human primates.visual impairment is commonly reported as a consequence of heavy prenatal ethanol exposure in humans. children generally display characteristic cranio-facial dysmorphology and represent typical severe cases of foetal alcohol syndrome. binge-like rodent model systems have concluded that third trimester equivalent ethanol exposure results in widespread apoptosis in the visual system from the retina to the visual cortex. neither clinical nor animal studies address the consequences of more moderate ...201020661554
partial recovery of hemiparesis following hemispherectomy in infant monkeys.hemiparesis, unilateral weakness or partial paralysis, is a common outcome following hemispherectomy in humans. we use the non-human primate as an invaluable translational model for our understanding of developmental plasticity in response to hemispherectomy. three infant vervet monkeys (chlorocebus sabeus) underwent hemispherectomy at a median age of 9 weeks and two additional monkeys at 48 months. gross motor assessment was conducted in a large open field that contained a horizontal bar spanni ...201019969043
comparative transduction efficiency of aav vector serotypes 1-6 in the substantia nigra and striatum of the primate brain.vectors derived from adeno-associated virus (aav) are promising candidates for neural cell transduction in vivo because they are nonpathogenic and achieve long-term transduction in the central nervous system. aav serotype 2 (aav2) is the most widely used aav vector in clinical trials based largely on its ability to transduce neural cells in the rodent and primate brain. prior work in rodents suggests that other serotypes might be more efficient; however, a systematic evaluation of vector transdu ...201020010918
hematological, biochemical, respiratory, cardiovascular and electroneurophysiological parameters in african green monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus). its use in non-clinical toxicological studies.the purpose of this study is to better characterize the hematological, biochemical, respiratory, cardiovascular and electroneurophysiological parameters in young adult cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus of both sexes. the rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys are widely used as experimental primate models. however, only few articles have been published testing toxicological effects of pharmaceuticals on african green monkey.201020345770
genetic identity and biological phenotype of a transmitted/founder virus representative of nonpathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus infection in african green monkeys.understanding the lack of disease progression in nonpathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) infections is essential for deciphering the immunopathogenesis of human aids. yet, in vivo studies have been hampered by a paucity of infectious molecular clones (imcs) of siv suitable to dissect the viral and host factors responsible for the nonpathogenic phenotype. here, we describe the identification, cloning, and biological analysis of the first transmitted/founder (t/f) virus representing a no ...201020881048
suppression of adaptive immune responses during primary siv infection of sabaeus african green monkeys delays partial containment of viremia but does not induce disease.one of the most puzzling observations in hiv research is the lack of pathogenicity in most nonhuman primate species that are natural hosts of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) infection. despite this, natural hosts experience a level of viremia similar to humans infected with hiv or macaques infected with siv. to determine the role of adaptive immune responses in viral containment and lack of disease, we delayed the generation of cellular and humoral immune responses by administering anti-cd8- ...201020147699
a novelty seeking phenotype is related to chronic hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity reflected by hair cortisol.reduced hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (hpa) activity is associated with greater novelty seeking in humans. hair cortisol represents an integrated proxy measure of total cortisol production/release over an extended period of time and may be a valuable tool for tracking the hpa system. sampling approaches (collection of blood, saliva, urine, or feces) for socially housed nonhuman primates present a number of technical challenges for collection particularly when repeated sampling is necessary. her ...201121396388
planum temporale grey matter asymmetries in chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), vervet (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus), rhesus (macaca mulatta) and bonnet (macaca radiata) monkeys.brain asymmetries, particularly asymmetries within regions associated with language, have been suggested as a key difference between humans and our nearest ancestors. these regions include the planum temporale (pt) - the bank of tissue that lies posterior to heschl's gyrus and encompasses wernicke's area, an important brain region involved in language and speech in the human brain. in the human brain, both the surface area and the grey matter volume of the pt are larger in the left compared to r ...201121447349
the third branch of the main trunk of the left coronary artery in cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus. is the nonhuman primate model appropriate?the aim of this study was to investigate the morphometry of branching patterns of the main trunk of the left coronary artery (mt of lca) in nonhuman primates, and comment on the current nomenclature. the biometric study was performed using stereomicroscopic dissection of hearts of healthy and fertile nonhuman primates (cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) of both sexes. our results reveal that the mt of lca terminates in a bifurcation into the anterior interventricular branch (aib) and the circumflex ...201121809460
Delayed match-to-sample performance in African green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus): effects of benzodiazepine, cholinergic, and anticholinergic drugs.Delayed match-to-sample (DMTS) procedures are among the most commonly used attention and memory tasks in behavioral pharmacology and have been utilized in a variety of species. Although macaque species such as the rhesus and cynomolgus macaque are often used for such studies, availability and disease transmission raise concerns over their use. The present study investigated whether the African green monkey might function as a suitable alternative by evaluating operant performance on a DMTS task ...201122027713
Expression and localization of the cannabinoid receptor type 1 and the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase in the retina of vervet monkeys.The presence of a widespread endocannabinoid (eCB) system within the nervous system, including the retina, has been demonstrated in recent years. Expression patterns of the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) and enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) are available for rodents, but data for humans and monkeys are scarce. We, therefore, thoroughly examined the distribution pattern of CB1R and FAAH throughout the retina of the vervet monkey (Chlorocebus sabeus) using confocal microscopy. Our resu ...201122142900
expression sequence tag library derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the chlorocebus sabaeus.african green monkeys (agm) are amongst the most frequently used nonhuman primate models in clinical and biomedical research, nevertheless only few genomic resources exist for this species. such information would be essential for the development of dedicated new generation technologies in fundamental and pre-clinical research using this model, and would deliver new insights into primate evolution.201222726727
phenotypic and genotypic characterization of klebsiella pneumoniae isolates recovered from nonhuman primates.klebsiella pneumoniae is a zoonotic, gram-negative member of the family enterobacteriaceae and is the causative agent of nosocomial septicemic, pneumonic, and urinary tract infections. recently, pathogenic strains of k. pneumoniae sharing a hypermucoviscosity (hmv) phenotype have been attributed to multisystemic abscessation in both human and nonhuman primates. although k. pneumoniae is a well-recognized zoonotic agent, there is a lack of general information including adequate diagnostic methods ...201222740526
determination of fetal age by ultrasonography in st. kitts green monkeys.ultrasound assessments of fetal growth have been used in other species of primates to estimate fetal age, but there are no published morphometrics for the st. kitts green monkey (chlorocebus sabaeus), a species that has been important for studies of transplantation of fetal tissue into the brain as potential treatment for degenerative disease. previous studies with other primate species have used relatively small numbers of pregnancies, measured repeatedly, to derive regressions for predicting f ...201222311723
comparison of fresh to fixed weights of the vervet monkey (chlorocebus sabaeus) placenta and its relation to gestational age.focus on the placenta as an agent of fetal development and offspring health outcomes is growing. primate research facilities or zoos may collect and fix placental tissue for long-term storage, but little is known about the effects of formalin fixation on the non-human primate placenta.201222296111
a non-human primate system for large-scale genetic studies of complex traits.non-human primates provide genetic model systems biologically intermediate between humans and other mammalian model organisms. populations of caribbean vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) are genetically homogeneous and large enough to permit well-powered genetic mapping studies of quantitative traits relevant to human health, including expression quantitative trait loci (eqtl). previous transcriptome-wide investigation in an extended vervet pedigree identified 29 heritable transcripts ...201222556363
25(oh)d3 and cardiovascular risk factors in female nonhuman primates.to determine if interindividual differences in plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin d(3) (25(oh)d(3)) have pathophysiologic significance, we evaluated a cohort of female monkeys, seeking to identify associations with clinically relevant cardiovascular risk factors, including age, abdominal obesity (waist circumference), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (hdl-c).201222876774
adaptive neuroplastic responses in early and late hemispherectomized monkeys.behavioural recovery in children who undergo medically required hemispherectomy showcase the remarkable ability of the cerebral cortex to adapt and reorganize following insult early in life. case study data suggest that lesions sustained early in childhood lead to better recovery compared to those that occur later in life. in these children, it is possible that neural reorganization had begun prior to surgery but was masked by the dysfunctional hemisphere. the degree of neural reorganization has ...201222792495
müller cells express the cannabinoid cb2 receptor in the vervet monkey retina.the presence of the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (cb1r) has been largely documented in the rodent and primate retinae in recent years. there is, however, some controversy concerning the presence of the cb2 receptor (cb2r) within the central nervous system. only recently, cb2r has been found in the rodent retina, but its presence in the primate retina has not yet been demonstrated. the aim of this study was twofold: 1) to characterize the distribution patterns of cb2r in the monkey retina and comp ...201323630038
significant genotype by diet (g × d) interaction effects on cardiometabolic responses to a pedigree-wide, dietary challenge in vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus).nutrient composition of a diet (d) has been shown to interact with genetic predispositions (g) to affect various lipid phenotypes. our aim in this study was to confirm g × d interaction and determine whether the interaction extends to other cardiometabolic risk factors such as glycemic measures and body weight. subjects were vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus; n = 309) from a multigenerational pedigreed colony initially fed with a plant-based diet, standard primate diet (18% calories f ...201323315630
assessing the pulsatility of luteinizing hormone in female vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus).specific alterations in the pulsatility of luteinizing hormone (lh) are linked to obesity-related subfertility in ovulatory women. vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) are an old world nonhuman primate that develops obesity and has a menstrual cycle similar to humans. we evaluated follicular-phase lh pulses in 12 adult normal-weight female vervets. serum was collected every 10 min for 4 h by using a tether device in conscious, freely moving monkeys on menstrual cycle days 2 through 5. s ...201324210020
thoracic radiographic anatomy in vervet monkeys (chlorocebus sabaeus).the vervet monkey (chlorocebus sabaeus) is used commonly in cardiorespiratory biomedical research. this study was performed to establish reference values for thoracic structures and to describe the normal radiographic appearance of the vervet monkey thorax.201323848259
effects of a western-type diet on plasma lipids and other cardiometabolic risk factors in african green monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus).our goal was to assess a nonhuman primate diet that mimicked the western-type diet of humans with regard to palatability and the diet's effects on plasma lipid concentrations and other cardiometabolic risk factors. we evaluated male (n = 8) and female (n = 11) african green monkeys (vervets; chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) that initially were fed a standard diet. each cohort then was divided into 2 groups, which received either standard chow or the western diet. food consumption and fecal quality ...201323849442
abdominal ultrasonography of the normal st. kitts vervet monkey (chlorocebus sabaeus).normal ultrasonography of non-reproductive abdominal and male reproductive anatomy in the vervet monkey were prospectively assessed. this has not been previously reported.201323126241
an outbreak of yersinia enterocolitica in a captive colony of african green monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) in the caribbean.yersinia enterocolitica is a zoonotic gram-negative pathogen that causes mesenteric lymphadenitis, terminal ileitis, acute gastroenteritis, and septicemia in domestic animals and primates. in 2012, 46 captive african green monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) died during an outbreak of acutely fatal enteric disease over a period of 1 mo on the island of st kitts. the affected monkeys presented with a history of mucohemorrhagic diarrhea, marked dehydration, and depression. fifteen bacterial iso ...201324210021
barbados green monkeys (chlorocebus sabaeus) recognize ancestral alarm calls after 350 years of isolation.vervet monkeys (chlorocebus pygerythrus) produce alarm calls and anti-predator behaviors that are specific to a threatening predator's mode of attack. upon hearing a leopard alarm, the monkeys will run up trees where they are relatively safe. in contrast, eagle alarms prompt the monkeys to run under bushes and snake alarms stimulate bipedal standing. early researchers proposed that the meaning of each alarm call is conveyed by observational learning. if this true then absence of the predator tha ...201324129028
discordance between spatial distributions of y-chromosomal and mitochondrial haplotypes in african green monkeys ( chlorocebus spp.): a result of introgressive hybridization or cryptic diversity?introgressive hybridization may cause substantial discordances among phylogenies based on different genetic markers. such discordances have been found in diverse mammal species including primates. a recent study of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) revealed several poly- and paraphyletic relationships in african green monkeys (chlorocebus), suggesting contemporary and/or ancient introgressive hybridization among almost all parapatric species of the genus. however, mtdna analyses alone do not allow us to ...201324098065
variation in scrotal color among widely distributed vervet monkey populations (chlorocebus aethiops pygerythrus and chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus).vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops) exhibit bright blue scrotal skin which may function to mediate social interactions by acting as a socio-sexual signal. previous research on scrotal coloration among vervet monkeys was limited to experimental work on captive ch. a. sabaeus, the least colorful vervet subspecies, and two field studies of the more colorful ch. a. pygerythrus. in a study of free-ranging and captive vervet monkeys in south africa (ch. pygerythrus), west africa (ch. a. sabaeus) and ...201323606216
factors associated with siman immunodeficiency virus transmission in a natural african nonhuman primate host in the wild.african green monkeys (agms) are naturally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) at high prevalence levels and do not progress to aids. sexual transmission is the main transmission route in agm, while mother-to-infant transmission (mtit) is negligible. we investigated siv transmission in wild agms to assess whether or not high siv prevalence is due to differences in mucosal permissivity to siv (i.e., whether the genetic bottleneck of viral transmission reported in humans and macaques ...201424623416
mhc polymorphism in caribbean african green monkeys.african green monkeys (agm) are among the most widely used nonhuman primate models used in various fields of medical research. one species of agm that originated from west africa, chlorocebus sabaeus, was introduced three centuries ago in the caribbean islands. we present here a systematic study of the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) polymorphism of caribbean agm which is currently frequently used as an animal model. we studied 54 animals originated from barbados (n=25) or saint kitts (n= ...201424676686
the genome landscape of the african green monkey kidney-derived vero cell line.continuous cell lines that originate from mammalian tissues serve as not only invaluable tools for life sciences, but also important animal cell substrates for the production of various types of biological pharmaceuticals. vero cells are susceptible to various types of microbes and toxins and have widely contributed to not only microbiology, but also the production of vaccines for human use. we here showed the genome landscape of a vero cell line, in which 25,877 putative protein-coding genes we ...201425267831
limited geographic variation in the acoustic structure of and responses to adult male alarm barks of african green monkeys.the global diversity of human languages is a remarkable feature of our species, which requires a capacity for rapid vocal learning. given that primate alarm calling systems have played an important role in the language origin debate, identifying geographic variation in primate alarm calls and understanding the underlying causal mechanisms are important steps to help uncover evolutionary precursors to language. this study investigates geographic variation in the alarm bark of the widely distribut ...201424771960
standardized full-field electroretinography in the green monkey (chlorocebus sabaeus).full-field electroretinography is an objective measure of retinal function, serving as an important diagnostic clinical tool in ophthalmology for evaluating the integrity of the retina. given the similarity between the anatomy and physiology of the human and green monkey eyes, this species has increasingly become a favorable non-human primate model for assessing ocular defects in humans. to test this model, we obtained full-field electroretinographic recordings (erg) and normal values for standa ...201425360686
first report of toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in wild-caught caribbean african green monkeys.toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite capable of infecting all warm-blooded animals. humans can become infected by ingesting infective oocysts from the environment or contaminated food or water, or by ingesting tissue cysts in undercooked infected meat or by handling infected meat. caribbean african green monkeys (chlorocebus sabaeus) are present in large numbers on the island of st. kitts in the caribbean, and it is not uncommon for these animals to be trapped and eaten by islanders. the ai ...201425491011
refinement of a protocol for the induction of lactation in nonpregnant nonhuman primates by using exogenous hormone treatment.obtaining sufficient quantities of milk from nhp is necessary for pharmacologic and immunologic studies required for the development and safety assessment of drugs and vaccines to be used in the maternal-infant setting. we previously induced lactation in nonpregnant female rhesus macaques (rm, macaca mulatta) and african green monkeys (agm, chlorocebus sabaeus) for studies of immune responses in milk, but the volume collected was variable. to improve lactation induction protocols for nonbreeding ...201425650978
meaning attribution in the west african green monkey: influence of call type and context.the search for the evolutionary roots of human language has fuelled much research into the cognitive mechanisms underlying communication in nonhuman animals. one core issue has been whether the context-specific calls of nonhuman animals are meaningful, with call meaning inferred from recipients' responses in the absence of supporting contextual cues. this direct inference may well offer an oversimplified view of how vocalisations are perceived, however, as responses under natural conditions are ...201423846397
characterization of ovarian aging and reproductive senescence in vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus).female vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) are used as an experimental model for chronic diseases relevant to women's health. however, reproductive senescence (menopause) has not yet been characterized for vervet monkeys. here we describe the histologic, hormonal, and menstrual markers of reproductive senescence in vervet monkeys from the wake forest vervet research colony. ovaries from monkeys (age, 0 to 27 y) were serially sectioned (5 μm), stained, and photographed. in every 100th s ...201424512962
orchidectomy does not significantly affect spine synapse density in the ca3 hippocampal subfield in st. kitts vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus).gonadal hormones induce significant changes in cognitive function, associated with alterations in the structure of the hippocampus. we have previously shown that androgens increase the number of spine synapses in the ca1 stratum radiatum of the monkey hippocampus. recent evidence, however, suggests that loss of testicular hormone production may have variable effects on neuroplasticity in different regions of the hippocampus. to test this hypothesis, we examined the effects of orchidectomy in the ...201424269983
variable responses of human and non-human primate gut microbiomes to a western diet.the human gut microbiota interacts closely with human diet and physiology. to better understand the mechanisms behind this relationship, gut microbiome research relies on complementing human studies with manipulations of animal models, including non-human primates. however, due to unique aspects of human diet and physiology, it is likely that host-gut microbe interactions operate differently in humans and non-human primates.201526568112
hematology and clinical chemistry measures during and after pregnancy and age- and sex-specific reference intervals in african green monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus).clinical decisions and experimental analyses often involve the assessment of hematology and clinical chemistry. using clinical pathology to assess the health status of nhp in breeding colonies or data from studies than involve pregnancy can often be complicated by pregnancy status. this study had 2 objectives regarding the hematology and clinical chemistry of african green monkeys (agm, chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus): 1) to compare pregnant or recently postpartum animals with nonpregnant, nonlact ...201526224434
sequencing strategies and characterization of 721 vervet monkey genomes for future genetic analyses of medically relevant traits.we report here the first genome-wide high-resolution polymorphism resource for non-human primate (nhp) association and linkage studies, constructed for the caribbean-origin vervet monkey, or african green monkey (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus), one of the most widely used nhps in biomedical research. we generated this resource by whole genome sequencing (wgs) of monkeys from the vervet research colony (vrc), an nih-supported research resource for which extensive phenotypic data are available.201526092298
inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) regulatory region variation in non-human primates.inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) is an enzyme that plays a key role in intracellular immune response against respiratory infections. since various species of nonhuman primates exhibit different levels of susceptibility to infectious respiratory diseases, and since variation in regulatory regions of genes is thought to play a key role in expression levels of genes, two candidate regulatory regions of inos were mapped, sequenced, and compared across five species of nonhuman primates: african ...201525675838
the genome of the vervet (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus).we describe a genome reference of the african green monkey or vervet (chlorocebus aethiops). this member of the old world monkey (owm) superfamily is uniquely valuable for genetic investigations of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), for which it is the most abundant natural host species, and of a wide range of health-related phenotypes assessed in caribbean vervets (c. a. sabaeus), whose numbers have expanded dramatically since europeans introduced small numbers of their ancestors from west af ...201526377836
molecular characterization of a new mosaic simian immunodeficiency virus in a naturally infected tantalus monkey (chlorocebus tantalus) from cameroon: a challenge to the virus-host co-evolution of sivagm in african green monkeys.african green monkeys (agms) represent the most widely distributed non-human primates species in africa. sivagm naturally infects four of the 6 agms species at high prevalence in a species-specific manner. to date, only limited information is available on molecular characteristics of sivagm infecting chlorocebus tantalus. here, we characterized the full-length genome of a virus infecting a naturally infected captive c. tantalus from cameroon by amplifying and sequencing sub-genomic pcr fragments ...201525500294
resistance of klebsiella pneumoniae to the innate immune system of african green monkeys.in recent years, an emergent klebsiella pneumoniae hypermucoviscosity (hmv) phenotype has been associated with increased invasiveness and pathogenicity in primates. in this project, bacteria recovered from infected african green monkeys (agm) (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) were screened for hmv phenotype, and were compared to non-hmv isolates in in vitro, serum, and oxidative-mediated killing assays. complement-mediated killing was assessed utilizing freshly collected serum from healthy agm. oxi ...201525614101
population bottlenecks and pathogen extinction: "make this everyone's mission to mars, including yours".kapusinszky et al. (j virol 89:8152-8161, 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00671-15) report that host population bottlenecks may result in pathogen extinction, which provides a compelling argument for an alternative approach to vaccination for the control of virus spread. by comparing the prevalence levels of three viral pathogens in two populations of african green monkeys (agms) (chlorocebus sabaeus) from africa and two caribbean islands, they convincingly show that a major host bottleneck ...201526018162
asthma in an adult female vervet monkey (chlorocebus sabaeus).a 9-y-old, colony-bred, female vervet monkey (chlorocebus sabaeus) presented with a 6-y history of open-mouth breathing, tachypnea, and sibilant wheezing. these symptoms did not significantly affect her activity or quality of life. thoracic radiographs and results of bronchoalveolar lavage supported the diagnosis of asthma. treatment comprising intramuscular prednisolone (tapered over 2 mo from twice daily to every other day), inhaled salmeterol-fluticasone (25 μg-250 μg per actuation twice dail ...201626884413
threats from the past: barbados green monkeys (chlorocebus sabaeus) fear leopards after centuries of isolation.ability to recognize and differentiate between predators and non-predators is a crucial component of successful anti-predator behavior. while there is evidence that both genetic and experiential mechanisms mediate anti-predator behaviors in various animal species, it is unknown to what extent each of these two mechanisms are utilized by the green monkey (chlorocebus sabaeus). green monkeys on the west indies island of barbados offer a unique opportunity to investigate the underpinnings of anti-p ...201626910174
transmission of staphylococcus aureus from humans to green monkeys in the gambia as revealed by whole-genome sequencing.staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen of humans and animals. we genome sequenced 90 s. aureus isolates from the gambia: 46 isolates from invasive disease in humans, 13 human carriage isolates, and 31 monkey carriage isolates. we inferred multiple anthroponotic transmissions of s. aureus from humans to green monkeys (chlorocebus sabaeus) in the gambia over different time scales. we report a novel monkey-associated clade of s. aureus that emerged from a human-to-monkey switch estimated to ...201627474712
scotopic vision in the monkey is modulated by the g protein-coupled receptor 55.the endogenous cannabinoid system plays important roles in the retina of mice and monkeys via their classic cb1 and cb2 receptors. we have previously reported that the g protein-coupled receptor 55 (gpr55), a putative cannabinoid receptor, is exclusively expressed in rod photoreceptors in the monkey retina, suggesting its possible role in scotopic vision. to test this hypothesis, we recorded full-field electroretinograms (ergs) after the intravitreal injection of the gpr55 agonist lysophosphatid ...201627485069
next generation sequencing (ngs) database for tandem repeats with multiple pattern 2°-shaft multicore string matching.next generation sequencing (ngs) technologies have been rapidly applied in biomedical and biological research in recent years. to provide the comprehensive ngs resource for the research, in this paper , we have considered 10 loci/codi/repeats taga, tcat, gaat, agat, agaa, gata, tatc, cttt, tctg and tcta. then we developed the ngs tandem repeat database (tandemrepeatdb) for all the chromosomes of homo sapiens, callithrix jacchus, chlorocebus sabaeus, gorilla gorilla, macaca fascicularis, macaca m ...201626981434
interaction of non-human primate complement and antibodies with hypermucoviscous klebsiella pneumoniae.emergent hypermucoviscosity (hmv) phenotypes of klebsiella pneumoniae have been associated with increased invasiveness and pathogenicity in primates. in this study, we investigated the interaction of african green monkeys (agm) (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) complement and antibody with hmv and non-hmv isolates as in vitro models of primate infection. significantly greater survival of hmv isolates was evident after incubation in normal serum or whole blood (p < 0.05) of agm donors when compared ...201626951091
dietary exposure to an environmental toxin triggers neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid deposits in the brain.neurofibrillary tangles (nft) and β-amyloid plaques are the neurological hallmarks of both alzheimer's disease and an unusual paralytic illness suffered by chamorro villagers on the pacific island of guam. many chamorros with the disease suffer dementia, and in some villages one-quarter of the adults perished from the disease. like alzheimer's, the causal factors of guamanian amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism dementia complex (als/pdc) are poorly understood. in replicated experiments, w ...201626791617
dual simian foamy virus/human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infections in persons from côte d'ivoire.zoonotic transmission of simian retroviruses in west-central africa occurring in primate hunters has resulted in pandemic spread of human immunodeficiency viruses (hivs) and human t-lymphotropic viruses (htlvs). while simian foamy virus (sfv) and simian t- lymphotropic virus (stlv)-like infection were reported in healthy persons exposed to nonhuman primates (nhps) in west-central africa, less is known about the distribution of these viruses in western africa and in hospitalized populations. we s ...201627310836
blood cell respirometry is associated with skeletal and cardiac muscle bioenergetics: implications for a minimally invasive biomarker of mitochondrial health.blood based bioenergetic profiling strategies are emerging as potential reporters of systemic mitochondrial function; however, the extent to which these measures reflect the bioenergetic capacity of other tissues is not known. the premise of this work is that highly metabolically active tissues, such as skeletal and cardiac muscle, are susceptible to differences in systemic bioenergetic capacity. therefore, we tested whether the respiratory capacity of blood cells, monocytes and platelets, are r ...201627693859
a comparison of adult body size between captive and wild vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) on the island of st. kitts.weight and 34 morphological measurements were obtained from 103 vervet monkeys living either in the wild or in captive colonies derived from the wild populations on the island of st. kitts in the eastern caribbean. all measures were taken during the same week, eliminating bias that might result from changing seasonal environmental conditions. vervets on st. kitts are all descended from a small number of individuals brought to the island approximately 400 years ago from west africa, thus eliminat ...201626801341
vitamin d heritability and effect of pregnancy status in vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) under conditions of modest and high dietary supplementation.the two objectives of the current study were to: 1) investigate the genetic contributions to variations in serum vitamin d concentrations under two dietary conditions (a standard monkey biscuit diet vs. a diet designed to model typical american consumption); and 2) explore the interaction of vitamin d with pregnancy status using a cohort of pedigreed female vervet/african green monkeys.201626708407
measurement of hematological and serum biochemical normal values of captive housed chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus monkeys and correlation with the age.some factors such as sex, age, and captivity conditions have a direct influence on the normal hematological and serum biochemical parameters of african green monkeys. on the other hand, reliability in reported values is in many cases limited by studied animal number (<200) and there is not report on the correlation of these parameters with the age in each sex animal group. thus, this study sought determining normal hematological (11) and serum biochemical parameters (9) of 400 captive housed afr ...201626647919
prenatal alcohol exposure affects progenitor cell numbers in olfactory bulbs and dentate gyrus of vervet monkeys.fetal alcohol exposure (fae) alters hippocampal cell numbers in rodents and primates, and this may be due, in part, to a reduction in the number or migration of neuronal progenitor cells. the olfactory bulb exhibits substantial postnatal cellular proliferation and a rapid turnover of newly formed cells in the rostral migratory pathway, while production and migration of postnatal neurons into the dentate gyrus may be more complex. the relatively small size of the olfactory bulb, compared to the h ...201627801790
effects of heated hydrotherapy on muscle hsp70 and glucose metabolism in old and young vervet monkeys.increasing heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) in aged and/or insulin-resistant animal models confers benefits to healthspan and lifespan. heat application to increase core temperature induces hsps in metabolically important tissues, and preliminary human and animal data suggest that heated hydrotherapy is an effective method to achieve increased hsps. however, safety concerns exist, particularly in geriatric medicine where organ and cardiovascular disease commonly will preexist. we evaluated young ve ...201627188431
creating a simian model of guam als/pdc which reflects chamorro lifetime bmaa exposures.the theory that β-n-methylamino-l-alanine (bmaa), a cyanobacterial toxin, contaminates traditional food supplies of the chamorro people of guam is supported by the recent finding that chronic dietary exposure to l-bmaa in vervets (chlorocebus sabaeus) triggers the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (nft) and β-amyloid plaques in the brain. in the first experiment, we found that all four vervets receiving a 210 mg/kg dose for 140 days developed nft and sparse amyloid deposits. in the second exp ...201728478528
obesity and obesogenic growth are both highly heritable and modified by diet in a nonhuman primate model, the african green monkey (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus).in humans, the ontogeny of obesity throughout the life course and the genetics underlying it has been historically difficult to study. we compared, in a non-human primate model, the lifelong growth trajectories of obese and non-obese adults to assess the heritability of and map potential genomic regions implicated in growth and obesity.201729211707
effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the visual system of monkeys measured at different stages of development.fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (fasd) is a developmental disease characterized by behavioral problems and physical defects including malformations of the eye and associated optical defects. how these malformations affect retinal functioning is not well known, although animal models have suggested that scotopic vision is particularly deficient. age is also known to affect scotopic vision. here, we determined the combined effects of age and fetal alcohol exposure (fae) on retinal function using f ...201729242902
hematologic and biochemical ris for an aged population of captive african green monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus).established ris for geriatric african green monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) are critical for clinical differentiation of normal aging from disease-related changes in this population.201728543372
renal vascular and glomerular pathologies associated with spontaneous hypertension in the nonhuman primate chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus.hypertension is a complex, multifactorial disease affecting an estimated 78 million adults in the united states. despite scientific gains, the etiology of human essential hypertension is unknown and current experimental models do not recapitulate all the behavioral and physiological characteristics of the pathology. researchers should assess the translational capacity of these models and look to other animal models for the discovery of new therapies. chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus, the african gre ...201728659284
high leptospira seroprevalence in captive and wild-caught vervet monkeys ( chlorocebus sabeus) on the caribbean island of saint kitts.leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of global importance. very little information is available on leptospira infection in nonhuman primates. we report herein a high seroprevalence (49.4%; 95% confidence interval: 41.6-57.2%) to leptospira serovars in vervet monkeys ( chlorocebus sabeus) on the caribbean island of saint kitts. monkeys bred in captivity ( n = 81) had a significantly higher seroprevalence compared to wild-caught monkeys ( n = 81; p < 0.05). seroprevalence to serovar bataviae was si ...201728782434
uterine angioleiomyoma in an african green monkey (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus).a uterine neoplasm was observed, as an incidental finding, during post-mortem examination of a 26-year-old female multiparous african green monkey (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus). the intramural, expansile, 2 to 3 cm well-demarcated, dark-red, nodular neoplasm was located on the anterior uterine body (corpus) wall.201727859319
biodegradable scaffolds promote tissue remodeling and functional improvement in non-human primates with acute spinal cord injury.tissue loss significantly reduces the potential for functional recovery after spinal cord injury. we previously showed that implantation of porous scaffolds composed of a biodegradable and biocompatible block copolymer of poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid and poly-l-lysine improves functional recovery and reduces spinal cord tissue injury after spinal cord hemisection injury in rats. here, we evaluated the safety and efficacy of porous scaffolds in non-human old-world primates (chlorocebus sabaeus) a ...201728167393
detection of picobirnaviruses in vervet monkeys (chlorocebus sabaeus): molecular characterization of complete genomic segment-2.during 2014-2015, 270 fecal samples were collected from non-diarrheic, captive and wild african green monkeys (agms) on the island of st. kitts, caribbean region. by rna-page, picobirnaviruses (pbvs) were detected in sixteen captive agms. by rt-pcr and sequencing of partial gene segment-2, pbvs in 15 of these 16 samples were assigned to genogroup-i. the full-length nucleotide (nt) sequence of gene segment-2 of one of the genogroup-i pbv strains, strain pbv/african green monkey/kna/016593/2015, w ...201728057480
biofilm formation of hypermucoviscous and non-hypermucoviscous klebsiella pneumoniae recovered from clinically affected african green monkey (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus).in recent years, an emergent klebsiella pneumoniae hypermucoviscous (hmv) phenotype has been associated with increased invasiveness and pathogenicity in primates. the hmv phenotype is characterized by different capsular serotypes, associated with several genes including the rmpa (regulator of mucoid phenotype) and maga (mucoviscosity-associated) genes. in african green monkeys (agm) (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) serotypes k1 and k5 have been implicated in fatal multisystemic abscesses. in order ...201728366827
convergent balancing selection on the mu-opioid receptor in primates.the mu opioid receptor is involved in many natural processes including stress response, pleasure, and pain. mutations in the gene also have been associated with opiate and alcohol addictions as well as with responsivity to medication targeting these disorders. two common and mutually exclusive polymorphisms have been identified in humans, a118g (n40d), found commonly in non-african populations, and c17t (v6a), found almost exclusively in african populations. while a118g has been studied extensiv ...201728333316
molecular species identification of trichuris trichiura in african green monkey on st. kitts, west indies.the population of african green monkeys (agm, chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) on st. kitts, west indies is believed to be as large as or greater than the human population. interactions with humans are frequent and the pathogens carried by agm, such as trichuris spp., may pose a risk to humans. the objectives of this study were to assess the use of molecular methods for diagnosing trichuris spp. in agm and compare its dna sequences to those of trichuris spp. found in other non-human primates and hu ...201831014613
synergistic effects of cisplatin-caffeic acid induces apoptosis in human cervical cancer cells via the mitochondrial pathways.cervical cancer (cxca) is a major health problem globally and is associated with the presence of human papillomavirus infection. cisplatin (cddp) is a platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent. owing to its side effects and drug-resistance, novel anticancer agents with lower toxicity, including caffeic acid (cfc), are of interest. however, the effects of cddp and cfc in combination are, to the best of our knowledge, uninvestigated. the present study investigated the effectiveness of cddp and cfc in ...201829731891
expression and localization of cb1r, nape-pld, and faah in the vervet monkey nucleus accumbens.extensive rodent literature suggests that the endocannabinoid (ecb) system present in the nucleus accumbens (nac) modulates dopamine (da) release in this area. however, expression patterns of the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (cb1r), the synthesizing enzyme n-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase d (nape-pld), and the degradation enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (faah) in the nac have not yet been described in non-human primates. the goal of this study is therefore to characterize the expre ...201829875385
identity construction and symbolic association in farmer-vervet monkey (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) interconnections in st. kitts.primates occupy a liminal space between humans and animals. on the caribbean island of st. kitts, translocated vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) are respected creatures, yet they cause problems. vervets regularly consume crops on farms and are considered "pests"; still, kittitians express empathy and understanding for them based largely on the monkeys' display of human-like behaviours. using data from interviews with 64 kittitian farmers, we deconstruct the symbolism of the vervet mo ...201829631262
neurodegenerative disease biomarkers aβ1-40, aβ1-42, tau, and p-tau181 in the vervet monkey cerebrospinal fluid: relation to normal aging, genetic influences, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy.the caribbean vervet monkey (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) is a potentially valuable animal model of neurodegenerative disease. however, the trajectory of aging in vervets and its relationship to human disease is incompletely understood.201829484263
dynamic transcriptome profiling dataset of vaccinia virus obtained from long-read sequencing techniques.poxviruses are large dna viruses that infect humans and animals. vaccinia virus (vacv) has been applied as a live vaccine for immunization against smallpox, which was eradicated by 1980 as a result of worldwide vaccination. vacv is the prototype of poxviruses in the investigation of the molecular pathogenesis of the virus. short-read sequencing methods have revolutionized transcriptomics; however, they are not efficient in distinguishing between the rna isoforms and transcript overlaps. long-rea ...201830476066
enhancing viral vaccine production using engineered knockout vero cell lines - a second look.the global adoption of vaccines to combat disease is hampered by the high cost of vaccine manufacturing. the work described herein follows two previous publications (van der sanden et al., 2016; wu et al., 2017) that report a strategy to enhance poliovirus and rotavirus vaccine production through genetic modification of the vero cell lines used in large-scale vaccine manufacturing. crispr/cas9 gene editing tools were used to knockout vero target genes previously shown to play a role in polio- an ...201829555218
greater microbial translocation and vulnerability to metabolic disease in healthy aged female monkeys.monkeys demonstrate gastrointestinal barrier dysfunction (leaky gut) as evidenced by higher biomarkers of microbial translocation (mt) and inflammation with ageing despite equivalent health status, and lifelong diet and environmental conditions. we evaluated colonic structural, microbiomic and functional changes in old female vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabeus) and how age-related leaky gut alters responses to western diet. we additionally assessed serum bovine immunoglobulin therapy to ...201830054517
type-2-diabetes alters csf but not plasma metabolomic and ad risk profiles in vervet monkeys.epidemiological studies suggest that individuals with type 2 diabetes (t2d) have a twofold to fourfold increased risk for developing alzheimer's disease (ad), however, the exact mechanisms linking the two diseases are unknown. in both conditions, the majority of pathophysiological changes, including glucose and insulin dysregulation, insulin resistance, and ad-related changes in aβ and tau, occur decades before the onset of clinical symptoms and diagnosis. in this study, we investigated the rela ...201931555072
signature microrna expression profile is associated with spontaneous hypertension in african green monkey.chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus, the african green monkey (agm), has been proved to exhibit renal vascular remodeling and spontaneous hypertension. however, little is known about the roles of micrornas (mirnas) in this process.using small rna deep sequencing, we compared the plasma mirna expression patterns between hypertensive (ht) agms and normotensive (nt) agms. expression of mirnas (mir-122, mir-339, mir-296-5p) was validated independently in plasma samples from 10 ht agms and 10 nt agms (fold ...201929787292
conserved alarm calls but rapid auditory learning in monkey responses to novel flying objects.to evaluate the flexibility in vocal production and comprehension in a non-human primate, we presented a drone to west african green monkeys, chlorocebus sabaeus. calls given in response to the drone were clearly distinct from those given to other predators, but highly similar to the aerial alarm calls of the east african vervet monkey, chlorocebus pygerythrus, suggesting that call structure is conserved. to probe how rapidly the animals attached meaning to the sound of the drone, we played back ...201931133723
should monkeys wash their hands and feet: a pilot-study on sources of zoonotic parasite exposure.human exposure to zoonotic parasites via contaminated soil is a much studied area. less research has been performed on exposure via contact with animals and surfaces such as picnic tables with which infected animals might be in contact. on st. kitts, wild african green monkeys (agm; chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus), which are known to have zoonotic parasites, roam freely in areas with outdoor dining facilities and are used in the tourist industry. in this study, the hands and feet of eight agm and ...201930963089
decreased antibiotic susceptibility driven by global remodeling of the klebsiella pneumoniae proteome.bacteria can circumvent the effect of antibiotics by transitioning to a poorly understood physiological state that does not involve conventional genetic elements of resistance. here we examine antibiotic susceptibility with a class a β-lactamase+ invasive strain of klebsiella pneumoniae that was isolated from a lethal outbreak within laboratory colonies of chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus monkeys. bacterial responses to the ribosomal synthesis inhibitors streptomycin and doxycycline resulted in dist ...201930617156
extraintestinal acanthocephalan oncicola venezuelensis (oligacanthorhynchidae) in small indian mongooses (herpestes auropunctatus) and african green monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus).we identified multiple extraintestinal cystacanths during routine postmortem examination of 3 small indian mongooses and 2 african green monkeys from the caribbean island of st. kitts. in mongooses, cystacanths were encysted or free in the subcutaneous tissue, skeletal muscle, or peritoneal or pericardial cavities, whereas in the monkeys, they were in the cavity and parietal layer of the, tunica vaginalis, skeletal muscle, and peritoneal cavity. morphological, histological, and molecular charact ...201931170895
immunosuppressive effect and global dysregulation of blood transcriptome in response to psychosocial stress in vervet monkeys (chlorocebus sabaeus).psychosocial stressors - life events that challenge social support and relationships - represent powerful risk factors for human disease; included amongst these events are relocation, isolation and displacement. to evaluate the impact of a controlled psychosocial stressor on physiology and underlying molecular pathways, we longitudinally studied the influence of a 28-day period of quarantine on biomarkers of immune signalling, microbial translocation, glycaemic health and blood transcriptome in ...202032103041
transcriptomic analysis of cell-free fetal rna in the amniotic fluid of vervet monkeys (chlorocebus sabaeus).nhp are important translational models for understanding the genomic underpinnings of growth, development, fetal programming, and predisposition to disease, with potential for the development of early health biomarkers. understanding how prenatal gene expression is linked to pre- and postnatal health and development requires methods for assessing the fetal transcriptome. here we used rnaseq methodology to analyze the expression of cell-free fetal rna in the amniotic fluid supernatant (afs) of ve ...202031969210
genomic diversity of escherichia coli isolates from non-human primates in the gambia.increasing contact between humans and non-human primates provides an opportunity for the transfer of potential pathogens or antimicrobial resistance between host species. we have investigated genomic diversity and antimicrobial resistance in escherichia coli isolates from four species of non-human primates in the gambia: papio papio (n=22), chlorocebus sabaeus (n=14), piliocolobus badius (n=6) and erythrocebus patas (n=1). we performed illumina whole-genome sequencing on 101 isolates from 43 sto ...202032924917
transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 is expressed in the horizontal pathway of the vervet monkey retina.the ubiquitous distribution of the classic endocannabinoid system (cannabinoid receptors cb1 and cb2) has been demonstrated within the monkey nervous system, including the retina. transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (trpv1) is a cannabinoid-like non-selective cation channel receptor that is present in the retina and binds to endovannilloids and endocannabinoids, like anandamide, 2-arachidonoylglycerol and n-arachidonoyl dopamine. retinal expression patterns of trpv1 are available for r ...202032694518
adenovirus infections in african humans and wild non-human primates: great diversity and cross-species transmission.non-human primates (nhps) are known hosts for adenoviruses (advs), so there is the possibility of the zoonotic or cross-species transmission of advs. as with humans, adv infections in animals can cause diseases that range from asymptomatic to fatal. the aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and diversity of advs in: (i) fecal samples of apes and monkeys from different african countries (republic of congo, senegal, djibouti and algeria), (ii) stool of humans living near gorillas in ...202032570742
l-serine reduces spinal cord pathology in a vervet model of preclinical als/mnd.the early neuropathological features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease (als/mnd) are protein aggregates in motor neurons and microglial activation. similar pathology characterizes guamanian als/parkinsonism dementia complex, which may be triggered by the cyanotoxin β-n-methylamino-l-alanine (bmaa). we report here the occurrence of als/mnd-type pathological changes in vervets (chlorocebus sabaeus; n = 8) fed oral doses of a dry powder of bmaa hcl salt (210 mg/kg/day) for 140 d ...202032077471
epidemic of venereal treponematosis in wild monkeys: a paradigm for syphilis origin.treponema pallidum infections have been primarily known as slightly contagious mucocutaneous infections called yaws (tropical africa and america) and bejel (subtropical north africa). t. pallidum emerged as a highly infectious venereal syphilis agent in south america, probably about 500 years ago, and because of its venereal transmission, it quickly caused a worldwide pandemic. the disease manifests as lesions, including a chancre; then antibodies become detectable when or slightly after the cha ...202032368345
discrimination of the effects of three cardiac ion channel blockers using ecg biomarkers and arrhythmia incidence in st. kitts green monkeys (chlorocebus sabaeus). 202031963047
non-human primate determinants of natural killer cells in tissues at steady-state and during simian immunodeficiency virus infection.natural killer (nk) cells play essential roles in immunity to viruses and tumors. their function is genetically determined but also modulated by environmental factors. the distribution and functional regulation of these cells vary depending on the tissue. nk cell behavior in lymphoid tissues is so far understudied. non-human primate (nhp) models are essential for the development of therapies and vaccines against human diseases, and access to nhp tissues allows insights into spatial regulations o ...202033013901
tabanids as possible pathogen vectors in senegal (west africa).species of the tabanidae are potent vectors of human and animal diseases, but they have not been thoroughly investigated to date. in senegal (west africa), little information is available on these dipterans. our objective in this study was to investigate senegalese tabanids and their diversity by using molecular and proteomics approaches, as well as their associated pathogens.202033004069
generation of pluripotent stem cells using somatic cell nuclear transfer and induced pluripotent somatic cells from african green monkeys.patient-specific stem cells derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer (scnt) embryos or from induced pluripotent stem cells (ipscs) could be used to treat various diseases with minimal immune rejection. many studies using these cells have been conducted in rats and mice; however, there exist numerous dissimilarities between the rodents and humans limiting the clinical predictive power and experimental utility of rodent experiments alone. nonhuman primates (nhps) share greater homology to human ...202032715987
identification of a novel simian immunodeficiency virus-infected african green monkey (chlorocebus tantalus) confirms that tantalus monkeys in cameroon are infected with a mosaic sivagm lineage.in this study we report on the identification of a simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) infecting a chlorocebus tantalus from cameroon. the isolate, sivagmtan-ca1, was molecularly characterized by sequencing partial genome (∼4,000 bp) using the conventional sanger method and the oxford nanopore technology (ont). in pol and gp41/nef sivagmtan-ca1 clusters with sivagmsab infecting chlorocebus sabaeus from west africa, whereas in env-gp120 it clusters with sivagmtan infecting c. tantalus from centra ...202031547667
leptospira infections in domestic and wild animals.leptospirosis is a worldwide-distributed, re-emerging zoonosis due to the large variety of wild and domestic animal species that can play the role of natural or accidental host. currently, specific animal species play an important role as the reservoir for particular leptospira serovars, although recent investigations have highlighted new host-pathogen interactions involved in leptospira epidemiology. furthermore, the constant modification of ecosystems and wildlife habitats and the constantly i ...202032679834
no evidence for sylvatic cycles of chikungunya, dengue and zika viruses in african green monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) on st. kitts, west indies.dengue, chikungunya and zika viruses (denv, chikv and zikv) are transmitted in sylvatic transmission cycles between non-human primates and forest (sylvan) mosquitoes in africa and asia. it remains unclear if sylvatic cycles exist or could establish themselves elsewhere and contribute to the epidemiology of these diseases. the caribbean island of st. kitts has a large african green monkey (agm) (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) population and is therefore ideally suited to investigate sylvatic cycle ...202033126907
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