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co-occurrence of free-living protozoa and foodborne pathogens on dishcloths: implications for food safety.in the present study, the occurrence of free-living protozoa (flp) and foodborne bacterial pathogens on dishcloths was investigated. dishcloths form a potentially important source of cross-contamination with flp and foodborne pathogens in food-related environments. first various protocols for recovering and quantifying flp from dishcloths were assessed. the stomacher technique is recommended to recover flagellates and amoebae from dishcloths. ciliates, however, were more efficiently recovered us ...201425260173
radiation-treated ready-to-eat (rte) chicken breast adobo for immuno-compromised patients.usually in hospitals low-bacterial diets are served to immuno-compromised patients (icps). however, low-bacterial diets still pose a high risk of microbial infections and limit the food selection of the patients. thus, pathogen-free dishes must be made available. this study presents the development of pathogen-free ready-to-eat (rte) filipino ethnic food chicken breast adobo, sterilized by exposure to high-dose gamma rays (25 kgy) in combination with conventional treatments. frozen vacuum-packed ...201424912709
mortality and translocation assay to study the protective capacity of bifidobacterium lactis inl1 against salmonella typhimurium infection in mice.the mouse has been largely used for the study of the protective capacity of probiotics against intestinal infections caused by salmonella. in this work we aimed at comparing the mortality and translocation assay for the study of the protective capacity of the human breast milk-derived strain bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis inl1 on a model of gut infection by salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium. different doses of s. typhimurium funed and b. animalis subsp. lactis inl 1 ...201424902954
synergistic effects of bifidobacterium thermophilum rbl67 and selected prebiotics on inhibition of salmonella colonization in the swine proximal colon polyferms model.probiotics and prebiotics are promising strategies to counteract salmonella prevalence in swine. in the present study, we investigated the effects of prebiotics (fructo- (fos), galacto- (gos) and mannan- (mos) oligosaccharides) and the bacteriocinogenic bifidobacterium thermophilum rbl67 (rbl67) on salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium n-15 (n-15) colonization using the polyferms in vitro continuous fermentation model simulating the swine proximal colon.201425364390
specific discrimination of three pathogenic salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotypes by carb-based oligonucleotide microarray.it is important to rapidly and selectively detect and analyze pathogenic salmonella enterica subsp. enterica in contaminated food to reduce the morbidity and mortality of salmonella infection and to guarantee food safety. in the present work, we developed an oligonucleotide microarray containing duplicate specific capture probes based on the carb gene, which encodes the carbamoyl phosphate synthetase large subunit, as a competent biomarker evaluated by genetic analysis to selectively and efficie ...201424185846
comparative genomics of closely related salmonella enterica serovar typhi strains reveals genome dynamics and the acquisition of novel pathogenic elements.typhoid fever is an infectious disease of global importance that is caused by salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi). this disease causes an estimated 200,000 deaths per year and remains a serious global health threat. s. typhi is strictly a human pathogen, and some recovered individuals become long-term carriers who continue to shed the bacteria in their faeces, thus becoming main reservoirs of infection.201425412680
genomic characterization of salmonella cerro st367, an emerging salmonella subtype in cattle in the united states.within the last decade, salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar cerro (s. cerro) has become one of the most common serovars isolated from cattle and dairy farm environments in the northeastern us. the fact that this serovar is commonly isolated from subclinically infected cattle and is rarely associated with human disease, despite its frequent isolation from cattle, has led to the hypothesis that this emerging serovar may be characterized by reduced virulence. we applied comparative and popu ...201424898914
decay of genetic markers for fecal bacterial indicators and pathogens in sand from lake superior.beach sands impact water quality and pathogen loads, however, the comparative decay of the fecal indicator bacteria (fib) enterococcus spp. and escherichia coli, and pathogens in freshwater sand have not been examined. in this study, freshwater sand microcosms were inoculated with sewage and pure cultures of bacterial pathogens to compare relative decay rates. the abundance of culturable enterococcus spp. and e. coli, genetic markers for enterococcus spp. (entero1), total bacteroides (allbac), a ...201424793108
a modified molecular beacons-based multiplex real-time pcr assay for simultaneous detection of eight foodborne pathogens in a single reaction and its application.foodborne disease outbreaks are often caused by one of the major pathogens. early identification of the causal pathogen is crucial for disease control and prevention. we describe a real-time polymerase chain reaction (rtpcr) assay that can identify, in a single reaction, up to eight common foodborne bacterial pathogens, including salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, listeria monocytogenes, escherichia coli o157, vibrio parahaemolyticus, v. vulnificus, campylobacter jejuni, enterobacter sakazakii ...201424328501
prevalence of the aminoglycoside phosphotransferase genes aph(3')-iiia and aph(3')-iia in escherichia coli, enterococcus faecalis, enterococcus faecium, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella enterica subsp. enterica and staphylococcus aureus isolates in austria.the aminoglycoside phosphotransferase aph(3')-iia primarily inactivates kanamycin and neomycin, whilst aph(3')-iiia also inactivates amikacin. the aim of this study was to determine the frequency of both resistance genes in major human pathogens to obtain their baseline prevalence in the gene pool of these bacterial populations in austria. in total, 10 541 escherichia coli, enterococcus faecalis, enterococcus faecium, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella enterica subsp. enterica and staphylococcus ...201424194558
depuration times of donax trunculus and tapes decussatus.the present study was performed to determine the depuration time and ability of donax trunculus (wedge clam) and tapes decussatus (carpet shell) contaminated with escherichia coli, salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium and vibrio parahaemolyticus. clams were contaminated with each bacterium at the level of 7.0 - 8.0 log10 cfu/g. after contamination, clams were analyzed every 3 h in the first 24 h time period and every 6 h until the 72nd hour. during the depuration process of bo ...201425477938
investigating the physiological roles of low-efficiency d-mannonate and d-gluconate dehydratases in the enolase superfamily: pathways for the catabolism of l-gulonate and l-idonate.the sequence/function space in the d-mannonate dehydratase subgroup (mand) of the enolase superfamily was investigated to determine how enzymatic function diverges as sequence identity decreases [wichelecki, d. j., et al. (2014) biochemistry 53, 2722-2731]. that study revealed that members of the mand subgroup vary in substrate specificity and catalytic efficiency: high-efficiency (kcat/km = 10(3)-10(4) m(-1) s(-1)) for dehydration of d-mannonate, low-efficiency (kcat/km = 10-10(2) m(-1) s(-1)) ...201425145794
development of ssdna aptamers for the sensitive detection of salmonella typhimurium and salmonella enteritidis.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ser. enteritidis and salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ser. typhimurium are the most common and severe food-borne pathogens responsible for causing salmonellosis in humans and animals. the development of an early and ultra-sensitive detection system is the first critical step in controlling this disease. to accomplish this, we used the cell systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (cell-selex) technique to identify single-stranded dna (ssdna ...201425096391
targeting relaxase genes for classification of the predominant plasmids in enterobacteriaceae.plasmids are the main vectors of antimicrobial drug resistance and virulence genes, especially in enterobacteriaceae. identification and classification of plasmids is essential for analysis of their distribution. the most widely used typing method is pcr-based replicon typing (pbrt). a new classification scheme based on relaxase gene typing has been described recently. we propose a practical application of this method, with the development of a multiplex pcr set targeting relaxase genes found on ...201424342269
shedding of zoonotic pathogens and analysis of stomach contents in great cormorants (phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) from switzerland between 2007 and 2012.208 healthy great cormorants (phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) shot during 5 consecutive hunting seasons from 2007/2008 until 2011/2012 were tested for newcastle disease virus (apmv-1), avian influenza virus (aiv), chlamydiae, and salmonella spp. in addition, stomach contents were gross macroscopically examined. none of the birds was positive for apmv1, aiv or chlamydiae. twice salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium and once a rough mutant of salmonella typhimurium were found. stom ...201425082636
saccharomyces boulardii prevention of the hepatic injury induced by salmonella enteritidis infection.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis (salmonella enteritidis) is the predominant cause of serovar-associated food-borne outbreaks in many countries and causes significant clinical symptoms of liver injury, enteritis, and diarrheal diseases. saccharomyces boulardii is used in clinical application for prophylaxis and the treatment of a variety of diseases caused by bacterial infection. we used a mouse model of salmonella enteritidis infection, which included pretreatment with s. ...201425231732
the effect of environmental pollutants and food processing on the development of antibiotic resistance.the purpose of this study was to determine how various compounds known to be positive mutagens, contribute to the development of mutations leading to ciprofloxacin resistance in salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype typhimurium. the molecular mechanism of ciprofloxacin resistance in treated strains was investigated.201423128813
molecular characterization of salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- dt193 assut strains from two outbreaks in italy.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- dt193 is recognized as an emerging monophasic variant of salmonella typhimurium in many european countries. resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphonamides, and tetracycline (r-type assut) is described as one of the most common profiles of resistance within this clone. recently, strains presenting such features were isolated from two unrelated outbreaks in italy. strains were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), ...201424328499
transcriptional profile of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar weltevreden during alfalfa sprout colonization.sprouted seeds represent a great risk for infection by human enteric pathogens because of favourable growth conditions for pathogens during their germination. the aim of this study was to identify mechanisms of interactions of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica weltevreden with alfalfa sprouts. rna-seq analysis of s. weltevreden grown with sprouts in comparison with m9-glucose medium showed that among a total of 4158 annotated coding sequences, 177 genes (4.3%) and 345 genes (8.3%) were transcr ...201424308841
comparative genomic analysis and virulence differences in closely related salmonella enterica serotype heidelberg isolates from humans, retail meats, and animals.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar heidelberg (s. heidelberg) is one of the top serovars causing human salmonellosis. recently, an antibiotic-resistant strain of this serovar was implicated in a large 2011 multistate outbreak resulting from consumption of contaminated ground turkey that involved 136 confirmed cases, with one death. in this study, we assessed the evolutionary diversity of 44 s. heidelberg isolates using whole-genome sequencing (wgs) generated by the 454 gs flx (roche) pl ...201424732280
identification and characterization of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar derby isolates carrying a new aada26 gene cassette in a class 1 integron obtained at pig slaughterhouses.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (s.) serovar derby is one of the most prevalent serovars in pigs. twenty-seven multiresistant s. derby isolates, obtained at two pig slaughterhouses in southern brazil, were investigated for their molecular relationships, genotypic resistance and presence of class 1 and 2 integrons. all isolates shared the same xbai-macrorestriction pattern and showed a common resistance genotype with resistance to streptomycin/spectinomycin (aada variant), sulphonamides (sul1 ...201424839926
salmonella vaccines: lessons from the mouse model or bad teaching?salmonella enterica subsp. enterica includes several very important human serovars including typhi, paratyphi, typhimurium and enteritidis. these bacteria cause a significant global burden of disease, typically classified into enteric fever, gastroenteritis and, more recently, invasive non-typhoidal salmonellosis (ints). vaccines have been developed for one of these serovars, s. typhi and the recent increase in ints cases has resulted in a push to develop new vaccines that will inhibit disease b ...201424440968
extended-spectrum β-lactamase- and ampc β-lactamase-producing d-tartrate-positive salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi b from broilers and human patients in belgium, 2008-10.to characterize the genetic determinants responsible for extended-spectrum cephalosporin (esc) resistance of d-tartrate-positive salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar paratyphi b (serovar paratyphi b dt+) strains that have emerged in poultry and humans in belgium during 2008-10.201424379303
[occurrence and characterization of monophasic salmonella enterica subsp. enterica with antigenic formula 1,4, [5], 12: i:-isolated in poland in 2007-2012].salmonella is significant etiological agent of bacterial intestinal infections in poland and other european union countries. since the 90's increasing incidence of monophasic salmonella antigenic formula 1,4,[5],12:i:-has been observed, which are divided into two lineages: spanish and european. more common european lineage are characterized by antimicrobial resistance assut and dt193 phagetype. in many european countries, these organisms have become one of the most commonly isolated serovars. th ...201425369653
studies on the antibacterial activity of khaya senegalensis [(desr.) a. juss)] stem bark extract on salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhi [(ex kauffmann and edwards) le minor and popoff].to study the phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of the stem bark extracts of khaya senegalensis (k. senegalensis) against salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhi.201425183098
characterization of an unusual salmonella phage type dt7a and report of a foodborne outbreak of salmonellosis.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 4,[5],12,i:- is a monophasic variant of salmonella typhimurium and its occurrence has markedly increased in several european countries in the last ten years. in june 2011, an outbreak of salmonella 4,[5],12,i:- was reported among attendees of a wedding reception in the north-east of italy. the source of this outbreak was identified as a cooked pork product served during the wedding reception. all salmonella isolates from humans and the contaminated por ...201425108760
trs-based pcr as a potential tool for inter-serovar discrimination of salmonella enteritidis, s. typhimurium, s. infantis, s. virchow, s. hadar, s. newport and s. anatum.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica comprises a number of serovars, many of which pose an epidemiological threat to humans and are a worldwide cause of morbidity and mortality. most reported food infection outbreaks involve the serovars salmonella enteritidis and salmonella typhimurium. rapid identification to determine the primary sources of the bacterial contamination is important to the improvement of public health. in recent years, many dna-based techniques have been applied to genotype salm ...201425063578
first fully closed genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar cubana associated with a food-borne outbreak.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar cubana (salmonella serovar cubana) is associated with human and animal disease. here, we used third-generation, single-molecule, real-time dna sequencing to determine the first complete genome sequence of salmonella serovar cubana cfsan002050, which was isolated from fresh alfalfa sprouts during a multistate outbreak in 2012.201425359917
an evaluation of alternative methods for constructing phylogenies from whole genome sequence data: a case study with salmonella.comparative genomics based on whole genome sequencing (wgs) is increasingly being applied to investigate questions within evolutionary and molecular biology, as well as questions concerning public health (e.g., pathogen outbreaks). given the impact that conclusions derived from such analyses may have, we have evaluated the robustness of clustering individuals based on wgs data to three key factors: (1) next-generation sequencing (ngs) platform (hiseq, miseq, iontorrent, 454, and solid), (2) algo ...201425332847
phylogenetic and population genetic analysis of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar infantis strains isolated in japan using whole genome sequence data.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar infantis has been reported to be carried asymptomatically in chickens and isolated from some human patients with diarrhea. the aim of this study was to investigate the phylogeny of s. infantis strains isolated in japan from chicken meat, chicken egg shells, environmental samples from a grading and packing center for chicken eggs (gp center), diarrhea patients, and asymptomatic carriers based on whole genome sequence data. the s. infantis strains were i ...201424999237
development of multiplex pcr for rapid identification of four salmonella serovars most commonly isolated in japan.more than 2,500 serovars of salmonella species have been reported to date. a multiplex-pcr method was developed and evaluated for discriminating the four salmonella enterica subsp enterica serovars, namely, s. enteritidis, s. typhimurium, s. thompson and s. infantis, most commonly isolated in japan. twenty-two serovars of 84 salmonella strains and 7 species of non-salmonella strains were evaluated using primer pairs specific for the detection of salmonella spp. multiplex pcr generated, with 100% ...201424974650
genome sequences of eight salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars isolated from a single dairy farm.here, we report draft genome sequences of 26 isolates of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, representing eight serotypes, which were isolated from cows in a pennsylvania dairy herd, the farm on which they were reared, and the associated off-site heifer-raising facility over an 8-year sampling period.201424762931
genome analysis and crispr typing of salmonella enterica serovar virchow.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar virchow has been recognized as a significant health burden in asia, australia and europe. in addition to its global distribution, s. virchow is clinically significant due to the frequency at which it causes invasive infections and its association with outbreaks arising from food-borne transmission. here, we examine the genome of an invasive isolate of s. virchow svq1 (phage type 8) from an outbreak in southeast queensland, australia. in addition to ide ...201424885207
antimicrobial resistance in salmonella strains clinically isolated in hyogo, japan (2009-2012).the purpose of this study was to examine the in vitro susceptibilities to antimicrobial agents and genetic diversity of 195 clinical strains of salmonella spp., which were isolated and examined for the extended-spectrum β-lactamase (esbl) blactx-m gene and the presence of gyra, gyrb, parc, and pare genes mutations in hyogo, japan, from 2009 to 2012. forty-three of the 195 strains were antimicrobial resistant. two salmonella enterica subsp. enterica strains, 1 serovar schwarzengrund, and 1 serova ...201424451104
quinolone resistance mechanisms in salmonella enterica serovars hadar, kentucky, virchow, schwarzengrund, and 4,5,12:i:-, isolated from humans in switzerland, and identification of a novel qnrd variant, qnrd2, in s. hadar.human isolates of salmonella enterica serovars hadar, kentucky, virchow, schwarzengrund, and the monophasic variant of s. typhimurium, salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 4,5,12:i:- were examined for mutations within the quinolone resistance target genes gyra, gyrb, parc, and pare and for plasmid-mediated resistance genes. differences were observed among the serovars. a novel variant of qnrd, qnrd2, was detected in an s. hadar isolate.201424733466
clonal distribution of monophasic salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype 4,[5],12:i:- in the czech republic.abstract salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- has become the third most common serotype in europe, including the czech republic. in this study, phenotypic and genotypic methods for a more detailed description of this serotype were used. analysis of a limited number of isolates revealed that 76% of them belonged to phage type dt193. also, rare phage types dt208 and u311 were identified. in total, 88.6% of the isolates were resistant to at least four antimicrobial agents. in this study, 24 multilocus variable- ...201424823892
genome sequence of the salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar namur strain 05-2929, lacking the salmonella atypical fimbrial operon.this paper announces the genome sequence and annotation of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar namur strain 05-2929. s. namur is a new serovar (39:z4,z23:-) that was isolated from a patient with salmonellosis in 2005 in namur, belgium, and has been identified as lacking the salmonella atypical fimbrial (saf) operon.201424723724
a comparison of the bax system method to the u.s. food and drug administration's bacteriological analytical manual and international organization for standardization reference methods for the detection of salmonella in a variety of soy ingredients.the performances of two dupont bax system pcr assays for detecting salmonella on a variety of low-moisture soy ingredients were evaluated against the u. s. food and drug administration's bacteriological analytical manual (fda bam) method or the international organization for standardization (iso) 6579 reference method. these evaluations were conducted as a single laboratory validation at an iso 17025 accredited third-party laboratory. validations were conducted on five soy ingredients: isolated ...201425285497
fully assembled genome sequence for salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar javiana cfsan001992. 201424699966
draft genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum biovar pullorum strain fcav198, a brazilian chicken pathogen.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum biovar pullorum is a bird-restricted pathogen which causes pullorum disease. the strain fcav198 was isolated from a pool of chicken ovaries in brazil, and its genome may be helpful for studies involving molecular mechanisms related to pathogenesis and other related applications.201424558231
multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar dublin.salmonella serovar dublin causes disease in cattle and leads to considerable production losses. in humans, severe invasive disease and high mortality rates are reported. the presently available typing methods provide insufficient discrimination within salm. dublin for epidemiological investigations. in this study, we developed a multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (mlva) scheme for high discriminatory typing of salm. dublin.201424517207
genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica strain durban.we report the genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica strain durban, isolated from a patient with salmonellosis and typhoid fever. the strain is closely related to s. enterica subsp. enterica strain p125109 but differs in loss of the se20 prophage and acquisition of a prophage similar to elphis.201424812224
carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae and non-enterobacteriaceae from animals and the environment: an emerging public health risk of our own making?acquired carbapenemases pose one of the most pressing public health threats relating to antibiotic resistance. in most countries, the number of carbapenemase-producing bacteria from human clinical specimens is rising, and the epidemiological status of these multiresistant bacteria is progressively worsening. furthermore, there is a growing number of reports of carbapenemases found either in bacteria isolated from non-human sources or in salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, a zoonotic species. ho ...201424092657
whole-genome sequencing of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar cubana strains isolated from agricultural sources.we report the draft genomes of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar cubana strain cvm42234, isolated from chick feed in 2012, and s. cubana strain 76814, isolated from swine in 2004. the genome sizes are 4,975,046 and 4,936,251 bp, respectively.201424459266
complete genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis strain sej.salmonella enterica constitutes a group of enteric pathogens with a broad host range, including humans, reptiles, and birds. s. enterica subsp. enterica is a common cause of inflammatory diarrhea in humans. we present the draft genome of s. enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis strain sej, including a 59-kbp plasmid.201425342692
correction for rehman et al., high-quality draft whole-genome sequences of 162 salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis strains isolated from diverse sources in canada. 201425237031
evaluation of viability-qpcr detection system on viable and dead salmonella serovar enteritidis.the propidium monoazide (pma) coupled with pcr (viability pcr) is used in foodborne pathogen detection in order to detect only viable bacteria. originally presented to fully remove the signal of dead bacteria, the limits of the viability pcr rapidly came out in the literature. in this study, the use of pma in a viability-qpcr (v-qpcr) was assessed on viable and dead cells of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis. the pma treatment protocol was modified (dark incubation duration ...201424927988
high-quality draft whole-genome sequences of 162 salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis strains isolated from diverse sources in canada.we report the high-quality draft genome sequences of 162 strains of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis representing diverse phage types and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) profiles. the analysis of these genomes will enable the identification of markers that are useful for differentiating strains of this highly clonal serovar and will provide insights into the evolution, virulence, and epidemiology of the strains.201424786953
complete genome sequences of 16 canadian strains of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis is an important zoonotic food-borne pathogen causing serious human illnesses frequently linked to poultry products. here, we report fully assembled genome sequences of 16 s. enteritidis strains with common pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and phage types (8, 13, 13a, and 14b) that predominate in north america.201424762938
preventing adhesion of escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella typhimurium lt2 on tomato surfaces via ultrathin polyethylene glycol film.this work deals with adhesion of escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium lt2 (s. typhimurium lt2) on polyethylene glycol (peg) coated tomato surfaces. peg coating was characterized by water contact angle technique, scanning electron microscopy, and secondary ion mass spectrometry. it was shown that peg films could physisorb on the tomato surfaces after the oxygen plasma treatment, which made some outermost layers of the surfaces hydrophilic. bacterial ...201424935688
first complete genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium strain atcc 13311 (nctc 74), a reference strain of multidrug resistance, as achieved by use of pacbio single-molecule real-time technology.we report the first complete genomic sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium strain atcc 13311, the leading food-borne pathogen and a reference strain used in drug resistance studies. de novo assembly with pacbio sequencing completed its chromosome and one plasmid. they will accelerate the investigation into multidrug resistance in salmonella typhimurium.201425278532
functional insight from the tetratricopeptide repeat-like motifs of the type iii secretion chaperone sica in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.sica functions both as a class ii chaperone for sipb and sipc of the type iii secretion system (t3ss)-1 and as a transcriptional cofactor for the arac-type transcription factor invf in salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium. bioinformatic analysis has predicted that sica possesses three tetratricopeptide repeat (tpr)-like motifs, which are important for protein-protein interactions and serve as multiprotein complex mediators. to investigate whether the tpr-like motifs in sica ar ...201424224875
combined treatments of high-pressure with the lactoperoxidase system or lactoferrin on the inactivation of listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enteritidis and escherichia coli o157:h7 in beef carpaccio.the effect of high hydrostatic pressure (hhp) treatments in combination with the lactoperoxidase system (lpos) or activated lactoferrin (alf) on listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis and escherichia coli o157:h7 was investigated in cured beef carpaccio stored at 8 °c or 22 °c during 7 d. hhp (450 mpa for 5 min) reduced pathogen levels by 1-3 log units and the antimicrobial effect remained during 7 d of storage under temperature abuse conditions at 8 °c a ...201424750810
salmonella spp. as a cause of mortality and clinical symptoms in free-living garden bird species in poland.some species of garden birds are considered to be sensitive to salmonella (s.) spp. infections. the aim of this study was to determine the cause of mortality of six free-living birds in one private property in suburban area of wrocław (poland). in 2013 poland experienced prolonged winter, with low temperatures and snow precipitations. during march and april, two dead individuals of the eurasian siskin (carduelis spinus) and four dead individuals of the greenfinch (carduelis chloris) were found i ...201425638990
association between indoor environmental contamination by salmonella enterica and contamination of eggs on layer farms.this study involves longitudinal and point-in-time surveys of salmonella carriage and environmental contamination on two commercial cage layer farms positive for salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium (flock a age, 32 weeks; flock b age, 34 weeks). salmonella-positive fecal, egg belt, and dust samples were all unconditionally associated with eggshells testing positive for salmonella. the odds of an eggshell testing positive for salmonella were 91.8, 61.5, and 18.2 times higher w ...201424966362
immunochromatographic strip assay for the rapid and sensitive detection of salmonella typhimurium in artificially contaminated tomato samples.this study was designed to confirm the applicability of a liposome-based immunochromatographic assay for the rapid detection of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium (salmonella typhimurium) in artificially contaminated tomato samples. to determine the detection limit and pre-enrichment incubation time (10, 12, and 18 h pre-enrichment in 1% buffered peptone water), the tests were performed with different cell numbers of salmonella typhimurium (3 × 10(0), 3 × 10(1), 3 × 10(2), a ...201424896193
diversity of plasmids encoding virulence and resistance functions in salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium monophasic variant 4,[5],12:i:- strains circulating in europe.plasmids encoding resistance and virulence properties in multidrug resistant (mdr) salmonella enterica (s.) serovar typhimurium monophasic variant 4,[5],12:i:- isolates recovered from pigs and humans (2006-2008) in europe were characterised. the isolates were selected based on the detection by pcr-amplification of s. typhimurium virulence plasmid pslt genes and were analysed by multi-locus sequence typing (mlst). the resistance genes present in the isolates and the association of these genes wit ...201424586926
effects of leachate from crumb rubber and zinc in green roofs on the survival, growth, and resistance characteristics of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium.the use of green roofs is a growing practice worldwide, particularly in densely populated areas. in an attempt to find new methods for recycling crumb rubber, incorporation of crumb rubber into artificial medium for plant growth in green roofs and similar engineered environments has become an attractive option for the recycling of waste tires. though this approach decreases waste in landfills, there are concerns about the leaching of zinc and other heavy metals, as well as nutrient and organic c ...201424584242
distribution of gifsy-3 and of variants of st64b and gifsy-1 prophages amongst salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolates: evidence that combinations of prophages promote clonality.salmonella isolates harbour a range of resident prophages which can influence their virulence and ability to compete and survive in their environment. phage gene profiling of a range of phage types of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) indicates a significant level of correlation of phage gene profile with phage type as well as correlation with genotypes determined by a combination of multi-locus variable-number tandem repeat (vntr) typing and clustered regu ...201424475087
a multiplex oligonucleotide ligation-pcr as a complementary tool for subtyping of salmonella typhimurium.subtyping below the serovar level is essential for surveillance and outbreak detection and investigation of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) and its monophasic variant 1,4,[5],12:i:- (s. 1,4,[5],12:i:-), frequent causes of foodborne infections. in an attempt to overcome the intrinsic shortcomings of currently used subtyping techniques, a multiplex oligonucleotide ligation-pcr (mol-pcr) assay was developed which combines different types of molecular markers ...201526205523
complete genome sequencing of a multidrug-resistant and human-invasive salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strain of the emerging sequence type 213 genotype.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium strain yu39 was isolated in 2005 in the state of yucatán, mexico, from a human systemic infection. the yu39 strain is representative of the multidrug-resistant emergent sequence type 213 (st213) genotype. the yu39 complete genome is composed of a chromosome and seven plasmids.201526089426
the anti-infective activity of punicalagin against salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium in mice.punicalagin, a major bioactive component of pomegranate peel, has been proven to have antioxidant, antiviral, anti-apoptosis, and hepatoprotective properties. the aim of this study was to investigate the anti-infective activity of punicalagin in a mouse model. c57bl/6 mice were initially challenged with salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) and then treated with punicalagin. food and water consumption and body weight were recorded daily. on day 8 post infection ...201526084785
characterization of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- isolates from pigs presenting with diarrhea in korea.between 2011 and 2012, a total of 896 pig fecal samples were collected from nine provinces in korea, and 50 salmonella enterica susp. enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) was isolated. the characteristics of the 50 strains were analyzed, and 4 strains were identified as salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:-. salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- could not be distinguished from s. typhimurium through phage typing, antimicrobial resistance testing or multiple-locus variable-number ta ...201526074410
salmonellae interactions with host processes.salmonellae invasion and intracellular replication within host cells result in a range of diseases, including gastroenteritis, bacteraemia, enteric fever and focal infections. in recent years, considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that salmonellae use to alter host cell physiology; through the delivery of effector proteins with specific activities and through the modulation of defence and stress response pathways. in this review, we summarize our cu ...201525749450
complete genome sequence of a human-invasive salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strain of the emerging sequence type 213 harboring a multidrug resistance inca/c plasmid and a blacmy-2-carrying incf plasmid.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium strain 33676 was isolated in mexico city, mexico, from a patient with a systemic infection, and its complete genome sequence was determined using pacbio single-molecule real-time technology. strain 33676 harbors an incf plasmid carrying the extended-spectrum cephalosporin gene blacmy-2 and a multidrug resistance inca/c plasmid.201526564044
invasive salmonella typhimurium st313 with naturally attenuated flagellin elicits reduced inflammation and replicates within macrophages.invasive non-typhoidal salmonella (ints) are an important cause of septicemia in children under the age of five years in sub-saharan africa. a novel genotype of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium (multi-locus sequence type [st] 313) circulating in this geographic region is genetically different to from s. typhimurium st19 strains that are common throughout the rest of the world. s. typhimurium st313 strains have acquired pseudogenes and genetic deletions and appear to be evo ...201525569606
genotypic diversity, pathogenic potential and the resistance profile of salmonella typhimurium strains isolated from humans and food from 1983 to 2013 in brazil.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium is one of the leading serovars that causes salmonellosis worldwide. however, few studies have molecularly characterized s. typhimurium strains in brazil. in this study, we genotyped 92 s. typhimurium strains isolated from humans (43) and food (49) between 1983 and 2013 in brazil using pfge, multiple-locus variable number of tandem repeats analysis (mlva) and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus pcr (eric-pcr). moreover, we assess ...201526307078
a novel subpopulation of salmonella enterica serovar infantis strains isolated from broiler chicken organs other than the gastrointestinal tract.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar infantis strains were isolated from broiler chickens from six farms in japan and the pathogenicity associated with the recently reported 280kbp mega plasmid was examined by possession of the plasmid and histopathology of tissues from these chickens. s. infantis strains were isolated from 10 of 24 chickens. phylogenetic, network and bayesian cluster analyses were used to determine whether these strains were in the previously defined clusters 1-5. phylog ...201525542287
whole genome sequence analysis of salmonella enteritidis pt4 outbreaks from a national reference laboratory's viewpoint.in april and may 2014, two suspected egg-related outbreaks of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) were investigated by the belgian national reference laboratory of foodborne outbreaks. both the suspected food and human isolates being available, and this for both outbreaks, made these the ideal case study for a retrospective whole genome sequencing (wgs) analysis with the goal to investigate the feasibility of this technology for outbreak investigation by a na ...201526468422
complete genome and plasmid sequences of three canadian strains of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis belonging to phage types 8, 13, and 13a.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis is a prominent cause of human salmonellosis frequently linked to poultry products. in canada, s. enteritidis phage types 8, 13, and 13a predominate among both clinical and poultry isolates. here, we report the complete genome and plasmid sequences of poultry isolates of these three phage types.201526404595
phenotypic and genotypic characterization of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis isolates associated with a mousse cake-related outbreak of gastroenteritis in ningbo, china.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis (salmonella enteritidis) is a major pathogen responsible for causing the largest number of sporadic cases and outbreaks of human salmonellosis worldwide. in this study, an outbreak of salmonella enteritidis involving 112 cases in ningbo, china was investigated with a combination of genotypic subtyping methods and phenotypic analysis. the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis profiles showed t ...201525826691
multi locus variable-number tandem repeat (mlva) typing tools improved the surveillance of salmonella enteritidis: a 6 years retrospective study.surveillance of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis is generally considered to benefit from molecular techniques like multiple-locus variable-number of tandem repeats analysis (mlva), which allow early detection and confinement of outbreaks. here, a surveillance study, including phage typing, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and mlva on 1,535 s. enteritidis isolates collected between 2007 and 2012, was used to evaluate the added value of mlva for public health surveillanc ...201525693200
intestinal mucus affinity and biological activity of an orally administered antibacterial and anti-inflammatory peptide.antimicrobial peptides (amp) provide protection from infection by pathogenic microorganisms and restrict bacterial growth at epithelial surfaces to maintain mucosal homeostasis. in addition, they exert a significant anti-inflammatory activity. here we analysed the anatomical distribution and biological activity of an orally administered amp in the context of bacterial infection and host-microbial homeostasis.201524811998
selection and electrophoretic characterization of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica biocide variants resistant to antibiotics.the proposed research outlines a serious common concern of salmonella resistance to antimicrobials following prolonged exposure to the disinfectants (biocides). these phenotypes of bacteria could potentially result in hard to treat infections. typical for avian sources, biocide sensitive s. enterica subsp. enterica serovars: typhimurium, enteritidis, virchow and zanzibar and their isogenic biocide-tolerant variants were studied in order to investigate bacteriostatic effect of two commercially av ...201526812813
first draft genome sequence of salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum strain vtccbaa614, isolated from chicken in india.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum biovar gallinarum causes fowl typhoid (ft), which results in huge economic losses to poultry farmers in india. we report the draft genome sequence of salmonella biovar gallinarum strain vtccbaa614, isolated from a chicken in an ft affected broiler flock.201526494667
subtyping of salmonella food isolates suggests the geographic clustering of serotype telaviv.salmonella is commonly found in a variety of food products and is a major cause of bacterial foodborne illness throughout the world. in this study, we investigated the prevalence and diversity of salmonella in eight different food types: sheep ground meat, cow ground meat, chicken meat, cow offal, traditional sanliurfa cheese, unripened feta cheese, pistachios, and isot (a spice blend of dried red peppers specific to sanliurfa), traditionally and commonly consumed in turkey. among 192 food sampl ...201526489049
development and comparison of a generic multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for typing of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica causes salmonellosis in humans and animals. serovar-specific multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (mlva) is widely used for salmonella surveillance; however, isolates have to be serotyped prior to mlva typing and only the most common serovars can be typed. we developed a mlva scheme for high-discriminatory typing of salmonella.201526440858
antimicrobial resistance and molecular investigation of h2s-negative salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar choleraesuis isolates in china.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar choleraesuis is a highly invasive pathogen of swine that frequently causes serious outbreaks, in particular in asia, and can also cause severe invasive disease in humans. in this study, 21 s. choleraesuis isolates, detected from 21 patients with diarrhea in china between 2010 and 2011, were found to include 19 h2s-negative s. choleraesuis isolates and two h2s-positive isolates. this is the first report of h2s-negative s. choleraesuis isolated from huma ...201526431037
eric-pcr genotyping of field isolates of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum biovars gallinarum and pullorum.salmonella gallinarum (sg) and salmonella pullorum (sp) have been classified as biovars belonging to salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum. genetic diversity among isolates of the same biovar can be detected by dna fingerprinting techniques which are useful in epidemiological investigations. in this study, we applied the pcr amplification of enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequences (eric-pcr) to analyse 45 strains of sg and sp, most of which were isolated from d ...201526365161
prevalence and characterization of monophasic salmonella serovar 1,4,[5],12:i:- of food origin in china.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 1,4,[5],12:i:- is a monophasic variant of salmonella typhimurium, which has recently been recognized as an emerging cause of infection worldwide. this bacterium has also ranked among the four most frequent serovars causing human salmonellosis in china. however, there are no reports on its contamination in chinese food. serotyping, polymerase chain reaction, antibiotic resistance, virulotyping, and multilocus sequence typing (mlst) assays were used to i ...201526360603
draft genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar napoli strain sn310, cause of a multischool outbreak in milan, italy, in 2014.we report the draft genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar napoli strain sn310, isolated from a stool sample of an affected pupil during a multischool outbreak in 2014 in milan, italy. this represents the first reported draft genome sequence of the emerging serovar napoli.201526358605
draft genome sequence and annotation of phyllosphere-persisting salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar livingstone strain cky-s4, isolated from an urban lake in regina, canada.here, we report the first draft genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar livingstone. this s. livingstone strain cky-s4 displayed biofilm formation and cellulose production and could persist on lettuce. this genome may help the study of mechanisms by which enteric pathogens colonize food crops.201526272568
first complete genome sequence of a salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar derby strain associated with pork in france.in france, salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar derby is one of the most often isolated serovars in pigs. here, we describe the draft genome sequence of a strain isolated from a pig. this strain had the most frequent pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and antimicrobial patterns (s, ssu, t) usually observed in pig production in france. those patterns have been also highlighted in human isolates.201526227607
salmonella occurrence and enterobacteriaceae counts in pig feed ingredients and compound feed from feed mills in ireland.the purpose of this study was to assess the occurrence of non-typhoidal salmonellae and enterobacteriaceae counts in raw ingredients and compound feeds sampled from feed mills manufacturing pig diets. between november 2012 and september 2013, feed ingredients (n=340) and compound pig feed (n=313) samples were collected from five commercial feed mills and one home compounder at various locations throughout ireland. feed ingredients included cereals, vegetable protein sources and by-products of oi ...201526211839
characterization of the cytolethal distending toxin (typhoid toxin) in non-typhoidal salmonella serovars.for many putative salmonella enterica subsp. enterica virulence genes, functional characterization across serovars has been limited. cytolethal distending toxin b (cdtb) is an incompletely characterized virulence factor that is found not only in salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhi (salmonella typhi) and dozens of gram negative bacterial pathogens, but also in non-typhoidal salmonella (nts) serovars.201526207144
emergence of a clonal lineage of multidrug-resistant esbl-producing salmonella infantis transmitted from broilers and broiler meat to humans in italy between 2011 and 2014.we report the spread of a clone of multidrug-resistant (mdr), esbl-producing (blactx-m-1) salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar infantis, in the italian broiler chicken industry and along the food-chain. this was first detected in italy in 2011 and led to human infection in italy in 2013-2014.a set (n = 49) of extended-spectrum cephalosporin (esc)-resistant (r) isolates of s. infantis (2011-2014) from humans, food-producing animals and meat thereof, were studied along with a selected set o ...201526716443
complete genome sequences of two outbreak strains of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar thompson associated with cilantro.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar thompson strains rm1984 (cadph-99a2334) and rm1986 (cadph-99a2345) are associated with a 1999 outbreak in contaminated cilantro. we report here the complete genome sequences and annotation of these two s. thompson strains. these genomes are distinct and provide additional data for our understanding of s. enterica.201526586897
complete genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhi isolate b/sf/13/03/195 associated with a typhoid carrier in pasir mas, kelantan, malaysia.we report here the complete genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhi b/sf/13/03/195 obtained from a typhoid carrier, who is a food handler in pasir mas, kelantan.201526564035
genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhi isolate pm016/13 from untreated well water associated with a typhoid outbreak in pasir mas, kelantan, malaysia.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhi is a human-restricted pathogen that causes typhoid fever. even though it is a human-restricted pathogen, the bacterium is also isolated from environments such as groundwater and pond water. here, we describe the genome sequence of the salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhi pm016/13 which was isolated from well water during a typhoid outbreak in kelantan, malaysia, in 2013.201526564032
[a case of osteomyelitis with a granulomatous lesion caused by salmonella infantis].we report herein on a case of osteomyelitis with a granulomatous lesion caused by salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar infantis (salmonella infantis). a 30-year-old japanese man presenting with a 3-week history of left ankle pain was suspected to have either a tumor or osteomyelitis, on the basis of imaging study findings. he underwent a surgical resection of the lesion. histopathological examination revealed a granuloma. however, s. infantis was cultured from the biopsy sample. cefazolin ...201526554224
salmonella enterica typhimurium fljba operon stability: implications regarding the origin of salmonella enterica i 4,[5],12:i:.salmonella enterica subsp enterica serovar 4,5,12:i:- has been responsible for many recent salmonella outbreaks worldwide. several studies indicate that this serovar originated from s. enterica subsp enterica serovar typhimurium, by the loss of the flagellar phase ii gene (fljb) and adjacent sequences. however, at least two different clones of s. enterica 4,5,12:i:- exist that differs in the molecular events responsible for fljb deletion. the aim of this study was to test the stability of the fl ...201526782556
comparative evaluation of the mutagenicity and genotoxicity of smoke condensate derived from korean cigarettes.cigarette smoking is associated with carcinogenesis owing to the mutagenic and genotoxic effects of cigarette smoke. the aim of this study was to evaluate the mutagenic and genotoxic effects of korean cigarettes using in vitro assays.201526796893
draft genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar mishmarhaemek isolated from bovine feces.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar mishmarhaemek is a gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium implicated in human clinical disease. here, we report a 4.8-mbp draft genome sequence of a nalidixic acid-resistant isolate of s. serovar mishmarhaemek.201526472847
draft genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar give, isolated from an imported chili powder product.we report the genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar give (cfsan012622), isolated from imported chili powder in 2014. this genome contains genes previously reported to be specific only to s. enterica serovar enteritidis. this strain shows a unique pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) pattern clustering with serovar enteritidis (jeg x01.0005).201526139723
complete genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar agona 460004 2-1, associated with a multistate outbreak in the united states.within the last several years, salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar agona has been among the 20 most frequently isolated serovars in clinical cases of salmonellosis. in this report, the complete genome sequence of s. agona strain 460004 2-1 isolated from unsweetened puffed-rice cereal during a multistate outbreak in 2008 was sequenced using single-molecule real-time dna sequencing.201526139714
results of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype identification by salmonella check&trace microarray in international external quality assurance systems.traditionally salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotypes are identified by slide agglutination with specific antisera for somatic, flagellar and sometimes capsular antigens. an alternative way is genoserotyping using for example a microarray, eg. commercially available test check&trace salmonella. the goal of this study was to evaluate the check&trace salmonella microarray for salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype identification, using salmonella strains provided by reference laborator ...201526084071
improvements to a pcr-based serogrouping scheme for salmonella enterica from dairy farm samples.molecular serotyping through the use of pcr is a simple and useful technique for characterizing isolates of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica belonging to serogroups b, c1, c2, d1, and e1, which are the majority of the isolates associated with human disease outbreaks. however, many of the salmonella strains currently isolated from dairy farms in the northeastern united states are serovar cerro, a group k strain not detected by this assay. primers from a well-known pcr assay for the identificat ...201526038910
salmonella in raw chicken meat from the romanian seaside: frequency of isolation and antibiotic resistance.the purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of salmonella in raw chicken meat samples collected at the romanian seaside and to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates. in 2012, 317 chicken meat samples from slaughterhouses (n = 289) and retail markets (n = 28) were evaluated. overall, 13.2% (42) of the samples contained salmonella; 12.8% (37) and 17.8% (5) from the chicken carcasses at slaughterhouses and the fresh meat from retail markets, respectively. eight s ...201525951397
genome-wide methylation patterns in salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars.the methylation of dna bases plays an important role in numerous biological processes including development, gene expression, and dna replication. salmonella is an important foodborne pathogen, and methylation in salmonella is implicated in virulence. using single molecule real-time (smrt) dna-sequencing, we sequenced and assembled the complete genomes of eleven salmonella enterica isolates from nine different serovars, and analysed the whole-genome methylation patterns of each genome. we descri ...201525860355
acquisition of extended-spectrum cephalosporin- and colistin-resistant salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype newport by pilgrims during hajj.gatherings like the hajj involving many people who travel from different parts of the world represent a risk for the acquisition and dissemination of infectious diseases. in this study, acquisition of multidrug-resistant (mdr) salmonella spp. in 2013 hajj pilgrims from marseille, france, was investigated. in total, 267 rectal swabs were collected from 129 participants before their departure and after their return from the pilgrimage as well as during the pilgrimage from patients with diarrhoea. ...201525769786
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