Publications

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pharmacokinetics of butorphanol tartrate in red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis) and great horned owls (bubo virginianus).to determine the pharmacokinetics of butorphanol tartrate after iv and im single-dose administration in red-tailed hawks (rths) and great horned owls (ghos).200818447789
landscape characteristics influence morphological and genetic differentiation in a widespread raptor (buteo jamaicensis).landscape-scale population genetic structure in vagile vertebrates was commonly considered to be a contradiction in terms whereas recent studies have demonstrated behaviour and habitat associated structure in several such species. we investigate whether landscape features influence morphological and genetic differentiation in a widespread, mobile raptor. to accurately describe genetic differentiation associated with regional landscape factors, we first investigated subspecies relationships at a ...200818208488
atherosclerosis and ischemic cardiomyopathy in a captive, adult red-tailed hawk (buteo jamaicensis).an adult, male, captive red-tailed hawk (buteo jamaicensis) of at least 19 years of age presented in dorsal recumbency. the hawk was nonresponsive, and despite initial supportive care, died shortly after presentation. gross postmortem revealed no abnormal findings. histologic examination demonstrated atherosclerosis and ischemic cardiomyopathy. this is the first reported case of atherosclerosis in a red-tailed hawk.200818939649
development of a technique for quantification of reticulocytes and assessment of erythrocyte regenerative capacity in birds.to develop a reticulocyte classification scheme, optimize an avian reticulocyte staining protocol, and compare the percentages of reticulocyte types with polychromatophil percentage in blood samples from birds.200818672972
diagnosis and treatment of secondary anticoagulant rodenticide toxicosis in a red-tailed hawk (buteo jamaicensis).anticoagulant rodenticides inhibit the activation of vitamin k-ependent clotting factors, resulting in fatal hemorrhage. nontarget species are exposed to these rodenticides primarily by direct consumption of baits or secondarily by consumption of poisoned prey. the diagnosis of anticoagulant rodenticide toxicosis is more challenging in birds than in mammals because of the limited availability of laboratory tests to evaluate avian coagulation. in addition, the presenting signs in birds may differ ...200818543601
lead in the tissues of terrestrial raptors in southern ontario, canada, 1995-2001.terrestrial raptors which feed on upland hunted game species may increase their risk to lead exposure and lead poisoning by ingesting lead shot found in the tissues of prey. lead exposure in 225 individuals of nineteen species of terrestrial raptors, collected as carcasses in southern ontario from 1995-2001, was examined through the analysis of bone, liver and kidney tissues. in this study, one red-tailed hawk contained liver lead concentrations and exhibited signs consistent with lead poisoning ...200818063010
what is your diagnosis? blood smear from an injured red-tailed hawk.an injured juvenile red-tailed hawk (buteo jamaicensis) was evaluated at the veterinary medical teaching hospital at the university of california, davis. the hawk was quiet, alert, and emaciated, and had a closed comminuted, mid-diaphyseal ulnar fracture. cbc results included heterophilia with a left shift, monocytosis, and increased plasma fibrinogen concentration. the blood smear included rare heterophils containing small, dark blue inclusions approximately 1-2 mum in diameter that ranged from ...200919228359
mechanical evaluation of external skeletal fixator-intramedullary pin tie-in configurations applied to cadaveral humeri from red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis).use of external skeletal fixator-intramedullary pin (esf-im) tie-in fixators is an adjustable and effective method of fracture fixation in birds. the objective of this study was to determine the contribution of each of the following parameters to the compressive and torsional rigidity of an esf-im pin tie-in applied to avian bones with an osteotomy gap: (1) varying the fixation pin position in the proximal bone segment and (2) increasing the number of fixation pins in one or both bone segments. ...200920235458
effect of body position on respiratory system volumes in anesthetized red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis) as measured via computed tomography.to determine the effects of body position on lung and air-sac volumes in anesthetized and spontaneously breathing red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis).200919719433
evaluation of indirect blood pressure monitoring in awake and anesthetized red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis): effects of cuff size, cuff placement, and monitoring equipment.to compare doppler and oscillometric methods of indirect arterial blood pressure (ibp) with direct arterial measurements in anesthetized and awake red-tailed hawks.200919709051
pharmacokinetics of terbinafine after single oral dose administration in red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis).to determine pharmacokinetic parameters of orally administered terbinafine hydrochloride for potential treatment of aspergillosis in raptors, 10 adult red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis) were used in single dose trials by using 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg doses with a 2-week washout period between trials. after administration of 15 mg/kg terbinafine, mean (+/- sd) plasma concentration peaked in approximately 5 hours at 0.3 +/- 0.24 microg/ml, whereas a 30 mg/kg dose resulted in peak mean (+/- sd) plas ...201020806657
population structure and plumage polymorphism: the intraspecific evolutionary relationships of a polymorphic raptor, buteo jamaicensis harlani.phenotypic and molecular genetic data often provide conflicting patterns of intraspecific relationships confounding phylogenetic inference, particularly among birds where a variety of environmental factors may influence plumage characters. among diurnal raptors, the taxonomic relationship of buteo jamaicensis harlani to other b. jamaicensis subspecies has been long debated because of the polytypic nature of the plumage characteristics used in subspecies or species designations.201020650000
feasibility of transesophageal echocardiography in birds without cardiac disease.to establish a technique of transesophageal echocardiography (tee) in birds without cardiac disease and describe the imaging planes obtained.201020187818
serological and parasitological prevalence of toxoplasma gondii in wild birds from colorado.ground-feeding birds are considered important in the epidemiology of toxoplasma gondii because they serve as indicators of soil contamination by oocysts, and birds of prey are indicators of t. gondii prevalence in rodents and other small mammals. cats excrete environmentally resistant oocysts after consuming tissues of t. gondii -infected birds. in the present study, sera and tissues from 382 wild birds from colorado were tested for t. gondii infection. antibodies to t. gondii were found in 38 b ...201020950101
a low false negative filter for detecting rare bird species from short video segments using a probable observation data set-based ekf method.we report a new filter to assist the search for rare bird species. since a rare bird only appears in front of a camera with very low occurrence (e.g., less than ten times per year) for very short duration (e.g., less than a fraction of a second), our algorithm must have a very low false negative rate. we verify the bird body axis information with the known bird flying dynamics from the short video segment. since a regular extended kalman filter (ekf) cannot converge due to high measurement error ...201020388596
hawk eyes ii: diurnal raptors differ in head movement strategies when scanning from perches.relatively little is known about the degree of inter-specific variability in visual scanning strategies in species with laterally placed eyes (e.g., birds). this is relevant because many species detect prey while perching; therefore, head movement behavior may be an indicator of prey detection rate, a central parameter in foraging models. we studied head movement strategies in three diurnal raptors belonging to the accipitridae and falconidae families.201020877650
hawk eyes i: diurnal raptors differ in visual fields and degree of eye movement.different strategies to search and detect prey may place specific demands on sensory modalities. we studied visual field configuration, degree of eye movement, and orbit orientation in three diurnal raptors belonging to the accipitridae and falconidae families.201020877645
effect of west nile virus dna-plasmid vaccination on response to live virus challenge in red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis).objective-to evaluate the safety and efficacy of an experimental adjuvanted dna-plasmid vaccine against west nile virus (wnv) in red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis). animals-19 permanently disabled but otherwise healthy red-tailed hawks of mixed ages and both sexes without detectable serum antibodies against wnv. procedures-hawks were injected im with an experimental wnv dna-plasmid vaccine in an aluminum-phosphate adjuvant (n = 14) or with the adjuvant only (control group; 5). all birds receiv ...201121801064
External parasites of raptors (Falconiformes and Strigiformes): identification in an ex situ population from Mexico.Raptorial birds harbor a variety of ectoparasites and the mayority of them are host specific. The aim of this study was to identify the ectoparasites of captive birds of prey from Mexico, as well as to verify their impact in the health of infested birds. Raptorial birds were confiscated and kept in captivity at the Centro de Investigación y Conservación de Vida Silvestre (CIVS) in Los Reyes La Paz, Mexico State. Seventy-four birds of prey (66 Falconiformes and eigth Strigiformes) of 15 species w ...201122017130
health of an ex situ population of raptors (falconiformes and strigiformes) in mexico: diagnosis of internal parasites.successful programs for ex situ and in situ conservation and management of raptors require detailed knowledge about their pathogens. the purpose of this study was to identify the internal parasites of some captive raptors in mexico, as well as to verify their impact in the health status of infected birds. birds of prey were confiscated and kept in captivity at the centro de investigación y conservación de vida silvestre (civs) in los reyes la paz, mexico state. for this, fecal and blood samples ...201122017131
clinical utility of a complete diagnostic protocol for the ocular evaluation of free-living raptors.objective:  to describe a protocol for the examination of free-living raptors and report the ophthalmic examination findings of seven raptor species native to central illinois, namely the barred owl, cooper's hawk, eastern screech owl, great horned owl, american kestrel, red-tailed hawk, and turkey vulture and to determine if the findings relative to visual prognosis affected eligibility for future release. animals studied:  seventy-nine free-living raptors. procedures:  under manual restraint, ...201122050975
successful management of simple fractures of the femoral neck with femoral head and neck excision arthroplasty in two free-living avian species.a red-tailed hawk (buteo jamaicensis) and a canada goose (branta canadensis) were evaluated for unilateral pelvic limb lameness. physical examination findings and results of diagnostic imaging revealed femoral neck fractures in both birds. both birds were treated with a femoral head and neck excision arthroplasty. the affected legs were not immobilized, and the birds were encouraged to use the legs immediately after surgery to encourage formation of a pseudoarthrosis. within 2 weeks, both birds ...201122216722
liver lead concentrations in raptors in new jersey, usa, 2008-2010.lead exposure in new jersey raptors was assessed by analyzing liver samples from carcasses obtained from wildlife rehabilitators. samples were collected from 221 individuals representing 13 species. concentrations were within the range of normal background exposure in 12 species. one red-tailed hawk had a liver lead concentration consistent with clinical poisoning (7.4 μg/g wet weight), which represents an incidence of 1% (1/104) in that species and 0.5% (1/221) in the overall sample. a second r ...201121647842
pharmacokinetics of oral tramadol in red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis). 201121219350
hematologic parameters in raptor species in a rehabilitation setting before release.to be considered for release, raptors undergoing rehabilitation must have recovered from their initial injury in addition to being clinically healthy. for that purpose, a good understanding of reference hematologic values is important in determining release criteria for raptors in a rehabilitation setting. in this study, retrospective data were tabulated from clinically normal birds within 10 days of release from a rehabilitation facility. hematologic values were compiled from 71 red-tailed hawk ...201122216719
second generation anticoagulant rodenticides in predatory birds: probabilistic characterisation of toxic liver concentrations and implications for predatory bird populations in canada.second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (sgars) are widely used to control rodent pests but exposure and poisonings occur in non-target species, such as birds of prey. liver residues are often analysed to detect exposure in birds found dead but their use to assess toxicity of sgars is problematic. we analysed published data on hepatic rodenticide residues and associated symptoms of anticoagulant poisoning from 270 birds of prey using logistic regression to estimate the probability of toxico ...201121481471
anticoagulant rodenticide exposure and toxicosis in four species of birds of prey presented to a wildlife clinic in massachusetts, 2006-2010.mortalities among birds of prey from anticoagulant rodenticide (ar) toxicosis have been documented in several countries. reports on extent of exposure within regions of the united states are limited. this study investigated ar exposure and toxicosis in four species of birds of prey (red-tailed hawks [buteo jamaicensis], barred owls [strix varia], eastern screech owls [megascops asio] and great horned owls [bubo virginianus]) presented to a wildlife clinic in massachusetts. the aims of this study ...201122946375
effect of fentanyl target-controlled infusions on isoflurane minimum anaesthetic concentration and cardiovascular function in red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis).to determine the impact of three different target plasma concentrations of fentanyl on the minimum anaesthetic concentration (mac) for isoflurane in the red-tailed hawk and the effects on the haemodynamic profile.201121672126
cardiomyopathy and right-sided congestive heart failure in a red-tailed hawk (buteo jamaicensis).a 15-year-old female red-tailed hawk (buteo jamaicensis) was evaluated because of dyspnea, anorexia, and coelomic distension. diagnostic imaging results confirmed severe coelomic effusion and revealed a markedly dilated right ventricle. the diagnosis was right-sided congestive heart failure. results of measurements of vitamin e, selenium, lead, zinc, and cardiac troponin levels were normal or nondiagnostic. the hawk was treated with furosemide, antifungal and antimicrobial agents, and supplement ...201121657185
comparison of transcoelomic, contrast transcoelomic, and transesophageal echocardiography in anesthetized red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis).to assess the agreement and reliability of cardiac measurements obtained with 3 echocardiographic techniques in anesthetized red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis).201223013181
valvular endocarditis and septic thrombosis associated with a radial fracture in a red-tailed hawk (buteo jamaicensis).a free-ranging adult female red-tailed hawk died suddenly after 3 weeks in rehabilitation for a radial fracture. cause of death was septic thrombosis from a chronic bacterial valvular endocarditis, probably associated with injury at the fracture site. the challenge of clinical diagnosis of sepsis in wild birds is emphasized.201222753969
fluorophotometric determination of aqueous humor flow rates in red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis).to determine aqueous humor flow rate (ahfr) in an avian species by use of anterior segment fluorophotometry.201222452503
comparison of three different inhalant anesthetic agents (isoflurane, sevoflurane, desflurane) in red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis).to compare isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane for inhalant anesthesia in red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis) in terms of the speed and characteristics of induction; cardiovascular and respiratory parameters while anesthetized; and speed and quality of recovery.201222103452
a comparative study of the mechanics of the pectoralis muscle of the red-tailed hawk and the barred owl.a comparison of the isometric forces and levers of the pectoralis muscle in red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis) and barred owls (strix varia) was done to identify differences that may correlate with their different flight styles. the pectoralis consists of two heads, the anterior m. sternobrachialis (sb) and the posterior m. thoracobrachialis (tb). these are joined at an intramuscular tendon and are supplied by separate primary nerve branches. as in other birds, the two heads have distinct fibe ...201222025367
evaluation of the effects of dorsal versus lateral recumbency on the cardiopulmonary system during anesthesia with isoflurane in red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis).to evaluate the effects of dorsal versus lateral recumbency on the cardiopulmonary system during isoflurane anesthesia in red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis).201323270358
a technique for evisceration as an alternative to enucleation in birds of prey: 19 cases.ocular trauma is common in birds of prey presented to wildlife clinics and rehabilitation centers. enucleation is the procedure most commonly described for treatment of end-stage ocular disease or chronically painful eyes in birds; however, there are several disadvantages and risks to this procedure. while evisceration has been suggested as an alternative, it has not been described for multiple cases or with long-term follow-up data in birds of prey. this report details an evisceration technique ...201323971220
pharmacokinetics of a single dose of intravenous and oral meloxicam in red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis) and great horned owls (bubo virginianus).pharmacokinetic data were determined after a single dose of meloxicam in red-tailed hawks (rth; buteo jamaicensis) and great horned owls (gho; bubo virginianus). in a nonrandomized crossover design, individual birds of each species received 1 dose of intravenous meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg i.v.; n = 7 for each species) followed by a 2-week washout period, and then each received 1 dose of oral meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg po; n = 5 for each species). blood samples were collected intermittently after administrat ...201324344511
advancement flap as a novel treatment for a pododermatitis lesion in a red-tailed hawk (buteo jamaicensis).pododermatitis is a pathologic condition commonly reported in captive raptors and characterized by swelling, excoriation, ulceration, cellulitis, or abscessation of the plantar aspect of the foot. its cause can be multifactorial, often involving abnormal weight bearing or poor sanitation, and medical and surgical techniques, in addition to environmental alterations, are hallmarks of treatment. in this case, a single pedicle advancement flap was used to treat chronic, nonresponsive grade v/vii po ...201324640931
new records and new species of mites of the subfamily harpirhynchinae (acariformes: harpirhynchidae) infesting birds in manitoba, canada.five new species and one new genus of the subfamily harpirhynchinae (acariformes: harpirhynchidae) are described from birds in canada: harpyrhynchoides heatherae sp. nov. from junco hyemalis (passeriformes: emberizidae), h. botaurus sp. nov. from botaurus lentiginosus (pelecaniformes: ardeidae), h. phalaropus sp. nov. from phalaropus lobatus (charadriiformes: scolopacidae), neharpyrhynchus loxia sp. nov. from loxia curvirostra (passeriformes: fringillidae), and fainharpirhynchus contopus gen. no ...201324338301
oxyphil cells in a red-tailed hawk (buteo jamaicensis) with nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism.a captive, immature red-tailed hawk (buteo jamaicensis) was presented with multiple long-bone fractures, a serum calcium of 7.9 mg/dl, and a history of being fed an all-meat diet. gross and microscopic examinations of the parathyroid glands revealed marked glandular hypertrophy and the presence of interlacing cords and clusters of light chief cells and oxyphil cells in approximately equal numbers. bone sections showed severe fibrous osteodystrophy. these findings support the observation that the ...20136196016
holding power of different pin designs and pin insertion methods in avian cortical bone.to measure pullout strength of four pin types in avian humeri and tibiotarsi bones and to compare slow-speed power and hand insertion methods.20139662771
microstructure and cross-sectional shape of limb bones in great horned owls and red-tailed hawks: how do these features relate to differences in flight and hunting behavior?the red-tailed hawk and great horned owl are two species of raptor that are similar in body size, diet, and habitat. both species use their hindlimbs during hunting, but differ in foot morphology, how they approach and immobilize prey, and the average size of prey captured. they also differ in primary flight style: the red-tailed hawk uses static soaring and the great horned owl uses flap-gliding. the objectives of this study were to characterize the microstructure and cross-sectional shape of l ...201425162595
comparison of metabolic substrates in alligators and several birds of prey.on average, avian blood glucose concentrations are 1.5-2 times those of mammals of similar mass and high concentrations of insulin are required to lower blood glucose. whereas considerable data exist for granivorous species, few data are available for plasma metabolic substrate and glucoregulatory hormone concentrations for carnivorous birds and alligators. birds and mammals with carnivorous diets have higher metabolic rates than animals consuming diets with less protein whereas alligators have ...201425043840
hawk calls elicit alarm and defensive reactions in captive geoffroy's marmosets (callithrix geoffroyi).most descriptions of callitrichid antipredator behavior have come from observations of visual encounters with predators, but there is also anecdotal evidence suggesting that callitrichids may use auditory cues associated with raptors for the early detection of potential danger. in the present study, geoffroy's marmosets consistently reacted to the tape-recorded calls of a red-tailed hawk (buteo jamaicensis) with high-intensity antipredator behaviors. compared to the taped calls of a raven (corvu ...201412826731
anticoagulant rodenticides in red-tailed hawks, buteo jamaicensis, and great horned owls, bubo virginianus, from new jersey, usa, 2008-2010.liver samples from red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis) and great horned owls (bubo virginianus) were analyzed for anticoagulant rodenticides. residues of one or more second generation anticoagulant rodenticides (sgars) were detected in 81 % of red-tailed hawks and 82 % of great horned owls. the most frequently detected sgar was brodifacoum, which was detected in 76 % of red-tailed hawks and 73 % of great horned owls. bromadiolone was detected in 20 % of red-tailed hawks and 27 % of great horned ...201424158357
voriconazole disposition after single and multiple, oral doses in healthy, adult red-tailed hawks ( buteo jamaicensis ).voriconazole is effective for treatment of aspergillosis, a common disease in captive red-tailed hawks ( buteo jamaicensis ). to determine the disposition and safety of voriconazole after single and multiple, oral doses, 12 adult red-tailed hawks were studied in 2 phases. in phase 1, each bird received a single dose of voriconazole solution (10 mg/kg) by gavage. blood samples were collected at 0, 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 16, 24, and 36 hours after treatment. in phase 2, each of 8 birds received vori ...201425843319
an immunohistochemical study of the endocrine pancreas in raptors.the cytoarchitecture of the endocrine pancreas of 10 raptors (golden eagles, peregrine falcons, saker falcon, turkey vultures, red-tailed hawk and unspecified falcon) was examined by immunohistochemistry. three islet types were identified: type a mixed islets composed mainly by glucagon (a)-secreting cells, type b mixed islets with predominantly insulin (b)-secreting cell component and type m mixed islets (type m) consisting of variable number of glucagon-, insulin- and somatostatin (d)-secretin ...201425468799
growing skull fracture in a red-tailed hawk (buteo jamaicensis).growing skull fractures have been reported in humans for many years, usually resulting from injury to the soft skull during the rapid growth period of an infant's life. nestling raptors have thin, fragile skulls, a rapid growth rate, and compete aggressively for food items. skull trauma may occur, which may lead to the development of a growing skull fracture. growing skull fractures may be under-diagnosed in raptor rehabilitation facilities that do not have access to advanced technologic equipme ...201425314838
predictive model of avian electrocution risk on overhead power lines.electrocution on overhead power structures negatively affects avian populations in diverse ecosystems worldwide, contributes to the endangerment of raptor populations in europe and africa, and is a major driver of legal action against electric utilities in north america. we investigated factors associated with avian electrocutions so poles that are likely to electrocute a bird can be identified and retrofitted prior to causing avian mortality. we used historical data from southern california to ...201424033371
pain-suppressed behaviors in the red-tailed hawk 1 (buteo jamaicensis).our ability to provide analgesia in wild and exotic patients is hampered by a lack of species-specific information on effective drugs and protocols. one contributing factor is the difficulty of applying data from traditional laboratory tests of nociception to clinical conditions frequently involving combinations of inflammatory, mechanical, and neuropathic pain. pain-suppressed behaviors have become a valuable predictor of clinical utility in other species; in this study we extend this framework ...201424904190
inflammatory markers associated with trauma and infection in red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis) in the usa.changes in inflammatory marker concentrations or activity can be used to monitor health and disease condition of domestic animals but have not been applied with the same frequency to wildlife. we measured concentrations or activity of six inflammatory markers (ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, mannan-binding lectin-dependent complement [mbl/complement], unsaturated iron-binding capacity (uibc) and total iron-binding capacity (tibc), and plasma iron) in apparently healthy and sick or injured red-tailed ...201526280876
chlamydiaceae genomics reveals interspecies admixture and the recent evolution of chlamydia abortus infecting lower mammalian species and humans.chlamydiaceae are obligate intracellular bacteria that cause a diversity of severe infections among humans and livestock on a global scale. identification of new species since 1989 and emergence of zoonotic infections, including abortion in women, underscore the need for genome sequencing of multiple strains of each species to advance our knowledge of evolutionary dynamics across chlamydiaceae. here, we genome sequenced isolates from avian, lower mammalian and human hosts. based on core gene phy ...201526507799
multifocal respiratory and vertebral mycobacteriosis in a red-tailed hawk (buteo jamaicensis).an adult, female, free-ranging red-tailed hawk (buteo jamaicensis) was presented to a rehabilitation facility for an inability to stand. on examination, it displayed bilateral exaggeration of the pelvic limb reflexes with extensor muscle rigidity, intact superficial pain response, and positive withdrawal reflexes. a complete blood count identified moderate leukocytosis characterized by moderate heterophilia. no abnormalities were appreciable on radiographic evaluation. after initial improvement, ...201525831590
new host records for parasitic mites of the family syringophilidae from accipitriform birds (aves: accipitriformes).four accipitriform bird species of the family accipitridae are reported as new hosts for quill mites (acari: cheyletoidea: syringophilidae): megasyringophilus aquilus skoracki, lontkowski and stawarczyk, 2010 was collected from hieraaetus pennatus gmelin, 1788 in france and spain, and buteo jamaicensis gmelin, 1788 in canada; peristerophila accipitridicus skoracki, lontkowski and stawarczyk, 2010 was collected from circaetus gallicus gmelin, 1788 in france, and buteo lagopus pontoppidan, 1763 in ...201526878628
pharmacokinetics of a single intramuscular injection of ceftiofur crystalline-free acid in red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis).to determine the pharmacokinetics and adverse effects at the injection site of ceftiofur crystalline-free acid (ccfa) following im administration of 1 dose to red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis).201526618733
visions: red-tailed hawk. 201526301763
ground squirrel shooting and potential lead exposure in breeding avian scavengers.recreational ground squirrel shooting is a popular activity throughout the western united states and serves as a tool for managing ground squirrel populations in agricultural regions. belding's ground squirrels (spermophilus beldingi) are routinely shot in california, nevada, and oregon across habitats that overlap with breeding avian scavengers. ground squirrels shot with lead (pb)-based bullets may pose a risk to avian scavengers if they consume carcasses containing pb fragments. to assess the ...201627942006
cloacal prolapse in raptors: review of 16 cases.sixteen cases of cloacal prolapse in raptors were reviewed in this study. colonic prolapse was the most common presentation (56% of cases). red-tailed hawks ( buteo jamaicensis ) were overrepresented, comprising 66% of colonic prolapse cases. in cases of colonic prolapse, postsurgical stricture formation was a commonly identified complication after resection and anastomosis of the colon. a novel technique was used in 2 cases of colonic prolapse, in which sterile, semirigid rubber tubing was plac ...201627315380
changes in physiologic parameters and effects of hooding in red-tailed hawks ( buteo jamaicensis ) during manual restraint.manual restraint in birds of prey is required for many veterinary and research procedures. to investigate the effects of handling stress on physiologic parameters in raptorial birds, 8 red-tailed hawks ( buteo jamaicensis ) were manually restrained over a 15-minute period. respiratory rate (rr), heart rate (hr), and cloacal temperature were monitored over time and recorded at defined intervals during the experiment. the effect of hooding on physiologic variables was also evaluated in a complete ...201627315379
rhabdochlamydia spp. in an oregon raptor.pcr-based approach was used to examine the rate of chlamydia positivity in raptors from wild bird rehabilitation centers in oregon. three of 82 birds were identified as positive for chlamydia with this pcr. sequence analysis of 16s ribosomal dna from 2 of these birds confirmed the presence of dna from phylum chlamydiae. one bird was positive for chlamydia psittaci in both choanal and cloacal swabs. the second bird, a louse-infested red-tailed hawk, had evidence of choanal colonization by "candid ...201627154318
geography and timing of cases of eastern equine encephalitis in new york state from 1992 to 2012.in new york state (nys), eastern equine encephalitis (eee) was first reported in a human in 1971, in horses in 1970, and in pheasants in 1952.201626901637
antibody prevalence and isolation of viable toxoplasma gondii from raptors in the southeastern usa.raptors are good indicators of the prevalence of toxoplasma gondii in the environment because they prey on small mammals and birds. these prey species are a major source of infection in domestic cats ( felis catus ), which shed the environmentally resistant oocysts. we assessed t. gondii infection in 281 opportunistically available raptors at a rehabilitation facility between 2012 and 2014. antibodies to t. gondii were assayed by a modified agglutination test (cutoff 1:25) and found in serum of ...201627243150
ocular lesions in red-tailed hawks ( buteo jamaicensis) with naturally acquired west nile disease.ocular lesions are common in red-tailed hawks with west nile (wn) disease. these lesions consist of pectenitis, choroidal or retinal inflammation, or retinal necrosis, but detailed investigation of the ocular lesions is lacking. postmortem examination of the eyes of 16 red-tailed hawks with naturally acquired wn disease and 3 red-tailed hawks without wn disease was performed using histopathology, immunohistochemistry for west nile virus (wnv) antigen, glial fibrillary acid protein, cleaved caspa ...201727694424
the effect of manual restraint on physiological parameters in barred owls ( strix varia ).manual restraint is commonly necessary when working with avian species in medical, laboratory, and field settings. despite their prevalence, little is known about the stress response in raptorial bird species. to further understand the effect of restraint on the stress response in birds of prey, 12 barred owls ( strix varia ) were manually restrained for 15 minutes. physiological parameters (cloacal temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate) were followed over time and recorded at defined points ...201728358611
contrasting molecular and morphological evidence for the identification of an anomalous buteo: a cautionary tale for hybrid diagnosis.an adult buteo was found dead as a road-kill south of sacramento, california, and was thought to represent the first state record of the eastern red-shouldered hawk (b. lineatus lineatus;). it is now a specimen in the museum of wildlife and fisheries biology (wfb 4816) at the university of california, davis. we examined this specimen and found that many of its plumage characters differed from all other adult red-shouldered hawks examined, including nominate adults. plumage markings and measureme ...201728097061
spatial heterogeneity and scale-dependent habitat selection for two sympatric raptors in mixed-grass prairie.sympatric predators are predicted to partition resources, especially under conditions of food limitation. spatial heterogeneity that influences prey availability might play an important role in the scales at which potential competitors select habitat. we assessed potential mechanisms for coexistence by examining the role of heterogeneity in resource partitioning between sympatric raptors overwintering in the southern great plains. we conducted surveys for wintering red-tailed hawk (buteo jamaice ...201728861257
the landscape of fear as an emergent property of heterogeneity: contrasting patterns of predation risk in grassland ecosystems.the likelihood of encountering a predator influences prey behavior and spatial distribution such that non-consumptive effects can outweigh the influence of direct predation. prey species are thought to filter information on perceived predator encounter rates in physical landscapes into a landscape of fear defined by spatially explicit heterogeneity in predation risk. the presence of multiple predators using different hunting strategies further complicates navigation through a landscape of fear a ...201728690807
pharmacokinetics of a single dose of voriconazole administered orally with and without food to red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensus).objective to determine the pharmacokinetics of voriconazole administered po with or without food to red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensus) and whether any observed variability could be explained by measured covariates to inform dose adjustments. animals 7 adult red-tailed hawks. procedures in a crossover study design, hawks were randomly assigned to first receive voriconazole (15 mg/kg, po) injected into a dead mouse (n = 3; fed birds) or without food (4; unfed birds). sixteen days later, treatmen ...201728345998
sarcocystis jamaicensis, n. sp. from red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis) definitive host and ifn-γ gene knockout mice as experimental intermediate host.here, we report a new species of sarcocystis with red-tailed hawk (rth) as the natural definitive host and ifn-γ gene knockout (ko) mice as an experimental intermediate host in which sarcocysts form in muscle. two rths submitted to the carolina raptor center, huntersville, north carolina, were euthanized because they could not be rehabilitated and released. fully sporulated 12.5 x 9.9 m sized sporocysts were found in intestinal scrapings of both hawks. sporocysts were orally fed to laboratory-r ...201728644743
determination of gastrointestinal transit times in barred owls ( strix varia ) by contrast fluoroscopy.contrast imaging studies are routinely performed in avian patients when an underlying abnormality of the gastrointestinal (gi) tract is suspected. fluoroscopy offers several advantages over traditional radiography and can be performed in conscious animals with minimal stress and restraint. although birds of prey are commonly encountered as patients, little is known about gi transit times and contrast imaging studies in these species, especially owls. owls are commonly encountered in zoological, ...201728644080
syndromic surveillance for west nile virus using raptors in rehabilitation.wildlife rehabilitation centers routinely gather health-related data from diverse species. their capability to signal the occurrence of emerging pathogens and improve traditional surveillance remains largely unexplored. this paper assessed the utility for syndromic surveillance of raptors admitted to the raptor center (trc) to signal circulation of west nile virus (wnv) in minnesota between 1990 and 2014. an exhaustive descriptive analysis using grouping time series structures and models of inte ...201729187187
variations in native protein glycation and plasma antioxidants in several birds of prey.birds are an anomaly among vertebrates as they are remarkably long-lived despite having naturally high blood glucose and metabolic rates. for mammals, hyperglycemia leads to oxidative stress and protein glycation. in contrast, many studies have shown that domestic and wild birds are relatively resistant to these glucose-mediated pathologies. surprisingly very little research has examined protein glycation in birds of prey, which by nature consume a diet high in protein and fat that promotes gluc ...201728529085
a retrospective summary of raptor mortality in ontario, canada (1991-2014), including the effects of west nile virus.the causes of mortality of free-ranging raptors range from anthropogenic (e.g., trauma) to dynamic environmental conditions that may affect habitat suitability and prey availability. the province of ontario, canada, is vulnerable to anthropogenic and environmental changes because of its northern latitudes and expanding human populations, both of which may impact wildlife. we retrospectively evaluated diagnostic data from raptors submitted to the ontario-nunavut node of the canadian wildlife heal ...201729154686
contrast fluoroscopic evaluation of gastrointestinal transit times with and without the use of falconry hoods in red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis).objective to evaluate gastrointestinal transit times in red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis) by use of contrast fluoroscopic imaging and investigate the effect of falconry hooding in these hawks on gastrointestinal transit time. design prospective, randomized, blinded, complete crossover study. animals 9 healthy red-tailed hawks. procedures hawks were gavage-fed a 30% weight-by-volume barium suspension (25 ml/kg [11.3 ml/lb]) into the crop. fluoroscopic images were obtained at multiple time poin ...201729035663
pharmacokinetics of a concentrated buprenorphine formulation in red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis).objective to determine the pharmacokinetics and sedative effects of 2 doses of a concentrated buprenorphine formulation after sc administration to red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis). animals 6 adult red-tailed hawks. procedures concentrated buprenorphine (0.3 mg/kg, sc) was administered to all birds. blood samples were collected at 10 time points over 24 hours after drug administration to determine plasma buprenorphine concentrations. after a 4-week washout period, the same birds received the ...201829287158
atypical chlamydiaceae in wild populations of hawks ( buteo spp.) in california.chlamydiaceae bacteria infect many vertebrate hosts, and previous reports based on polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays and serologic assays that are prone to cross-reaction among chlamydial organisms have been used to describe the prevalence of either dna fragments or antibodies to chlamydia spp. in wild raptorial populations. this study reports the pcr-based prevalence of chlamydiaceae dna that does not 100% match any avian or mammalian chlamydiaceae in wild populations of hawks in californi ...201829517435
taxonomic status of harlan's hawk buteo jamaicensis harlani (aves: accipitriformes).since its description in 1830 by audubon, harlan's hawk (taxon harlani) has been considered both as a species (buteo harlani) (1830-1891 and 1944-1972) and as a subspecies of red-tailed hawk (b. jamaicensis harlani) (1891-1944 and 1973 to present). both decisions making it a subspecies lacked sufficient taxonomic justification, whereas the 1944 decision to consider it a species was supported by convincing arguments. i conducted field and museum work over many years to better understand the morph ...201830313308
pharmacokinetics of fentanyl after intravenous administration in isoflurane-anesthetized red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis) and hispaniolan amazon parrots (amazona ventralis).objective to compare the disposition of fentanyl citrate after a single iv injection in isoflurane-anesthetized red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis) and hispaniolan amazon parrots (amazona ventralis). animals 6 adult red-tailed hawks and 6 adult hispaniolan amazon parrots. procedures anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane; intermittent positive-pressure ventilation was provided. the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane was determined for each bird by use of the bracketing ...201830085853
changes in the membrane carbohydrates from sperm cryopreserved with dimethylsulfoxide or polyvinylpyrrolidone of red-tailed hawk (buteo jamaicencis).that cryopreservation can induce alterations in sperm.201829734426
torsional and axial compressive properties of tibiotarsal bones of red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis).objective to describe the torsional and axial compressive properties of tibiotarsal bones of red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis). sample 16 cadaveric tibiotarsal bones from 8 red-tailed hawks. procedures 1 tibiotarsal bone from each bird was randomly assigned to be tested in torsion, and the contralateral bone was tested in axial compression. intact bones were monotonically loaded in either torsion (n = 8) or axial compression (8) to failure. mechanical variables were derived from load-deformat ...201829583042
extraocular muscle architecture in hawks and owls.a complete and accurate understanding of extraocular muscle function is important to the veterinary care of the avian eye. this is especially true for birds of prey, which rely heavily on vision for survival and yet are prone to ocular injury and disease. to better understand the function of extraocular muscles in birds of prey, we studied extraocular muscle architecture grossly and histologically.201829411483
superpredator proximity and landscape characteristics alters nest site selection and breeding success of a subordinate predator.selecting nesting habitat that minimizes predation risk but maximizes foraging success is one of the most important decisions in avian life history. this takes on added complexity when a predator is faced with the challenge of avoiding fellow predators. we assessed the importance of local and landscape vegetation, food abundance, and predation risk on nest site selection and nest survival in a subordinate raptor (mississippi kite; ictinia mississippiensis) nesting in proximity to two superpredat ...201829357028
determining raptor species and tissue sensitivity for improved west nile virus surveillance.raptors are a target sentinel species for west nile virus (wnv) because many are susceptible to wnv disease, they are easily sighted because of their large size, and they often occupy territories near human settlements. sick and dead raptors accumulate at raptor and wildlife rehabilitation clinics. however, investigations into species selection and specimen type for efficient detection of wnv are lacking. accordingly, we evaluated dead raptors from north-central colorado and se wyoming over a 4- ...201829617186
investigating spatial patterns of mercury and rodenticide residues in raptors collected near the charlotte, nc, usa, metropolitan area.raptor population growth is dynamic and trends vary across species and by location in the united states. for those species that are declining, it is important to identify potential causes including chemical contaminants. sampling wild raptors is problematic due to their small population sizes and role as a top predator. therefore, we obtained liver samples (n = 56) from carcasses of several raptor species, including common species like red-tailed hawks, red-shouldered hawks, barred owls, great h ...201830251047
auditory performance in bald eagles and red-tailed hawks: a comparative study of hearing in diurnal raptors.collision with wind turbines is a conservation concern for eagles with population abundance implications. the development of acoustic alerting technologies to deter eagles from entering hazardous air spaces is a potentially significant mitigation strategy to diminish associated morbidity and mortality risks. as a prelude to the engineering of deterrence technologies, auditory function was assessed in bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus), as well as in red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis). audi ...201931520117
characterization of an unusual mesenchymal tumor in the proventriculus of a free-ranging red-tailed hawk (buteo jamaicensis).an adult, female red-tailed hawk (buteo jamaicensis) was presented for examination after being found unable to fly on a private citizen's property. further diagnostic testing revealed a vascular, soft tissue mass arising from the serosal surface of the proximal proventriculus. postmortem histological and immunohistochemical examination of the mass revealed an unusual mesenchymal tumor with features consistent with a leiomyoma or low-grade gastrointestinal stromal tumor.201931893626
prevalence of sarcocysts in the muscles of raptors from a rehabilitation center in north carolina.the life cycle of sarcocystis species is heteroxenous (2-host), with carnivores being the definitive host and herbivores serving as intermediate hosts in predator-prey relationships. raptors (eagles, hawks, falcons, and owls) are apex predators and are not consumed routinely by other carnivores, making the occurrence of sarcocysts in their muscles unusual. recent reports of sarcocysts in eagles and owls with sarcocystis encephalitis suggests that this condition may be becoming more frequent, and ...201930807729
confirmation of sarcocystis jamaicensis sarcocysts in ifn-γ gene knockout mice orally inoculated with sporocysts from a red-tailed hawk ( buteo jamaicensis).here, we report confirmation of sarcocysts of sarcocystis jamaicensis in an experimental intermediate host, ifn-γ gene knockout (ko) mice orally inoculated sporocysts from its natural definitive host, a red-tailed hawk ( buteo jamaicensis) (rth). a rth submitted to the carolina raptor center, huntersville, north carolina, was euthanized because it could not be rehabilitated and released. fully sporulated sporocysts from intestinal scrapings of the rth were orally fed to 2 laboratory-reared outbr ...201930807718
eavesdropping grey squirrels infer safety from bird chatter.when multiple species are vulnerable to a common set of predators, it is advantageous for individuals to recognize information about the environment provided by other species. eastern gray squirrels (sciurus carolinensis) and other small mammals have been shown to exploit heterospecific alarm calls as indicators of danger. however, many species-especially birds-emit non-alarm auditory cues such as contact calls when perceived predator threat is low, and such public information may serve as cues ...201931483829
feather mercury concentrations in north american raptors sampled at migration monitoring stations.we assessed total mercury (thg) concentrations in breast feathers of diurnal north american raptors collected at migration monitoring stations. for 9 species in the pacific flyway, we found species and age influenced feather thg concentrations whereas sex did not. feather thg concentrations µg/g dry weight (dw) averaged (least squares mean ± standard error) higher for raptors that generally consume > 75% avian prey (sharp-shinned hawk accipiter striatus: n = 113; 4.35 ± 0.45 µg/g dw, peregrine f ...201930761431
long-term outcome of phacoemulsification in raptors-a retrospective study (1999-2014).to determine long-term outcome of phacoemulsification in raptors at the university of tennessee veterinary medical center.201930724454
argas (persicargas) giganteus soft tick infection with rickettsia hoogstraali and relapsing fever borrelia on wild avian species of the desert southwest, usa.changing climatic conditions and the northward expansion of ticks and pathogens are of immense importance to human, animal, and environmental health assessment and risk management. from 2014 through 2015, a wildlife rehabilitation center in south-central arizona, us noted soft ticks (argasidae) infesting 23 birds, including cooper's hawks (accipiter cooperii), gray hawks (buteo plagiatus), harris's hawks (parabuteo unicinctus), red-tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis), great horned owls (bubo virgin ...202031567038
feeding ecology drives lead exposure of facultative and obligate avian scavengers in the eastern united states.lead poisoning of scavenging birds is a global issue. however, the drivers of lead exposure of avian scavengers have been understood from the perspective of individual species, not cross-taxa assemblages. we analyzed blood (n = 285) and liver (n = 226) lead concentrations of 5 facultative (american crows [corvus brachyrhynchos], bald eagles [haliaeetus leucocephalus], golden eagles [aquila chrysaetos], red-shouldered hawks [buteo lineatus], and red-tailed hawks [buteo jamaicensis]) and 2 obligat ...202032022303
pilot study: correlation of the surface skin temperature between the leg and foot using thermographic imaging in captive hawks.the purpose of this study was to determine whether the thermal image temperatures of the tibiotarsal scaled region of the raptor leg and the plantar surface of ipsilateral foot while perching were correlated. the correlation between leg and foot temperature was sought to determine whether remote imaging of the legs can be used as a reliable predictor of foot temperature. the right and left tarsometatarsal region (leg) and metatarsal pad (foot) of 10 captive hawks, including 8 red-tailed hawks (b ...202032702956
comparison of torsional properties between a fixateur externe du service de santé des armées and an acrylic tie-in external skeletal fixator in a red-tailed hawk (buteo jamaicensis) synthetic tibiotarsal bone model.to compare the torsional mechanical properties of 2 external skeletal fixators (esfs) placed with 2 intramedullary pin (ip) and transfixation pin (tp) size combinations in a model of raptor tibiotarsal bone fracture.202032584184
spectral-domain optical coherence tomography imaging of normal foveae: a pilot study in 17 diurnal birds of prey.to describe and to establish normative data for the foveae of diurnal birds of prey using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (sd-oct).202031981286
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