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chemical constituents from the flowers of satsuma mandarin and their free radical scavenging and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities.flowers of citrus plants are used as mild sedatives and for the treatment of insomnia in traditional medicines. in japan, tea made from the flowers of satsuma mandarin is consumed as healthy drink. hesperidin (1), hesperetin (2), rutin (3), quercetin (4), nicotiflorin (5), eriocitrin (6), narirutin (7), phenylethyl glucoside (8) and unshuoside a (9) were isolated from the meoh extract of fresh flowers. structure elucidation of these compounds was performed on the basis of nmr spectroscopic data. ...201829334238
spatial distribution and sampling plans with fixed level of precision for citrus aphids (hom., aphididae) on two orange species.aphis spiraecola patch, aphis gossypii glover, and toxoptera aurantii boyer de fonscolombe are three important aphid pests of citrus orchards. in this study, spatial distributions of the aphids on two orange species, satsuma mandarin and thomson navel, were evaluated using taylor's power law and iwao's patchiness. in addition, a fixed-precision sequential sampling plant was developed for each species on the host plant by green's model at precision levels of 0.25 and 0.1. the results revealed tha ...201829365154
population genetic structure of diaphorina citri kuwayama (hemiptera: liviidae): host-driven genetic differentiation in china.the asian citrus psyllid diaphorina citri kuwayama is a major pest in citrus production, transmitting candidatus liberibacter asiaticus. it has spread widely across eastern and southern china. unfortunately, little is known about the genetic diversity and population structure of d. citri, making pest control difficult. in this study, nine specifically developed ssr markers and three known mitochondrial dna were used for population genetics study of d. citri using 225 samples collected from all 7 ...201829367741
fermented extraction of citrus unshiu peel inhibits viability and migration of human pancreatic cancers.pancreatic cancer is one of the most dangerous cancers with high mortality rates. despite continuous efforts, there has been limited improvement in its prognosis. in this study, we prepared fermented extract of citrus unshiu peel (fcup) from the by-product after juice processing and then examined the anticancer effects of fcup on human pancreatic cancer cells. treatment with fcup inhibited the growth of human pancreatic cancer cells through induction of caspase-3 cleavage both in vitro and in vi ...201829346059
development of functional agricultural products utilizing the new health claim labeling system in japan.in april 2015, consumer affairs agency of japan launched a new food labeling system known as "foods with function claims (ffc)." under this system, the food industry independently evaluates scientific evidence on foods and describes their functional properties. as of may 23, 2017, 1023 ffc containing 8 fresh foods have been launched. meanwhile, to clarify the health-promoting effects of agricultural products, national agriculture and food research organization (naro) implemented the "research pr ...201829334323
glycosidically bound volatiles as affected by ripening stages of satsuma mandarin fruit.composition and changes in free volatiles have been extensively studied in citrus fruit such as mandarin. however, components of glycosidically bound volatiles and changes during fruit ripening have been rarely investigated. a total of 56 glycosidically-bound volatiles were identified in fruit peel at four ripening stages. the highest concentrations in glycosidically-bound volatiles were observed for methyl salicylate in ripening fruit. concentration of total bound volatiles increased from color ...201828946229
comparative analysis of juice volatiles in selected mandarins, mandarin relatives and other citrus genotypes.citrus fruit flavor is an important attribute prioritized in variety improvement. the present study compared juice volatiles compositions from 13 selected citrus genotypes, including six mandarins (citrus reticulata), three sour oranges (citrus aurantium), one blood orange (citrus sinensis), one lime (citrus limonia), one clementine (citrus clementina) and one satsuma (citrus unshiu).201828731231
induction of apoptosis by ethanol extract of citrus unshiu markovich peel in human bladder cancer t24 cells through ros-mediated inactivation of the pi3k/akt pathway.citrus unshiu peel has been used to prevent and treat various diseases in traditional east-asian medicine including in korea. extracts of c. unshiu peel are known to have various pharmacological effects including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. although the possibility of their anti-cancer activity has recently been reported, the exact mechanisms in human cancer cells have not been sufficiently studied. in this study, the inhibitory effect of ethanol extract of c. u ...201729070760
anti-photoaging effect of jeju putgyul (unripe citrus) extracts on human dermal fibroblasts and ultraviolet b-induced hairless mouse skin.ultraviolet (uv) radiation stimulates the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) and inflammatory cytokines. these signaling pathways participate in the degradation of the extracellular matrix and induce inflammatory responses that lead to photoaging. this study evaluated the antioxidant activity and the effect on mmps and procollagen of putgyul extract in vitro. the anti-photoaging activity of putgyul extracts was estimated in vivo using hairless mice (hr-1). the putgyul extracts reduce ...201728946661
quantification of transfer of salmonella from citrus fruits to peel, edible portion, and gloved hands during hand peeling.although studies have quantified bacterial transfer between hands and various materials, cross-contamination between the surface of fresh citrus fruit and the edible portions during hand peeling has not been reported. this study quantifies transfer of salmonella to the edible portion of citrus fruit from a contaminated peel during hand peeling. citrus fruits used for this study were citrus sinensis (sweet orange) cultivars 'valencia' and 'navel', citrus unshiu (satsuma mandarins), citrus reticul ...201728463082
draft sequencing of the heterozygous diploid genome of satsuma (citrus unshiu marc.) using a hybrid assembly approach.satsuma (citrus unshiu marc.) is one of the most abundantly produced mandarin varieties of citrus, known for its seedless fruit production and as a breeding parent of citrus. de novo assembly of the heterozygous diploid genome of satsuma ("miyagawa wase") was conducted by a hybrid assembly approach using short-read sequences, three mate-pair libraries, and a long-read sequence of pacbio by the platanus assembler. the assembled sequence, with a total size of 359.7 mb at the n50 length of 386,404 ...201729259619
characterization of satsuma mandarin (citrus unshiu marc.) nectar-to-honey transformation pathway using ftir-atr spectroscopy.samples of satsuma mandarin (citrus unshiu marc.) nectar, honey sac content and honey were analyzed by ftir-atr spectroscopy and reference methods. the spectral analysis allowed detection of the major chemical constituents in c. unshiu nectar-to-honey transformation pathway thus providing information on the intensity and location of the compositional changes occurring during this process. the preliminary results showed that in average more than one-third of sugar-related nectar-to-honey conversi ...201728490077
abscisic acid affects expression of citrus ft homologs upon floral induction by low temperature in satsuma mandarin (citrus unshiu marc.).after a long juvenile period, citrus trees undergo seasonal flowering cycles. under natural conditions, citrus flowering is regulated mainly by low ambient temperatures around 15-20 °c and water deficit stress. recent studies have revealed that fluctuations in the expression of citrus homologs of flowering locus t (ft, encoding a flowering integrator) are correlated with their presumed role as flower-promoting signals. previous ectopic expression analyses have demonstrated the flower-promoting f ...201729182786
transcriptome and metabolome analyses provide insights into the occurrence of peel roughing disorder on satsuma mandarin (citrus unshiu marc.) fruit.roughing disorder (rd) is a significant quality barrier in citrus fruit, prevalent on easy-peeling mandarins. as rd is not yet well-understood, this study aimed to examine the changes and synergic molecular processes involved in peel rd. peel with rd was induced by severely defruiting satsuma mandarin trees. morphology observations, rna-sequencing, and targeted and untargeted metabolic analyses were conducted. the results showed that the primary metabolites of sugars, organic acids and amino aci ...201729163622
yokukansan and yokukansankachimpihange ameliorate aggressive behaviors in rats with cholinergic degeneration in the nucleus basalis of meynert.yokukansan (yks) and yokukansankachimpihange (yksch) are traditional japanese kampo medicines. the latter comprises yks along with the medicinal herbs citrus unshiu peel and pinellia tuber. both of these kampo medicines are indicated for the treatment of night crying and irritability in children and for neurosis and insomnia in adults. in recent clinical trials, yks exhibited ameliorative effects on the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, such as aggressiveness, excitement, and ir ...201728491038
food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis due to ingestion of mikan (citrus unshiu).a 12-year-old girl was referred to our hospital owing to repeated anaphylactic reactions induced by exercise after meals. food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (fdeian) was suspected. however, sequential tests of typical foods, including egg, milk, soy, and wheat, in combination with exercise, were all negative.the results of the skin prick test (spt) for citrus unshiu and specific ige test for orange and grapefruit were positive. although no symptoms were noted after an exercise challenge ...201728904280
effect of a herbal extract powder (yy-312) from imperata cylindrica beauvois, citrus unshiu markovich, and evodia officinalis dode on body fat mass in overweight adults: a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical trial.yy-312 is a herbal extract powder from imperata cylindrica beauvois, citrus unshiu markovich, and evodia officinalis dode, which have health promoting effects, including body fat reduction. we aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of yy-312 for body fat reduction in overweight adults.201728754119
amelioration of the development of osteoarthritis by daily intake of β-cryptoxanthin.β-cryptoxanthin, which is primarily obtained from citrus fruits such as satsuma mandarins, is a major carotenoid routinely found in human serum. recently, we demonstrated that daily oral intake of β-cryptoxanthin prevented ovariectomy-induced bone loss and ameliorated neuropathic pain in mice. although β-cryptoxanthin exerts preventive effects on various lifestyle-related diseases, there have been no studies on the effect of β-cryptoxanthin on the development of osteoarthritis, the most common d ...201728674255
in vitro and in vivo evaluation of systemic and genetic toxicity of citrus unshiu peel.the peel of citrus unshiu markovich fruits (cup), called "jinpi" in korea, and "chenpi" in china, has been used for the treatment of respiratory and blood circulation disorders in traditional oriental medicine (tom). despite its widespread uses in tom, no information on the safety of cup has been reported. thus, genotoxicity and systemic toxicity of cup were evaluated in the current studies.201729274356
[a case of a 7-year-old girl with anaphylaxis caused by pectin in albedo of citrus unshiu but not by the fruit itself].pectin is used in several foods as an additive and a thickner. but some cases of anaphylaxis have been reported. most of these are induced by occasional exposures; however, no cases of anaphylaxis after eating a citrus unshiu, the albedo of which is rich in pectin, have been reported.a 7-year-old girl developed barking cough and pruritus approximately two hours after eating a frozen citrus unshiu. she had a history of anaphylaxis induced by consuming cashew nuts. skin testing and basophil activa ...201729249759
five new limonoids from peels of satsuma orange (citrus reticulata).five new: 21,23-dihydro-21-hydroxy-23-oxonomilin (1), 21,23-dihydro-23-methoxy-21-oxonomilin (2), 21,23-dihydro-21-hydroxy-23-oxonomilinic acid methyl ester (3), 21,23-dihydro-23-methoxy-21-oxolimonin (4), and 21,23-dihydro-21-oxolimonin (5), and seven known limonoids were isolated from peels of satsuma orange (citrus reticulata). the isolated compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on macrophage activation by an inhibitory assay of nitric oxide (no) production. among them, compoun ...201728561764
metabolomic analysis of primary metabolites in citrus leaf during defense responses.mechanical damage is one of the unavoidable environmental stresses to plant growth and development. plants induce a variety of reactions which defend against natural enemies and/or heal the wounded sites. jasmonic acid (ja) and salicylic acid (sa), defense-related plant hormones, are well known to be involved in induction of defense reactions and play important roles as signal molecules. however, defense related metabolites are so numerous and diverse that roles of individual compounds are still ...201727789172
extraction of nobiletin from citrus unshiu peels by supercritical fluid and its cre-mediated transcriptional activity.polymethoxyflavone (pmf) is one of bioactive compounds in citrus unshiu and included mainly in the peels rather than the fruits, seeds and leaves.201728314477
extracts of immature orange (aurantii fructus immaturus) and citrus unshiu peel (citri unshiu pericarpium) induce p-glycoprotein and cytochrome p450 3a4 expression via upregulation of pregnane x receptor.p-glycoprotein (p-gp) and cytochrome p450 3a4 (cyp3a4) are expressed in the intestine and are associated with drug absorption and metabolism. pregnane x receptor (pxr) is the key molecule that regulates the expression of p-gp and cyp3a4. given that pxr activity is regulated by a variety of compounds, it is possible that unknown pxr activators exist among known medicines. kampo is a japanese traditional medicine composed of various natural compounds. in particular, immature orange [aurantii fruct ...201728270768
structural elucidation of anti-metastatic rhamnogalacturonan ii from the pectinase digest of citrus peels (citrus unshiu).the aim of this study was to characterize a polysaccharide found in citrus peels with an anti-metastatic property. cpe-ii was purified by the pectinase digestion of citrus peels. during in vivo lung metastasis of colon26-m3.1, administration of 10μg of cpe-ii per mouse showed 81.3% inhibition of metastasis. cpe-ii consists of 15 different monosaccharides and 22 different glycosyl linkages, characteristic of rhamnogalacturonan ii (rg-ii). the primary structure was elucidated based on sugar compos ...201727693835
c-glycosyltransferases catalyzing the formation of di-c-glucosyl flavonoids in citrus plants.citrus plants accumulate many kinds of flavonoids, including di-c-glucosyl flavonoids, which have attracted considerable attention owing to their health benefits. however, biosynthesis of di-c-glucosyl flavonoids has not been elucidated at the molecular level. here, we identified the c-glycosyltransferases (cgts) fccgt (ugt708g1) and cucgt (ugt708g2) as the primary enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of di-c-glucosyl flavonoids in the citrus plants kumquat (fortunella crassifolia) and satsuma m ...201728370711
high-throughput sequencing and degradome analysis reveal altered expression of mirnas and their targets in a male-sterile cybrid pummelo (citrus grandis).g1 + hbp is a male sterile cybrid line with nuclear genome from hirado buntan pummelo (c. grandis osbeck) (hbp) and mitochondrial genome from "guoqing no.1" (g1, satsuma mandarin), which provides a good opportunity to study male sterility and nuclear-cytoplasmic cross talk in citrus. high-throughput srna and degradome sequencing were applied to identify mirnas and their targets in g1 + hbp and its fertile type hbp during reproductive development.201627506907
overexpression of a citrus basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor (cubhlh1), which is homologous to arabidopsis activation-tagged bri1 suppressor 1 interacting factor genes, modulates carotenoid metabolism in transgenic tomato.to explore the transcription factors associated with carotenoid metabolism in citrus fruit, one transcription factor (cubhlh1) was selected through microarray screening in satsuma mandarin (citrus unshiu marc.) fruit, which was treated with exogenous ethylene or gibberellin (ga), accelerating or retarding carotenoid accumulation in peel, respectively. the amino acid sequence of cubhlh1 has homology to arabidopsis activation-tagged bri1 suppressor 1 (atbs1) interacting factor (aif), which is func ...201626795149
citrus breeding, genetics and genomics in japan.citrus is one of the most cultivated fruits in the world, and satsuma mandarin (citrus unshiu marc.) is a major cultivated citrus in japan. many excellent cultivars derived from satsuma mandarin have been released through the improvement of mandarins using a conventional breeding method. the citrus breeding program is a lengthy process owing to the long juvenility, and it is predicted that marker-assisted selection (mas) will overcome the obstacle and improve the efficiency of conventional breed ...201627069387
engineering aspergillus nidulans for heterologous ent-kaurene and gamma-terpinene production.terpenes are a large and varied group of natural products with a wide array of bioactivities and applications. the chemical production of industrially relevant terpenes can be expensive and time-consuming due to the structural complexity of these compounds. here, we studied aspergillus nidulans as a heterologous host for monoterpene and diterpene production. previously, we identified a novel diterpene gene cluster in a. nidulans and showed that overexpression of the cluster-specific transcriptio ...201627098256
expression and functional analysis of citrus carotene hydroxylases: unravelling the xanthophyll biosynthesis in citrus fruits.xanthophylls are oxygenated carotenoids and fulfill critical roles in plant growth and development. in plants, two different types of carotene hydroxylases, non-heme di-iron and heme-containing cytochrome p450, were reported to be involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophyll. citrus fruits accumulate a high amount of xanthophylls, especially β,β-xanthophylls. to date, however, the roles of carotene hydroxylases in regulating xanthophyll content and composition have not been elucidated.201627358074
flavonoids and a limonoid from the fruits of citrus unshiu and their biological activity.the fruits of citrus unshiu are one of the most popular and most enjoyed fruits in korea. as we continue to seek for bioactive metabolites from korean natural resources, our study on the chemical constituents of the fruits of c. unshiu resulted in the isolation of a new flavonoid glycoside, limocitrunshin 1, along with seven other flavonoids 2-8 and a limonoid 9. all structures were identified by spectroscopic methods, namely 1d and 2d nmr, including hsqc, hmbc, and (1)h-(1)h cosy experiments, h ...201627608132
segregation and heritability of male sterility in populations derived from progeny of satsuma mandarin.male sterility derived from satsuma mandarin (citrus unshiu) has been used in japanese citrus breeding programs to obtain seedless cultivars, which is a desirable trait for consumers. male sterility has often been evaluated by anther development or pollen fertility; however, the inheritance and heritability of male sterility derived from satsuma is poorly understood. in this study, we investigated the mode of inheritance and broad-sense heritability of male sterility derived from satsuma. initia ...201627589237
regulation of the pacemaker activities in cultured interstitial cells of cajal by citrus unshiu peel extracts.the citrus unshiu peel has been widely used for the treatment of gastrointestinal (gi) disorders in eastern traditional medicine. the present study aimed to investigate the effects of citrus unshiu peel extract (cpe) on the pacemaker activity of the gi tract in cultured interstitial cells of cajal (iccs) derived from the mouse small intestine. the whole‑cell patch‑clamp configuration was used to record pacemaker potentials. in current clamp mode, exposure to cpe caused membrane pacemaker depolar ...201627572234
inhibitory effect of gamma irradiation and its application for control of postharvest green mold decay of satsuma mandarins.gamma irradiation has been shown to be effective for the control of postharvest fungi in vitro, but little is known regarding antifungal action, responses to gamma irradiation, and its application to fresh produce. gamma irradiation was evaluated for its in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity against penicillium digitatum on satsuma mandarin fruits. green mold was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. gamma irradiation showed a complete inhibition of spore germination, germ tube elongation, an ...201627356109
citrus hallabong [(citrus unshiu × c. sinensis) × c. reticulata)] exerts potent anti-inflammatory properties in murine splenocytes and tpa-induced murine ear oedema model.hallabong [(citrus unshiu × c. sinensis) x c. reticulata)] (rutaceae) is a hybrid citrus cultivated in temperate regions of south korea. its fruit is well-known for pharmacological properties.201627333995
simultaneous determination of seven kinds of fungicides in citrus fruits by gas chromatograghy/mass spectrometry.a simple and accurate procedure was developed for the determination of seven fungicides, azoxystrobin (azo), diphenyl (dp), fludioxonil (fludi), imazalil (imz), o-phenylphenol (opp), pyrimethanil (pyri) and thiabendazole (tbz), in citrus fruits. the citrus fruit sample was extracted with acetonitrile and cleaned up with a graphite carbon/aminopropyl silanized silica gel solid-phase extraction cartridge using acetonitrile-toluene (3 : 1, v/v) as the eluent. triphenylene was used as an internal st ...201627558228
study of antiobesity effect through inhibition of pancreatic lipase activity of diospyros kaki fruit and citrus unshiu peel.pancreatic lipase is the enzyme responsible for digestion and absorption of triglycerides, being its inhibition one of the widest studied methods used to determine the potential activity of natural products to inhibit dietary fat absorption. decrease of energy intake from dietary fat through inhibition of this enzyme may be an excellent strategy to prevent and treat obesity. the inhibitory activity on pancreatic lipase enzyme of diospyros kaki fruit and citrus unshiu peel mixture extract (pcm) w ...201627529064
extractable and non-extractable phenolics and antioxidant capacity of mandarin waste dried at different temperatures.the mandarin industry is generating more waste due to the increasing demand for juice. in this study, extractable and non-extractable phenolics as well as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (dpph), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (abts), ferric reducing ability of plasma (frap), and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (orac) antioxidant activities in satsuma mandarin waste dried at different temperatures were determined. the amounts of non-extractable total phenols, total flavo ...201627368409
influences of yokukansankachimpihange on aggressive behavior of zinc-deficient mice and actions of the ingredients on excessive neural exocytosis in the hippocampus of zinc-deficient rats.we examined the effect of yokukansankachimpihange (yksch), a form of yokukansan containing parts of two herbaceous plants, citrus unshiu peel (chimpi) and pinellia tuber (hange), on aggressive behavior of mice housed individually. mice were fed a zinc-deficient diet for 2 weeks. in a resident-intruder test, the cumulative duration of aggressive behavior was decreased in zinc-deficient mice administrated drinking water containing yksch (approximately 300 mg/kg body weight/day) for 2 weeks. we tes ...201627245118
serum β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene derived from satsuma mandarin and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity: the mikkabi cohort study.findings of observational studies suggest cardioprotective effects of antioxidant vitamins and carotenoids. however, recent meta-analyses failed to show the beneficial effects of supplemental intake of antioxidants on cardiovascular disease (cvd). we aimed to assess the association between cvd risk and β-cryptoxanthin in japan, where satsuma mandarin, a major source of β-cryptoxanthin, is widely consumed.201627212620
aqueous extraction of citrus unshiu peel induces proangiogenic effects through the fak and erk1/2 signaling pathway in human umbilical vein endothelial cells.citrus unshiu peel has been used empirically as a traditional medicine to improve bronchial asthma and blood circulation in northeast asian nations, including korea, japan, and china. in this study, we report the proangiogenic effects of the aqueous extract of citrus unshiu peel (aecup). in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, aecup significantly induced cellular migration and capillary tube formation. we also demonstrated that aecup markedly increased the phosphorylation of fak and erk1/2 th ...201627266341
herbal formula ht048 attenuates diet-induced obesity by improving hepatic lipid metabolism and insulin resistance in obese rats.it is well established that obesity causes a variety of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. despite the diligent scientific efforts to find effective ways to lower the level of obesity, the size of obese population grows continuously around the world. here we present the results that show feeding diet containing ht048, a mixture of the extracts of crataegus pinnatifida leaves and citrus unshiu peel, two of the well-known traditional herbal medicines in eastern asia, de ...201627792149
an extract of chinpi, the dried peel of the citrus fruit unshiu, enhances axonal remyelination via promoting the proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells.the aging-induced decrease in axonal myelination/remyelination is due to impaired recruitment and differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (opcs). our previous studies have shown that a monoclonal antibody to dead (asp-glu-ala-asp) box polypeptide 54 (ddx54), a member of the dead box family of rna helicases, (1) specifically labels oligodendrocyte lineages, (2) binds to mrna and protein isoforms of myelin basic proteins (mbp), and (3) regulates migration of opcs from ventricular zone ...201627022404
comparative carotenoid compositions during maturation and their antioxidative capacities of three citrus varieties.this study investigated total carotenoid content, comparative carotenoid composition, vitamin c content, and total antioxidant capacity of three citrus varieties which are yuza (citrus junos sieb ex tabaka), kjool (citrus unshiu marcow), and dangyooja (citrus grandis osbeck). seven carotenoids were identified, with β-cryptoxanthin, astaxanthin, and zeaxanthin being predominant in citrus varieties. ripening increased the total carotenoid in three citrus varieties. individual carotenoid of canthax ...201626593526
parental diagnosis of satsuma mandarin (citrus unshiu marc.) revealed by nuclear and cytoplasmic markers.satsuma mandarins (citrus unshiu marc.) are the predominant cultivated citrus variety in japan. clarification of its origin would prove valuable for citrus taxonomy and mandarin breeding programs; however, current information is limited. we applied genome-wide genotyping using a 384 citrus single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) array and marco computer software to investigate the satsuma mandarin parentage. genotyping data from 206 validated snps were obtained to evaluate 67 citrus varieties and l ...201628163584
a limonoid kihadanin b from immature citrus unshiu peels suppresses adipogenesis through repression of the akt-foxo1-pparγ axis in adipocytes.citrus limonoids are secondary metabolites and exhibit a variety of biological activities. in this study, we elucidated the suppression of adipogenesis by a citrus limonoid kihadanin b and determined its molecular mechanism in mouse 3t3-l1 adipocytes. kihadanin b was purified from the peels of immature citrus unshiu by hplc, and its chemical structure was determined by nmr and mass spectrometry. kihadanin b reduced the lipid accumulation with the reduction of the expression levels of the adipoge ...201627977180
rad-seq analysis of typical and minor citrus accessions, including bhutanese varieties.we analyzed the reduced-representation genome sequences of citrus species by double-digest restriction site-associated dna sequencing (ddrad-seq) using 44 accessions, including typical and minor accessions, such as bhutanese varieties. the results of this analysis using typical accessions were consistent with previous reports that citron, papeda, pummelo, and mandarin are ancestral species, and that most citrus species are derivatives or hybrids of these four species. citrus varieties often repr ...201628163596
possible gender difference in anti-stress effect of β-cryptoxanthin.beta-cryptoxanthin [β-crx, (3r)-β, β-caroten-3-ol] is a provitamin a and a potent antioxidant that is abundant in satsuma mandarin orange (citrus unshiu marc.), which is the most popular fruit in japan. the anti-stress effect of β-crx on humans was evaluated in fifth-year university students during both routine daily life at the university and at pharmacy practice. the study design was a double-blind group comparison and participants (n=20; female 12, male 8) were randomly assigned to β-crx-rich ...201627592828
protective efficacy of the ingestion of mandarin orange containing β-cryptoxanthin on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute nephritis.β-cryptoxanthin is a common carotenoid pigment found in fruit, especially in satsuma mandarins and in persimmons. after ingestion, β-cryptoxanthin is distributed to and accumulates in organs, such as the liver, lung, and kidney. recent studies have reported that because of its antioxidant defense, β-cryptoxanthin performs several important functions in the preservation of human health and in the prevention of several diseases, including cancer and osteoporosis. the present study aims to determin ...201627374966
traceability of satsuma mandarin (citrus unshiu marc.) honey through nectar/honey-sac/honey pathways of the headspace, volatiles, and semi-volatiles: chemical markers.headspace solid-phase microextraction (hs-spme) and ultrasonic solvent extraction (use), followed by gc-ms/fid, were applied for monitoring the nectar (ne)/honey-sac (hos)/honey (ho) pathways of the headspace, volatiles, and semi-volatiles. the major ne (4 varieties of citrus unshiu) headspace compounds were linalool, α-terpineol, 1h-indole, methyl anthranilate, and phenylacetonitrile. corresponding extracts contained, among others, 1h-indole, methyl anthranilate, 1,3-dihydro-2h-indol-2-one and ...201627689986
protective effects of sweet orange, unshiu mikan, and mini tomato juice powders on t-bhp-induced oxidative stress in hepg2 cells.the aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of juice powders from sweet orange [citrus sinensis (l.) osbeck], unshiu mikan (citrus unshiu marcow), and mini tomato (solanum lycopersicum l.), and their major flavonoids, hesperidin, narirutin, and rutin in tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-bhp)-induced oxidative stress in hepg2 cells. the increased reactive oxygen species and decreased glutathione levels observed in t-bhp-treated hepg2 cells were ameliorated by pretreatment with juice ...201627752497
the wrky transcription factor family in citrus: valuable and useful candidate genes for citrus breeding.wrky transcription factors belong to a large family of plant transcriptional regulators whose members have been reported to be involved in a wide range of biological roles including plant development, adaptation to environmental constraints and response to several diseases. however, little or poor information is available about wrky's in citrus. the recent release of completely assembled genomes sequences of citrus sinensis and citrus clementina and the availability of ests sequences from other ...201627193354
gibberellin reactivates and maintains ovary-wall cell division causing fruit set in parthenocarpic citrus species.citrus is a wide genus in which most of the cultivated species and cultivars are natural parthenocarpic mutants or hybrids (i.e. orange, mandarin, tangerine, grapefruit). the autonomous increase in ga1 ovary concentration during anthesis was suggested as being the stimulus responsible for parthenocarpy in citrus regardless of the species. to determine the exact ga-role in parthenocarpic fruit set, the following hypothesis was tested: ga triggers and maintains cell division in ovary walls causing ...201627095396
salicylic acid treatment reduces the rot of postharvest citrus fruit by inducing the accumulation of h2o2, primary metabolites and lipophilic polymethoxylated flavones.to comprehensively analyze the effects of salicylic acid (sa) on the storability of satsuma mandarin (citrus unshiu), fruits were treated with 2mm sa. the disease incidence of control/sa-treated fruit at 50d and 120d after treatment was 23.3%/10% and 67.3%/23.3%, respectively, suggesting that sa treatment can significantly reduce the rot rate of postharvest citrus fruit. fruit quality assays revealed that the treatment can maintain fruit firmness without affecting the inner quality. furthermore, ...201627080881
citrus unshiu peel extract alleviates cancer-induced weight loss in mice bearing ct-26 adenocarcinoma.skeletal muscle atrophy is a critical feature of cancer-induced cachexia, caused by pro-cachectic factors secreted by host cells and tumor cells. therefore, blockade of these factors has considered a reasonable target for pharmacological and nutritional interventions to prevent skeletal muscle loss under cancer-induced cachexia. citrus unshiu peel (cup) has been used for treating the common cold, dyspepsia, and bronchial discomfort and reported to have pharmacological activities against inflamma ...201627064118
involvement of citchx and citdic in developmental-related and postharvest-hot-air driven citrate degradation in citrus fruits.citrate is the predominant organic acid associated with taste in citrus fruit. although citrate metabolism has been widely studied in recent years, the potential contributions of transport proteins to citrate content remain unclear. in the present study, high-acid citrus fruit gaocheng ('gc', citrus sp.) and low-acid citrus fruit satsuma mandarin ('sm', citrus unshiu marc.) were selected for study, and the degradation of citrate was deduced to be the main cause of the difference in acidity in fu ...201525738939
volunteer study and serum protein profiling to understand inflammatory response induced by satsuma mandarin.it has been observed that consumption of a certain amount of satsuma, lychee, and longan often caused a symptom characterized by dry or sore throat, gum swelling and even mouth ulcer, which significantly impaired the life quality of a large population. we define the adverse reaction to satsuma as satsuma-induced syndrome (sis). volunteers were assigned to oral satsuma challenge in an open manner. the results showed that sis was characterized with symptoms affecting the throat, oral cavity, face, ...201528454968
diversity in sensory quality and determining factors influencing mandarin flavor liking.we evaluated the sensory quality of 42 mandarin varieties that belong to 7 different natural subgroups: common mandarin (citrus reticulata blanco), clementine (citrus clementina hort. ex. tan), satsuma (citrus unshiu marcovitch), mediterranean mandarin (citrus deliciosa tenore), king mandarin (citrus nobilis loureiro), and mandarin hybrids, such as tangor (citrus reticulata × citrus sinensis) and tangelo (citrus reticulata × citrus paradisi). consumer flavor acceptance tests revealed wide divers ...201525559381
effect of x-irradiation on citrus canker pathogen xanthomonas citri subsp. citri of satsuma mandarin fruits.citrus canker caused by xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (xcc) is one of the most important bacterial diseases of citrus. because citrus canker is not found in many countries including european union and australia, xcc is strictly regulated in order to prevent its spread. in this study, the effects of x-irradiation on xcc growth either in the suspension or on the surface of citrus fruits were investigated. the suspension containing 1×10(7) cfu/ml of xcc was irradiated with different absorbed doses ...201526672670
neuroprotective effect of citrus unshiu immature peel and nobiletin inhibiting hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in ht22 murine hippocampal neuronal cells.oxidative stress-induced cell damage is common in the etiology of several neurobiological disorders, including alzheimer's disease and parkinson's disease. in a case study, nobiletin-rich citrus reticulata peels could prevent the progression of cognitive impairment in donepezil-preadministered alzheimer's disease patients.201526664016
genes involved in nutrient competition by pseudomonas putida jbc17 to suppress green mold in postharvest satsuma mandarin.understanding the mechanisms underlying biocontrol activity in biocontrol agents is indispensable to implement biological control. however, the understanding of specific mechanisms for nutrient competition in nutrient limited environments is still limited. this study was performed to control green mold of postharvest satsuma mandarin (mandarin) using pseudomonas putida jbc17 (jbc17), and identify the genes involved in nutrient competition. treatment with jbc17 on wounded mandarin fruits at a con ...201525707389
drinking citrus fruit juice inhibits vascular remodeling in cuff-induced vascular injury mouse model.citrus fruits are thought to have inhibitory effects on oxidative stress, thereby attenuating the onset and progression of cancer and cardiovascular disease; however, there are few reports assessing their effect on vascular remodeling. here, we investigated the effect of drinking the juice of two different citrus fruits on vascular neointima formation using a cuff-induced vascular injury mouse model. male c57bl6 mice were divided into five groups as follows: 1) control (water) (c), 2) 10% citrus ...201525692290
effect of blue led light intensity on carotenoid accumulation in citrus juice sacs.in the present study, the effects of blue led light intensity on carotenoid accumulation and expression of genes related to carotenoid biosynthesis were investigated in the juice sacs of satsuma mandarin (citrus unshiu marc.) and valencia orange (citrus sinensis osbeck) in vitro. the results showed that 100 μmol m(-2)s(-1) blue led light (100b) was effective for increasing carotenoid content, especially β-cryptoxanthin, in satsuma mandarin after cultured in vitro for four weeks. in valencia oran ...201526432407
application of sensory evaluation, hs-spme gc-ms, e-nose, and e-tongue for quality detection in citrus fruits.in this study, electronic tongue (e-tongue), headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (gc-ms), electronic nose (e-nose), and quantitative describe analysis (qda) were applied to describe the 2 types of citrus fruits (satsuma mandarins [citrus unshiu marc.] and sweet oranges [citrus sinensis {l.} osbeck]) and their mixing juices systematically and comprehensively. as some aroma components or some flavor molecules interacted with the whole juice matrix, the change ...201526416698
an examination on the modern significance of "yakushokudougen" in transferring to organic agriculture.this study attempts to identify whether and why the difference in corruption progress exists between organic and conventional farm products by conducting two corruption experiments of farm products and separation experiment of bacteria, as well as farmer survey. the results of corruption experiments for wenzhou mandarin oranges (citrus unshiu) and polished rice showed that conventional farm products demonstrated fast-growing corruption with strong unpleasant smell distinctively different from or ...201526370525
pyrolysis and catalytic upgrading of citrus unshiu peel.ex situ catalytic pyrolysis of citrus unshiu (c. unshiu) peel was performed using a tandem μ-reactor-gc/ms consisting of two sequential furnaces. the pyrolyzates of c. unshiu peel, composed mainly of alcohols, ketones and furans produced in the 1st furnace of the reactor, were upgraded to aromatics by the use of catalysts in the 2nd furnace. compared to wood powder, c. unshiu peel produced larger amounts of aromatics over hzsm-5(23). among the various catalysts, hzsm-5(23) and hbeta(25) showed h ...201526210145
fairy chemicals, 2-azahypoxanthine and 2-aza-8-oxohypoxanthine, regulate carotenoid accumulation in citrus juice sacs in vitro."fairy chemicals", 2-azahypoxanthine (ahx) and 2-aza-8-oxohypoxanthine (aoh), are two novel plant-growth regulating compounds isolated from a fairy ring forming fungus, lepista sordida. in the present study, the effects of ahx and aoh on the accumulation of carotenoids and expression of genes related to carotenoid metabolism were investigated in the juice sacs of satsuma mandarin (citrus unshiu marc.) in vitro. the results showed that ahx and aoh regulated carotenoid metabolism in the citrus jui ...201526208741
plant scents modify innate colour preference in foraging swallowtail butterflies.flower-visiting insects exhibit innate preferences for particular colours. a previous study demonstrated that naive papilio xuthus females prefer yellow and red, whereas males are more attracted to blue. here, we demonstrate that the innate colour preference can be modified by olfactory stimuli in a sexually dimorphic manner. naive p. xuthus were presented with four coloured discs: blue, green, yellow and red. the innate colour preference (i.e. the colour first landed on) of the majority of indi ...201526179802
a herbal formula ht048, citrus unshiu and crataegus pinnatifida, prevents obesity by inhibiting adipogenesis and lipogenesis in 3t3-l1 preadipocytes and hfd-induced obese rats.ht048 is a combination composed of crataegus pinnatifida leaf and citrus unshiu peel extracts. this study aimed to investigate potential anti-obesity effect of the combination. the 3t3-l1 adipocytes were treated with different doses of ht048 and triglyceride accumulation, glycerol release and adipogenesis-related genes were analyzed. for in vivo study, male sprague dawley rats were divided according to experimental diets: the chow diet group, the high-fat diet (hfd) group, the hfd supplemented w ...201526016552
sweating treatment enhances citrus fruit disease resistance by inducing the accumulation of amino acids and salicylic acid-induced resistance pathway.to clarify the mechanism of fruit disease resistance activated by sweating treatment, 'guoqing no.1' satsuma mandarin (citrus unshiu marc.) fruits were treated by sweating, which is a traditional prestorage treatment in china. subsequently, we performed inoculation and physiological characterization, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-de) proteomics analysis and metabonomics analysis based on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (gc-ms) and high-performance liquid chromatography/e ...201525893482
regulation of ascorbic acid metabolism by blue led light irradiation in citrus juice sacs.in the present study, the effects of red and blue led lights on the accumulation of ascorbic acid (asa) were investigated in the juice sacs of three citrus varieties, satsuma mandarin, valencia orange, and lisbon lemon. the results showed that the blue led light treatment effectively increased the asa content in the juice sacs of the three citrus varieties, whereas the red led light treatment did not. by increasing the blue led light intensity, the juice sacs of the three citrus varieties accumu ...201525711821
anti-inflammatory activity of a new cyclic peptide, citrusin xi, isolated from the fruits of citrus unshiu.citrus unshiu (rutaceae) is an easy-peeling citrus fruit, which has been used as a traditional korean medicine for improving skin elasticity, relieving fatigue and cough, and preventing bronchitis, flu, and various cancers. however, its active components associated with anti-inflammation and underlying mechanisms remain unknown. in this study, we investigated the active constituents from the fruits of citrus unshiu and evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity in order to support the traditional ...201525625351
characterisation of cell-wall polysaccharides from mandarin segment membranes.in an attempt to develop a process of enzymatic peeling of mandarin segments suitable for use on an industrial scale, the cell wall fraction of the segment membrane of satsuma mandarin fruits was extracted to obtain a chelating agent-soluble pectin fraction (chss), a dilute sodium hydroxide-soluble pectin fraction (dass), a 1m sodium hydroxide-soluble hemicellulose fraction (1mass), a 4m sodium hydroxide-soluble hemicellulose fraction (4mass) and a cellulose-rich residue (3.1, 0.9, 0.4, 0.7 and ...201525577048
in situ detection and identification of hesperidin crystals in satsuma mandarin (citrus unshiu) peel cells.hesperidin, a flavonoid known to have important pharmacological effects, accumulates particularly in the peels of satsuma mandarin (citrus unshiu). although histochemical studies have suggested that hesperidin forms crystals in some tissues of the rutaceae and umbelliferae, there has been no rigorous in situ detection or identification of hesperidin crystals in c. unshiu.201525376900
hepatoprotective and neuroprotective tocopherol analogues isolated from the peels of citrus unshiu marcovich.three tocopherol analogues methoxytocopherol (1), α-tocopherol (2) and γ-tocopherol (3) were isolated from the peels of citrus unshiu marcovich. the protective effects of the isolated compounds against tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced hepatotoxicity in human liver-derived hepg2 cells and glutamate-induced oxidative stress in ht22-immortalised hippocampal cells were evaluated. compounds 1-3 were significantly protective in hepg2 cells with ec50 values of 21.22 ± 2.01, 25.21 ± 2.11 and 25.25 ± 1.2 ...201525159703
fruit photosynthesis in satsuma mandarin.to clarify detailed characteristics of fruit photosynthesis, possible gas exchange pathway and photosynthetic response to different environments were investigated in satsuma mandarin (citrus unshiu). about 300 mm(-2) stomata were present on fruit surface during young stages (∼10-30 mm diameter fruit) and each stoma increased in size until approximately 88 days after full bloom (dafb), while the stomata collapsed steadily thereafter; more than 50% stomata deformed at 153 dafb. the transpiration r ...201526706059
physical changes in satsuma mandarin leaf after infection of elsinoë fawcettii causing citrus scab disease.citrus scab disease is one of the destructive diseases that reduce the value of fruit for the fresh market. we analyzed the process of symptom development after infection with scab pathogen elsinoë fawcettii in the susceptible satsuma mandarin leaves to observe the structural modification against pathogen. the cuticle and epidermal cells along with 3-5 layers of mesophyll tissue were degraded 1-2 days post inoculation. surrounding peripheral cells of degraded tissues grew rapidly and then envelo ...201526674386
bioconversion of citrus unshiu peel extracts with cytolase suppresses adipogenic activity in 3t3-l1 cells.citrus flavonoids have a variety of physiological properties such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation, anti-cancer, and anti-obesity. we investigated whether bioconversion of citrus unshiu with cytolase (cu-c) ameliorates the anti-adipogenic effects by modulation of adipocyte differentiation and lipid metabolism in 3t3-l1 cells.201526634048
[β-cryptoxanthin and the risk for lifestyle-related disease: findings from recent nutritional epidemiologic studies].antioxidant micronutrients, such as vitamins and carotenoids, exist in abundance in fruits and vegetables and have been known to contribute to the body's defense against reactive oxygen species. numerous recent epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that a high dietary consumption of fruit and vegetables rich in carotenoids or with high serum carotenoid concentrations results in lower risks of certain cancers, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. these epidemiologic studies have suggested that ...201525743900
identification and transcript analysis of two glutamate decarboxylase genes, csgad1 and csgad2, reveal the strong relationship between csgad1 and citrate utilization in citrus fruit.glutamate decarboxylase (gad, ec 4.1.1.15) has been suggested to be a key, regulatory point in the biosynthesis of γ-aminobutyrate (gaba) and in the utilization of citric acid through gaba shunt pathway. in this study we discovered two gad genes, named as csgad1 and csgad2, in citrus genome database and then successfully cloned. both csgad1 and csgad2 have a putative pyridoxal 5-phosphate binding domain in the middle region and a putative calmodulin-binding domain at the carboxyl terminus. gene ...201424976574
polyphenols and antioxidant capacity of a spontaneous reddish mutant in satsuma mandarin, shinheungri.a satsuma mandarin (citrus unshiu marc. cv. miyagawa) spontaneous mutant, shinheungri, produces fruit with an abnormal red-coloured peel during ripening. the peel and pulp extracts of shinheungri fruit were evaluated for polyphenolic contents and antioxidant activities by using various in vitro assays. compared with those of wild type (wt), shinheungri exhibited slightly higher total flavonoid content and antioxidant activities. the results of uplc analyses indicate that the peel and pulp extrac ...201424828342
preventive effects of citrus unshiu peel extracts on bone and lipid metabolism in ovx rats.dried citrus unshiu peel has been widely used for various medicinal purposes in oriental medicine. this study evaluated the metabolic effects of dried c. unshiu peel in ovariectomized (ovx) rats. the ovx rats were divided into five groups treated with distilled water, 17β-estradiol (e2 10 μg/kg, once daily, i.p.) and dried c. unshiu peel extracts (dcpe 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg, once daily, p.o.) for eight weeks. the treatments with high-dose dcpe significantly decreased the bone mineral density (bm ...201424413833
synephrine inhibits eotaxin-1 expression via the stat6 signaling pathway.citrus contain various flavonoids and alkaloids that have multiple biological activities. it is known that the immature citrus contains larger amounts of bioactive components, than do the mature plants. although citrus flavonoids are well known for their biological activities, citrus alkaloids have not previously been assessed. in this study, we identified synephrine alkaloids as an active compound from immature citrus unshiu, and investigated the effect of synephrine on eotaxin-1 expression. eo ...201425111027
chemical composition and anti-inflammation activity of essential oils from citrus unshiu flower.though many essential oils from citrus peels are claimed to have several medicinal functions, the chemical composition and biological activities of the essential oils of citrus flowers have not been well described. therefore, this study intended to investigate the chemical composition and anti-inflammatory potential of essential oils from c. unshiu flower (ceo) to support its purported beneficial health effects. the chemical constituents of the ceo, analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectromet ...201425026734
nobiletin suppresses mmp-9 expression through modulation of p38 mapk activity in human dermal fibrobalsts.we aimed to identify a novel flavonoid from the in-house natural products to suppress matrix metalloproteases (mmps), which is responsible for degradation of collagen and other extracellular matrix proteins. total eight natural products were screened for identification of a novel mmp-9 suppressor using mmp-9 reporter system, where the prompt initial screening with multiple samples is readily examined. among the extracts used in the present study, one extract (citrus unshiu) was found active in t ...201424389490
[citrus boron nutrient level and its impact factors in the three gorges reservoir region of chongqing, china].to investigate the level of boron nutrient in citrus and its impact factors, a total of 954 citrus leaf samples and 302 soil samples were collected from representative orchards in the 12 main citrus production counties in the three gorges reservoir region of chongqing to determine the boron content in citrus leaves, as well as the relationships between leaf boron content with soil available boron content, soil ph value, cultivar, rootstock and the age of tree. results indicated that the leaf sam ...201425011290
differential transcriptional regulation of l-ascorbic acid content in peel and pulp of citrus fruits during development and maturation.citrus fruits are an important source of ascorbic acid (asa) for human nutrition, but the main pathways involved in its biosynthesis and their regulation are still not fully characterized. to study the transcriptional regulation of asa accumulation, expression levels of 13 genes involved in asa biosynthesis, 5 in recycling and 5 in degradation were analyzed in peel and pulp of fruit of two varieties with different asa concentration: navel orange (citrus sinensis) and satsuma mandarin (citrus uns ...201424567029
comparative analysis of surface wax in mature fruits between satsuma mandarin (citrus unshiu) and 'newhall' navel orange (citrus sinensis) from the perspective of crystal morphology, chemical composition and key gene expression.surface wax of mature satsuma mandarin (citrus unshiu) and 'newhall' navel orange (citrus sinensis) was analysed by crystal morphology, chemical composition, and gene expression levels. the epicuticular and total waxes of both citrus cultivars were mostly composed of aldehydes, alkanes, fatty acids and primary alcohols. the epicuticular wax accounted for 80% of the total wax in the newhall fruits and was higher than that in the satsuma fruits. scanning electron microscopy showed that larger and ...201424491718
a novel macromolecular extract screened from satsuma with pro-inflammatory effect.excessive consumption of horticultural fruit is a double-edged sword with both positive and negative effects. in eastern countries, a large number of people have suffered from shang huo as a result of excessive consumption of "heating" foods, such as lychee, longan, mandarin orange, mango and civet durian. the present study adopted a step by step strategy screened the compositions with pro-inflammatory effect in satsuma fruits. the pro-inflammatory effects of all fractions were evaluated in raw ...201424336758
detection of mandarin in orange juice by single-nucleotide polymorphism qpcr assay.a dual-probe real time pcr (qpcr) dna-based analysis was devised for the identification of mandarin in orange juice. a single nucleotide polymorphism at the trnl-trnf intergenic region of the chloroplast chromosome was confirmed in nine orange (citrus sinensis) and thirteen commercial varieties of mandarin, including citrus reticulata and citrus unshiu species and a mandarin × tangelo hybrid. two short minor-groove binding fluorescent probes targeting the polymorphic sequence were used in the du ...201424128588
characterization of three linalool synthase genes from citrus unshiu marc. and analysis of linalool-mediated resistance against xanthomonas citri subsp. citri and penicilium italicum in citrus leaves and fruits.three cdna clones from satsuma mandarin (citrus unshiu marc.) were isolated and expressed in escherichia coli. custs3-1 and custs3-2 encode linalool synthases and custs4 encodes a nerolidol/linalool synthase. transcripts of custs3-1, custs3-2 and custs4 were abundant in young fruit at 60 days after flowering (daf), flowers and leaves, respectively. treatments with xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (xcc), the causal agent of citrus canker and penicillium italicum (pi), the cause of post-harvest frui ...201425443842
the role as inoculum sources of xanthomonas citri pv. citri surviving on the infected satsuma mandarin fruits.importing citrus fruits infected by asiatic citrus canker caused by xanthomonas citri pv. citri (xcc) can act as an inoculum source for the disease epidemic in citrus canker-free countries. in this study, the pathogenicity of the causal agent of asiatic citrus canker surviving on infected satsuma mandarin fruits was evaluated. the washing solution of infected satsuma mandarin fruits did not cause lesion formation on the citrus leaves. however, a typical citrus canker lesion was formed on the lea ...201424723102
surface barriers of mandarin 'okitsu' leaves make a major contribution to canker disease resistance.field evaluations have shown that satsuma mandarin (citrus unshiu) 'okitsu' is one of the mandarin cultivars that shows substantial resistance to xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (x. citri), the causal agent of citrus bacterial canker disease. however, the mechanisms underlying this resistance are not well understood. in this study, we have shown that 'okitsu' leaves are nevertheless susceptible to x. citri infection during a period of their development; however, this period is shorter than that s ...201424548213
extraction efficiency of hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants from lyophilized foods using pressurized liquid extraction and manual extraction.the efficient extraction of antioxidants from food samples is necessary in order to accurately measure their antioxidant capacities. α-tocopherol and gallic acid were spiked into samples of 5 lyophilized and pulverized vegetables and fruits (onion, cabbage, satsuma mandarin orange, pumpkin, and spinach). the lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants in the samples were sequentially extracted with a mixed solvent of n-hexane and dichloromethane, and then with acetic acid-acidified aqueous methanol. ...201425155095
preliminary examination of herbal extracts on the inhibition of helicobacter pylori.this work aims at describing the traditional uses, to determine the antimicrobial potential of two different extracts hexane, acetone of the leaves of citrus unshiu, citrus sinensis, citrus limon, laurus nobilis, citrus paradisi on clinical strain of h. pylori in a bid to identify potential sources of cheap starting materials for the synthesis of new drugs. h. pylori strain was a culture collection of hacettepe university, turkey.201424653559
cold tolerance of the mediterranean fruit fly in date and mandarin.the mediterranean fruit fly, ceratitis capitata (wiedemann), is an endemic pest in israel and there can be low levels of infestation of dates (phoenix dactylifera l.). because c. capitata is considered a quarantine pest by several major importing countries, the export of fresh dates requires the elimination of this pest. for mandarin, cold storage at 1.11°c for 15 d is considered to be an effective treatment for the elimination of c. capitata. in this study, we compared the cold tolerance of c. ...201426309262
the antiinflammatory mechanism of igongsan in mouse peritoneal macrophages via suppression of nf-κb/caspase-1 activation.igongsan (igs), which is an herbal prescription composed of five different herbs, ginseng radix (root of panax ginseng, araliaceae), atractylodis rhizoma alba (rhizome of atractylodes macrocephala, compositae), poria sclerotium (sclerotium of poria cocos, polyporaceae), glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma (root and rhizome of glycyrrhiza uralensis, leguminosae), and citri unshius pericarpium (peel of citrus unshiu, rutaceae), has been traditionally used in korea to treat a variety of inflammatory dise ...201423956075
identification of phenolic compositions and the antioxidant capacity of mandarin juices and wines.this research was undertaken to determine the phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity of juices and wines obtained from robinson, fremont and satsuma mandarins. high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode-array detection was used for identifying and quantifying phenolic compounds. the total amount of phenolic compounds ranged from 36.6 to 132.6 mg/l for the mandarin juice, and from 14.1 to 54.5 mg/l for the wines. in the juices and wines, the major hydroxybenzoic acid was van ...201424876641
changes in free amino acids and polyamine levels in satsuma leaves in response to asian citrus psyllid infestation and water stress.the effects of biotic and abiotic stresses on changes in amino acids and polyamine levels in satsuma orange (citrus unshiu; cultivar owari) leaves were investigated. asian citrus psyllids diaphorina citri (kuwayama) (acp) infestation was used to induce biotic stress while a water deficit was imposed to induce abiotic stress. potted trees were infested by placing 50 psyllids on 3 citrus leaves enclosed in nylon mesh bags for 5 d. a parallel set of plants were kept water stressed by maintaining th ...201424178691
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