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drivers of canine distemper virus exposure in dogs at a wildlife interface in janos, mexico.human population expansion has increased the contact between domestic animals and wildlife, thereby increasing the transmission of infectious diseases including canine distemper virus (cdv). here, we investigated the risk factors associated with cdv exposure in domestic and wild carnivores from the janos biosphere reserve (jbr), mexico.202133981441
endozoochorous dispersal of forest seeds by carnivorous mammals in sierra fría, aguascalientes, mexico.some carnivorous mammals ingest fruit and disperse seeds of forest plant species capable of colonizing disturbed areas in ecosystems. the objective of the present study was to evaluate the dissemination of arctostaphylos pungens and juniperus deppeana seeds by the gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus), coyote (canis latrans), and other carnivores in the protected natural area sierra fría, in aguascalientes, mexico. scat collection was undertaken via transects using the direct search method, while ...202032211171
comparative metal analysis in a species assemblage of mammals from the southeastern united states.metal pollution commonly occurs in many terrestrial environments and may pose a threat for the animals inhabiting such areas. here, we present concentrations of six metals (cadmium [cd], copper [cu], nickel [ni], lead [pb], selenium [se], and zinc [zn]) in the liver tissues of seven species of mammals obtained from a study that examined the impact of mesopredator removal on northern bobwhite (colinus virginianus) populations. a total of 1326 samples were collected from 2003 to 2006 at four sites ...202032323028
invasive wild pigs as primary nest predators for wild turkeys.depredation of wild turkey (meleagris gallopavo) nests is a leading cause of reduced recruitment for the recovering and iconic game species. invasive wild pigs (sus scrofa) are known to depredate nests, and have been expanding throughout the distributed range of wild turkeys in north america. we sought to gain better insight on the magnitude of wild pigs depredating wild turkey nests. we constructed simulated wild turkey nests throughout the home ranges of 20 gps-collared wild pigs to evaluate n ...202032060348
static allometry of a small-bodied omnivore: body size and limb scaling of an island fox and inferences for homo floresiensis.island dwarfing is a paraphyletic adaptation across numerous mammalian genera. from mammoths to foxes, extreme body size reduction is shared by diverse organisms that migrate to an island environment. because it largely occurs owing to ecological variables, not phylogenetic ones, skeletal characters in a dwarfed taxon compared with its ancestor may appear abnormal. as a result, allometric patterns between body size and morphological traits may differ for an island dwarf compared with its ancesto ...202033137549
concurrent infection of skunk adenovirus-1, listeria monocytogenes, and a regionally specific clade of canine distemper virus in one gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus) and concurrent listeriosis and canine distemper in a second gray fox.one free-ranging gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus) underwent autopsy following neurologic disease, with findings including morbilliviral inclusions and associated lesions in numerous tissues, adenoviral intranuclear inclusions in bronchial epithelial cells, and septic pleuropneumonia, hepatitis, splenitis, and meningoencephalitis. molecular diagnostics on fresh lung identified a strain within a distinct clade of canine distemper that is currently unique to wildlife in new england, as well as t ...202032708148
cross-sectional evaluation of multiple epidemiological cycles of leptospira species in peri-urban wildlife in california.to perform a cross-sectional survey to estimate prevalence of and potential risk factors for leptospira spp infection and exposure in peri-urban wildlife throughout california.202033021456
genetic characteristics of canine distemper viruses circulating in wildlife in the united states.canine distemper virus (cdv) is a highly contagious disease of wild and domestic mammals. maintenance of cdv among wildlife plays an important role in the disease epidemiology. wild animals, including raccoons (procyon lotor) and gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus), serve as reservoirs of cdv and hamper the control of the disease. recently, we discovered that at least three different cdv lineages (america-3 [edomex], america-4, and america-5] that are genetically different from the available v ...202031926508
complete genome analysis confirms that the pygmy marmoset adenovirus is a variant of the skunk adenovirus 1 - short communication.the complete genomic sequence along with phylogenetic analyses of an adenovirus (adv), isolated from a dead captive pygmy marmoset (callithrix pygmaea) from a hungarian zoo is reported. earlier, based on the phylogenetic analysis of the sequence of a pcr-amplified fragment from the dna polymerase gene, the pygmy marmoset adv (pmadv) has been reported to cluster closest to certain chiropteran advs. in the following years similar advs were discovered in additional mammalian hosts, including a skun ...202033128521
serosurvey of coyotes (canis latrans), foxes (vulpes vulpes, urocyon cinereoargenteus), and raccoons (procyon lotor) for exposure to influenza a viruses in the usa.we tested coyote (canis latrans), fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus, vulpes vulpes), and raccoon (procyon lotor) sera for influenza a virus exposure. we found 2/139 samples (1 coyote, 1 raccoon) had iav antibodies and hemagglutination inhibition assays revealed the antibodies to the 2009/2010 h1n1 human pandemic virus or to the 2007 human seasonal h1n1 virus.202032320339
serosurvey for influenza virus subtypes h3n8 and h3n2 antibodies in free-ranging canids in pennsylvania, usa.canine influenza virus (civ) subtypes h3n8 and h3n2 are endemic among domestic dog ( canis lupus familiaris ) populations in the northeastern us. infection of free-ranging carnivores with influenza virus has been sporadically reported. generalist mesocarnivores that exploit anthropogenic, peri-urban habitats share a wide interface with domestic dogs that allows for the transmission of infectious disease. to investigate the potential exposure of free-ranging canids to civ in pennsylvania, us, ser ...201930096030
dental and temporomandibular joint pathology of the kit fox (vulpes macrotis).skull specimens from 836 kit foxes (vulpes macrotis) were examined macroscopically according to predefined criteria; 559 specimens were included in this study. the study group consisted of 248 (44.4%) females, 267 (47.8%) males and 44 (7.9%) specimens of unknown sex; 128 (22.9%) skulls were from young adults and 431 (77.1%) were from adults. of the 23,478 possible teeth, 21,883 teeth (93.2%) were present for examination, 45 (1.9%) were absent congenitally, 405 (1.7%) were acquired losses and 1,1 ...201930898300
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum infections and associated factors in sheep from costa rica.the presence of antibodies against toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum were analyzed in 392 sheep sera from ten costa rican ovine flocks using indirect immuno-enzymatic assays. additionally, general information about sheep management, environment, and clinical reproductive disorders was assessed through a questionnaire to inquire factors related to these apicomplexan parasites. a total of 161 (41.1%) serum samples reacted positive to t. gondii, 43 (10.9%) to n. caninum and 26 (6.63%) to both ...201930666319
of microbes and mange: consistent changes in the skin microbiome of three canid species infected with sarcoptes scabiei mites.sarcoptic mange is a highly contagious skin disease caused by the ectoparasitic mite sarcoptes scabiei. although it afflicts over 100 mammal species worldwide, sarcoptic mange remains a disease obscured by variability at the individual, population and species levels. amid this variability, it is critical to identify consistent drivers of morbidity, particularly at the skin barrier.201931619277
infection of eight mesocarnivores in new hampshire and vermont with a distinct clade of canine distemper virus in 2016-2017.three fishers (martes pennanti), 2 gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus), 1 mink (neovison vison), 1 skunk (mephitis mephitis), and 1 raccoon (procyon lotor), from vermont and new hampshire, had lesions on autopsy consistent with canine distemper virus (cdv) infections diagnosed in a 12-mo period in 2016-2017. lesions of cdv infection were most commonly noted in the lungs (8 of 8 animals), urothelium (5 of 8), biliary tract (5 of 8), gastrointestinal tract (4 of 7), and brain (4 of 6). splenic l ...201931023162
biotic factors influencing the unexpected distribution of a humboldt marten (martes caurina humboldtensis) population in a young coastal forest.pacific martens (martes caurina) are often associated with mature forests with complex structure for denning, resting, and efficient hunting. nonetheless, a small isolated population of the humboldt subspecies of pacific martens (martes caurina humboldtensis) occupies a narrow strip of young, coastal forest (< 70 years old) but not inland mature forest in the central oregon coast range. we examined factors contributing to this unexpected distribution of martens by 1) analyzing marten diets using ...201931042737
purging of strongly deleterious mutations explains long-term persistence and absence of inbreeding depression in island foxes.the recovery and persistence of rare and endangered species are often threatened by genetic factors, such as the accumulation of deleterious mutations, loss of adaptive potential, and inbreeding depression [1]. island foxes (urocyon littoralis), the dwarfed descendants of mainland gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus), have inhabited california's channel islands for >9,000 years [2-4]. previous genomic analyses revealed that island foxes have exceptionally low levels of diversity and elevated le ...201830415705
dental pathology of the grey fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus).museum specimens from 637 grey foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) were examined macroscopically according to predefined criteria. of the 637 specimens, 569 were included for further examination. the study population included more males (n = 261, 45.9%) than females (n = 196, 34.4%) and animals of unknown sex (n = 112, 19.7%). additionally, 481 (84.5%) adults, 67 (11.8%) young adults and 21 (3.7%) individuals of unknown age comprised the study population, with juveniles and neonates excluded. the n ...201829422314
dynamic occupancy modelling reveals a hierarchy of competition among fishers, grey foxes and ringtails.determining how species coexist is critical for understanding functional diversity, niche partitioning and interspecific interactions. identifying the direct and indirect interactions among sympatric carnivores that enable their coexistence is particularly important to elucidate because they are integral for maintaining ecosystem function. we studied the effects of removing nine fishers (pekania pennanti) on their population dynamics and used this perturbation to elucidate the interspecific inte ...201829282715
roads do not increase carrion use by a vertebrate scavenging community.wildlife-vehicle collisions introduce a considerable amount of carrion into the environment, but scavenger use of this resource has not been extensively investigated. scavengers may use roads for reliable foraging opportunities, but might also use roads for other purposes and encounter carrion opportunistically. we examined scavenging of carrion along linear features by placing 52 rabbit carcasses in each of three treatments in forested habitat during winter (dec 2016-mar 2017) in south carolina ...201830397216
seroprevalence for the tick-borne relapsing fever spirochete borrelia turicatae among small and medium sized mammals of texas.in low elevation arid regions throughout the southern united states, borrelia turicatae is the principal agent of tick-borne relapsing fever. however, endemic foci and the vertebrate hosts involved in the ecology of b. turicatae remain undefined. experimental infection studies suggest that small and medium sized mammals likely maintain b. turicatae in nature, while the tick vector is a long-lived reservoir.201830372445
additional progress in the development and application of a direct, rapid immunohistochemical test for rabies diagnosis.laboratory-based surveillance is fundamental to effective rabies prevention and control. the direct fluorescent antibody (ab) test (fat) is the gold standard for rabies diagnosis. recently, additional tests besides the fat have been developed, such as the direct rapid immunohistochemical test (drit). in this study, our objective was to further refine technical aspects of the drit using a combination of two monoclonal abs (mabs), 502 and 802, conduct additional testing among rabies reference labo ...201829925781
habitat selection and diurnal refugia of gray foxes in southwestern georgia, usa.understanding habitat selection of gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) is essential to evaluate their potential response to changes in land use and predator communities. few studies have evaluated temporal habitat selection or explicitly identified habitats used by gray foxes for diurnal refugia. we used gps collars to obtain location data for 34 gray foxes (20 males and 14 females) from february 2014 to december 2015 to evaluate temporal (seasonal and diel) habitat selection and selection of ...201729040319
assessment of the immunogenicity of rabies vaccine preserved by vaporization and delivered to the duodenal mucosa of gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus).objective to assess the immunogenicity of thermostable live-attenuated rabies virus (rabv) preserved by vaporization (pbv) and delivered to the duodenal mucosa of a wildlife species targeted for an oral vaccination program. animals 8 gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus). procedures endoscopy was used to place rabv pbv (n = 3 foxes), alginate-encapsulated rabv pbv (3 foxes), or nonpreserved rabv (2 foxes) vaccine into the duodenum of foxes. blood samples were collected weekly to monitor the immu ...201728541146
systemic aa amyloidosis in the red fox (vulpes vulpes).amyloid a (aa) amyloidosis occurs spontaneously in many mammals and birds, but the prevalence varies considerably among different species, and even among subgroups of the same species. the blue fox and the gray fox seem to be resistant to the development of aa amyloidosis, while island foxes have a high prevalence of the disease. herein, we report on the identification of aa amyloidosis in the red fox (vulpes vulpes). edman degradation and tandem ms analysis of proteolyzed amyloid protein reveal ...201728791746
ecological potential for rabies virus transmission via scavenging of dead bats by mesocarnivores.multiple species of bats are reservoirs of rabies virus in the americas and are occasionally the source of spillover infections into mesocarnivore species. although rabies transmission generally is assumed to occur via bite, laboratory studies have demonstrated the potential for rabies transmission via ingestion of rabid animals. we investigated the ecological potential for this mode of transmission by assessing mesocarnivore scavenging behavior of dead bats in suburban habitats of flagstaff, ar ...201728094609
distribution and host associations of ixodid ticks collected from wildlife in florida, usa.a tick survey was conducted to document tick-host associations with florida (usa) wildlife, and to determine the relative abundance and distribution of ixodid ticks throughout the state. the survey was conducted using collection kits distributed to licensed florida hunters as well as the examination of archived specimens from ongoing state wildlife research programs. collected tick samples were obtained from 66% of florida counties and were collected from nine wildlife hosts, including black bea ...201729110170
oral vaccination of wildlife using a vaccinia-rabies-glycoprotein recombinant virus vaccine (raboral v-rg®): a global review.raboral v-rg® is an oral rabies vaccine bait that contains an attenuated ("modified-live") recombinant vaccinia virus vector vaccine expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein gene (v-rg). approximately 250 million doses have been distributed globally since 1987 without any reports of adverse reactions in wildlife or domestic animals since the first licensed recombinant oral rabies vaccine (orv) was released into the environment to immunize wildlife populations against rabies. v-rg is genetically ...201728938920
diversity of rickettsiae in a rural community in northern california.far northern california forests are highly biodiverse in wildlife reservoirs and arthropod vectors that may propagate rickettsial pathogens in nature. the proximity of small rural communities to these forests puts people and domestic animals at risk of vector-borne infection due to spillover from wildlife. the current study was conducted to document exposure to rickettsial pathogens in people and domestic animals in a rural community, and identify which rickettsiae are present in sylvatic and pe ...201728274808
amblyomma auricularium (ixodida: ixodidae) in florida: new hosts and distribution records.previous published evidence for the occurrence of an exotic armadillo tick, amblyomma auricularium (conil), in florida is scant, but we found it is fully established and integrated into the state's tick fauna. we collected 11,192 specimens of this tick from naturalized nine-banded armadillos, dasypus novemcinctus l., and 14 other species of wild native mammals and birds in florida, while sampling statewide during 2004 through 2007. in all, we document its specific presence only in 14 contiguous ...201728082640
data from camera surveys identifying co-occurrence and occupancy linkages between fishers (pekania pennanti), rodent prey, mesocarnivores, and larger predators in mixed-conifer forests.these data provide additional information relevant to the frequency of fisher detections by camera traps, and single-season occupancy and local persistence of fishers in small patches of forest habitats detailed elsewhere, "landscape fuel reduction, forest fire, and biophysical linkages to local habitat use and local persistence of fishers (pekania pennanti) in sierra nevada mixed-conifer forests" [10]. the data provides insight on camera trap detections of 3 fisher predators (bobcat [lynx rufus ...201626937448
high trypanosoma cruzi infection prevalence associated with minimal cardiac pathology among wild carnivores in central texas.infection with the zoonotic vector-borne protozoal parasite trypanosoma cruzi causes chagas disease in humans and dogs throughout the americas. despite the recognized importance of various wildlife species for perpetuating trypanosoma cruzi in nature, relatively little is known about the development of cardiac disease in infected wildlife. using a cross-sectional study design, we collected cardiac tissue and blood from hunter-donated wildlife carcasses- including raccoon (procyon lotor), coyote ...201627330982
sarcoptic mange in a south american gray fox (chilla fox; lycalopex griseus ), chile.mange, a prevalent disease of dogs in chile, is also a serious threat to wildlife. we report a case of sarcoptic mange in a south american gray fox or chilla fox ( lycalopex griseus ). further research is needed to understand the impact of mange in wildlife populations.201627310169
bartonella rochalimae and b. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii in wild carnivores from colorado, usa.spleen samples from 292 wild carnivores from colorado, us were screened for bartonella infection. bartonella dna was detected in coyotes ( canis latrans ) (28%), striped skunks ( mephitis mephitis ) (23%), red foxes ( vulpes vulpes ) (27%), and raccoons ( procyon lotor ) (8%) but not in black bears ( ursus americanus ), gray foxes ( urocyon cinereoargenteus ), and mountain lions ( puma concolor ). two bartonella species, b. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii and b. rochalimae, were identified. all 10 in ...201627529290
characterization of a novel canine distemper virus causing disease in wildlife.canine distemper virus (cdv) is a common cause of a multisystemic disease in both domestic dogs and wildlife species, including raccoons and foxes. outbreaks of cdv in domestic dogs in eastern tennessee have occurred since 2012, and it was determined that these outbreaks resulted from a novel genotype of cdv. we hypothesized that this virus is also infecting area wildlife and may be a source of the virus for these outbreaks in dogs. from 2013 to 2014, autopsies were performed and tissues collect ...201627400957
gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus) parasite diversity in central mexico.mexico has a long history of parasitological studies in communities of vertebrates. however, the mega diversity of the country makes fauna inventories an ongoing priority. presently, there is little published on the parasite fauna of gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus schereber, 1775) and this study provides new records of parasites for gray foxes in central mexico. it is a continuation of a series of previous parasitological studies conducted with this carnivore in mexico from 2003 to the pre ...201627408801
the origin of the lower fourth molar in canids, inferred by individual variation.an increase in tooth number is an exception during mammalian evolution. the acquisition of the lower fourth molar in the bat-eared fox (otocyon megalotis, canidae, carnivora, mammalia) is one example; however, its developmental origin is not clear. in some canids (canidae), individual variation exist as supernumerary molar m4. this study focuses on the acquisition of the lower fourth molar in canids and proposes that the inhibitory cascade model can explain its origin.201627843722
identification of a novel aleutian mink disease virus b-cell epitope using a monoclonal antibody against vp2 protein.aleutian mink disease virus (amdv) is a parvovirus that causes an immune complex-mediated disease in minks. capsid protein vp2 is a major structural viral protein and can be used to diagnose amdv. in this study, a specific monoclonal antibody, 1m13, was produced against the amdv vp2 protein (amino acids 291-502). a linear vp2-protein epitope was identified by subjecting a series of partially overlapping synthesized peptides to be enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) analysis. the results in ...201627354304
pelvic sexual dimorphism among species monomorphic in body size: relationship to relative newborn body mass.females have larger pelves than males among eutherians to mitigate obstetrical difficulty. this study addresses 3 issues concerning pelvic sexual dimorphism using 8 species that are sexually monomorphic in nonpelvic size: aotus azarae , castor canadensis , dasypus novemcinctus , hylobates lar , saguinus geoffroyi , sciurus carolinensis , sylvilagus floridanus , and urocyon cinereoargenteus . using published data to compute the index of relative newborn body mass (rnbm = [newborn body mass/adult ...201630302031
[relative abundance of the gray fox urocyon cinereoargenteus (carnívora: canidae) in veracruz central area, mexico].the gray fox, urocyon cinereoargenteus, is a medium-size canid widely distributed in méxico. most studies on this species focus on habitat use, home range, diet, intraguild competence, and lanscape distribution between urban and rural sites. in central veracruz, gray foxes are present in fragments of cloud forest and in shaded coffee plantations; nevertheless, its abundance has not yet been compared among other vegetation types found in the area, such as sugarcane plantations. in this study we d ...201628862421
genomic flatlining in the endangered island fox.genetic studies of rare and endangered species often focus on defining and preserving genetically distinct populations, especially those having unique adaptations [1, 2]. much less attention is directed at understanding the landscape of deleterious variation, an insidious consequence of geographic isolation and the inefficiency of natural selection to eliminate harmful variants in small populations [3-5]. with population sizes of many vertebrates decreasing and isolation increasing through habit ...201627112291
presence of trypanosomatid antibodies in gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) and domestic and feral dogs (canis lupus familiaris) in queretaro, mexico.trypanosoma cruzi and leishmania spp. are vector-borne parasitic protozoa, the causative agents of chagas and leishmaniasis diseases, respectively. trypanosoma cruzi and leishmania spp. have been reported in a wide variety of mammals, including canids, which play an important role in the transmission of these parasites between urban and natural environments. currently, no studies have been conducted on trypanosomatids in wild canids in mexico. using a partially purified fraction of excreted iron ...201631014533
mitochondrial analysis of the most basal canid reveals deep divergence between eastern and western north american gray foxes (urocyon spp.) and ancient roots in pleistocene california.pleistocene aridification in central north america caused many temperate forest-associated vertebrates to split into eastern and western lineages. such divisions can be cryptic when holocene expansions have closed the gaps between once-disjunct ranges or when local morphological variation obscures deeper regional divergences. we investigated such cryptic divergence in the gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus), the most basal extant canid in the world. we also investigated the phylogeography of thi ...201526288066
isotopic investigation of niche partitioning among native carnivores and the non-native coyote (canis latrans).we employed stable carbon (δ(13)c) and nitrogen (δ(15)n) isotopes within a hypothetico-deductive framework to explore potential resource partitioning among terrestrial mammalian carnivores. isotope values were acquired using guard hair samples from bobcat (lynx rufus), coyote (canis latrans), gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus), and red fox (vulpes vulpes) in the adirondack park, ny, usa. enrichment along the δ(13)c axis was expected to reflect the use of human sources of food (reflecting a corn ...201424666214
first isolation of leptospira interrogans from lycalopex griseus (south american gray fox) in argentina shows new mlva genotype.to identify carriers of leptospira spp. in argentina, wild animals were trapped in buenos aires province during three nights, capturing 12 didelphis albiventris (white-eared opossum), six chaetophractus villosus (big hairy armadillo), five lycalopex griseus (south american gray fox), and two conepatus chinga (molina's hog-nosed skunk). all were tested by microscopic agglutination test, and five (two gray foxes, two armadillos, and one skunk) were positive for leptospira interrogans serovars cani ...201323307384
seroepidemiology of bartonella infection in gray foxes from texas.gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) were shown to be naturally infected with bartonella rochalimae, a bartonella species similar to bartonella clarridgeiae (b.c.), and bartonella vinsonii subspecies berkhoffii (b.v.berkhoffii) in northern california. a serological survey was performed to investigate the presence of bartonella infection in 132 gray foxes from west/central texas. using an immunofluorescence antibody test directed against b.v.berkhoffii and b.c., the antibody prevalence was 50% ( ...201222217178
rabid foxes, rabid raccoons, and the odds of a human bite exposure, new york state, 1999-2007.anecdotal evidence suggests that rabid foxes are more likely to attack humans than are other rabid terrestrial animals. to examine this issue, we analyzed rabies surveillance data (1999-2007) maintained by the new york state department of health. compared to rabid raccoons (procyon lotor), foxes infected with raccoon variant rabies were more likely to bite during a human exposure incident (p<0.01). additionally, rabid gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) were significantly more likely to bite a ...201121270014
Novel amdovirus in gray foxes.We used viral metagenomics to identify a novel parvovirus in tissues of a gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus). Nearly full genome characterization and phylogenetic analyses showed this parvovirus (provisionally named gray fox amdovirus) to be distantly related to Aleutian mink disease virus, representing the second viral species in the Amdovirus genus.201122000359
Infection with a Hepatozoon sp. closely related to Hepatozoon felis in a wild Pampas gray fox (Lycalopex -Pseudalopex -gymnocercus) co-infected with canine distemper virus.A species of Hepatozoon closely related to Hepatozoon felis found in the skeletal and cardiac muscle of a wild Pampas gray fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus) is described. The fox was euthanized after showing severe incoordination. On necropsy and histopathology there was bilateral, diffuse, severe, sub-acute, necrotizing bronchointerstitial pneumonia, with intracytoplasmic and intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies. Canine distemper virus was detected by immunohistochemistry in the bronchiolar epi ...201122112977
Anchoring the dog to its relatives reveals new evolutionary breakpoints across 11 species of the Canidae and provides new clues for the role of B chromosomes.The emergence of genome-integrated molecular cytogenetic resources allows for comprehensive comparative analysis of gross karyotype architecture across related species. The identification of evolutionarily conserved chromosome segment (ECCS) boundaries provides deeper insight into the process of chromosome evolution associated with speciation. We evaluated the genome-wide distribution and relative orientation of ECCSs in three wild canid species with diverse karyotypes (red fox, Chinese raccoon ...201121947954
novel hepatozoon in vertebrates from the southern united states.abstract novel hepatozoon spp. sequences collected from previously unrecognized vertebrate hosts in north america were compared with documented hepatozoon 18s rrna sequences in an effort to examine phylogenetic relationships between the different hepatozoon organisms found cycling in nature. an approximately 500 base pair fragment of 18s rdna common to hepatozoon spp. and some other apicomplexans was amplified and sequenced from the tissues or blood of 16 vertebrate host species from the souther ...201121506825
isolation or detection of bartonella vinsonii subspecies berkhoffii and bartonella rochalimae in the endangered island foxes (urocyon littoralis).bartonella rochalimae (b.r.) and bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii (b.v.b.) have been isolated from gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) in mainland california and high bartonella seroprevalence was reported in island foxes (u. litorralis), especially from santa cruz and santa rosa islands. as a follow-up study, the objectives were to determine the prevalence of bartonella bacteremia and seropositivity and to identify the bartonella species infecting a convenience sample of 51 island foxes ...201121802869
[mammals' camera-trapping in sierra nanchititla, mexico: relative abundance and activity patterns].species conservation and their management depend on the availability of their population behavior and changes in time. this way, population studies include aspects such as species abundance and activity pattern, among others, with the advantage that nowadays new technologies can be applied, in addition to common methods. in this study, we used camera-traps to obtain the index of relative abundance and to establish activity pattern of medium and large mammals in sierra nanchititla, mexico. the st ...201121516657
babesia microti-like infections are prevalent in north american foxes.babesia microti-like organisms have recently been identified as a cause of hemolytic anemia and azotemia in european dogs. a genetically and morphologically similar b. microti-like parasite has been identified in two foxes from north america. in order to assess the prevalence of this parasite in north american wild canids we screened blood samples from coyotes (canis latrans) and red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from eastern canada and red foxes and gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) from north caro ...201020580162
epizootiologic survey of mycobacterium bovis in wildlife and farm environments in northern michigan.bovine tuberculosis (bovine tb), caused by mycobacterium bovis, has reemerged in northern michigan, usa, with detections in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in 1994 and in cattle in 1998. since then, significant efforts have been directed toward reducing deer densities in the area in the hopes of reducing the bovine tb prevalence rate in deer and eliminating spillover of the disease into cattle. despite the success of the efforts to reduce deer densities, additional cattle herds have b ...201020688630
effectiveness of rapid diagnostic tests to assess pathogens of fishers (martes pennanti) and gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus).wildlife managers often need to assess the current health status of wildlife communities before implementation of management actions involving surveillance, reintroductions, or translocations. we estimated the sensitivity and specificity of a commercially available domestic canine rapid diagnostic antigen test for canine parvovirus and a rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies toward anaplasma phagocytophilum on populations of fishers (martes pennanti) and sympatr ...201020688707
nematodes parasites of the gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus schreber, 1775) in the seasonally dry tropical highlands of central mexico.the gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus schreber, 1775) is the most abundant and opportunistic wild canid in mexico. however, the parasites of this canid in mexico are poorly known, and an intensive parasite survey is lacking. a survey of gray fox parasitological feces was conducted in el cimatario national park, a protected area representative of the seasonally dry, tropical highlands of mexico. feces were collected in six 1-km-length transects during the summer of 2003 and spring of 2004. the c ...201021136079
immunohistochemical study of rabies virus within the central nervous system of domestic and wildlife species.immunohistochemistry using a commercial polyclonal antibody for lyssavirus was applied to 39 archival cases of rabies. paraffin blocks from 13 different species were available, including 3 dogs, 4 cats, 1 pig, 6 cattle, 4 horses, 1 llama, 7 skunks (mephitis mephitis), 7 raccoons (procyon lotor), 1 bat (myotis species), 1 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), 1 bobcat (lynx rufus), 2 gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus), and 1 red fox (vulpes vulpes). all cases had previously been diagnose ...201020484176
survey of antibodies to trypanosoma cruzi and leishmania spp. in gray and red fox populations from north carolina and virginia.american trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis are caused by related hemoflagellate parasites, trypanosoma cruzi and leishmania spp., which share several common host species. both zoonotic protozoans are endemic in the united states. canines, including domestic and wild canids, are reservoir hosts for human infections with t. cruzi and leishmania spp. the present study examined the seroprevalence of t. cruzi and leishmania spp. in wild canids from north carolina and virginia. wild canine species tes ...201021158642
seroprevalence of bartonella spp. in the endangered island fox (urocyon littoralis).bartonella clarridgeiae-like strains, presently b. rochalimae, were isolated in gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) in mainland california. the objective of this study was to investigate the presence of bartonella infection in the endangered island fox (urocyon littoralis) found only on the channel islands off the californian coast. between 2001 and 2004, 263 serum samples were collected. antibodies against bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii (bvb) and b. clarridgeiae (bc) were detected usin ...200919058928
rabies exposure--implications for wilderness travelers.rabies is a preventable, fatal infectious disease. successful vaccination programs for domestic animals in developed countries have drastically decreased the risk of exposure to rabies. yet awareness of rabies needs to remain high as important reservoirs still exist in our backyards, the wilderness, and abroad. recognizing the risk before and after a potential exposure, so that appropriate medical care can be sought, is critical to preventing a fatal complication. this case report involves an ex ...200919737032
oral rabies vaccination in north america: opportunities, complexities, and challenges.steps to facilitate inter-jurisdictional collaboration nationally and continentally have been critical for implementing and conducting coordinated wildlife rabies management programs that rely heavily on oral rabies vaccination (orv). formation of a national rabies management team has been pivotal for coordinated orv programs in the united states of america. the signing of the north american rabies management plan extended a collaborative framework for coordination of surveillance, control, and ...200920027214
zoonotic bartonella species in fleas collected on gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus).bartonella spp. are fastidious, gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria and are usually vector-borne. however, the vector has not been definitively identified for many recently described species. in northern california, gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) are infected with two zoonotic bartonella species, b. rochalimae and b. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii. fleas (range 1-8 fleas per fox) were collected from 22 (41.5%) of 54 gray foxes from urban and backcountry zones near hoopa, california. the flea s ...200919125660
ecology of anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) in northwestern california.although granulocytic anaplasmosis, caused by infection of anaplasma phagocytophilum, is an emerging human and domestic animal disease, the ecology and natural history of the parasite is not well understood. gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) are relatively common, occasionally peri-urban mesocarnivores whose geographic distribution overlaps the reported distribution of granulocytic anaplasmosis in humans and domestic animals in north america. we evaluated the potential of foxes as hosts and ...200919395744
animal rabies in massachusetts, 1985-2006.in this study, we review annual rabies data from massachusetts from 1985 to 2006, spanning the introduction of raccoon strain rabies in 1992. of 52,034 animals tested, 9.7% (5,049/52,034) were rabid, representing 26 of over 67 species submitted. bats were the most common rabid animals prior to 1992 (50 of 52), but raccoons (procyon lotor) became the most common rabies-positive species upon arrival of raccoon strain rabies virus (38.2%, 2,728 of 7,138 tested), followed by striped skunks (mephitis ...200919395747
nightly and seasonal movements, seasonal home range, and focal location photo-monitoring of urban striped skunks (mephitis mephitis): implications for rabies transmission.we followed radio-collared striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) from january 2004-december 2005 in two urban areas of flagstaff, arizona, usa to determine seasonal patterns of movement and home-range size. we also used automated cameras to determine the potential for inter- and intraspecific interaction at skunks' diurnal resting sites and nocturnal focal locations. we found no difference between sexes in nightly rates of travel or in size of seasonal home range. nightly rates of travel were great ...200919395748
using the dog genome to find single nucleotide polymorphisms in red foxes and other distantly related members of the canidae.single nucleotide polymorphisms (snp) are the ideal marker for characterizing genomic variation but can be difficult to find in nonmodel species. we explored the usefulness of the dog genome for finding snps in distantly related nonmodel canids and evaluated so-ascertained snps. using 40 primer pairs designed from randomly selected bacterial artificial chromosome clones from the dog genome, we successfully sequenced 80-88% of loci in a coyote (canis latrans), grey fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus), ...200821585716
relationships between human disturbance and wildlife land use in urban habitat fragments.habitat remnants in urbanized areas typically conserve biodiversity and serve the recreation and urban open-space needs of human populations. nevertheless, these goals can be in conflict if human activity negatively affects wildlife. hence, when considering habitat remnants as conservation refuges it is crucial to understand how human activities and land uses affect wildlife use of those and adjacent areas. we used tracking data (animal tracks and den or bed sites) on 10 animal species and infor ...200818254856
phylogenomics of the dog and fox family (canidae, carnivora) revealed by chromosome painting.canid species (dogs and foxes) have highly rearranged karyotypes and thus represent a challenge for conventional comparative cytogenetic studies. among them, the domestic dog is one of the best-mapped species in mammals, constituting an ideal reference genome for comparative genomic study. here we report the results of genome-wide comparative mapping of dog chromosome-specific probes onto chromosomes of the dhole, fennec fox, and gray fox, as well as the mapping of red fox chromosome-specific pr ...200818293108
downside risk of wildlife translocation.translocation has been used successfully by wildlife professionals to enhance or reintroduce populations of rare or extirpated wildlife, provide hunting or wildlife viewing opportunities, farm wild game, and reduce local human-wildlife conflicts. however, accidental and intentional translocations may have multiple unintended negative consequences, including increased stress and mortality of relocated animals, negative impacts on resident animals at release sites, increased conflicts with human i ...200818634483
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2007.summary: during 2007, 49 states and puerto rico reported 7,258 cases of rabies in animals and 1 case in a human to the cdc, representing a 4.6% increase from the 6,940 cases in animals and 3 cases in humans reported in 2006. approximately 93% of the cases were in wildlife, and 7% were in domestic animals. relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,659 raccoons (36.6%), 1,973 bats (27.2%), 1,478 skunks (20.4%), 489 foxes (6.7%), 274 cats (3.8%), 93 dogs (1.3%), and 57 ca ...200818795848
rhesus monkeys correctly read the goal-relevant gestures of a human agent.when humans point, they reveal to others their underlying intent to communicate about some distant goal. a controversy has recently emerged based on a broad set of comparative and phylogenetically relevant data. in particular, whereas chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) have difficulty in using human-generated communicative gestures and actions such as pointing and placing symbolic markers to find hidden rewards, domesticated dogs (canis familiaris) and silver foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) readily ...200717540661
oral rabies vaccine (orv) bait uptake by captive striped skunks.aerial delivery of oral rabies vaccine (orv) baits has proven effective in large-scale efforts to immunize wildlife against rabies, and in north america this strategy currently is being used to immunize foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus and vulpes vulpes), raccoons (procyon lotor), and coyotes (canis latrans). skunks are also a major reservoir and vector of rabies, but at present oral vaccines for use in skunks are not licensed. furthermore, given differences in morphology (smaller jaws) and behav ...200717347398
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2006.during 2006, 49 states and puerto rico reported 6,940 cases of rabies in animals and 3 cases in humans to the cdc, representing an 8.2% increase from the 6,417 cases in animals and 1 case in a human reported in 2005. approximately 92% of the cases were in wildlife, and 8% were in domestic animals. relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,615 raccoons (37.7%), 1,692 bats (24.4%), 1,494 skunks (21.5%), 427 foxes (6.2%), 318 cats (4.6%), 82 cattle (1.2%), and 79 dogs (1. ...200717696853
gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) as a potential reservoir of a bartonella clarridgeiae-like bacterium and domestic dogs as part of a sentinel system for surveillance of zoonotic arthropod-borne pathogens in northern california.two species of bartonella, a novel bartonella clarridgeiae-like bacterium and b. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii, were isolated from rural dogs and gray foxes in northern california. a novel b. clarridgeiae-like species was isolated from 3 (1.7%) of 182 dogs and 22 (42%) of 53 gray foxes, while b. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii was isolated from 1 dog (0.5%) and 5 gray foxes (9.4%). pcr and dna sequence analyses of the citrate synthase (glta) gene and the 16s-23s intergenic spacer region suggested that s ...200717553970
infectious canine hepatitis in a gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus).a free-ranging adult male gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus) with moderate diarrhea and thick ocular mucus discharge was examined postmortem. microscopically, the fox had intranuclear inclusion bodies within hepatocytes. canine adenovirus-1 was identified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and nucleotide sequencing. to our knowledge, this is the first report of clinical infectious canine hepatitis in a gray fox.200717984271
prevalence of antibodies to leishmania infantum and trypanosoma cruzi in wild canids from south carolina.wild canids are reservoir hosts for leishmania infantum and trypanosoma cruzi. the present study examined the prevalence of antibodies to these zoonotic parasites in a population of wild canids from a nonagricultural setting in south carolina. sera from 26 gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) and 2 coyotes (canis latrans) were examined for antibodies to l. infantum and t. cruzi using the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test and commercially available parasite-specific immunochromatigraphic ...200717918387
avian vacuolar myelinopathy outbreaks at a southeastern reservoir.avian vacuolar myelinopathy (avm) is a neurologic disease of unknown etiology that affects bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus), american coots (fulica americana), and several species of waterfowl. an unidentified neurotoxin is suspected as the cause of avm, which has been documented at several reservoirs in the southeastern united states. we conducted diagnostic and epidemiologic studies annually during october-march from 1998-2004 at clarks hill/strom thurmond lake on the georgia/south carol ...200617092880
a bartonella vinsonii berkhoffii typing scheme based upon 16s-23s its and pap31 sequences from dog, coyote, gray fox, and human isolates.since the isolation of bartonella vinsonii subspecies berkhoffii from a dog with endocarditis in 1993, this organism has emerged as an important pathogen in dogs and as an emerging pathogen in people. current evidence indicates that coyotes, dogs and gray foxes potentially serve as reservoir hosts. based upon sequence differences within the 16s-23s its region and pap31 gene, we propose a classification scheme that divides b. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii isolates into four distinct types. two conse ...200616460911
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2005.during 2005, 49 states and puerto rico reported 6,417 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 1 case in a human being to the cdc, representing a 6.2% decrease from the 6,836 cases in nonhuman animals and 8 cases in human beings reported in 2004. approximately 92% of the cases were in wildlife, and 8% were in domestic animals. relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,534 raccoons (39.5%), 1,478 skunks (23%), 1,408 bats (21.9%), 376 foxes (5.9%), 269 cats (4.2%), 93 cat ...200617173527
status of oral rabies vaccination in wild carnivores in the united states.persistence of multiple variants of rabies virus in wild chiroptera and carnivora presents a continuing challenge to medical, veterinary and wildlife management professionals. oral rabies vaccination (orv) targeting specific carnivora species has emerged as an integral adjunct to conventional rabies control strategies to protect humans and domestic animals. orv has been applied with progress toward eliminating rabies in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in western europe and southern ontario, canada. mo ...200515896404
molecular epidemiology of rabies in northern colombia 1994-2003. evidence for human and fox rabies associated with dogs.during the period 2000-2003, wild grey foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) in northern colombia became infected with rabies. in order to derive phylogenetic relationships between rabies viruses isolated in foxes, dogs and humans in this region, 902 nt cdna fragments containing the g-l intergenic region and encoding the cytoplasmic domain of protein g and a fragment of protein l were obtained by rt-pcr, sequenced and compared. phylogenetic analysis showed that rabies viruses isolated in foxes, dogs ...200515962560
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2004.during 2004, 49 states and puerto rico reported 6,836 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 8 cases in human beings to the cdc, representing a 4.6% decrease from the 7,170 cases in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings reported in 2003. approximately 92% of the cases were in wildlife, and 8% were in domestic animals (compared with 91% and 9%, respectively, in 2003). relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,564 raccoons (37.5%), 1,856 skunks (27.1%), 1,361 bat ...200516379626
genetic divergence of rabies viruses from bat species of colorado, usa.molecular epidemiological studies have linked many cryptic human rabies cases in the united states with exposure to rabies virus (rv) variants associated with insectivorous bats. in colorado, bats accounted for 98% of all reported animal rabies cases between 1977 and 1996. the genetic divergence of rv was investigated in bat and terrestrial animal specimens that were submitted for rabies diagnosis to the colorado department of public health and environment (cdphe), colorado, usa. rv isolates fro ...200516417429
molecular epizootiology of rabies associated with terrestrial carnivores in mexico.epizootiological patterns of rabies are described, using antigenic and genetic analysis of samples obtained from infected domestic and wild mammals in 20 mexican states during 1976-2002. two independent origins are suggested for rabies in mexican carnivores. one group shares ancestry with canine rabies, while the other group appears to share a common origin with bat rabies in north america. more than 12 sublineages were found in rabid dog populations, suggesting at least six major spatio-tempora ...200515896399
molecular and biologic characteristics of toxoplasma gondii isolates from wildlife in the united states.toxoplasma gondii isolates can be grouped into 3 genetic lineages. type i isolates are considered more virulent in outbred mice and have been isolated predominantly from clinical cases of human toxoplasmosis, whereas types ii and iii isolates are considered less virulent for mice and are found in humans and food animals. little is known of genotypes of t. gondii isolates from wild animals. in the present report, genotypes of isolates of t. gondii from wildlife in the united states are described. ...200415040668
exposure to feline and canine pathogens in bobcats and gray foxes in urban and rural zones of a national park in california.exposure of bobcats (lynx rufus) and gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) to a range of common canine and feline pathogens was assessed in urban and rural zones of golden gate national recreation area, a national park in the san francisco bay area, (california, usa) from 1992 to 1995. testing included serology for canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus (cpv), canine adenovirus, leptospira interrogans, feline calicivirus (fcv), feline panleukopenia virus, feline herpesvirus, feline enteric co ...200415137484
observation of helicobacter-like organisms in gastric mucosa of grey foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) and bobcats (lynx rufus).archival specimens of gastric mucosa of 10 raccoons (procyon lotor), 9 porcupines (erethizon dorsatum), 6 grey foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus), 6 bobcats (lynx rufus), 4 skunks (mephitis mephitis), and 3 black bears (ursus americanus) were microscopically examined for evidence of helicobacter-like organisms. such organisms were seen in the specimens from the grey foxes and bobcats only. histochemical stains (modified steiner and carbol fuchsin methods) revealed long spiral organisms within lumi ...200415188962
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2003.during 2003, 49 states and puerto rico reported 7,170 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings to the cdc. this represents a 10% decrease from the 7,967 cases in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings reported in 2002. more than 91 (n = 6,556) were in wild animals, and 8.6% (614) were in domestic species (compared with 92.5% in wild animals and 74% in domestic species in 2002). the relative contributions of the major groups of animals were as follows: 2,635 raccoons ...200415643834
hookworms of feral cats in florida.thirty feral cats (felis catus) from alachua county (northern florida) and 30 from palm beach county (southern florida) were examined for hookworms. two species, ancylostoma tubaeforme and ancylostoma braziliense, were identified. forty-five cats (75%) were infected with a. tubaeforme, with a mean intensity of 48 hookworms per cat. twenty cats (33%) were infected with a. braziliense, with a mean intensity of 28 worms per cat. the prevalence of a. tubaeforme was greater than that of a. braziliens ...200312860064
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2002.during 2002, 49 states and puerto rico reported 7,967 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings to the centers for disease control and prevention, an increase of 7.2% from the 7,436 cases in non-human animals and 1 case in a human being reported in 2001. more than 92% (7,375 cases) were in wild animals, whereas 7.4% (592) were in domestic species (compared with 93.3% in wild animals and 6.7% in domestic species in 2001). compared with cases reported in 2001, the numbers of ...200314690203
[assessment of population differentiation using dna fingerprinting and modified wright's fst-statistics].using our results and literature data on multilocus dna fingerprinting, we propose a method of obtaining unbiased estimates of the between--population genetic similarity index and a measure of population subdivision based on modified wright's fst-statistics. on the basis of multiple comparison t2 hotelling's test and holmes' procedure, the fst-statistics was applied to assess differentiation of four (pacific and atlantic) subpopulations of humpback whale megaptera novaeangliae, six populations o ...200312669419
morbidity and mortality of red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) admitted to the wildlife center of virginia, 1993-2001.the medical records of 48 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and 35 gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) examined at the wildlife center of virginia (waynesboro, virginia, usa) from 1993 to 2001 were reviewed. the most common diagnosis in red foxes was orphaned (33%), followed by trauma (27%), undetermined diagnosis (23%), and sarcoptic mange (17%). trauma (46%) was the most frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in gray foxes followed by orphaned (23%), undetermined (20%), toxoplasmosis (6%), presum ...200312910780
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2001.during 2001, 49 states and puerto rico reported 7,437 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 1 case in a human being to the centers for disease control and prevention, an increase of < 1% from 7,364 cases in nonhuman animals and 5 human cases reported in 2000. more than 93% (6,939 cases) were in wild animals, whereas 6.7% (497 cases) were in domestic species (compared with 93.0% in wild animals and 6.9% in domestic species in 2000). the number of cases reported in 2001 increased among bats, cat ...200212494966
bovine tuberculosis in free-ranging carnivores from michigan.during a survey of carnivores and omnivores for bovine tuberculosis conducted in michigan (usa) since 1996, mycobacterium bovis was cultured from lymph nodes pooled from six coyotes (canis latrans) (four adult female, two adult male), two adult male raccoons (procyon lotor), one adult male red fox (vulpes vulpes), and one 1.5-yr-old male black bear (ursus americanus). one adult, male bobcat (felis rufus) with histologic lesions suggestive of tuberculosis was negative on culture but positive for ...200111272505
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2000.during 2000, 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico reported 7,364 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 5 cases in human beings to the centers for disease control and prevention, an increase of 4.3% from 7,067 cases in nonhuman animals reported in 1999. ninety-three percent (6,855 cases) were in wild animals, whereas 6.9% (509 cases) were in domestic species (compared wth 91.5% in wild animals and 8.5% in domestic species in 1999). compared with cases reported in 1999, the numbe ...200111767918
prevalence of antibodies to neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii in gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) from south carolina.little is known about the epidemiology of neospora caninum in wild mammal populations. it has been suggested that a sylvatic cycle exists for n. caninum. dogs and potentially other canids are a definitive host for n. caninum. the present study was done to determine the prevalence of antibodies to n. caninum in a population of gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) from a nonagricultural setting in south carolina. we also determined the prevalence of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii in these animal ...200111358632
bait ingestion by free-ranging raccoons and nontarget species in an oral rabies vaccine field trial in florida.oral rabies vaccine-laden baits, with a tetracycline biomarker, were distributed in pinellas county (florida, usa) by helicopter drop and from cars from january to april 1997. a total of 130,320 baits was distributed throughout the county, yielding an average bait density of 185 baits per km2. bait ingestion was estimated by microscopic detection of tetracycline in tooth and bone samples from 244 raccoons (procyon lotor), 33 opossums (didelphis virginianus), 31 feral cats, and two gray foxes (ur ...200011085436
bait delivery for oral rabies vaccine to gray foxes.rabies is a widespread zoonotic disease that has reached epizootic proportions in gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) in central texas. because each species of carnivore has different food preferences and foraging strategies, it is essential that the efficacy of a bait delivery program be examined for gray foxes prior to an oral vaccination program being attempted. field trials were conducted to determine bait preferences of free-ranging gray foxes to selected baits and odor attractants. baits ...200011085437
rabies surveillance in the united states during 1999.during 1999, 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico reported 7,067 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals to the centers for disease control and prevention, a decrease of 11.2% from 7,961 cases in nonhuman animals and 1 case in a human being reported in 1998. more than 91% (6,466 cases) were in wild animals, whereas 8.5% (601 cases) were in domestic species (compared with 92.4% in wild animals and 7.6% in domestic species in 1998). no cases of rabies were reported in human beings in 1 ...200011132881
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