Publications

susceptibility of the gray fox to fox encephalitis.		1947	20239454
effect of acute gamma radiation on wild opossum, gray fox, raccoon and bobcat.		1965	5884552
isolation of st. louis encephalitis virus from a naturally-infected gray fox urocyon cinereoargenteus.		1967	6028561
the susceptibility of five species of wild animals to experimental infection with leptospira grippotyphosa.	five species of wild animals including opossums, didelphis marsupialis, striped skunks, mephitis mephitis, red, vulpes vulpes, and gray foxes, urocyon cinereoargenteus and raccoons, procyon lotor, were inoculated intraperitoneally with varying numbers of leptospira grippotyphosa, organisms. clinical signs were not detected, however, leptospiremia, leptospiruria and antibodies for the homologous organism, were demonstrated. lesions attributed to leptospirosis were observed in liver and kidney tis ...	1970	16512129
listeriosis associated with canine distemper in a gray fox.		1971	4999061
light preferences of young foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus).		1972	4650797
arbovirus surveillance in florida: wild vertebrate studies 1965-1974.	wildlife species from 38 of florida's 67 counties were surveyed over a 10 year period for the presence of antibody to the five major arboviruses circulating in the state. the routine screening of 7891 sera from wild birds and mammals via the hemagglutination-inhibition (h1) test with selected reactors subjected to serum neutralization testing has 1) provided information regarding geographic distribution and seasonality of circulation of these viruses 2) identified enzootic foci of infection and ...	1975	1152173
toxoplasma antibodies among bobcats and other carnivores of norther california.	the prevalence of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii was investigated among five species of wild carnivores in norther ccalifornia. the highest prevalence was among bobcats (lynx rufus), with 15 of 21 tested being serologically positive. other results included serological evidence of toxoplasmosis in two of seven raccoons (procyon lotor), one of three badgers (taxidea taxus) and two of three coyotes (canis latrans). two gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) were serologically negative. oone badger ...	1975	1142562
on the tryptic peptides from hemoglobin chains of six carnivores.	the amino acid compositions of the tryptic peptides of the following carnivore hemoglobin chains have been determined: gray fox (urocyon cineroargenteus); raccoon (procyon lotor); polar bear (thalarctos maritimus); coati mundi (nasua nasua) beta chain; coati mundi (nasua narica) two beta chains; cat (felis catus) alpha chain; and lion (pantbera leo) beta chain. these provide a basis for future sequencing of these hemoglobins and construction of an evolutionary tree. the specific results are summ ...	1977	864727
visceral lesions in wild carnivores naturally infected with spirocerca lupi.	aortic lesions pathognomonic for spirocerca lupi were found in 123 of 150 (82%) coyotes, canis latrans, 23 of 66 (35%) bobcats, felis rufus, one of five gray foxes, urocyon cinereoargenteus and one of two red foxes, vulpes vulpes, examined in west texas. adult nematodes in the esophagus were recovered from 11 of 150 (7%) coyotes. in the aorta there was initially an acute inflammatory response followed by an eosinophilic granuloma surrounding larval nematodes. the principal lesions was scarring o ...	1978	685080
naturally occurring tyzzer's disease in the gray fox.	four gray fox became anorectic and developed diarrhea. their condition worsened until death. diagnosis of tyzzer's disease was made on the basis of clinical signs, gross and microscopic lesions, and the demonstration of bacillus piliformis in the liver.	1978	738940
the landscape epidemiology of rabies in virginia.	rabies virus, the gray fox, and the alleghenian biotic region form a pathobiocenose; rabies in virginia exists in a diffuse nidus, the alleghenian biotic region. physiographic features may serve as barriers or as passageways for epidemic spread of rabies. epidemic spread is characterized by a radial pattern and a linear northeast-southwest pattern reflecting physiographic features. incidence of rabies in the fox varies according to seasons. present control efforts are generally ineffective; unde ...	1978	677370
rabies antibody prevalence and virus tissue tropism in wild carnivores in virginia.	carnivores trapped in a rabies control program in virginia were examined for rabies virus and serum neutralizing antibody. local antibody prevalence ranged from 0% to 29% in gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus). rabies virus was pantropic in naturally infected gray foxes and a bobcat (lynx rufus).	1978	739588
dirofilaria immitis infection in foxes and coyotes in indiana.	between october 1976 and january 1977, carcasses or hearts and lungs from 202 wild foxes and coyotes in indiana were collected to determine the prevalence of dirofilaria immitis infection. three of 113 (2.7%) red foxes (vulpes fulva), 3 of 81 (3.7%) gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus), and 1 of 8 (12.5%) coyotes (canis latrans) were infected with d immitis. an average of 5 worms (range, 1 to 10) were recovered from foxes and 11 worms were recovered from the coyote. worms from the coyote were o ...	1979	521369
tick paralysis in a grey fox.	one hundred seventeen dermacentor variabilis were removed from the head and back of a grey fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus) showing paresis and diminished motor reflexes of the hind limbs. rapid and total recovery led to a diagnosis of tick paralysis.	1979	480518
occurrence of (dirofilaria immitis) in gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus) in alabama and georgia.	the occurrence of dirofilaria immitis in gray fox (urocyon cineroargenteus) was determined by gross examination, blood samples, and filtered tissue sediments in a sampling of 149 gray foxes taken from alabama and georgia during the 1977-78 trapping season. microfilariae were not found in blood samples obtained from 24 of these gray foxes. three of 82 male foxes (3.7%) and 1 of 67 female foxes (1.5%) were infected with heartworm. d. immitis rate of infection was 1 of 19 (5.3%) and 3 of 130 (2.3%) ...	1980	7431520
natural la crosse virus infection in the red fox (vulpes fulva), gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus), raccoon (procyon lotor), and opossum (didelphis virginiana).	natural infection of sentinel red foxes (vulpes fulva) and free-ranging red foxes, gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) and raccoons (procyon lotor) with la crosse (lac) virus was demonstrated. one isolate of lac virus was obtained from a sentinel red fox in an enzootic area. the viremia titer of the lac virus-infected red fox was above the threshold of infection for aedes triseriatus mosquitoes. antibody responses were measured by the microneutralization test employing four california group vi ...	1981	7258486
prevalence of selected pathogenic microbial agents in the red fox (vulpes fulva) and gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus) of southwestern wisconsin.	free-ranging red foxes (vulpes fulva) and gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) were trapped in southwestern wisconsin. fox sera were tested to determine the prevalence of antibody for five different leptospira interrogans serovars, canine distemper virus (cdv), infectious canine hepatitis virus (ichv), and franciscella tularensis infections. grippotyphosa was the most prevalent leptospiral serovar antibody observed. twenty-five of 53 (47%) red foxes and 11 of 36 (31%) gray foxes had specific an ...	1981	6265659
sarcocystis of deer in south dakota.	the prevalence of sarcocystis in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (o. hemionus) in south dakota was determined through microscopic examination of tongue samples. the percentage of sarcocystis infection for both species of deer was determined for prairies east of the missouri river, west of the missouri river, and black hills of western south dakota. sixteen percent (n = 62) of the white-tailed deer tongues from east river, 69% (n = 42) from west river, and 74% (n = 23) fr ...	1982	6808161
dirofilaria immitis infection in a gray fox.		1983	6643243
experimental infection of gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) with brucella abortus.	ten gray foxes, eight principals that were fed approximately 4.4 x 10(10) colony forming units of brucella abortus strain 2308 and two controls, were examined for serologic responses and tissue distribution of the organisms. blood sera from each fox were tested on the day of exposure and at seven weekly intervals for antibodies to b. abortus, using the brucellosis card, standard tube agglutination, 2-mercaptoethanol and rivanol tests. control foxes were serologically negative for all tests throu ...	1984	6425511
yersinia enterocolitica and related species isolated from wildlife in new york state.	fecal specimens for yersinia screening were obtained from a variety of wild mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, and invertebrates throughout new york state. one specimen from each of 1,426 animals was examined. a total of 148 isolates of yersinia enterocolitica and related species were obtained from 133 (9.3%) of the animals. y. enterocolitica was isolated from 100 (7%) of the animals tested, including 81 (10%) of 812 mammals and 19 (3.3%) of 573 birds. y. intermedia, y. frederiksenii, and y. kriste ...	1986	3767355
comparative efficacies of ivermectin, febantel, fenbendazole, and mebendazole against helminth parasites of gray foxes.	anthelmintic efficacies of ivermectin, febantel, fenbendazole, and mebendazole were compared in 45 adult gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) naturally infected with helminth parasites. fecal specimens were examined one week before treatment and one week and 3 weeks after treatment with each anthelmintic, using a sucrose flotation technique. compared with pretreatment, fewer foxes in all groups were infected with helminths one week and 3 weeks after treatment. ivermectin, febantel, and fenbenda ...	1986	3505933
chromosomal evolution of the canidae. i. species with high diploid numbers.	the giemsa banding patterns of seven canid species, including the grey wolf (canis lupus), the maned wolf (chrysocyon brachyurus), the bush dog (speothos venaticus), the crab-eating fox (cerdocyon thous), the grey fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus), the bat-eared fox (otocyon megalotis), and the fennec (fennecus zerda), are presented and compared. relative to other members of canidae, these species have high diploid complements (2n greater than 64) consisting of largely acrocentric chromosomes. they ...	1987	3568761
prevalence of sarcocystis odocoileocanis from white-tailed deer in alabama and its attempted transmission to goats.	sarcocysts of sarcocystis odocoileocanis were found in tissue sections of hearts and tongues examined by light microscopy from 30 (88%) of 34 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). hearts were infected less often (13 of 34, 38%) than were tongues (30 of 34, 88%). sarcocysts of sarcocystis odoi were not observed in the white-tailed deer examined. a gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus) excreted sporocysts after consuming tongues of white-tailed deer infected with s. odocoileocanis. two goats i ...	1988	3127603
ixodid ticks on the coyote and gray fox at land between the lakes, kentucky-tennessee, and implications for tick dispersal.		1988	3357174
antibodies to borrelia sp. in wild foxes and coyotes from wisconsin and minnesota.	serum samples from 93 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and nine gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) trapped in wisconsin and 23 coyotes (canis latrans) trapped in wisconsin and minnesota were tested for antibodies to borrelia sp. with an indirect fluorescent antibody test which used borrelia burgdorferi as the whole-cell antigen. seven red foxes (8%) and two coyotes (9%) had antibody titers greater than or equal to 1:64. all the positive samples were from areas known to be endemic for human lyme dise ...	1989	2644451
dirofilaria immitis in coyotes and foxes in missouri.	wild canid carcasses were obtained during the 1986-1987 and 1987-1988 trapping seasons in missouri. hearts and lungs from 293 coyotes (canis latrans), 85 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and 70 gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) were examined for dirofilaria immitis. age of hosts was determined by radiographic and histologic techniques. nineteen coyotes (7%) had from 1 to 100 d. immitis and five red foxes (6%) had from 1 to 7 d. immitis, whereas gray foxes had none. this study indicates that heartwo ...	1991	2023319
diseases diagnosed in gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) from the southeastern united states.	diagnostic findings were reviewed on 157 sick or dead gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) from the southeastern united states examined during the period 1972 through 1989. most foxes (n = 118) originated from georgia; fewer animals were from florida, kentucky, maryland, mississippi, north carolina, south carolina, tennessee, virginia and west virginia. etiologic diagnoses included canine distemper (n = 125), congenital absence of guard hairs (n = 7), traumatic injuries (n = 7), rabies (n = 3), ...	1992	1548799
diseases and parasites of red foxes, gray foxes, and coyotes from commercial sources selling to fox-chasing enclosures.	fifty-six red foxes (vulpes vulpes), 18 gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus), and 13 coyotes (canis latrans) obtained by the south carolina wildlife and marine resources department during an investigation of suspected illegal wildlife translocation were examined for diseases and parasites. red foxes and coyotes were confiscated from an animal dealer based in ohio (usa), and gray foxes were purchased from an animal dealer in indiana (usa). emphasis was placed on detection of pathogens representi ...	1992	1474656
[modular evolution of bsp-repeats: formation of subrepeats and monomers preceded the divergence of four species of canidae].	determination of two nucleotide sequences of satellite-like dna (bsp-repeats) segments from the raccoon-like dog genome and analysis of these and three other homologous sequences from distantly related genomes of canidae (silver fox, domestic dog, and gray fox) show that all these dna fragments consist of five types of subrepeats (a, b, c, d, and e) and two types of monomers-acb and aced. raccoon-like dog repeated segment of 1620 bp is composed of both type of monomers: acbaced. different monome ...	1993	8246941
photopigments of dogs and foxes and their implications for canid vision.	electroretinogram (erg) flicker photometry was used to examine the photopigment complements of representatives of four genera of canid: domestic dog (canis familiaris), island gray fox (urocyon littoralis), red fox (vulpes vulpes), and arctic fox (alopex lagopus). these four genera share a common cone pigment complement; each has one cone pigment with peak sensitivity of about 555 nm and a second cone pigment with peak at 430-435 nm. these pigment measurements accord well with the conclusions of ...	1993	8424924
acute toxoplasmosis in a gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus).	toxoplasmosis was diagnosed in a gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus) found moribund in lake loundes park, mississippi. there was almost total necrosis of mesenteric lymph nodes, focal hemorrhage and necrosis in the brain. lesions in all of these organs were associated with numerous toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites. tissue cysts were seen in the brain. organisms reacted with anti-t. gondii serum in an avidin-biotin immunohistochemical test. there was no evidence of concurrent distemper or rabies vir ...	1994	8171835
fleas on gray foxes in new mexico.	from april 1992 to april 1993, fleas were collected from 15 gray foxes, urocyon cinereoargenteus schreber, in new mexico. flea species collected were cediopsylla inaequalis inaequalis baker (14/15), echidnophaga gallinacea (westwood) (1/15), euhoplopsyllus glacialis affinis baker (10/15), foxella ignota baker (1/15), pulex irritans (l.) (6/15), and pulex simulans baker (15/15). c. i. inaequalis and f. ignota are new host records for gray foxes. the collection of c. i. inaequalis, e. g. affinis, ...	1995	7608929
isolation of yersinia pseudotuberculosis and listeria monocytogenes serotype 4 from a gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus) with canine distemper.	in february 1993, clinical, pathological, and microbiological investigations were performed on an adult female gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus) from northern mississippi (usa). the fox had clinical signs consistent with canine distemper virus encephalitis. eosinophilic inclusions characteristic of canine distemper virus were in the nuclei and cytoplasm of cerebral neurons and glial cells and in the cytoplasm of urinary, gastric, pancreatic and biliary epithelial cells. the liver contained mul ...	1996	8722280
serologic survey of trichinellosis in wild mammals kept in a mexico city zoo.	a serologic survey of trichinella infection was carried out to determine the prevalence of this parasitosis among wild mammals kept in captivity at the chapultepec zoo. this was prompted by the necropsy finding of a heavy trichinella infection in a canadian polar bear (ursus maritimus) that had been kept at the zoo for more than 11 years. the parasites recovered were identified as t. nativa (t2). a serologic study based on elisa and western blot analysis was performed in serum samples from two p ...	1996	9017871
a noninvasive method for distinguishing among canid species: amplification and enzyme restriction of dna from dung.	endangered san joaquin kit foxes vulpes macrotis mutica can be sympatrically distributed with as many as four other canids: red fox, gray fox, coyote and domestic dog. canid scats are often found during routine fieldwork, but cannot be reliably identified to species. to detect and study the endangered kit fox, we developed mitochondrial dna markers that can be amplified from small amounts of dna extracted from scats. we amplified a 412-bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene from scat ...	1997	9161016
molecular epidemiology of rabies epizootics in texas.	texas is in the midst of two independent epizootics of rabies, involving coyotes (canis latrans) and domestic dogs (canis familiaris) in southern texas and grey foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) in west central texas. the domestic dog/coyote (ddc) and grey for (tf) rabies virus variants cannot be differentiated by antigenic typing with currently available monoclonal antibodies. these two variants also cannot be distinguished from a third variant, sonora dog (sd) rabies, that is not enzootic in te ...	1997	9406651
gray fox response to baits and attractants for oral rabies vaccination.	rabies is a widespread zoonosis that recently reached epidemic proportions in gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) in central texas. the objectives of this study were to determine bait and attractant preferences among captive gray foxes, to determine the behavioral responses of gray foxes to selected bait-attractant combinations, and to evaluate baits as a delivery mechanism of oral rabies vaccines. trials were conducted to determine bait preferences of captive gray foxes to selected baits and ...	1998	9813846
toxoplasma gondii antibodies in naturally exposed wild coyotes, red foxes, and gray foxes and serologic diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in red foxes fed t. gondii oocysts and tissue cysts.	antibodies to toxoplasma gondii were determined in sera from 222 coyotes (canis latrans), 283 red foxes (vulpes vulpes), and 97 gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) from indiana, kentucky, michigan, and ohio during 1990-1993. sera were examined in 1:25, 1:100, and 1:500 dilutions by the modified direct agglutination test (mat) with formalinized whole tachyzoites plus mercaptoethanol. antibodies were found in 131 (59.0%) of 222 coyotes, 243 (85.9%) of 283 red foxes, and 73 (75.3%) of 97 gray fox ...	1999	10219302
ticks and antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi from mammals at cape hatteras, nc and assateague island, md and va.	results of a survey for ixodid ticks and/or serum antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi from 14 species of small to large mammals from eastern coastal areas of the united states are presented. most samples were obtained from july 1987 through june 1989 (excluding december-march) at 3 locales: assateague is. national seashore, worcester co., md., and accomack co., va. (approximately 38 degrees 05' n 75 degrees 10' w), and cape hatteras national seashore, dare co., nc (approximately 35 degrees 30' n ...	1999	10534951
susceptibility of red and gray foxes to infection by ehrlichia chaffeensis.	red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) were evaluated for their susceptibility to experimental infection with ehrlichia chaffeensis, the causative agent of human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis. two red foxes and three gray foxes were inoculated intravenously with e. chaffeensis (15b-wtd-ga strain) and were monitored at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days post inoculation (dpi) for evidence of infection using an indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) assay, light microscopy, polymerase ...	1999	10574528
molecular characterization of rabies virus isolates from mexico: implications for transmission dynamics and human risk.	twenty-eight samples from humans and domestic and wild animals collected in mexico between 1990 and 1995 were characterized by using anti-nucleoprotein monoclonal antibodies and limited sequence analysis of the nucleoprotein gene. the variants of rabies viruses identified in these samples were compared with other isolates from mexico and the rest of the americas to establish epidemiologic links between cases and outbreaks and to increase the understanding of rabies epidemiology in the western he ...	1999	10548293
rabies surveillance in the united states during 1999.	during 1999, 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico reported 7,067 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals to the centers for disease control and prevention, a decrease of 11.2% from 7,961 cases in nonhuman animals and 1 case in a human being reported in 1998. more than 91% (6,466 cases) were in wild animals, whereas 8.5% (601 cases) were in domestic species (compared with 92.4% in wild animals and 7.6% in domestic species in 1998). no cases of rabies were reported in human beings in 1 ...	2000	11132881
bait delivery for oral rabies vaccine to gray foxes.	rabies is a widespread zoonotic disease that has reached epizootic proportions in gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) in central texas. because each species of carnivore has different food preferences and foraging strategies, it is essential that the efficacy of a bait delivery program be examined for gray foxes prior to an oral vaccination program being attempted. field trials were conducted to determine bait preferences of free-ranging gray foxes to selected baits and odor attractants. baits ...	2000	11085437
bait ingestion by free-ranging raccoons and nontarget species in an oral rabies vaccine field trial in florida.	oral rabies vaccine-laden baits, with a tetracycline biomarker, were distributed in pinellas county (florida, usa) by helicopter drop and from cars from january to april 1997. a total of 130,320 baits was distributed throughout the county, yielding an average bait density of 185 baits per km2. bait ingestion was estimated by microscopic detection of tetracycline in tooth and bone samples from 244 raccoons (procyon lotor), 33 opossums (didelphis virginianus), 31 feral cats, and two gray foxes (ur ...	2000	11085436
competition and intraguild predation among three sympatric carnivores.	we examined the relative roles of dominance in agonistic interactions and energetic constraints related to body size in determining local abundances of coyotes (canis latrans, 8-20 kg), gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus, 3-5 kg) and bobcats (felis rufus, 5-15 kg) at three study sites (hereafter referred to as np, cp, and sp) in the santa monica mountains of california. we hypothesized that the largest and behaviorally dominant species, the coyote, would exploit a wider range of resources (i.e ...	2000	24595837
bovine tuberculosis in free-ranging carnivores from michigan.	during a survey of carnivores and omnivores for bovine tuberculosis conducted in michigan (usa) since 1996, mycobacterium bovis was cultured from lymph nodes pooled from six coyotes (canis latrans) (four adult female, two adult male), two adult male raccoons (procyon lotor), one adult male red fox (vulpes vulpes), and one 1.5-yr-old male black bear (ursus americanus). one adult, male bobcat (felis rufus) with histologic lesions suggestive of tuberculosis was negative on culture but positive for ...	2001	11272505
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2000.	during 2000, 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico reported 7,364 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 5 cases in human beings to the centers for disease control and prevention, an increase of 4.3% from 7,067 cases in nonhuman animals reported in 1999. ninety-three percent (6,855 cases) were in wild animals, whereas 6.9% (509 cases) were in domestic species (compared wth 91.5% in wild animals and 8.5% in domestic species in 1999). compared with cases reported in 1999, the numbe ...	2001	11767918
prevalence of antibodies to neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii in gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) from south carolina.	little is known about the epidemiology of neospora caninum in wild mammal populations. it has been suggested that a sylvatic cycle exists for n. caninum. dogs and potentially other canids are a definitive host for n. caninum. the present study was done to determine the prevalence of antibodies to n. caninum in a population of gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) from a nonagricultural setting in south carolina. we also determined the prevalence of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii in these animal ...	2001	11358632
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2001.	during 2001, 49 states and puerto rico reported 7,437 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 1 case in a human being to the centers for disease control and prevention, an increase of < 1% from 7,364 cases in nonhuman animals and 5 human cases reported in 2000. more than 93% (6,939 cases) were in wild animals, whereas 6.7% (497 cases) were in domestic species (compared with 93.0% in wild animals and 6.9% in domestic species in 2000). the number of cases reported in 2001 increased among bats, cat ...	2002	12494966
hookworms of feral cats in florida.	thirty feral cats (felis catus) from alachua county (northern florida) and 30 from palm beach county (southern florida) were examined for hookworms. two species, ancylostoma tubaeforme and ancylostoma braziliense, were identified. forty-five cats (75%) were infected with a. tubaeforme, with a mean intensity of 48 hookworms per cat. twenty cats (33%) were infected with a. braziliense, with a mean intensity of 28 worms per cat. the prevalence of a. tubaeforme was greater than that of a. braziliens ...	2003	12860064
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2002.	during 2002, 49 states and puerto rico reported 7,967 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings to the centers for disease control and prevention, an increase of 7.2% from the 7,436 cases in non-human animals and 1 case in a human being reported in 2001. more than 92% (7,375 cases) were in wild animals, whereas 7.4% (592) were in domestic species (compared with 93.3% in wild animals and 6.7% in domestic species in 2001). compared with cases reported in 2001, the numbers of ...	2003	14690203
[assessment of population differentiation using dna fingerprinting and modified wright's fst-statistics].	using our results and literature data on multilocus dna fingerprinting, we propose a method of obtaining unbiased estimates of the between--population genetic similarity index and a measure of population subdivision based on modified wright's fst-statistics. on the basis of multiple comparison t2 hotelling's test and holmes' procedure, the fst-statistics was applied to assess differentiation of four (pacific and atlantic) subpopulations of humpback whale megaptera novaeangliae, six populations o ...	2003	12669419
morbidity and mortality of red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) admitted to the wildlife center of virginia, 1993-2001.	the medical records of 48 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and 35 gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) examined at the wildlife center of virginia (waynesboro, virginia, usa) from 1993 to 2001 were reviewed. the most common diagnosis in red foxes was orphaned (33%), followed by trauma (27%), undetermined diagnosis (23%), and sarcoptic mange (17%). trauma (46%) was the most frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in gray foxes followed by orphaned (23%), undetermined (20%), toxoplasmosis (6%), presum ...	2003	12910780
exposure to feline and canine pathogens in bobcats and gray foxes in urban and rural zones of a national park in california.	exposure of bobcats (lynx rufus) and gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) to a range of common canine and feline pathogens was assessed in urban and rural zones of golden gate national recreation area, a national park in the san francisco bay area, (california, usa) from 1992 to 1995. testing included serology for canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus (cpv), canine adenovirus, leptospira interrogans, feline calicivirus (fcv), feline panleukopenia virus, feline herpesvirus, feline enteric co ...	2004	15137484
observation of helicobacter-like organisms in gastric mucosa of grey foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) and bobcats (lynx rufus).	archival specimens of gastric mucosa of 10 raccoons (procyon lotor), 9 porcupines (erethizon dorsatum), 6 grey foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus), 6 bobcats (lynx rufus), 4 skunks (mephitis mephitis), and 3 black bears (ursus americanus) were microscopically examined for evidence of helicobacter-like organisms. such organisms were seen in the specimens from the grey foxes and bobcats only. histochemical stains (modified steiner and carbol fuchsin methods) revealed long spiral organisms within lumi ...	2004	15188962
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2003.	during 2003, 49 states and puerto rico reported 7,170 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings to the cdc. this represents a 10% decrease from the 7,967 cases in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings reported in 2002. more than 91 (n = 6,556) were in wild animals, and 8.6% (614) were in domestic species (compared with 92.5% in wild animals and 74% in domestic species in 2002). the relative contributions of the major groups of animals were as follows: 2,635 raccoons ...	2004	15643834
molecular and biologic characteristics of toxoplasma gondii isolates from wildlife in the united states.	toxoplasma gondii isolates can be grouped into 3 genetic lineages. type i isolates are considered more virulent in outbred mice and have been isolated predominantly from clinical cases of human toxoplasmosis, whereas types ii and iii isolates are considered less virulent for mice and are found in humans and food animals. little is known of genotypes of t. gondii isolates from wild animals. in the present report, genotypes of isolates of t. gondii from wildlife in the united states are described. ...	2004	15040668
molecular epidemiology of rabies in northern colombia 1994-2003. evidence for human and fox rabies associated with dogs.	during the period 2000-2003, wild grey foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) in northern colombia became infected with rabies. in order to derive phylogenetic relationships between rabies viruses isolated in foxes, dogs and humans in this region, 902 nt cdna fragments containing the g-l intergenic region and encoding the cytoplasmic domain of protein g and a fragment of protein l were obtained by rt-pcr, sequenced and compared. phylogenetic analysis showed that rabies viruses isolated in foxes, dogs ...	2005	15962560
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2004.	during 2004, 49 states and puerto rico reported 6,836 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 8 cases in human beings to the cdc, representing a 4.6% decrease from the 7,170 cases in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings reported in 2003. approximately 92% of the cases were in wildlife, and 8% were in domestic animals (compared with 91% and 9%, respectively, in 2003). relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,564 raccoons (37.5%), 1,856 skunks (27.1%), 1,361 bat ...	2005	16379626
genetic divergence of rabies viruses from bat species of colorado, usa.	molecular epidemiological studies have linked many cryptic human rabies cases in the united states with exposure to rabies virus (rv) variants associated with insectivorous bats. in colorado, bats accounted for 98% of all reported animal rabies cases between 1977 and 1996. the genetic divergence of rv was investigated in bat and terrestrial animal specimens that were submitted for rabies diagnosis to the colorado department of public health and environment (cdphe), colorado, usa. rv isolates fro ...	2005	16417429
molecular epizootiology of rabies associated with terrestrial carnivores in mexico.	epizootiological patterns of rabies are described, using antigenic and genetic analysis of samples obtained from infected domestic and wild mammals in 20 mexican states during 1976-2002. two independent origins are suggested for rabies in mexican carnivores. one group shares ancestry with canine rabies, while the other group appears to share a common origin with bat rabies in north america. more than 12 sublineages were found in rabid dog populations, suggesting at least six major spatio-tempora ...	2005	15896399
status of oral rabies vaccination in wild carnivores in the united states.	persistence of multiple variants of rabies virus in wild chiroptera and carnivora presents a continuing challenge to medical, veterinary and wildlife management professionals. oral rabies vaccination (orv) targeting specific carnivora species has emerged as an integral adjunct to conventional rabies control strategies to protect humans and domestic animals. orv has been applied with progress toward eliminating rabies in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in western europe and southern ontario, canada. mo ...	2005	15896404
avian vacuolar myelinopathy outbreaks at a southeastern reservoir.	avian vacuolar myelinopathy (avm) is a neurologic disease of unknown etiology that affects bald eagles (haliaeetus leucocephalus), american coots (fulica americana), and several species of waterfowl. an unidentified neurotoxin is suspected as the cause of avm, which has been documented at several reservoirs in the southeastern united states. we conducted diagnostic and epidemiologic studies annually during october-march from 1998-2004 at clarks hill/strom thurmond lake on the georgia/south carol ...	2006	17092880
a bartonella vinsonii berkhoffii typing scheme based upon 16s-23s its and pap31 sequences from dog, coyote, gray fox, and human isolates.	since the isolation of bartonella vinsonii subspecies berkhoffii from a dog with endocarditis in 1993, this organism has emerged as an important pathogen in dogs and as an emerging pathogen in people. current evidence indicates that coyotes, dogs and gray foxes potentially serve as reservoir hosts. based upon sequence differences within the 16s-23s its region and pap31 gene, we propose a classification scheme that divides b. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii isolates into four distinct types. two conse ...	2006	16460911
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2005.	during 2005, 49 states and puerto rico reported 6,417 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 1 case in a human being to the cdc, representing a 6.2% decrease from the 6,836 cases in nonhuman animals and 8 cases in human beings reported in 2004. approximately 92% of the cases were in wildlife, and 8% were in domestic animals. relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,534 raccoons (39.5%), 1,478 skunks (23%), 1,408 bats (21.9%), 376 foxes (5.9%), 269 cats (4.2%), 93 cat ...	2006	17173527
oral rabies vaccine (orv) bait uptake by captive striped skunks.	aerial delivery of oral rabies vaccine (orv) baits has proven effective in large-scale efforts to immunize wildlife against rabies, and in north america this strategy currently is being used to immunize foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus and vulpes vulpes), raccoons (procyon lotor), and coyotes (canis latrans). skunks are also a major reservoir and vector of rabies, but at present oral vaccines for use in skunks are not licensed. furthermore, given differences in morphology (smaller jaws) and behav ...	2007	17347398
rhesus monkeys correctly read the goal-relevant gestures of a human agent.	when humans point, they reveal to others their underlying intent to communicate about some distant goal. a controversy has recently emerged based on a broad set of comparative and phylogenetically relevant data. in particular, whereas chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) have difficulty in using human-generated communicative gestures and actions such as pointing and placing symbolic markers to find hidden rewards, domesticated dogs (canis familiaris) and silver foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) readily ...	2007	17540661
infectious canine hepatitis in a gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus).	a free-ranging adult male gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus) with moderate diarrhea and thick ocular mucus discharge was examined postmortem. microscopically, the fox had intranuclear inclusion bodies within hepatocytes. canine adenovirus-1 was identified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and nucleotide sequencing. to our knowledge, this is the first report of clinical infectious canine hepatitis in a gray fox.	2007	17984271
prevalence of antibodies to leishmania infantum and trypanosoma cruzi in wild canids from south carolina.	wild canids are reservoir hosts for leishmania infantum and trypanosoma cruzi. the present study examined the prevalence of antibodies to these zoonotic parasites in a population of wild canids from a nonagricultural setting in south carolina. sera from 26 gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) and 2 coyotes (canis latrans) were examined for antibodies to l. infantum and t. cruzi using the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test and commercially available parasite-specific immunochromatigraphic ...	2007	17918387
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2006.	during 2006, 49 states and puerto rico reported 6,940 cases of rabies in animals and 3 cases in humans to the cdc, representing an 8.2% increase from the 6,417 cases in animals and 1 case in a human reported in 2005. approximately 92% of the cases were in wildlife, and 8% were in domestic animals. relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,615 raccoons (37.7%), 1,692 bats (24.4%), 1,494 skunks (21.5%), 427 foxes (6.2%), 318 cats (4.6%), 82 cattle (1.2%), and 79 dogs (1. ...	2007	17696853
gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) as a potential reservoir of a bartonella clarridgeiae-like bacterium and domestic dogs as part of a sentinel system for surveillance of zoonotic arthropod-borne pathogens in northern california.	two species of bartonella, a novel bartonella clarridgeiae-like bacterium and b. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii, were isolated from rural dogs and gray foxes in northern california. a novel b. clarridgeiae-like species was isolated from 3 (1.7%) of 182 dogs and 22 (42%) of 53 gray foxes, while b. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii was isolated from 1 dog (0.5%) and 5 gray foxes (9.4%). pcr and dna sequence analyses of the citrate synthase (glta) gene and the 16s-23s intergenic spacer region suggested that s ...	2007	17553970
downside risk of wildlife translocation.	translocation has been used successfully by wildlife professionals to enhance or reintroduce populations of rare or extirpated wildlife, provide hunting or wildlife viewing opportunities, farm wild game, and reduce local human-wildlife conflicts. however, accidental and intentional translocations may have multiple unintended negative consequences, including increased stress and mortality of relocated animals, negative impacts on resident animals at release sites, increased conflicts with human i ...	2008	18634483
relationships between human disturbance and wildlife land use in urban habitat fragments.	habitat remnants in urbanized areas typically conserve biodiversity and serve the recreation and urban open-space needs of human populations. nevertheless, these goals can be in conflict if human activity negatively affects wildlife. hence, when considering habitat remnants as conservation refuges it is crucial to understand how human activities and land uses affect wildlife use of those and adjacent areas. we used tracking data (animal tracks and den or bed sites) on 10 animal species and infor ...	2008	18254856
phylogenomics of the dog and fox family (canidae, carnivora) revealed by chromosome painting.	canid species (dogs and foxes) have highly rearranged karyotypes and thus represent a challenge for conventional comparative cytogenetic studies. among them, the domestic dog is one of the best-mapped species in mammals, constituting an ideal reference genome for comparative genomic study. here we report the results of genome-wide comparative mapping of dog chromosome-specific probes onto chromosomes of the dhole, fennec fox, and gray fox, as well as the mapping of red fox chromosome-specific pr ...	2008	18293108
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2007.	summary: during 2007, 49 states and puerto rico reported 7,258 cases of rabies in animals and 1 case in a human to the cdc, representing a 4.6% increase from the 6,940 cases in animals and 3 cases in humans reported in 2006. approximately 93% of the cases were in wildlife, and 7% were in domestic animals. relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,659 raccoons (36.6%), 1,973 bats (27.2%), 1,478 skunks (20.4%), 489 foxes (6.7%), 274 cats (3.8%), 93 dogs (1.3%), and 57 ca ...	2008	18795848
using the dog genome to find single nucleotide polymorphisms in red foxes and other distantly related members of the canidae.	single nucleotide polymorphisms (snp) are the ideal marker for characterizing genomic variation but can be difficult to find in nonmodel species. we explored the usefulness of the dog genome for finding snps in distantly related nonmodel canids and evaluated so-ascertained snps. using 40 primer pairs designed from randomly selected bacterial artificial chromosome clones from the dog genome, we successfully sequenced 80-88% of loci in a coyote (canis latrans), grey fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus), ...	2008	21585716
zoonotic bartonella species in fleas collected on gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus).	bartonella spp. are fastidious, gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria and are usually vector-borne. however, the vector has not been definitively identified for many recently described species. in northern california, gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) are infected with two zoonotic bartonella species, b. rochalimae and b. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii. fleas (range 1-8 fleas per fox) were collected from 22 (41.5%) of 54 gray foxes from urban and backcountry zones near hoopa, california. the flea s ...	2009	19125660
ecology of anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) in northwestern california.	although granulocytic anaplasmosis, caused by infection of anaplasma phagocytophilum, is an emerging human and domestic animal disease, the ecology and natural history of the parasite is not well understood. gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) are relatively common, occasionally peri-urban mesocarnivores whose geographic distribution overlaps the reported distribution of granulocytic anaplasmosis in humans and domestic animals in north america. we evaluated the potential of foxes as hosts and ...	2009	19395744
animal rabies in massachusetts, 1985-2006.	in this study, we review annual rabies data from massachusetts from 1985 to 2006, spanning the introduction of raccoon strain rabies in 1992. of 52,034 animals tested, 9.7% (5,049/52,034) were rabid, representing 26 of over 67 species submitted. bats were the most common rabid animals prior to 1992 (50 of 52), but raccoons (procyon lotor) became the most common rabies-positive species upon arrival of raccoon strain rabies virus (38.2%, 2,728 of 7,138 tested), followed by striped skunks (mephitis ...	2009	19395747
nightly and seasonal movements, seasonal home range, and focal location photo-monitoring of urban striped skunks (mephitis mephitis): implications for rabies transmission.	we followed radio-collared striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) from january 2004-december 2005 in two urban areas of flagstaff, arizona, usa to determine seasonal patterns of movement and home-range size. we also used automated cameras to determine the potential for inter- and intraspecific interaction at skunks' diurnal resting sites and nocturnal focal locations. we found no difference between sexes in nightly rates of travel or in size of seasonal home range. nightly rates of travel were great ...	2009	19395748
oral rabies vaccination in north america: opportunities, complexities, and challenges.	steps to facilitate inter-jurisdictional collaboration nationally and continentally have been critical for implementing and conducting coordinated wildlife rabies management programs that rely heavily on oral rabies vaccination (orv). formation of a national rabies management team has been pivotal for coordinated orv programs in the united states of america. the signing of the north american rabies management plan extended a collaborative framework for coordination of surveillance, control, and ...	2009	20027214
rabies exposure--implications for wilderness travelers.	rabies is a preventable, fatal infectious disease. successful vaccination programs for domestic animals in developed countries have drastically decreased the risk of exposure to rabies. yet awareness of rabies needs to remain high as important reservoirs still exist in our backyards, the wilderness, and abroad. recognizing the risk before and after a potential exposure, so that appropriate medical care can be sought, is critical to preventing a fatal complication. this case report involves an ex ...	2009	19737032
seroprevalence of bartonella spp. in the endangered island fox (urocyon littoralis).	bartonella clarridgeiae-like strains, presently b. rochalimae, were isolated in gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) in mainland california. the objective of this study was to investigate the presence of bartonella infection in the endangered island fox (urocyon littoralis) found only on the channel islands off the californian coast. between 2001 and 2004, 263 serum samples were collected. antibodies against bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii (bvb) and b. clarridgeiae (bc) were detected usin ...	2009	19058928
immunohistochemical study of rabies virus within the central nervous system of domestic and wildlife species.	immunohistochemistry using a commercial polyclonal antibody for lyssavirus was applied to 39 archival cases of rabies. paraffin blocks from 13 different species were available, including 3 dogs, 4 cats, 1 pig, 6 cattle, 4 horses, 1 llama, 7 skunks (mephitis mephitis), 7 raccoons (procyon lotor), 1 bat (myotis species), 1 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), 1 bobcat (lynx rufus), 2 gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus), and 1 red fox (vulpes vulpes). all cases had previously been diagnose ...	2010	20484176
babesia microti-like infections are prevalent in north american foxes.	babesia microti-like organisms have recently been identified as a cause of hemolytic anemia and azotemia in european dogs. a genetically and morphologically similar b. microti-like parasite has been identified in two foxes from north america. in order to assess the prevalence of this parasite in north american wild canids we screened blood samples from coyotes (canis latrans) and red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from eastern canada and red foxes and gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) from north caro ...	2010	20580162
epizootiologic survey of mycobacterium bovis in wildlife and farm environments in northern michigan.	bovine tuberculosis (bovine tb), caused by mycobacterium bovis, has reemerged in northern michigan, usa, with detections in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in 1994 and in cattle in 1998. since then, significant efforts have been directed toward reducing deer densities in the area in the hopes of reducing the bovine tb prevalence rate in deer and eliminating spillover of the disease into cattle. despite the success of the efforts to reduce deer densities, additional cattle herds have b ...	2010	20688630
effectiveness of rapid diagnostic tests to assess pathogens of fishers (martes pennanti) and gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus).	wildlife managers often need to assess the current health status of wildlife communities before implementation of management actions involving surveillance, reintroductions, or translocations. we estimated the sensitivity and specificity of a commercially available domestic canine rapid diagnostic antigen test for canine parvovirus and a rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies toward anaplasma phagocytophilum on populations of fishers (martes pennanti) and sympatr ...	2010	20688707
nematodes parasites of the gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus schreber, 1775) in the seasonally dry tropical highlands of central mexico.	the gray fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus schreber, 1775) is the most abundant and opportunistic wild canid in mexico. however, the parasites of this canid in mexico are poorly known, and an intensive parasite survey is lacking. a survey of gray fox parasitological feces was conducted in el cimatario national park, a protected area representative of the seasonally dry, tropical highlands of mexico. feces were collected in six 1-km-length transects during the summer of 2003 and spring of 2004. the c ...	2010	21136079
survey of antibodies to trypanosoma cruzi and leishmania spp. in gray and red fox populations from north carolina and virginia.	american trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis are caused by related hemoflagellate parasites, trypanosoma cruzi and leishmania spp., which share several common host species. both zoonotic protozoans are endemic in the united states. canines, including domestic and wild canids, are reservoir hosts for human infections with t. cruzi and leishmania spp. the present study examined the seroprevalence of t. cruzi and leishmania spp. in wild canids from north carolina and virginia. wild canine species tes ...	2010	21158642
isolation or detection of bartonella vinsonii subspecies berkhoffii and bartonella rochalimae in the endangered island foxes (urocyon littoralis).	bartonella rochalimae (b.r.) and bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii (b.v.b.) have been isolated from gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) in mainland california and high bartonella seroprevalence was reported in island foxes (u. litorralis), especially from santa cruz and santa rosa islands. as a follow-up study, the objectives were to determine the prevalence of bartonella bacteremia and seropositivity and to identify the bartonella species infecting a convenience sample of 51 island foxes ...	2011	21802869
Novel amdovirus in gray foxes.	We used viral metagenomics to identify a novel parvovirus in tissues of a gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus). Nearly full genome characterization and phylogenetic analyses showed this parvovirus (provisionally named gray fox amdovirus) to be distantly related to Aleutian mink disease virus, representing the second viral species in the Amdovirus genus.	2011	22000359
Infection with a Hepatozoon sp. closely related to Hepatozoon felis in a wild Pampas gray fox (Lycalopex -Pseudalopex -gymnocercus) co-infected with canine distemper virus.	A species of Hepatozoon closely related to Hepatozoon felis found in the skeletal and cardiac muscle of a wild Pampas gray fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus) is described. The fox was euthanized after showing severe incoordination. On necropsy and histopathology there was bilateral, diffuse, severe, sub-acute, necrotizing bronchointerstitial pneumonia, with intracytoplasmic and intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies. Canine distemper virus was detected by immunohistochemistry in the bronchiolar epi ...	2011	22112977
Anchoring the dog to its relatives reveals new evolutionary breakpoints across 11 species of the Canidae and provides new clues for the role of B chromosomes.	The emergence of genome-integrated molecular cytogenetic resources allows for comprehensive comparative analysis of gross karyotype architecture across related species. The identification of evolutionarily conserved chromosome segment (ECCS) boundaries provides deeper insight into the process of chromosome evolution associated with speciation. We evaluated the genome-wide distribution and relative orientation of ECCSs in three wild canid species with diverse karyotypes (red fox, Chinese raccoon ...	2011	21947954
rabid foxes, rabid raccoons, and the odds of a human bite exposure, new york state, 1999-2007.	anecdotal evidence suggests that rabid foxes are more likely to attack humans than are other rabid terrestrial animals. to examine this issue, we analyzed rabies surveillance data (1999-2007) maintained by the new york state department of health. compared to rabid raccoons (procyon lotor), foxes infected with raccoon variant rabies were more likely to bite during a human exposure incident (p<0.01). additionally, rabid gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) were significantly more likely to bite a ...	2011	21270014
novel hepatozoon in vertebrates from the southern united states.	abstract novel hepatozoon spp. sequences collected from previously unrecognized vertebrate hosts in north america were compared with documented hepatozoon 18s rrna sequences in an effort to examine phylogenetic relationships between the different hepatozoon organisms found cycling in nature. an approximately 500 base pair fragment of 18s rdna common to hepatozoon spp. and some other apicomplexans was amplified and sequenced from the tissues or blood of 16 vertebrate host species from the souther ...	2011	21506825
[mammals' camera-trapping in sierra nanchititla, mexico: relative abundance and activity patterns].	species conservation and their management depend on the availability of their population behavior and changes in time. this way, population studies include aspects such as species abundance and activity pattern, among others, with the advantage that nowadays new technologies can be applied, in addition to common methods. in this study, we used camera-traps to obtain the index of relative abundance and to establish activity pattern of medium and large mammals in sierra nanchititla, mexico. the st ...	2011	21516657
seroepidemiology of bartonella infection in gray foxes from texas.	gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) were shown to be naturally infected with bartonella rochalimae, a bartonella species similar to bartonella clarridgeiae (b.c.), and bartonella vinsonii subspecies berkhoffii (b.v.berkhoffii) in northern california. a serological survey was performed to investigate the presence of bartonella infection in 132 gray foxes from west/central texas. using an immunofluorescence antibody test directed against b.v.berkhoffii and b.c., the antibody prevalence was 50% ( ...	2012	22217178
first isolation of leptospira interrogans from lycalopex griseus (south american gray fox) in argentina shows new mlva genotype.	to identify carriers of leptospira spp. in argentina, wild animals were trapped in buenos aires province during three nights, capturing 12 didelphis albiventris (white-eared opossum), six chaetophractus villosus (big hairy armadillo), five lycalopex griseus (south american gray fox), and two conepatus chinga (molina's hog-nosed skunk). all were tested by microscopic agglutination test, and five (two gray foxes, two armadillos, and one skunk) were positive for leptospira interrogans serovars cani ...	2013	23307384