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nematicidal and antimicrobial activities of methanol extracts of 17 plants, of importance in ethnopharmacology, obtained from the arabian peninsula.the development of resistance to synthetic drugs by target organisms is a major challenge facing medicine, yet locked within plants are phytochemicals used in herbal medicine (especially in the arabian peninsula) that may find application in this regard. in pursuit of unlocking these "hidden treasures," the methanol extracts of leaves, aerial parts, fruits, and resins of 17 plants used in the arabian peninsula were screened for antimicrobial activities.201727104031
natural selenium particles from staphylococcus carnosus: hazards or particles with particular promise?various bacteria, including diverse staphylococci, reduce selenite to yield red selenium particles with diameters in the high nanometer to low micrometer range. formation and accumulation of such particles in bacteria often results in cell death, triggered by a loss of thiols and formation of disruptive deposits inside the cell. hence certain pathogenic bacteria are rather sensitive to the presence of selenite, whilst other organisms, such as small nematodes, do not employ this kind of nanotechn ...201726897703
an improved method for nematode infection assays in drosophila larvae.the infective juveniles (ijs) of entomopathogenic nematodes (epns) seek out host insects and release their symbiotic bacteria into their body cavity causing septicaemia, which eventually leads to host death. the interaction between epns and their hosts are only partially understood, in particular the host immune responses appears to involve pathways other than phagocytosis and the canonical transcriptional induction pathways. these pathways are genetically tractable and include for example clott ...201722614785
are entomopathogenic nematodes effective biological control agents against the carob moth, ectomyelois ceratoniae?the carob moth (ectomyelois ceratoniae) is the key pest of pomegranate, which causes a significant percentage of losses in pomegranate orchards and warehouses of iran annually. the pest larvae are characterized by displaying a cryptic behavior within the fruit, which avoids most routine control techniques, especially chemical method. the low efficiency of traditional measurements and also the rich species diversity of natural enemies within the infested fruits highlight the necessity of explorin ...201628154432
biological control potential of entomopathogenic nematodes for management of caribbean fruit fly, anastrepha suspensa loew (tephritidae).caribbean fruit fly (caribfly) is a serious economic insect pest because of development of larvae that hatch from eggs oviposited into fruits by female adults. this study assessed the virulence of twelve entomopathogenic nematode (epn) isolates to caribfly in laboratory bioassays as a starting point toward evaluation of management strategies for the fruit-to-soil-dwelling stages of a. suspensa in fields infested by caribfly.201627717178
further screening of entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes as control agents for drosophila suzukii.drosophila suzukii populations remain low in the uk. to date, there have been no reports of widespread damage. previous research demonstrated that various species of entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes could potentially suppress d. suzukii population development under laboratory trials. however, none of the given species was concluded to be specifically efficient in suppressing d. suzukii. therefore, there is a need to screen further species to determine their efficacy. the following entomopath ...201627294962
attraction behaviors of entomopathogenic nematodes (steinernematidae and heterorhabditidae) to synthetic volatiles emitted by insect damaged potato tubers.entomopathogenic nematodes (epns) play a role in indirect defense of plants under attack by root herbivores. several investigations have shown that epns are attracted or repelled by various volatile compounds (vocs) released from insect damaged plant roots. we hypothesized that the directional responses of epns to the vocs would be affected by foraging strategy and would vary among species, voc type, and voc concentrations. we tested the chemotactic responses of four commercial epn species (stei ...201627108451
efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against larvae of tuta absoluta in the laboratory.previous studies have indicated the control potential of entomopathogenic nematodes (epns) against tuta absoluta. here, the potential of steinernema feltiae, s. carpocapsae and heterorhabditis bacteriophora is studied when applied against larvae of t. absoluta inside leaf mines in tomato leaf discs by means of an automated spray boom.201626620187
entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of the codling moth (cydia pomonella l.) in field and laboratory trials.three commercially available entomopathogenic nematode (epn) strains (steinernema feltiae and heterorhabditis bacteriophora hb1 and hb2) and two local species (s. jeffreyense and s. yirgalemense) were evaluated for the control of the codling moth (cydia pomonella). in field spray trials, the use of s. jeffreyense resulted in the most effective control (67%), followed by h. bacteriophora (hb1) (42%) and s. yirgalemense (41%). laboratory bioassays using spray application in simulated field conditi ...201626484481
how to start with a clean crop: biopesticide dips reduce populations of bemisia tabaci (hemiptera: aleyrodidae) on greenhouse poinsettia propagative cuttings.(1) global movement of propagative plant material is a major pathway for introduction of bemisia tabaci (hemiptera: aleyrodidae) into poinsettia greenhouses. starting a poinsettia crop with high pest numbers disrupts otherwise successful biological control programs and widespread resistance of b. tabaci against pesticides is limiting growers' options to control this pest; (2) this study investigated the use of several biopesticides (mineral oil, insecticidal soap, beauveria bassiana, isaria fumo ...201627681741
transcriptome analysis of stress tolerance in entomopathogenic nematodes of the genus steinernema.entomopathogenic nematodes of the genus steinernema are effective biological control agents. the infective stage of these parasites can withstand environmental stresses such as desiccation and heat, but the molecular and physiological mechanisms involved in this tolerance are poorly understood. we used 454 pyrosequencing to analyse transcriptome expression in steinernema spp. that differ in their tolerance to stress. we compared these species, following heat and desiccation treatments, with thei ...201626598027
laboratory evaluation of isaria fumosorosea ccm 8367 and steinernema feltiae ustinov against immature stages of the colorado potato beetle.the colorado potato beetle, leptinotarsa decemlineata, has developed resistance to most registered pesticides and has become one of the most difficult insect pests to control. development of new biopesticides targeting this pest might solve the resistance problem and contribute to sustainable crop production. laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the efficacy of isaria fumosorosea (syn. paecilomyces fumosoroseus) strain ccm 8367 against l. decemlineata when applied alone or combined wi ...201627015633
the effects of nutrient concentration, addition of thickeners, and agitation speed on liquid fermentation of steinernema feltiae.entomopathogenic nematode production in liquid fermentation still requires improvements to maximize efficiency, yield, and nematode quality. therefore, this study was aimed at developing a more suitable liquid medium for mass production of steinernema feltiae, by assessing the effects of nutrient concentration, thickeners (primarily agar), and agitation speed on infective juvenile (ij) yield. base medium (bm) contained yeast extract (2.3%), egg yolk (1.25%), nacl (0.5%), and corn oil (4%). all m ...201627418706
life history trait analysis of the entomopathogenic nematode steinernema feltiae provides the basis for prediction of dauer juvenile yields in monoxenic liquid culture.entomopathogenic nematodes (steinernema spp.) are used in integrated pest management to control insect pests in cryptic environments. the nematodes are mass produced in monoxenic liquid culture with their symbiotic bacteria xenorhabdus spp. for a better understanding of nematode population dynamics, the life history traits (lhts) of the entomopathogenic nematode steinernema feltiae were assessed at 25 °c by observing single pairs of male and female nematodes using a hanging drop technique. to in ...201626701359
efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes and sprayable polymer gel against crucifer flea beetle (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) on canola.the crucifer flea beetle, phyllotreta cruciferae (goeze), is a key pest of canola (brassica napus l.) in the northern great plains of north america. the efficacies of entomopathogenic nematodes (steinernema spp. and heterorhabditis spp.), a sprayable polymer gel, and a combination of both were assessed on canola for flea beetle management. plots were treated soon after colonization by adult flea beetles, when canola was in the cotyledon to one-leaf stage. ten plants along a 3.6-m section of row ...201627329629
effect of inoculum age and physical parameters on in vitro culture of the entomopathogenic nematode steinernema feltiae.entomopathogenic nematodes (epns) of the families steinernematidae and heterorhabditidae have a symbiotic association with bacteria which makes them virulent against insects. epns have been mass produced using in vivo and in vitro methods, including both solid and liquid fermentation. this study assessed the effect of nematode inoculum age on the production of steinernema feltiae in liquid, solid and biphasic processes. several physical parameters were also assessed: the effect of medium viscosi ...201627866481
turning waste into value: nanosized natural plant materials of solanum incanum l. and pterocarpus erinaceus poir with promising antimicrobial activities.numerous plants are known to exhibit considerable biological activities in the fields of medicine and agriculture, yet access to their active ingredients is often complicated, cumbersome and expensive. as a consequence, many plants harbouring potential drugs or green phyto-protectants go largely unnoticed, especially in poorer countries which, at the same time, are in desperate need of antimicrobial agents. as in the case of plants such as the jericho tomato, solanum incanum, and the common afri ...201627104554
xenorhabdus bovienii strain diversity impacts coevolution and symbiotic maintenance with steinernema spp. nematode hosts.microbial symbionts provide benefits that contribute to the ecology and fitness of host plants and animals. therefore, the evolutionary success of plants and animals fundamentally depends on long-term maintenance of beneficial associations. most work investigating coevolution and symbiotic maintenance has focused on species-level associations, and studies are lacking that assess the impact of bacterial strain diversity on symbiotic associations within a coevolutionary framework. here, we demonst ...201526045536
the potential for using entomopathogenic nematodes to control darkwinged fungus gnats bradysia coprophila (lintner) on succulents in glass houses.darkwinged fungus gnat bradysia coprophila lintner (diptera: sciaridae) is known as a pest of ornamental plants in commercial green and glass houses in nurseries worldwide. there have been reports about significant bradysia coprophila damage of succulent plants in five botanical gardens in ukraine, including academician fomin's botanical garden (kiev) for the last three years. in pot experiments the commercial strain of s.feltiae to control b. coprophila was tested on mammilaria, opuntia, echino ...201527145569
biodiversity of entomopathogenic nematodes in italy.an investigation was carried out on the distribution and biodiversity of steinernematid and heterorhabdtid entomopathogenic nematodes (epn) in nine regions of italy in the period 1990-2010. more than 2000 samples were collected from 580 localities and 133 of them yielded epn specimens. a mapping of epn distribution in italy showed 133 indigenous epn strains belonging to 12 species: 43 isolates of heterorhabditis bacteriophora, 1 of h. downesi, 1 of h. megidis, 51 of steinernema feltiae, 12 of s. ...201524721783
identification of a new alcaligenes faecalis strain mor02 and assessment of its toxicity and pathogenicity to insects.we report the isolation of a bacterium from galleria mellonella larva and its identification using genome sequencing and phylogenomic analysis. this bacterium was named alcaligenes faecalis strain mor02. microscopic analyses revealed that the bacteria are located in the esophagus and intestine of the nematodes steinernema feltiae, s. carpocapsae, and h. bacteriophora. using g. mellonella larvae as a model, when the larvae were injected with 24,000 cfu in their hemocoel, more than 96% mortality w ...201525667924
prospects for the use of biological control agents against anoplophora in europe.this review summarises the literature on the biological control of anoplophora spp. (coleoptera: cerambycidae) and discusses its potential for use in europe. entomopathogenic fungi: beauveria brongniartii petch (hypocreales: cordycipitaceae) has already been developed into a commercial product in japan, and fungal infection results in high mortality rates. parasitic nematodes: steinernema feltiae filipjev (rhabditida: steinernematidae) and steinernema carpocapsae weiser have potential for use as ...201525216358
effect of temperature and host life stage on efficacy of soil entomopathogens against the swede midge (diptera: cecidomyiidae).the swede midge, contarinia nasturtii kieffer, is an economically significant pest of cruciferous crops in canada and the northeastern united states. the effect of temperature on the virulence of three entomopathogenic nematode species, heterorhabditis bacteriophora, steinernema carpocapsae, and steinernema feltiae, the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium brunneum, and a h. bacteriophora+m. brunneum combination treatment to c. nasturtii larvae, pupae, and cocoons was investigated. in the laborat ...201526470158
pathogenicity of two species of entomopathogenic nematodes against the greenhouse whitefly, trialeurodes vaporariorum (hemiptera: aleyrodidae), in laboratory and greenhouse experiments.the greenhouse whitefly trialeurodes vaporariorum (hemiptera: aleyrodidae) is a polyphagous pest in greenhouse crops. the efficacy of two entomopathogenic nematodes (epn), steinernema feltiae and heterorhabditis bacteriophora, as biological control agents against t. vaporariorum was evaluated using two model crops typical of vegetable greenhouse productions: cucumber and pepper. laboratory tests evaluated adults and second nymphal instars for pest susceptibility to different epn species at diffe ...201525861117
entomopathogenic nematodes in insect cadaver formulations for the control of rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae).this study evaluated the efficacy of four entomopathogenic nematode (epn) strains in insect cadaver formulations against rhipicephalus microplus and compared the efficacy of the most virulent epns applied in cadavers of galleria mellonella and tenebrio molitor. in the first experiment, infected g. mellonela larvae were used as the source of epns. engorged females of r. microplus were placed in pots filled with soil and different numbers of g. mellonella larvae infected with one of four species o ...201424836639
the influence of insecticides on the viability of entomopathogenic nematodes (rhabditida: steinernematidae and heterorhabditidae) under laboratory conditions.in order to increase our knowledge on the susceptibility of entomopathogenic nematode (epn) species to agrochemicals, the compatibility of the infective juveniles (ijs) of the epn (steinernema and heterorhabditis) with eight chemical and bio-insecticides was investigated under laboratory conditions. the effect of direct ij exposure to insecticides for 6 and 24 h was tested in a petri dish at 15, 20 and 25 °c.201423873740
aggregative group behavior in insect parasitic nematode dispersal.movement behavior of foraging animals is critical to the determination of their spatial ecology and success in exploiting resources. individuals sometimes gain advantages by foraging in groups to increase their efficiency in garnering these resources. group movement behavior has been studied in various vertebrates. in this study we explored the propensity for innate group movement behavior among insect parasitic nematodes. given that entomopathogenic nematodes benefit from group attack and infec ...201424184157
a survey of entomopathogenic nematode species in continental portugal.entomopathogenic nematodes (epn) are lethal parasites of insects, used as biocontrol agents. the objectives of this work were to survey the presence of epn in continental portugal and to characterize the different species. of the 791 soil samples collected throughout continental portugal, 53 were positive for epn. steinernema feltiae and heterorhabditis bacteriophora were the two most abundant species. analysis of epn geographical distribution revealed an association between nematode species and ...201423590880
infectivity of steinernema carpocapsae and s. feltiae to larvae and adults of the hazelnut weevil, curculio nucum: differential virulence and entry routes.we investigated the existing susceptibility differences of the hazelnut weevil, curculio nucum l. (coleoptera:, curculionidae) to entomopathogenic nematodes by assessing the main route of entry of the nematodes, steinernema carpocapsae strain b14 and s. feltiae strain d114, into larvae and adult insects, as well as host immune response. our results suggested that s. carpocapsae b14 and s. feltiae d114 primarily entered adult insects and larvae through the anus. larvae were more susceptible to s. ...201425276002
ammonia concentration at emergence and its effects on the recovery of different species of entomopathogenic nematodes.the life cycle of entomopathogenic nematodes (epn) occurs inside an insect cadaver and an accumulation of ammonia initiates as a consequence of the nematodes defecation. this accumulation reduces the food resources quality and creates a detrimental environment for nematodes. when a given ammonia concentration is reached, the nematodes start their emergence process, searching for a new host. in the present work, this parameter, ammonia triggering point (atp) was measured in 7 steinernema species/ ...201424880156
improving the biocontrol potential of steinernema feltiae against delia radicum through dosage, application technique and timing.the potential of the entomopathogenic nematode (epn) steinernema feltiae filipjev as a biocontrol agent against the cabbage maggot delia radicum (l.), was assessed in three field tests, focusing on epn dosage, application technique and timing.201423943630
an investigation on the chemotactic responses of different entomopathogenic nematode strains to mechanically damaged maize root volatile compounds.entomopathogenic nematodes (epns) respond to a variety of stimuli when foraging. in a laboratory investigation, we tested the chemotactic responses of 8 epn strains (steinernema and heterorhabditis) to three mechanically damaged maize root compounds (linalool, α-caryophyllene and β-caryophyllene). we hypothesized that the epn directional response to the tested volatile compounds would vary among the species and volatile compound and may be related to foraging strategies. the nematodes with an in ...201323562713
evaluation of efficacy of 18 strains of entomopathogenic nematodes (rhabditida) against planococcus citri (risso, 1813) (hemiptera: pseudococcidae) under laboratory conditions.planococcus citri (risso, 1813) (hemiptera: pseudococcidae) is an important plant virus vector in grapevine crops in brazil and other countries. the mealybug grows in roots and leaves of the grapes. entomopathogenic nematodes (epns) are efficient control agents against insects associated to the soil and could be applied with the same equipment used for chemical insecticides. the aim of this study was to select effective epns for controlling p. citri females in laboratory conditions (25±1°c, ur 6 ...201323458234
cold tolerance abilities of two entomopathogenic nematodes, steinernema feltiae and heterorhabditis bacteriophora.entomopathogenic nematodes are effective biological control agents against insect pests but their commercial application is restricted by their limited shelf life. this study applies our knowledge of the cold tolerance of nematodes to this problem and investigates further the cold tolerance mechanisms of steinernema feltiae and heterorhabditis bacteriophora infective juveniles. when frozen using a fast freezing regime these nematodes are moderately freezing tolerant, with a lower lethal temperat ...201323142823
entomopathogenic nematodes for control of insect pests above and below ground with comments on commercial production.entomopathogenic nematodes (epns) have been utilized in classical, conservation, and augmentative biological control programs. the vast majority of applied research has focused on their potential as inundatively applied augmentative biological control agents. extensive research over the past three decades has demonstrated both their successes and failures for control of insect pests of crops, ornamental plants, trees and lawn and turf. in this paper we present highlights of their development for ...201223482993
directional movement of entomopathogenic nematodes in response to electrical field: effects of species, magnitude of voltage, and infective juvenile age.entomopathogenic nematodes respond to a variety of stimuli when foraging. previously, we reported a directional response to electrical fields for two entomopathogenic nematode species; specifically, when electrical fields were generated on agar plates steinernema glaseri (a nematode that utilizes a cruiser-type foraging strategy) moved to a higher electric potential, whereas steinernema carpocapsae, an ambush-type forager, moved to a lower potential. thus, we hypothesized that entomopathogenic n ...201221945052
hemocyte responses of the colorado potato beetle, leptinotarsa decemlineata, and the greater wax moth, galleria mellonella, to the entomopathogenic nematodes, steinernema feltiae and heterorhabditis bacteriophora.hemocyte encapsulation reactions of infective juveniles of two iranian isolates of the entomopathogenic nematodes, heterorhabditis bacteriophora poinar (rhabditina: heterorhabditidae) and steinernema feltiae filipjev (tylenchina: steinernematidae), were compared in the economic pest colorado potato beetle, leptinotarsa decemlineata say (coleoptera: chrysomelidae), and the greater wax moth, galleria mellonella l. (lepidoptera: pyralidae). the former was a more responsive host than the latter and ...201121867441
controlling the sugar beet fly pegomyia mixta vill. with entomopathogenic nematodes.sugar beet, beta vulgaris l. is a strategic crop of sugar industry in egypt. it is threatened by several insect pests among most important of them is the beet fly pegomyia mixta. this work deals with the biological control of this insect using four entomopathogenic nematodes (epns). the nematodes included steinernema carpocapsae s2, steinernema feltiae, heterorhabditis bacteriophora (hb1-3) and heterorhabditis bacteriophora s1. daily mortality of larvae and pupae of p. mixta were recorded after ...201122696941
the first record of entomopathogenic nematodes (rhabiditiae: steinernematidae and heterorhabditidae) in natural ecosystems in lebanon: a biogeographic approach in the mediterranean region.a survey of entomopathogenic nematodes in lebanon was conducted for the first time during 2008-2009. samples were collected on the coastal strip and in nine vegetation types extending from the coastal line to 3088m above sea level. wooded and herbaceous ecosystems were considered for sampling purposes. a total of 570 samples were taken, out of which 1% were positive for entomopathogenic nematodes. approximately, 15.8% out of the 19 sites sampled revealed entomopathogenic nematodes presence (repr ...201121241704
entomopathogenic nematodes, phoretic paenibacillus spp., and the use of real time quantitative pcr to explore soil food webs in florida citrus groves.quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) is a powerful tool to detect and quantify species of cryptic organisms such as bacteria, fungi and nematodes from soil samples. as such, qpcr offers new opportunities to study the ecology of soil habitats by providing a single method to characterize communities of diverse organisms from a sample of dna. here we describe molecular tools to detect and quantify two bacteria (paenibacillus nematophilus and paenibacillus sp.) phoretically associated with entomopathog ...201121723288
Purification, molecular characterization and gene expression analysis of an aspartic protease (Sc-ASP113) from the nematode Steinernema carpocapsae during the parasitic stage.Steinernema carpocapsae is an insect parasitic nematode associated with the bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila. During invasion, this nematode is able to express many proteases, including aspartic proteases. Genes encoding these aspartic proteases have been identified in the EST, and aspartic protease has been found in excretory-secretory products. The total protease was shown to digest blood hemoglobin in a zymogram gel. When the protein was partially purified by pepstatin affinity chromatograph ...201122178695
virulence and competitiveness: testing the relationship during inter- and intraspecific mixed infections.understanding the reasons why different parasites cause different degrees of harm to their hosts is an important objective in evolutionary biology. one group of models predicts that if hosts are infected with more than one strain or species of parasite, then competition between the parasites will select for higher virulence. while this idea makes intuitive sense, empirical data to support it are rare and equivocal. we investigated the relationship between fitness and virulence during both inter- ...201020394652
a pathogenic parasite interferes with phagocytosis of insect immunocompetent cells.phagocytosis activity of hemocytes of the host galleria mellonella (lepidoptera) was modulated by the infection of the entomopathogenic nematode steinernema feltiae (rahbditida) and was found to be correlated with the opsonization of bacteria by hemolymph factors. the presence of nematodes resulted in a significative decrease in phagocytosis of bacteria by host hemocytes, both in in vivo and in in vitro assays. host interacting proteins (hips), which appear to function as opsonic factors and are ...201020457179
mortality of four stored product pests in stored wheat when exposed to doses of three entomopathogenic nematodes.the insecticidal effect of heterorhabditis bacteriophora poinar (nematoda: heterorhabditidae), steinernema carpocapsae (weiser) (nematoda: steinernematidae), and steinernema feltiae (filipjev) (nematoda: steinernematidae) against mediterranean flour moth, ephestia kuehniella (zeller) (lepidoptera: pyralidae) (larvae), lesser grain borer, rhyzopertha dominica (f.) (coleoptera: bostrychidae) (adults), rice weevil, sitophilus oryzae (l.) (coleoptera: curculionidae) (adults), and confused flour beet ...201020568646
in vitro infection of sheep lice (bovicola ovis schrank) by steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes.control of sheep lice with conventional pesticides can be compromised by difficulty in contacting lice in the dense water repellent fleeces of sheep, particularly when sheep have not been recently shorn. entomopathogenic nematodes (ens) are motile and are able to actively seek out insect hosts. they have particular advantages for the control of pests in cryptic habitats, such as the fleeces of sheep and avoid many of the problems frequently associated with chemical controls. this study investiga ...201020800970
influence of soil on the efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes in reducing diabrotica virgifera virgifera in maize.the use of entomopathogenic nematodes is one potential non-chemical approach to control the larvae of the invasive western corn rootworm (diabrotica virgifera virgifera leconte, coleoptera: chrysomelidae) in europe. this study investigated the efficacy of heterorhabditis bacteriophora poinar (rhabditida: heterorhabditidae), heterorhabditis megidis poinar, jackson and klein (rh., heterorhabditidae) and steinernema feltiae filipjev (rh., steinernematidae) in reducing d. v. virgifera as a function ...201021124754
influence of inoculum density on population dynamics and dauer juvenile yields in liquid culture of biocontrol nematodes steinernema carpocapsae and s. feltiae (nematoda: rhabditida).for improvement of mass production of the rhabditid biocontrol nematodes steinernema carpocapsae and steinernema feltiae in monoxenic liquid culture with their bacterial symbionts xenorhabdus nematophila and xenorhabdus bovienii, respectively, the effect of the initial nematode inoculum density on population development and final concentration of dauer juveniles (djs) was investigated. symbiotic bacterial cultures are pre-incubated for 1 day prior to inoculation of djs. djs are developmentally a ...201019597815
the influence of humidity on the effect of steinernema feltiae against diapausing codling moth larvae (cydia pomonella l.) (lepidoptera: tortricidae).codling moth (cm) is a serious and global pest of pome fruit. it overwinters in cryptic habitats as cocooned diapausing larvae. field trials with the entomopathogenic nematode steinernema feltiae (rhabditida: steinernematidae) report control of diapausing cm of up to 70%, but results are variable. the objective of this study was to define environmental conditions favouring the performance of the nematodes. cocooned larvae were more susceptible than non-cocooned larvae. s. feltiae was unable to i ...201021539244
host resistance reverses the outcome of competition between microparasites.predators and parasites can control the abundance or biomass of herbivores with indirect effects on producer communities and ecosystems, but the interplay of multiple natural enemies may yield unexpected dynamics. we experimentally examined interactions between two microparasites (entomopathogenic nematodes) isolated from sandy grassland soils of coastal california: heterorhabditis marelatus (heterorhabditidae) and steinernema feltiae (steinernematidae). heterorhabditis marelatus drives trophic ...200919694121
steinernema xueshanense n. sp. (rhabditida, steinernematidae), a new species of entomopathogenic nematode from the province of yunnan, southeast tibetan mts., china.during a random epn survey in the northern part of the yunnan province (southeastern tibet, dequen district, town of dequen) in 2005, soil samples containing an unknown epn species were collected. the new species is described herein as steinernema xueshannense n. sp. named after the xue shan mts. a mountain range between yunnan and tibet where the nematode was collected. the isolate is a new species belonging to the steinernema feltiae /kraussei group. s. xueshanense n. sp. is characterized by m ...200919460386
characterization of xenorhabdus isolates from la rioja (northern spain) and virulence with and without their symbiotic entomopathogenic nematodes (nematoda: steinernematidae).eighteen xenorhabdus isolates associated with spanish entomopathogenic nematodes of the genus steinernema were characterized using a polyphasic approach including phenotypic and molecular methods. two isolates were classified as xenorhabdus nematophila and were associated with steinernema carpocapsae. sixteen isolates were classified as xenorhabdus bovienii, of which fifteen were associated with steinernema feltiae and one with steinernema kraussei. two x. bovienii phase ii were also isolated, o ...200919682458
manifold aspects of specificity in a nematode-bacterium mutualism.coevolution in mutualistic symbiosis can yield, because the interacting partners share common interests, to coadaptation: hosts perform better when associated with symbionts of their own locality than with others coming from more distant places. however, as the two partners of a symbiosis might also experience conflicts over part of their life cycle, coadaptation might not occur for all life-history traits. we investigated this issue in symbiotic systems where nematodes (steinernema) and bacteri ...200919732258
influence of cell density and phase variants of bacterial symbionts (xenorhabdus spp.) on dauer juvenile recovery and development of biocontrol nematodes steinernema carpocapsae and s. feltiae (nematoda: rhabditida).the rhabditid nematodes steinernema carpocapsae and steinernema feltiae are used in biological control of insect pests. mass production is done in liquid culture media pre-incubated with their bacterial symbionts xenorhabdus nematophila and xenorhabdus bovienii, respectively, before nematode dauer juveniles (djs) are inoculated. as a response to food signals produced by the bacterial symbionts, the djs exit from the developmentally arrested dauer stage (they recover development) and grow to adul ...200919319521
effect of temperature on the development of steinernema carpocapsae and steinernema feltiae (nematoda: rhabditida) in liquid culture.for commercial use of the entomopathogenic nematodes steinernema carpocapsae and steinernema feltiae in biological control of insect pests, they are produced in liquid culture on artificial media pre-incubated with their symbiotic bacteria xenorhabdus nematophila and xenorhabdus bovienii, respectively. after 1 day of the bacterial culture, nematode dauer juveniles (djs) are inoculated, which recover development. the adult nematodes produce dj offspring, which are harvested and can be sprayed. th ...200919455323
biological control of lycoriella ingenua (diptera: sciaridae) in commercial mushroom (agaricus bisporus) cultivation: a comparison between hypoaspis miles and steinernema feltiae.mushroom cultivation may be adversely affected by insect pests, including sciarids (lycoriella spp.), which were previously controlled by application of chemical pesticides. however, owing to food safety and environmental concerns, availability of pesticides for use during mushroom cultivation has diminished. consequently, it is imperative to investigate alternative control strategies, not reliant on chemical pesticides, which may be used in an integrated pest management system.200919562663
screening spanish isolates of steinernematid nematodes for use as biological control agents through laboratory and greenhouse microcosm studies.entomopathogenic nematodes (epns) are one of the best non-chemical alternatives for insect pest control, with native epn strains that are adapted to local conditions considered to be ideal candidates for regional biological control programs. virulence screening of 17 native mediterranean epn strains was performed to select the most promising strain for regional insect pest control. steinernema feltiae (filipjev) (rhabditida: steinernematidae) rioja strain produced 7%, 91% and 33% larval mortalit ...200919073191
nontarget effect of entomopathogenic nematodes on larvae of twospotted lady beetle (coleoptera: coccinellidae) and green lacewing (neuroptera: chrysopidae) under laboratory conditions.the nontarget effect of steinernema feltiae, steinernema carpocapsae, heterorhabditis bacteriophora, and three mixed suspensions of two species of entomopathogenic nematodes on the larvae of the twospotted lady beetle, adalia bipunctata (l.) (coleoptera: coccinellidae), and on the larvae of the lacewing chrysoperla carnea (stephens) (neuroptera: chrysopidae), were studied in a laboratory bioassay. the assay was performed at three temperature (15, 20, and 25 degrees c) and at three different conc ...200919736754
expression of different desiccation-tolerance related genes in various species of entomopathogenic nematodes.entomopathogenic nematodes used as biological control agents encounter various stress conditions during extended periods in the soil. we investigated gene expression in nematodes that were tolerant or susceptible to desiccation stress to determine whether enhanced tolerance in these populations results from a 'gene-expression response' to desiccation or if, for enhanced tolerance, no such response is needed, perhaps due to a state of constant 'readiness'. the expressions of four genes, aldehyde ...200818179831
potential of two entomopathogenic nematodes for suppression of plum curculio (conotrachelus nenuphar, coleoptera: curculionidae) life stages in northern climates.plum curculio, conotrachelus nenuphar, is a major pest of pome and stone fruits in north america. we evaluated the potential efficacy of two entomopathogenic nematode species for suppression of plum curculio in northern regions, targeting life stages that reside in soil during spring and summer. a strain of heterorhabditis bacteriophora isolated from soil infested with plum curculio in northern utah and a commercially available strain of steinernema feltiae known to tolerate cool temperatures we ...200819036207
multiple-species natural enemy approach for biological control of alfalfa snout beetle (coleoptera: curculionidae) using entomopathogenic nematodes.multiple-species natural enemy approach for the biological control of the alfalfa snout beetle, otiorhynchus ligustici (l.) (coleoptera: curculionidae), was compared with using single-species of natural enemies in the alfalfa ecosystem by using entomopathogenic nematodes with different dispersal and foraging behaviors. steinernema carpocapsae ny001 (ambush nematode), heterorhabditis bacteriophora oswego (cruiser nematode), and steinernema feltiae valko (intermediate nematode) were applied in sin ...200818950034
establishment, persistence, and introgression of entomopathogenic nematodes in a forest ecosystem.entomopathogenic nematodes (epn) are currently marketed worldwide for use in inundative biological control, where the applied natural enemy population (rather than its offspring) is expected to reduce insect numbers. unlike classical biological control, in inundative control natural enemy establishment is not crucial in order to achieve pest suppression. field trials in irish forestry provided the opportunity to test predictions regarding the establishment of two exotic (steinernema carpocapsae ...200818488631
pathogenic effect of entomopathogenic nematode-bacterium complexes on terrestrial isopods.in this study, we evaluated the effect of entomopathogenic nematodes (epns) steinernema carpocapsae, steinernema feltiae and heterorhabditis bacteriophora, symbiotically associated with bacteria of the genera xenorhabdus or photorhabdus, on the survival of eight terrestrial isopod species. the epn species s. carpocapsae and h. bacteriophora reduced the survival of six isopod species while s. feltiae reduced survival for two species. two terrestrial isopod species tested (armadillidium vulgare an ...200818346756
steinernema feltiae: ammonia triggers the emergence of their infective juveniles.entomopathogenic nematodes complete their life cycles inside dead insects. the emergence of new infective juveniles from the cadaver has been attributed (but never demonstrated) to food depletion or to the accumulation of metabolites from the breakdown of the host's tissues. here we give evidence that emergence is triggered by ammonia, a product of nematode defecation. we found that the emergence of steinernemafeltiae infective juveniles from galleriamellonella cadavers was stimulated by a parti ...200818316080
cuticular surface lipids are responsible for disguise properties of an entomoparasite against host cellular responses.entomopathogenic nematodes are widely used as alternatives to chemicals for the biological control of insects. these endoparasites are symbiotically associated with bacteria that are lethal for the host; however, parasites need to overcome the host immune defences to complete a successful life cycle. the processes parasites employ to escape or depress host immunity are targeted at deceiving non-self recognition as well as inactivating defence reactions. the purpose of this paper is to investigat ...200818374979
effectiveness of different species of entomopathogenic nematodes for biocontrol of the mediterranean flatheaded rootborer, capnodis tenebrionis (linné) (coleoptera: buprestidae) in potted peach tree.the susceptibility of larvae of the mediterranean flatheaded rootborer (capnodis tenebrionis) to 13 isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes was examined using gf-677 potted trees (peachxalmond hybrid) as the host plant. the nematode strains tested included nine steinernema feltiae, one s. affine, one s. carpocapsae and two heterorhabditis bacteriophora. nematodes showed the ability to locate and kill larvae of c. tenebrionis just after they enter into the roots of the tree. s. feltiae strains pro ...200817950309
dynamics of carbon dioxide release from insects infected with entomopathogenic nematodes.the quality of an insect as a host to an entomopathogenic nematode infective juvenile depends in part on whether or not the insect is already infected and on the stage of that infection. previous research has shown that nematode response to hosts can change after infection and that, for uninfected hosts, co(2) can be an important cue used by infective stage juveniles during attraction. we hypothesized that co(2) production from an insect changes after it is infected, and that these changes could ...200717054978
soil mediates the interaction of coexisting entomopathogenic nematodes with an insect host.we tested for soil substrate effects on the movement and infectivity of naturally co-occurring entomopathogenic nematodes steinernema feltiae and heterorhabditis marelatus, alone and in combination. we manipulated the presence and bulk density of soil and added galleria mellonella baits within capped and perforated 15ml centrifuge tubes. sampling tubes were then deployed in situ into field and laboratory settings as experimental traps for infective juveniles. in comparisons with standard soil co ...200717005194
efficacy of the entomopathogenic nematode, steinernema feltiae, against sweetpotato whitefly bemisia tabaci (homoptera: aleyrodidae) under laboratory and glasshouse conditions.the potential of using the entomopathogenic nematode steinernema feltiae to control the sweetpotato whitefly bemisia tabaci (gennadius) has been established in previous laboratory studies. however, laboratory studies can overestimate the level of control achieved by biocontrol agents in the glasshouse. glasshouse trials are therefore required to confirm laboratory results before full-scale commercial development is considered. under both controlled laboratory and glasshouse conditions high morta ...200717298677
immune suppression of galleria mellonella (insecta, lepidoptera) humoral defenses induced by steinernema feltiae (nematoda, rhabditida): involvement of the parasite cuticle.immune depression of galleria mellonella larvae was evaluated a short time after infection with the entomopathogenic nematode steinernema feltiae. in the host the activity of the enzymatic cascade known as the propo system was significantly reduced by the presence of either live or dead parasites. the presence of parasites decreased the lps-elicited propo system activity. in addition, this process seems to be related to a decrease in the activity of hemolymph proteases, more than to phenoloxidas ...200712427469
relationship between the successful infection by entomopathogenic nematodes and the host immune response.reproduction of entomopathogenic nematodes requires that they escape recognition by a host's immune system or that they have mechanisms to escape encapsulation and melanization. we investigated the immune responses of larvae for the greater wax moth (galleria mellonella), tobacco hornworm (manduca sexta), japanese beetle (popillia japonica), northern masked chafer (cyclocephala borealis), oriental beetle (exomala orientalis) and adult house crickets (acheta domesticus), challenged with infective ...200717275827
effect of entomopathogenic nematodes (rhabditida: steinernematidae and heterorhabditidae) on meloidogyne mayaguensis rammah and hirschmann (tylenchida: meloidoginidae) infection in tomato plants.some studies suggest that entomopathogenic nematodes (epn) affect plant-parasitic nematode populations. here, the effects of live and dead ij of heterorhabditis bacteriophora jpm4, h. baujardi lpp7, steinernema feltiae sn and s. carpocapsae all were evaluated against eggs and j2 of the plant-parasitic nematode meloidogyne mayaguensis. according to treatment, 100 ij were applied with 350 eggs, 350 j2 or 175 eggs + 175 j2 to tomato plants. bioassays were conducted in march to may and repeated in s ...200719259509
predation of entomopathogenic nematodes by sancassania sp. (acari: acaridae).predation of the entomopathogenic nematode, steinernema feltiae (rhabditida: steinernematidae), by sancassania sp. (acari: acaridae) isolated from field-collected scarab larvae was examined under laboratory conditions. adult female mites consumed more than 80% of the infective juvenile (ij) stage of s. feltiae within 24 h. when s. feltiae ijs were exposed to the mites for 24 h and then exposed to galleria mellonella (lepidoptera: pyralidae) larvae, the number of nematodes penetrating into the la ...200717924198
pathogenicity of the nematode steinernema feltiae filipjev in relation to different insect hosts. 20063373057
temporal association of entomopathogenic nematodes (rhabditida: steinernematidae and heterorhabditidae) and bacteria.galleria mellonella l. larvae were infected with three species (seven strains) of steinernema spp. or three species (three strains) of heterorhabditis spp. infected larvae were incubated at 22, 27, and 32 degrees c. larvae were dorsally dissected every 6h over a 48-h period. hemolymph was collected and streaked on tryptic soy agar plates. several non-symbiotic bacterial species were identified from infected insect cadavers: enterobacter gergoviae, vibrio spp., pseudomonas fluorescens type c, ser ...200616448667
entomopathogenic nematodes and bacteria applications for control of the pecan root-knot nematode, meloidogyne partityla, in the greenhouse.meloidogyne partityla is a parasite of pecan and walnut. our objective was to determine interactions between the entomopathogenic nematode-bacterium complex and m. partityla. specifically, we investigated suppressive effects of steinernema feltiae (strain sn) and s. riobrave (strain 7-12) applied as infective juveniles and in infected host insects, as well as application of s. feltiae's bacterial symbiont xenorhabdus bovienii on m. partityla. in two separate greenhouse trials, the treatments wer ...200619259462
control of the oriental fruit moth, grapholita molesta, using entomopathogenic nematodes in laboratory and fruit bin assays.the oriental fruit moth (ofm), grapholita molesta (busck), which is among the most important insect pests of peaches and nectarines, has developed resistance to a wide range of insecticides. we investigated the ability of the entomopathogenic nematodes (epn) steinernema carpocapsae (weiser), s. feltiae (filipjev), s. riobrave (cabanillas et al.), and heterorhabditis marelatus (liu and berry) to control ofm under laboratory and fruit bin conditions. at a dosage of 10 infective juveniles (ij)/cm(2 ...200619259443
phoresy of the entomopathogenic nematode steinernema feltiae by the earthworm eisenia fetida.the free-living stage of entomopathogenic nematodes occurs in soil, and is an environmental-friendly alternative for biological control. however, their dispersal capability is limited. earthworms improve soil characteristics, changing soil structure and influencing many edaphic organisms. thus, earthworms could be used as vectors to introduce/disperse beneficial organisms. nevertheless this interaction has not been studied in detail. this study presents the infectivity results of steinernema fel ...200616542677
molecular detection of predation by soil micro-arthropods on nematodes.the relative importance of the factors driving change in the population dynamics of nematodes in the soil is almost completely unknown. top-down control by micro-arthropod predators may have a significant impact on nematode population dynamics. we report experiments showing that mites and collembola were capable of reducing nematode numbers in the laboratory and were feeding on a targeted nematode species in the field. a pcr-based approach was developed for the detection of predation on three sp ...200616689911
emergence and dispersal patterns of two isolates of the entomopathogenic nematode steinernema feltiae.few studies have addressed the role of the sexes in the emergence and dispersal of entomopathogenic nematodes from host insects. individuals of two isolates of steinernema feltiae, uk76 and sbil, emerging from galleria mellonella cadavers were classed as non-dispersed (remaining on the cadaver for up to nine days) and dispersed (actively moving away from the cadaver). sex ratios within both classes were examined in infective (individuals that successfully invaded bait g. mellonella) and entire ( ...200619259450
morphological and ecological characterization of steinernema feltiae (rhabditida: steinernematidae) rioja strain isolated from bibio hortulanus (diptera: bibionidae) in spain.a new strain of steinernema feltiae (rhabditida: steinernematidae) was isolated in la rioja (spain) from larvae of bibio hortulanus (diptera: bibionidae). a comparative morphometric analysis of this new strain and four additional s. feltiae isolates was performed. although significant differences in morphometric measurements were observed, pcr-rflp profiles and sequence analysis of the its region of rdna confirmed the identity of the new strain as a2 rflp type of s. feltiae. a comparative morpho ...200619259432
parasitism of bark scorpion centruroides exilicauda (scorpiones: buthidae) by entomopathogenic nematodes (rhabditida: steinernematidae; heterorhabditidae).in laboratory bioassays, steinernema glaseri steiner, steinernema riobrave cabanillas, poinar & raulston, heterorhabditis bacteriophora poinar, and heterorhabditis marelatus liu & berry were capable of infecting and killing the bark scorpion, centruroides exilicauda (wood). steinernema feltiae (filipjev) and steinernema carpocapsae (weiser) failed to infect c. exilicauda at 22 degrees c. s. glaseri, h. marelatus, and h. bacteriophora caused significant mortality at 22 degrees c, indicating the p ...200516334314
factors affecting entomopathogenic nematodes (steinernematidae) for control of overwintering codling moth (lepidoptera: tortricidae) in fruit bins.fruit bins infested with diapausing codling moth larvae, cydia pomonella (l.), are a potential source of reinfestation of orchards and may jeopardize the success of mating disruption programs and other control strategies. entomopathogenic nematodes (epns) were tested as a potential means of control that could be applied at the time bins are submerged in dump tanks. diapausing cocooned codling moth larvae in miniature fruit bins were highly susceptible to infective juveniles (ijs) of steinernema ...200516539105
steinernema akhursti sp. n. (nematoda: steinernematidae) from yunnan, china.a new species of entomopathogenic nematode, herein described as steinernema akhursti sp. n., was recovered from soil samples collected from yunnan province, the people's republic of china. both morphological and molecular data show congruently that s. akhursti sp. n. belongs to the steinernema feltiae group. it can be separated from all described steinernema species by the combined morphological and morphometrical characters of various stages of the nematodes. for the first generation male, the ...200516289544
protein interaction of nucleosome assembly protein 1 and casein kinase 2 during desiccation response in the insect-killing nematode steinernema feltiae is-6.the change in gene expression induced by desiccation in the semiarid, entomopathogenic nematode steinernema feltiae is-6, includes induction of transcription of a nucleosome assembly protein, nap1 homolog, and of casein kinase 2 (ck2) genes. therefore, one of the events during the dehydration response of s. feltiae is-6 may be transcriptional activation by s. feltiae is-6 nap1 homolog (sf-nap1), which is regulated by s. feltiae is-6 ck2 (sf-ck2). this regulation necessitates physical interaction ...200516108569
rapid age-related changes in infection behavior of entomopathogenic nematodes.nonfeeding infective juvenile (ij) entomopathogenic nematodes (epns) are used as biological agents to control soil-dwelling insects, but poor storage stability remains an obstacle to their widespread acceptance by distributors and growers as well as a frustration to researchers. age is one factor contributing to variability in epn efficacy. we hypothesized that age effects on the infectiousness of ijs would be evident within the length of time necessary for ijs to infect a host. the penetration ...200415715211
effect of application method on fitness of entomopathogenic nematodes emerging at different times.the entomopathogenic nematode species steinernema feltiae and heterorhabditis bacteriophora were compared for survival and infectivity of infective juveniles (ij) collected with a standard white trap (i.e., emerging from hosts and accumulating in water) and later applied to sand (treatment a) to ij allowed to emerge from hosts into sand (treatment c). percentage ij survival and infectivity was compared between treatments for s. feltiae ij that emerged between days 1 to 3 and days 4 to 6. for h. ...200419262835
target host finding by steinernema feltiae and heterorhabditis bacteriophora in the presence of a non-target insect host.the ability of steinernema feltiae or heterorhabditis bacteriophora infective juveniles (ij), when applied to the soil surface, to infect a galleria mellonella larva at the base of a soil-filled cup (276 cm(3)) was evaluated in the presence and absence of 100 larvae of a non-target insect, the aphid midge aphidoletes aphidimyza, near the soil surface. in all four trials with either s. feltiae or h. bacteriophora, a. aphidimyza presence did not affect the number of ij finding and infecting a g. m ...200419262818
the role of steinernema feltiae body-surface lipids in host-parasite immunological interactions.interactions between entomopathogenic nematodes (steinernema feltiae) and insect host (galleria mellonella) immune system were investigated. we focused on the immunosuppressive properties of the parasite cuticle and on its interaction with hemolymph humoral components. effects of parasite cuticle against host propo system enzymatic cascade were evaluated a short time after infection. the presence of parasite cuticles decreased both normal and lps-elicited propo system activity, suggesting that s ...200415287592
acclimation of entomopathogenic nematodes to novel temperatures: trehalose accumulation and the acquisition of thermotolerance.the effect of thermal acclimation on trehalose accumulation and the acquisition of thermotolerance was studied in three species of entomopathogenic nematodes adapted to either cold or warm temperatures. all three steinernema species accumulated trehalose when acclimated at either 5 or 35 degrees c, but the amount of trehalose accumulation differed by species and temperature. the trehalose content of the cold adapted steinernema feltiae increased by 350 and 182%, of intermediate steinernema carpo ...200312633652
the efficacy of the entomopathogenic nematode, steinernema feltiae, against the immature stages of bemisia tabaci. 200312877837
distribution patterns of entomopathogenic nematodes applied through drip irrigation systems.the distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes applied by drip irrigation was evaluated by injecting small volumes of steinernema carpocapsae (weiser) all strain, steinernema feltiae (filipjev) sn strain, steinernema glaseri steiner, and heterorhabditis bacteriophora hp 88 strain poinar suspensions into drip irrigation lines. additionally, steinernema riobrave cabanillas, poinar, & raulston, and s. carpocapsae were injected in a 10-liter volume of water with an injection pump. overall, the nemat ...200314994792
interaction of microbial populations in steinernema (steinernematidae, nematoda) infected galleria mellonella larvae.infection of galleria mellonella larvae with the entomopathogenic nematodes steinernema feltiae (a21 and r strains) and steinernema glaseri (dongrae) resulted in several species of bacteria, including the respective bacterial symbiont, xenorhabdus spp., growing in the infected insect cadavers. these other bacteria were enterococcus in all three nematode infections studied and acinetobacter in the s. feltiae infections. the respective populations of these bacteria changed with time. following inf ...200312788281
characterisation of symbionts of entomopathogenic nematodes by universally primed-pcr (up-pcr) and up-pcr product cross-hybridisation.this work introduces and demonstrates the applicability of universally primed-pcr (up-pcr) for differentiating bacterial symbionts of entomopathogenic nematodes. furthermore, typing by up-pcr product cross-hybridisation was successfully introduced to cluster the bacterial strains. the work was initiated by isolating 10 isolates of photorhabdus temperata (s172) from the nematode host heterorhabditis sp. (dk172) and 12 isolates of xenorhabdus bovienii (s1) from the nematode steinernema feltiae (dk ...200212393202
host cadavers protect entomopathogenic nematodes during freezing.the entomopathogenic nematodes heterorhabditis bacteriophora, steinernema carpocapsae, steinernema glaseri, and steinernema feltiae were exposed to freezing while inside their hosts. survival was assessed by observing live and dead nematodes inside cadavers and by counting the infective juveniles (ijs) that emerged after freezing. we (1) measured the effects of 24h of freezing at different times throughout the course of an infection, (2) determined the duration of freezing entomopathogenic nemat ...200212417210
use of entomopathogenic nematodes to suppress meloidogyne incognita on greenhouse tomatoes.tomato seedlings in a growth chamber were inoculated with 150 meloidogyne incognita eggs and 25 infective juveniles (ij)/cm² of steinernema feltiae, s. riobrave, or heterorhabditis bacteriophora. with the exception of seedling roots treated with h. bacteriophora, all seedlings treated with entomopathogenic nematodes had fewer m. incognita juveniles inside roots and produced fewer eggs than the control seedlings. tomato plants in the greenhouse were infested with 4,000 m. incognita eggs and treat ...200219265927
effects of etomopathiogenic nematodes on meloidogyne javanica on tomatoes and soybeans.two hawaiian isolates of steinernema feltiae mg-14 and heterohabditis indica mg-13, a french isolate of s. feltiae sn, and a texan isolate of s. riobrave tx were tested for their efficacy against the root-knot nematode, meloidogyne javanica, in the laboratory and greenhouse. experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of treatment application time and dose on m. javanica penetration in soybean, and egg production and plant development in tomato. two experiments conducted to assess the ...200219265939
efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against soil-dwelling life stages of western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (thysanoptera: thripidae).the efficacy of six entomopathogenic nematode (epn) strains was tested in a laboratory study against soil-dwelling life stages of western flower thrips (wft), frankliniella occidentalis (pergande) (thysanoptera: thripidae). the epn strain collections screened included two heterorhabditis bacteriophora species, i.e., h. bacteriophora hk3 (h.b h) and h. bacteriophora hb brecan (h.b b), three steinernema feltiae species, i.e., s. feltiae sylt (s.f s), s. feltiae obsiii (s.f o), and s. feltiae strai ...200111812114
developmental temperature effects on five geographic isolates of the entomopathogenic nematode steinernema feltiae (nematoda: steinernematidae).the development of five geographic isolates of steinernema feltiae at 5, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 28 degrees c in wax moth, galleria mellonella, larvae was examined. the isolates were from mediterranean (sinop from turkey, sn from france, and monterey from california), subtropical (rafaela from argentina), and tropical (mg-14 from hawaii) regions. all isolates caused 100% mortality of wax moth larvae and developed and produced progeny between 8 and 25 degrees c. at 28 degrees c, mortality was 100% ...200111437527
spatial structuring and frequency distribution of the nematode steinernema feltiae filipjev.the frequency distribution of first generation, steinernema feltiae filipjev parasitic stages was over-dispersed with the majority of hosts containing few or no parasitic stages, whilst a few hosts contained a great many. because of high extraction efficiency, the frequency distributions of the parasitic stages and the infective stages in the soil were assumed to be directly related. to explain the frequency distribution of the parasites it was therefore necessary to account for the frequency di ...200011072905
phenotypic characterization of the xenorhabdus bacterial symbiont of a texas strain of the entomopathogenic nematode steinernema riobrave, and characterization of the xenorhabdus bovienii bacterial symbiont of a newfoundland strain of steinernema feltiae.two bacterial symbionts of entomopathogenic nematodes, one of which originated from texas, u.s.a., and the other from newfoundland, canada, were characterized phenotypically. these strains belonged to the genus xenorhabdus. the newfoundland (nf) strain was shown to be x. bovienii but the texas (tx) strain was not identified at the species level. four additional cultures of xenorhabdus were included in the study. these were a strain of x. bovienii (umeå), which was from a nematode of european ori ...200010932355
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