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a β-cyclodextrin, polyethyleneimine and silk fibroin hydrogel containing centella asiatica extract and hydrocortisone acetate: releasing properties and in vivo efficacy for healing of pressure sores.pressure sores are lesions caused by impaired blood flow. conventional dressings can absorb exudates, but do not promote wound healing. a hydrogel composed of β-cyclodextrin (β-cd), polyethyleneimine (pei) and silk fibroin (sf) was assessed for use in healing of pressure sores.201222439751
asiatic acid, a pentacyclic triterpene in centella asiatica, attenuates glutamate-induced cognitive deficits in mice and apoptosis in sh-sy5y cells.to investigate whether asiatic acid (aa), a pentacyclic triterpene in centella asiatica, exerted neuroprotective effects in vitro and in vivo, and to determine the underlying mechanisms.201222447225
microsatellite markers isolated from the wild medicinal plant centella asiatica (apiaceae) from an enriched genomic library.microsatellite markers for centella asiatica, an important medicinal herb, were developed and characterized to promote genetic and molecular studies.201222473979
centella asiatica extract improves behavioral deficits in a mouse model of alzheimer's disease: investigation of a possible mechanism of action.centella asiatica (ca), commonly named gotu kola, is an ayurvedic herb used to enhance memory and nerve function. to investigate the potential use of ca in alzheimer's disease (ad), we examined the effects of a water extract of ca (gkw) in the tg2576 mouse, a murine model of ad with high β-amyloid burden. orally administered gkw attenuated β-amyloid-associated behavioral abnormalities in these mice. in vitro, gkw protected sh-sy5y cells and mc65 human neuroblastoma cells from toxicity induced by ...201222506133
pharmacognostic studies on centella asiatica (l) urban.the paper deals with pharmacognosy of centella asiatica (l.) urban, including its morphological, anatomical, chemical constituents and powder analysis. stomata are mostly anisotricytic, isotricytic and few tetracytic. sphaero-crystals of calcium oxalate are observed in palisade, spongy and ground parenchyma of leaf lamina, petiole and rhizome and absent in roots. uniseriate flagellate conical hairs present only on abaxial surface of leaf and all over the petiole. the venation is palmatous actino ...199322556625
individuals at risk of coronary heart disease (chd), its prevention and management by an indigenous compound.a variety of rist factors have been suspected for causing the coronary heart disease. 406 cases of both sex groups with age range of 35 to 55 years were selected from three distinct localities of varanasi city. individuals who reported single or more risk factors of chd were isolated from the population of the particular areas. after a detailed preliminary screening of the subjects various physical, physiological, psychological and biochemical measurements were carried out. other basis of initia ...200022556998
standardisation and quality evaluation of centella asiatica linn.centella asiatica linn. is a well-known medicinal herb used in various types of diseases, it was noticed that the herb is being heavily adulterated with the cheaper substances. a critical stud of the authentic and maker samples (available in powder for) s carried out to study current status of the drug in the local market. powder analysis of the market samples shoes fragments of sclerenchymatous net, which is a characteristic feature of some umbelliferous fruits. occurrence of prismatic crystals ...200122557022
immunomodulating effects of rasayana drugs in diabetics - a clinical study.immune system plays an important role in pathogenesis of diabetes (dm). besides hypoglycaemics, rasayanas are indicated in the management of dm. in several studies the immunomodulatroy potentials of rasayanas have been proved. a clinical trial of three rasayana drugs, asparagus recemosus (ar). bacopa monnieri (bm) and centella asiatica (ca) was carried out in diabetics. in this study, diabetics were found to have significantly lower levels of serum igg, increased serum iga and comparable levels ...200222557085
a new method for preparing pentacyclic triterpene rich centella asiatica extracts.this study evaluated microwave-assisted extraction (mae) for four pentacyclic triterpenes as well as developed a method for preparing a pentacyclic triterpenene rich extract from centella asiatica. mae was capable of increasing the yield of the pentacyclic triterpenes up to twice that produced by the heat reflux method, and it was also much less time consuming. the optimal conditions of mae employed were extraction with absolute ethanol as solvent, an irradiation power of 600 w, at 75°c, four ir ...201322577972
interesting asian plants: their compounds and effects on electrophysiology and behaviour.there have been numerous non-scientific reports on the behavioural effects of asian plants in humans who consumed these plants wholly or part thereof. knowledge passed from generation to generation informs us of plants that increase effort and stamina, such as during paddy planting after the ingestion of mitragyna speciosa korth (ketum) as a tea supplement. centella asiatica and myristica fragrans are used as herbs to improve memory and to treat epilepsy, respectively. zizyphus mauritiana is use ...201122589667
development of photochemoprotective herbs containing cosmetic formulations for improving skin properties.botanical photochemoprotectives are used because they act on various stages to prevent skin cancer and photoaging. the aim of this study was to prepare herbal creams from various photochemoprotective herbs and to perform efficacy studies on them by using physicochemical, microbiological, safety, psychometric, biophysical, and sun protection factor measurements. herbal creams were prepared by incorporating hydroalcoholic extracts of curcuma caesia (rhizome), areca catechu (seeds), centella asiati ...201222591563
asiaticoside induces type i collagen synthesis and osteogenic differentiation in human periodontal ligament cells.asiaticoside, an active ingredient extracted from centella asiatica, has been widely used to promote wound healing. in this study, the effects of asiaticoside on proliferation, protein synthesis, and osteogenic differentiation in human periodontal ligament cells (hpdls) were investigated. hpdls were treated with asiaticoside at concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 µg/ml. cell number was determined by mtt assay. the mrna expression was analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. wes ...201322628285
centella asiatica (l.) urban: from traditional medicine to modern medicine with neuroprotective potential.this paper covers the studies relevant to neuroprotective activity of centella asiatica (l.) urban, also known as "gotu kola." the plant is native to the southeast asia and has been used traditionally as brain tonic in ayurvedic medicine. the neuroprotective effect of c. asiatica has been searched using the key words "centella, centella asiatica, gotu kola, asiatic pennywort, neuroprotection, and memory" through the electronic databases including sciencedirect, web of science, scopus, pubmed, an ...201222666298
effect of different drying methods on concentrations of several phytochemicals in herbal preparation of 8 medicinal plants leaves.the effect of oven drying at 50ᵒc ± 1ᵒc for 9 hour, 70ᵒc ± 1ᵒc for 5 hour and freeze drying on retention of chlorophyll, riboflavin, niacin, ascorbic acid and carotenoids in herbal preparation consisting of 8 medicinal plants was evaluated. the medicinal plants selected were leaves of apium graveolens (saderi), averrhoa bilimbi (belimbing buluh), centella asiatica (pegaga), mentha arvensis (pudina), psidium guajava (jambu batu), sauropus androgynous (cekor manis), solanum nigrum (terung meranti) ...199922692357
plectranthus amboinicus and centella asiatica cream for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers.effects of a topical cream containing p. amboinicus (lour.) spreng. (lamiaceae) and c. asiatica (l.) urban (umbelliferae) were evaluated and compared to effects of hydrocolloid fiber wound dressing for diabetic foot ulcers. a single-center, randomized, controlled, open-label study was conducted. twenty-four type 1 or type 2 diabetes patients aged 20 years or older with wagner grade 3 foot ulcers postsurgical debridement were enrolled between october 2008 and december 2009. twelve randomly assign ...201222693530
improved in vitro and in vivo collagen biosynthesis by asiaticoside-loaded ultradeformable vesicles.the potentiality of ultradeformable vesicles as a possible topical delivery system for asiaticoside, a natural compound obtained from centella asiatica was evaluated, because this compound exhibits collagen biosynthesis promoting activity. ultradeformable vesicles were prepared by the extrusion technique; these vesicles were composed of phospholipon 100 and different molar fractions of sodium cholate as the edge activator. the physicochemical properties of the ultradeformable vesicles were inves ...201222698941
scientific basis of botanical medicine as alternative remedies for rheumatoid arthritis.rheumatoid arthritis (ra) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune inflammatory disorder that causes permanent disability and mortality to approximately 1 to 100 people in the world. patients with ra not only suffer from pain, stiffness, swelling, and loss of function in their joints, but also have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease and lymphoma. typically prescribed medications, including pain-relieving drugs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaid), and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs ...201322700248
effect of agrobacterium rhizogenes and elicitation on the asiaticoside production in cell cultures of centella asiatica.centella asiatica (l.) urb. (apiaceae) is an important medicinal plant, and it has been using to prepare herbal medicines. the compounds responsible for the biological activity of c. asiatica are triterpenoids such as asiaticoside. asiaticoside is also important as a marker for standardization of c. asiatica. due to the low content, there is a need to enhance the production of asiaticoside of c. asiatica. the biotechnological approach is one of the methods that can be used to enhance its product ...201222701283
first report of septoria centellae associated with leaf spot of centella asiatica in korea.septoria centellae associated with leaf spot of centella asiatica is reported for the first time in korea. the fungus is described and illustrated in detail. it is also compared with related species of septoria present on centella and hydrocotyle spp. with taxonomic comments. two monoconidial isolates from jeju and wando were successfully cultured and have been deposited in the korean agricultural culture collection.201122783123
wound healing activities of different extracts of centella asiatica in incision and burn wound models: an experimental animal study.the efficacy of centella asiatica for incision and burn wounds are not fully understood. here, we report the wound healing activities of sequential hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water extracts of centella asiatica in incision and partial-thickness burn wound models in rats.201222817824
an investigation of arsenic contamination in peninsular malaysia based on centella asiatica and soil samples.the first objective of this study was to provide data of arsenic (as) levels in peninsular malaysia based on soil samples and accumulation of as in centella asiatica collected from 12 sampling sites in peninsular malaysia. the second objective was to assess the accumulation of as in transplanted c. asiatica between control and semi-polluted or polluted sites. four sites were selected which were upm (clean site), balakong (semi-polluted site), seri kembangan (semi-polluted site) and juru (pollute ...201322821327
madecassoside, a triterpenoid saponin isolated from centella asiatica herbs, protects endothelial cells against oxidative stress.this study aimed to investigate the effect of madecassoside against oxidative stress-induced injury of endothelial cells. hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2), 500 µmol/l) was employed as an inducer of oxidative stress in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (huvecs). cell apoptosis was detected by hoechst 33258 staining and flow cytometry. caspase-3 activity and mitochondria membrane potential were further examined. as a result, madecassoside (10, 30, 100 µmol/l) could reverse morphological changes, e ...201222829481
anxiolytic effects of standardized extract of centella asiatica (eca 233) after chronic immobilization stress in mice.centella asiatica has long been used for various neurological disturbances in southeast asian countries. the present study aims to demonstrate the anxiolytic effect of eca 233, a standardized extract of c. asiatica containing triterpenoids not less than 80%, in comparison to diazepam.201222841896
a liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric method for quantification of asiatic acid from plasma: application to pharmacokinetic study in rats.asiatic acid (aa), a pentacyclic triterpene from centella asiatica (l.) urban, has shown numerous therapeutic activities. however, none of the published works to date has used high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (hplc/ms/ms) for determination of aa from biological fluids. therefore, the present paper describes a sensitive hplc/electrospray ionization (esi)-ms/ms method for quantification of aa in rat plasma.201222847688
centella asiatica attenuates the neurobehavioral, neurochemical and histological changes in transient focal middle cerebral artery occlusion rats.centella asiatica has been used as psychoactive and antioxidant herbal medicine since ancient time. the present study was design to evaluate the preventive role of ethanolic extract of c. asiatica in middle cerebral artery occlusion (mcao) in rats. male wistar rats were gavaged orally with c. asiatica extract (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight once daily) for 21 days and thereafter subjected to right mcao for 2 h followed by 22-h reperfusion. brain injury was evaluated by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazo ...201322864972
study in vitro of the impact of endophytic bacteria isolated from centella asiatica on the disease incidence caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus colletotrichum higginsianum.thirty-one endophytic bacteria isolated from healthy leaves of centella asiatica were screened in vitro for their ability to reduce the growth rate and disease incidence of colletotrichum higginsianum, a causal agent of anthracnose. isolates of cohnella sp., paenibacillus sp. and pantoea sp. significantly stimulated the growth rate of c. higginsianum mucl 44942, while isolates of achromobacter sp., acinetobacter sp., microbacterium sp., klebsiella sp. and pseudomonas putida had no influence on t ...201322903452
inhibition of cpla2 and spla2 activities in primary cultures of rat cortical neurons by centella asiatica water extract.leaf extract of centella asiatica has been used as an alternative medicine for memory improvement in the indian ayurvedic system of medicine for a long time. although several studies have revealed its effect in ameliorating the cognitive impairment in rat models of alzheimer's disease, the molecular mechanism of c. asiatica on neuroprotection still remains unexplained. in this study, we investigated the effects of c. asiatica water extract on activity of subtypes of phospholipase a2 (pla2) in pr ...201222908561
asiaticoside enhances normal human skin cell migration, attachment and growth in vitro wound healing model.wound healing proceeds through a complex collaborative process involving many types of cells. keratinocytes and fibroblasts of epidermal and dermal layers of the skin play prominent roles in this process. asiaticoside, an active component of centella asiatica, is known for beneficial effects on keloid and hypertrophic scar. however, the effects of this compound on normal human skin cells are not well known. using in vitro systems, we observed the effects of asiaticoside on normal human skin cell ...201222939261
titrated extract of centella asiatica provides a uvb protective effect by altering microrna expression profiles in human dermal fibroblasts.the titrated extract of centella asiatica (teca) is a reconstituted mixture comprising of asiatic acid, madecassic acid, asiaticoside and madecassoside, and is used as a therapeutic agent in wound healing and also as an anti-microbial, anticancer and anti-aging agent. although these properties and the associated cell signaling pathways have been elucidated, the cellular mechanism of anti-photoaging upon ultraviolet (uv) exposure in normal human dermal fibroblasts (nhdfs) remains unknown. in this ...201222948173
factors affecting the content of pentacyclic triterpenes in centella asiatica raw materials.pentacyclic triterpenes, mainly, asiatic acid, madecassic acid, asiaticoside, and madecassoside are the active constituents of centella asitica (l.) urban. (apiaceae). these compounds possess various pharmacological activities that have been shown to assist with wound healing and brain enrichment.201222966846
antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects of asiaticoside in lipopolysaccharide-treated rat through up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1.asiaticoside (as), a triterpenoid isolated from centella asiatica, has been found to exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in several experimental animal models. however, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. in this study, we provide experimental evidences that as dose-dependently inhibited lipopolysaccharide (lps)-induced fever and inflammatory response, including serum tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-α and interleukin (il)-6 production, liver myeloperoxidase (mpo) activity, bra ...201322972613
centella asiatica protects against uvb-induced hacat keratinocyte damage through microrna expression changes.this study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of centella asiatica (c. asiatica) against ultraviolet b (uvb) damage in human keratinocytes using microrna (mirna) expression profiling analysis. titrated extract of c. asiatica (teca) demonstrated low cytotoxicity in normal human hacat keratinocytes only at low doses (<5 µg/ml). uvb (50 mj/cm2) irradiation significantly decreased cell viability, and teca treatment decreased the uvb toxicity. by using mirna microarrays, we determined that 72 m ...201223064234
production of polyclonal antibody against madecassoside and development of immunoassay methods for analysis of triterpene glycosides in centella asiatica.centella asiatica (l.) urban consists of two major triterpene glycosides, asiaticoside (as) and madecassoside (ma), as active components used for wound healing and enhancing memory.201523081750
efficacy of asiatic acid, a pentacyclic triterpene on attenuating the key enzymes activities of carbohydrate metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.asiatic acid (aa), a triterpenoid derivative of centella asiatica, has shown significant biological effects of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. aim of this investigation was to evaluate the antihyperglycemic effect of aa on the activities of hepatic enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in streptozotocin (stz)-induced diabetic rats. to induce diabetes mellitus, rats were injected with streptozotocin intraperitoneally at a single dose of 40 mg/kg b.w. diabetic rats showed significant (p ...201323102509
quantitative determination of triterpenes in extracts and phytopreparations of centella asiatica (l.) urban.a new method for separation and quantitative determination of triterpenes in centella asiatica herb and its pharmaceutical preparations has been developed. separation of all pharmacologically relevant triterpenes (asiaticoside, madecassoside, asiatic- and madecassic acid) was achieved by hplc employing the reversed-phase separation system acetonitrile/water on rp18 columns at a detection wavelength of 205 nm. quantification was carried out by the method of external standard with calibration curv ...199623194862
the pentacyclic triterpenoids in herbal medicines and their pharmacological activities in diabetes and diabetic complications.pentacyclic triterpenoids including the oleanane, ursane and lupane groups are widely distributed in many medicinal plants, such as glycyrrhiza species, gymnema species, centella asiatica, camellia sinensis, crataegus species and olea europaea, which are commonly used in traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes and diabetic complications. a large number of bioactive pentacyclic triterpenoids, such as oleanolic acid, glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhetinic acid, ursolic acid, betulin, betulinic ac ...201323210780
evaluation of amygdaloid neuronal dendritic arborization enhancing effect of centella asiatica (linn) fresh leaf extract in adult rats.objective: centella asiatica (cea), a creeper, growing in moist places in india and other asian countries. leaves of cea are used for memory enhancement in ayurvedic system of medicine, an alternative system of medicine originated from india. in the present study, we have investigated the role of cea fresh leaf extract treatment on adult rats on dendritic morphology of amygdaloid neurons, one of the regions concerned with learning and memory. methods: adult rats (2.5-month old) were fed with 2, ...201223212568
determination of trace and heavy metals in some commonly used medicinal herbs in ayurveda.traditionally, the herbal drugs are well established for their therapeutic benefits. depending upon their geographical sources sometimes the trace and heavy metals' content may differ, which may lead to severe toxicity. so, the toxicological and safety assessment of these herbal drugs are one of the major issues in recent days. eight different plant species including aloe vera, centella asiatica, calendula officinalis, cucumis sativus, camellia sinensis, clitoria ternatea, piper betel and tagete ...201423222691
mitoprotective effect of centella asiatica against aluminum-induced neurotoxicity in rats: possible relevance to its anti-oxidant and anti-apoptosis mechanism.role of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress has been well documented in various cognitive-related disorders such as alzheimer's disease. aluminum is a neurotoxic metal that may be involved in the progression of neurodegenerative processes. the antioxidant and memory enhancing effects of centella asiatica (ca) are well known in the last few decades. therefore, the present study has been designed to explore the neuroprotective effect of ca on chronic aluminum exposure induced mitochondr ...201323224641
microbial transformation of asiatic acid.asiatic acid (1), a major pentacyclic triterpene of centella asiatica, was subjected to transformation by penicillium lilacinum accc 31890, fusarium equiseti cgmcc 3.3658, and streptomyces griseus cgmcc 4.18 strains. incubation of asiatic acid with p. lilacinum accc 31890 and f. equiseti cgmcc 3.3658 gave an identical product: 2α,3β,15α,23-tetrahydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (2). biotransformation of asiatic acid by s. griseus cgmcc 4.18 resulted in three derivatives: 2α,3β,21β,23-tetrahydroxyurs- ...201323227815
use of a specific anti-stretch mark cream for preventing or reducing the severity of striae gravidarum. randomized, double-blind, controlled trial.few studies have tested the efficacy of commercially available cosmetic products for preventing striae gravidarum. therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate efficacy on prevention of striae gravidarum using a specific anti-stretch mark cream containing hydroxyprolisilane-c, rosehip oil, centella asiatica triterpenes and vitamin e. a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted between november 2009 and april 2011. pregnant women were included and classified as tr ...201323237514
identification of major active ingredients responsible for burn wound healing of centella asiatica herbs.centella asiatica herbs have been prescribed as a traditional medicine for wound healing in china and southeast asia for a long time. they contain many kinds of triterpenoid compounds, mainly including glycosides (asiaticoside and madecassoside) and corresponding aglycones (asiatic acid and madecassic acid). to identify which is the major active constituent, a comprehensive and comparative study of these compounds was performed. in vitro, primary human skin fibroblasts, originating from healthy ...201223346217
antioxidant synergism between ethanolic centella asiatica extracts and α-tocopherol in model systems.the synergistic antioxidant effects of ethanolic extracts of centella asiatica (ce), and α-tocopherol have been studied. the types of interactions exhibited by ce and α-tocopherol combined at different ratios were measured using three assays: 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (abts) radical-scavenging capacity, the β-carotene bleaching system and liposome peroxidation assays. fixed-fraction isobolographic analysis was used to detect any inducement of the ant ...201323411234
field evaluation of in vitro-induced tetraploid and diploid centella asiatica (l.) urban.centella asiatica-a medicinal plant that produces high-value active triterpenoids-is in increasing demand by the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. the aim of this study was to field-test one induced tetraploid and three diploid c. asiatica lines for the selection of high-quality plants with high phytomass and triterpenoid content and to determine their optimal harvesting time. all tested c. asiatica were micropropagated using an established protocol. one-month-old plantlets were acclimatiz ...201423529542
a systematic review of the efficacy of centella asiatica for improvement of the signs and symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency.we aimed to assess the efficacy of centella asiatica for improvement of the signs and symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency (cvi). we searched 13 electronic databases including the cochrane central register of controlled trials for randomised controlled trials assessing the efficacy of centella asiatica for cvi. two review authors independently selected studies, assessed the risks of bias of included studies and extracted data. the treatment effects of similar studies were pooled whenever app ...201323533507
statistical analysis of metal chelating activity of centella asiatica and erythroxylum cuneatum using response surface methodology.the purpose of the study is to evaluate the relationship between the extraction parameters and the metal chelating activity of centella asiatica (ca) and erythroxylum cuneatum (ec). the response surface methodology was used to optimize the extraction parameters of methanolic extract of ca and ec with respect to the metal chelating activity. for ca, run 17 gave optimum chelating activity with ic50 = 0.93 mg/ml at an extraction temperature of 25°c, speed of agitation at 200 rpm, ratio of plant mat ...201323533781
metabolomic analysis of methyl jasmonate-induced triterpenoid production in the medicinal herb centella asiatica (l.) urban.centella asiatica is an important source of biologically active pentacyclic triterpenoids. the enhancement of the biosynthesis of the centellosides by manipulation of associated metabolic pathways is receiving much attention. jasmonates play critical roles in plant metabolism by up-regulating the expression of genes related to secondary metabolites. here, we investigated the effect of methyl jasmonate (meja) in c. asiatica through targeted metabolomic profiling of asiaticoside and madecassoside ...201323579994
[near-infrared spectroscopy technology for online monitoring of the column separation and purification process of active components of centella asiatica l. urban].the present paper is to study and develop a method for online monitoring of the column separation and purification process of active components that are madecassoside and asiaticoside of centella asiatica l. urban using near-infrared (nir) spectroscopy technology. after collecting 50%-ethanol eluant, we detected their nir spectra and developed the high performance liquid chromatography (hplc) assay method of active components. then, partial least square (pls) was used to develop linear correlati ...201323586234
centelloside accumulation in leaves of centella asiatica is determined by resource partitioning between primary and secondary metabolism while influenced by supply levels of either nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium.in the present study we aimed to investigate the relevance of either n, p or k supply for herb and leaf yield and for centelloside concentrations in centella asiatica l. urban leaves. in this regard, we elucidated the causal relationship between assimilation rate, leaf n, p and k concentrations, herb and leaf production, and centelloside accumulation. the experiments were conducted consecutively in a greenhouse where c. asiatica was grown in hydroponic culture and fertigated with nutrient soluti ...201323608744
de novo sequencing and assembly of centella asiatica leaf transcriptome for mapping of structural, functional and regulatory genes with special reference to secondary metabolism.centella asiatica (l.) urban is an important medicinal plant and has been used since ancient times in traditional systems of medicine. c. asiatica mainly contains ursane skeleton based triterpenoid sapogenins and saponins predominantly in its leaves. this investigation employed illumina next generation sequencing (ngs) strategy on a pool of three cdnas from expanding leaf of c. asiatica and developed an assembled transcriptome sequence resource of the plant. the short transcript reads (strs) gen ...201323644021
plant-based medicines for anxiety disorders, part 2: a review of clinical studies with supporting preclinical evidence.research in the area of herbal psychopharmacology has revealed a variety of promising medicines that may provide benefit in the treatment of general anxiety and specific anxiety disorders. however, a comprehensive review of plant-based anxiolytics has been absent to date. thus, our aim was to provide a comprehensive narrative review of plant-based medicines that have clinical and/or preclinical evidence of anxiolytic activity. we present the article in two parts. in part one, we reviewed herbal ...201323653088
matrix metalloproteinase, hyaluronidase and elastase inhibitory potential of standardized extract of centella asiatica.centella asiatica (l.) urban (apiaceae), a valuable herb described in ayurveda, is used in the indigenous system of medicine as a tonic to treat skin diseases.201323763301
long-term follow-up of oral administration of flavonoids, centella asiatica and melilotus, for diabetic cystoid macular edema without macular thickening.to evaluate long-term follow-up of the orally administered combination of flavonoids with centella asiatica and melilotus for treatment of diabetic cystoid macular edema (cme) without macular thickening.201323844756
unraveling the binding mechanism of asiatic acid with human serum albumin and its biological implications.asiatic acid (asa), a naturally occurring pentacyclictriterpenoid found in centella asiatica, plays a major role in neuroprotection, anticancer, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective activities. human serum albumin (hsa), a blood plasma protein, participates in the regulation of plasma osmotic pressure and transports endogenous and exogenous substances. the study undertaken to analyze the drug-binding mechanisms of hsa is crucial in understanding the bioavailability of drugs. in this study, we analy ...201423844909
effects of asiaticoside on levels of podocyte cytoskeletal proteins and renal slit diaphragm proteins in adriamycin-induced rat nephropathy.centella asiatica has been used to treat kidney diseases in chinese traditional medicine. asiaticoside (an extraction of c. asiatica) exerts a variety of pharmacological effects including immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory functions. however, the mechanism of asiaticoside in the treatment of renal diseases remains largely unknown. this study investigated the molecular mechanism of asiaticoside in treating adriamycin-induced nephropathy of rats.201323871990
neuroprotective effects of madecassoside in early stage of parkinson's disease induced by mptp in rats.in this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of madecassoside, isolated from the chinese medicinal herb centella asiatica, in the rat model of early phase of parkinsonism. during intragastric administrations of madecassoside for 7 days, the rats were injected with mptp on the 7th day. and for the following 14 days, madecassoside were also administered. on the 14th day, the behavioral tests were assessed after 1h of administration. and then, the rats were sacrificed, substantia nigr ...201323876367
neuritogenic effect of standardized extract of centella asiatica eca233 on human neuroblastoma cells.in order to gain insight into neuroprotective effects of eca 233, a standardized extract of centella asiatica, previously demonstrated in animal models of memory impairment induced by transient global ischemia or intracerebroventricular injection of β-amyloid, the effect of eca 233 on neurite outgrowth of human imr-32 neuroblastoma cell line was investigated.201323915016
antiproliferative, cell-cycle dysregulation effects of novel asiatic acid derivatives on human non-small cell lung cancer cells.asiatic acid (aa) is a pentacyclic triterpene in centella asiatica known to inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in several tumor cell lines. in the current study, we synthesized five aa derivatives and examined their inhibitory activities on growth in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines, a549 and pc9/g. four derivatives were found to have stronger cell growth inhibitory activity than aa. among them, compound a-3 showed the most significant antiproliferative effects on tumor. growth of a ...201323924616
ecologically relevant uv-b dose combined with high par intensity distinctly affect plant growth and accumulation of secondary metabolites in leaves of centella asiatica l. urban.we investigated the effects of environmentally relevant dose of ultraviolet (uv)-b and photosynthetic active radiation (par) on saponin accumulation in leaves on the example of centella asiatica l. urban. for this purpose, plants were exposed to one of four light regimes i.e., two par intensities with or without uv-b radiation. the experiment was conducted in technically complex sun simulators under almost natural irradiance and climatic conditions. as observed, uv-b radiation increased herb and ...201324044900
production of asiaticoside from centella (centella asiatica l. urban) cells in bioreactor.to investigate the effects of some culture conditions on production of asiaticoside from centella (centella asiatica l. urban) cells cultured in 5-l bioreactor.201324075346
in vivo disposition and metabolism of madecassoside, a major bioactive constituent in centella asiatica (l.) urb.centella asiatica (l.) urb. herb is frequently used in traditional chinese medicine for many indications, such as traumatic injuries, keloid and scar. madecassoside is the main active ingredient of this herb drug with higher content than other triterpenoid constituents. understandings of pharmacokinetic profiles of madecassoside should be beneficial for its development as a therapeutic agent.201324091240
asiatic acid ameliorates tubulointerstitial fibrosis in mice with ureteral obstruction.asiatic acid (aa) is one of the triterpenoid compounds present in centella asiatica and it has been shown to be capable of attenuating liver fibrosis. in the present study, we investigated the effects of aa on renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis in mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction (uuo). mice were divided randomly into five groups (n=5 per group): the sham-surgery (sh), uuo plus vehicle treatment (uuo+v), uuo plus 1 mg/kg body weight aa treatment (uuo+a1), uuo plus 4 mg/kg body weight aa ...201324137256
asiatic acid isolated from centella asiatica inhibits tgf-β1-induced collagen expression in human keloid fibroblasts via ppar-γ activation.keloids are fibroproliferative disorders characterized by exuberant extracellular matrix deposition and transforming growth factor (tgf)-β/smad pathway plays a pivotal role in keloid pathogenesis. centella asiatica extract has been applied in scar management for ages. as one of its major components, asiatic acid (aa) has been recently reported to inhibit liver fibrosis by blocking tgf-β/smad pathway. however, its effect on keloid remains unknown. in order to investigate the effects of aa on cell ...201324250248
asiatic acid, a triterpene, inhibits cell proliferation through regulating the expression of focal adhesion kinase in multiple myeloma cells.the aim of the present study was to investigate whether asiatic acid (aa), a pentacyclic triterpene derived from centella asiatica, exerts anti-proliferative effects on multiple myeloma rpmi 8226 cells and to determine the molecular mechanism underlying the anticancer action of aa. the study sought to analyze the potential role of aa on the proliferation of the rpmi 8226 cells using a 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2h-tetrazolium assay. cell cycle arrest was detected by flow cytometry ...201324260073
centella asiatica in cosmetology.centella asiatica known as gotu kola is a medicinal plant that has been used in folk medicine for hundreds of years as well as in scientifically oriented medicine. the active compounds include pentacyclic triterpenes, mainly asiaticoside, madecassoside, asiatic and madecassic acids. centella asiatica is effective in improving treatment of small wounds, hypertrophic wounds as well as burns, psoriasis and scleroderma. the mechanism of action involves promoting fibroblast proliferation and increasi ...201324278045
antioxidant activity of herbaceous plant extracts protect against hydrogen peroxide-induced dna damage in human lymphocytes.herbaceous plants containing antioxidants can protect against dna damage. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant substances, antioxidant activity, and protection of dna from oxidative damage in human lymphocytes induced by hydrogen peroxide (h2o2). our methods used acidic methanol and water extractions from six herbaceous plants, including bidens alba (ba), lycium chinense (lc), mentha arvensis (ma), plantago asiatica (pa), houttuynia cordata (hc), and centella asiatica (ca).201324279749
in vitro evidence that an aqueous extract of centella asiatica modulates α-synuclein aggregation dynamics.α-synuclein aggregation is one of the major etiological factors implicated in parkinson's disease (pd). the prevention of aggregation of α-synuclein is a potential therapeutic intervention for preventing pd. the discovery of natural products as alternative drugs to treat pd and related disorders is a current trend. the aqueous extract of centella asiatica (ca) is traditionally used as a brain tonic and ca is known to improve cognition and memory. there are limited data on the role of ca in modul ...201424284367
evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of chloroform and methanol extracts of centella asiatica linn.a variety of active constituents with wide range of pharmacological actions have been reported with centella asiatica. the present study was undertaken to assess analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of its leaf extracts. dried leaves were defatted with petroleum ether and extracted with chloroform and methanol. both chloroform and methanol extracts were evaluated for analgesic activity through tail clip, tail flick, tail immersion, and writhing assay tests at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/k ...201324369507
anti-inflammaging and antiglycation activity of a novel botanical ingredient from african biodiversity (centevita™).the aim of this study was to investigate the topical efficacy of a new purified extract from madagascar, gotu kola (centella asiatica [l.] urban), both on human explants and on human volunteers, in relation to skin wrinkling and skin protection against ultraviolet light exposure. the extract, with a peculiar content of biologically active molecules, was investigated as a novel anti-inflammaging and antiglycation agent. its typical terpenes, known as collagen synthesis promoters, represent at lea ...201424376360
centella asiatica in dermatology: an overview.centella asiatica is a medicinal plant that was already used as a 'panacea' 3000 years ago. the active compounds include pentacyclic triterpenes, mainly asiaticoside, madecasosside, asiatic acid and madecassic acid. we have conducted an overview to summarize current knowledge on the results of scientific in vitro and in vivo experiments focused on the improvement of the healing process of small wounds, hypertrophic scars and burns by c. asiatica. in this paper, we discuss the data on constituent ...201424399761
[analysis on preparation and characterization of asiaticoside-loaded flexible nanoliposomes].asiaticoside is a compound extracted from traditional chinese medicine centella asiatica, and mainly used in wound healing and scar repair in clinical, with notable efficacy. however, its poor transdermal absorption and short action time restrict its wide application. in this experiment, the reserve-phase-extrusion-lyophilization method was conducted to prepare the lyophilized asiaticoside-loaded flexible nanoliposomes (lafl). its characteristics including electron microscope structure, particle ...201324422392
retention of nutrients in green leafy vegetables on dehydration.the objective of the study was to investigate the influence of dehydration on nutrient composition of amaranthus gangeticus, chenopodium album, centella asiatica, amaranthus tricolor and trigonella foenum graecum. the green leafy vegetables (glv) were steam blanched for 5 min after pretreatment and dried in an oven at 60 °c for 10-12 h. the fresh and dehydrated samples were analyzed for selected proximate constituents, vitamins, minerals, antinutrients and dialyzable minerals. dehydration seems ...201324425998
anti-hyperglycemic activity of centella asiatica is partly mediated by carbohydrase inhibition and glucose-fiber binding.centella asiatica (c. asiatica) was previously reported to have anti-hyperglycemic effects in animal diabetic model rats. however, its activity on organ and tissue level remains unstudied. our study aims at exploring the possible effects, c. asiatica extract and insoluble fiber has on carbohydrate absorption, insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity and glucose utilization.201424438380
asiatic acid alleviates hemodynamic and metabolic alterations via restoring enos/inos expression, oxidative stress, and inflammation in diet-induced metabolic syndrome rats.asiatic acid is a triterpenoid isolated from centella asiatica. the present study aimed to investigate whether asiatic acid could lessen the metabolic, cardiovascular complications in rats with metabolic syndrome (ms) induced by a high-carbohydrate, high-fat (hchf) diet. male sprague-dawley rats were fed with hchf diet with 15% fructose in drinking water for 12 weeks to induce ms. ms rats were treated with asiatic acid (10 or 20 mg/kg/day) or vehicle for a further three weeks. ms rats had an imp ...201424441717
the centella asiatica juice effects on dna damage, apoptosis and gene expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc).this paper is to investigate the effects of centella asiatica on hepg2 (human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cell line). centella asiatica is native to the southeast asia that is used as a traditional medicine. this study aims to determine the chemopreventive effects of the centella asiatica juice on human hepg2 cell line.201424444147
caffeoylquinic acids in centella asiatica protect against amyloid-β toxicity.the accumulation of amyloid-β (aβ) is a hallmark of alzheimer's disease and is known to result in neurotoxicity both in vivo and in vitro. we previously demonstrated that treatment with the water extract of centella asiatica (caw) improves learning and memory deficits in tg2576 mice, an animal model of aβ accumulation. however the active compounds in caw remain unknown. here we used two in vitro models of aβ toxicity to confirm this neuroprotective effect and identify several active constituents ...201424448790
pycnogenol® and centella asiatica for asymptomatic atherosclerosis progression.the aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of the nutritional supplements pycnogenol and teca (total triterpenic fraction of centella asiatica) on atherosclerosis progression in low-risk asymptomatic subjects with carotid or femoral non-stenosing plaques.201424452082
madecassoside ameliorates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice by downregulating collagen deposition.this study aimed to explore the protective effects of madecassoside (mad), a triterpenoid saponin isolated from centella asiatica herbs, on experimental pulmonary fibrosis (pf) and underlying mechanisms. pf model was established in mice by endotracheal instillation with bleomycin (5 mg/kg). mice were orally administered with mad (10, 20, 40 mg/kg) and prednisone (5 mg/kg) for 7 or 21 days. mad (20, 40 mg/kg) significantly improved lung pathological changes and reduced collagen deposition. in the ...201424458872
barium levels in soils and centella asiatica.in this study, centella asiatica and surface soils were collected from 12 sampling sites in peninsular malaysia, and the barium (ba) concentrations were determined. the ba concentration [μg/g dry weight (dw)] was 63.72 to 382.01 μg/g in soils while in c. asiatica, ba concentrations ranged from 5.05 to 21.88 μg/g for roots, 3.31 to 11.22 μg/g for leaves and 2.37 to 6.14 μg/g for stems. in c. asiatica, ba accumulation was found to be the highest in roots followed by leaves and stems. the correlati ...201324575242
ethnoveterinary medicinal plants used by the maale and ari ethnic communities in southern ethiopia.livestock production is an integral part of the agricultural system in ethiopia. medicinal plants are used and are important for rural communities for the treatment of livestock diseases. we studied and analysed the traditional medicinal plants used for the treatment of livestock diseases by the maale and ari ethnic communities in southern ethiopia.201424576407
the effect of centella asiatica, vitamins, glycolic acid and their mixtures preparations in stimulating collagen and fibronectin synthesis in cultured human skin fibroblast.centella asiatica (linn.) urban is well known in promoting wound healing and provides significant benefits in skin care and therapeutic products formulation. glycolic acid and vitamins also play a role in the enhancement of collagen and fibronectin synthesis. here, we evaluate the specific effect of centella asiatica (ca), vitamins, glycolic acid and their mixture preparations to stimulate collagen and fibronectin synthesis in cultured human fibroblast cells. the fibroblast cells are incubated w ...201424577907
anti-diabetic effect of a combination of andrographolide-enriched extract of andrographis paniculata (burm f.) nees and asiaticoside-enriched extract of centella asiatica l. in high fructose-fat fed rats.traditionally, a combination of medicinal plants is commonly used for lowering blood glucose in diabetic patients in order to provide additional benefits of the single drug. a. paniculata and c. asiatica are two traditional medicines form south asian and southeast asain countries consumed by people for treating daibates mellitus and its complications. hyperglycemia in the rats was stimulated by high fructose-fat diet that consists of 36% fructose, 15% lard, and 5% egg yolks in 0.36 g/200 g body ...201324579376
effects of dietary centella asiatica (l.) urban on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood composition in piglets vaccinated with mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.to investigate the effects of centella asiatica (l.) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and blood composition in piglets, 32 nursery pigs were fed 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% dietary c. asiatica (l.) from 15 to 90 kg bw. at 30 kg bw, nutrient digestibility was measured and at 35 kg bw piglets were vaccinated with mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. hematological parameters were checked at 40 and 80 kg bw. compared with the control, growth performance was not affected. the ether extract, ash and calc ...201424612418
asiaticoside attenuates memory impairment induced by transient cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in mice through anti-inflammatory mechanism.asiaticoside (as) is isolated from centella asiatica (l.) which has been using for a long time as a memory enhancing drug in india. this study was to investigate the effects of as on memory impairment and inflammatory cytokines expression induced by transient cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in mice, as well as the potential signaling pathway. transient bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (tbccao) induced severe memory deficits in mice according to the morris water maze task and the step- ...201424631487
study of the cytotoxicity of asiaticoside on rats and tumour cells.cancer chemoprevention is considered one of the most promising areas in current cancer research, and asiaticoside, which is derived from the plant centella asiatica, has a relative lack of systemic toxicity. the purpose of this study was to investigate whether asiaticoside is effective against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (dmba)-induced carcinogenicity in vitro (mcf-7 and other cells) and in vivo (dmba-induced rat cancer).201424667059
effects of medhya rasayana and yogic practices in improvement of short-term memory among school-going children.excellent memory, extraordinary intelligence, great academic achievement, and successful career are the dreams of every individual in this era of competition and professionalism. a good memory power acts as a catalyst in all walks of life, be it academic success or maintenance of personal relationships. it is observed that an average man uses only 10% of his natural memory. remaining 90% is left unused in a haphazard manner. as per the american psychologist carl emil seashore, if one is alert an ...201324695779
neuroprotective effects of madecassoside against focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rats.madecassoside, a triterpenoid derivative isolated from centella asiatica, exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. we investigated its neuroprotective effect against ischemia-reperfusion (i/r) injury in cerebral neurons in male sprague-dawley rats. madecassoside (6, 12, or 24mg/kg, i.v.) was administered 1h after the start of reperfusion, and neurological deficit score and infarct volume were evaluated 24h later. neuronal apoptosis was assessed by performing terminal deoxynucleotid ...201424735651
comparative study on anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of caesalpinia crista and centella asiatica leaf extracts.amyloidosis, oxidative stress and inflammation have been strongly implicated in neurodegenerative disorders like alzheimer's disease. traditionally, caesalpinia crista and centella asiatica leaf extracts are used to treat brain related diseases in india. c. crista is used as a mental relaxant drink as well as to treat inflammatory diseases, whereas c. asiatica is reported to be used to enhance memory and to treat dementia.201424741275
asiaticoside, a component of centella asiatica, inhibits melanogenesis in b16f10 mouse melanoma.melanogenesis is the process of generating pigmentation via melanin synthesis and delivery. three key enzymes, tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1 (trp1) and trp2, metabolize melanin from l-tyrosine. melanin synthesizing enzymes are regulated by microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (mitf). the titrated extract of centella asiatica (teca) contains the major components asiatic acid, asiaticoside and madecassic acid. the present study revealed that teca reduces the melanin content in ...201424756377
[simultaneous determination of madecassoside, asiaticoside and their aglycones in centella asiatica (l.) urban extracts by rp-hplc].to establish a hplc method for simultaneous determination of four major constituents (madecassoside, asiaticoside, madecassic acid and asiatic acid) in centella asiatica (l.) urban extracts.201424782366
formulation, standardization and pharmacological studies of saraswataristam: a polyhedral preparation.ayurvedic preparations achieved paramount importance in contemporary life owing to the safety and efficacy when compared with those of synthetic drugs. but due to lack of proper standardization at each stage from starting to culmination results in inferior quality and less demand. saraswataristam, a fermented ayurvedic preparation, has been employed for treating central nervous system disorders and dermatological problems. saraswataristam, containing centella asiatica (l) urban (umbelliferae) as ...201424811816
asiatic acid attenuates cardiac hypertrophy by blocking transforming growth factor-β1-mediated hypertrophic signaling in vitro and in vivo.cardiac hypertrophy is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. transforming growth factor-β1 (tgf-β1) signaling has been considered as a trigger causally contributing to pathological cardiac hypertrophy. asiatic acid (aa) is a triterpenoid compound extracted from centella asiatica and exhibits a variety of pharmacological effects. in this study, we investigated the anti-hypertrophic effects and mechanisms of action of aa in a tgf-β1-stimulated hypertrophic response using cultured neo ...201424827470
effect of centella asiatica on oxidative stress and lipid metabolism in hyperlipidemic animal models.hyperlipidemia and many other metabolic diseases are related to oxidative stress. centella asiatica is a traditional chinese medicine whose antioxidant effect in vitro has been reported. we are interested in whether it possesses this effect in vivo and hence modulates lipid metabolism. therefore, experiments were carried out on mice and golden hamsters regarding its antioxidant and hypolipidemic effect. we observed that a fraction (caf3) of the ethanol extract (cae) of centella asiatica had a ch ...201424829618
anti-quorum sensing activity of flavonoid-rich fraction from centella asiatica l. against pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1.inhibition of quorum sensing (qs), a cell-density dependent regulation of gene expression in bacteria by autoinducers is an attractive strategy for the development of antipathogenic agents.201624856426
ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants used by traditional health practitioners in thanchi, bandarban hill tracts, bangladesh.there is very limited information regarding plants used by traditional healers in bandarban hill tracts (bht), bangladesh for treating general as well as complex ailments. current study provides significant ethnopharmacological information, both qualitative and quantitative on medical plants in bht. aim of the study this study aimed to collect, analyze and evaluate the rich ethnopharmacologic knowledge on medicinal plants in thanchi, bht and attempted to identify the important species used in tr ...201424892834
medicinal plants and their natural components as future drugs for the treatment of burn wounds: an integrative review.burn wound healing is a complicated process including inflammation, re-epithelialization, granulation, neovascularization and wound contraction. several biochemicals are involved in burn healing process including antioxidants, cytokines and liver and kidney damage biomarkers. although several preparations are available for the management of burn wound, there is still a necessity of researching for efficacious medicine. the aim of the present study was to evaluate herbal preparations and their ph ...201424895176
microrna-1290 promotes asiatic acid‑induced apoptosis by decreasing bcl2 protein level in a549 non‑small cell lung carcinoma cells.asiatic acid, a triterpenoid derived from centella asiatica, is a putative anticancer agent in several types of cancer cells. investigations of its biological role in negative regulation of cell growth have focused on the extent of induction of apoptosis in a cell-type-specific manner. in this study, we identified an important regulator of asiatic acid-induced cell death, microrna (mir)-1290, which sensitizes cells to asiatic acid-induced cytotoxicity and negatively regulates bcl2 expression. as ...201425016979
simultaneous interstitial pneumonitis and cardiomyopathy induced by venlafaxine.venlafaxine is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor used as an antidepressant. interindividual variability and herb-drug interactions can lead to drug-induced toxicity. we report the case of a 35-year-old female patient diagnosed with synchronous pneumonitis and acute cardiomyopathy attributed to venlafaxine. the patient sought medical attention due to dyspnea and dry cough that started three months after initiating treatment with venlafaxine for depression. the patient was concomitantl ...201525029655
effects of five ayurvedic herbs on locomotor behaviour in a drosophila melanogaster parkinson's disease model.current conventional treatments for parkinson's disease (pd) are aimed at symptom management, as there is currently no known cure or treatment that can slow down its progression. ayurveda, the ancient medical system of india, uses a combination of herbs to combat the disease. herbs commonly used for this purpose are zandopa (containing mucuna pruriens), withania somnifera, centella asiatica, sida cordifolia and bacopa monnieri. in this study, these herbs were tested for their potential ability t ...201425091506
morphological, chemical and molecular characterization of centella asiatica germplasms for commercial cultivation in the indo-gangetic plains.centella asiatica germplasm collected from north, north-eastern and southern parts of india was compared for biomass and centellosides productivity under uniform agro-climatic conditions of the indo-gangetic plains at lucknow. the highest biomass accumulation (411.9 g fw/m2 area) was recorded in accession a from north india, followed by 284.0, 135.7 and 29.2 g fw/m2 in accessions m, b and e from southern, eastern and north-eastern regions, respectively. accession m possessed the highest asiatico ...201425115077
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