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separation of adrenergic amines in citrus aurantium l. var. amara by capillary electrochromatography using a novel monolithic stationary phase.this manuscript reports on the use of capillary electrochromatography for the determination of tyramine, (±) synephrine, and (±) octopamine, the major alkaloids in bitter orange peel. a novel methacrylate-based monolithic stationary phase was prepared by uv-photopolymerization in 100 μm id fused-silica capillaries. it facilitated the quantitative assessment of alkaloids with a mobile phase comprising aqueous 10 mm ammonium acetate in acn and isopropanol. applied voltage and temperature were 25 k ...201121557475
effects of p-synephrine alone and in combination with selected bioflavonoids on resting metabolism, blood pressure, heart rate and self-reported mood changes.bitter orange (citrus aurantium) extract is widely used in dietary supplements for weight management and sports performance. its primary protoalkaloid is p-synephrine. most studies involving bitter orange extract and p-synephrine have used products with multiple ingredients. the current study assessed the thermogenic effects of p-synephrine alone and in conjunction with the flavonoids naringin and hesperidin in a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled protocol with 10 subjects per treatm ...201121537493
antispasmodic effects of citrus aurantium flowers aqueous extract on uterus of non-pregnant rats.citrus aurantium is a small citrus tree, with scented white flowers. the c. aurantium is used in asian herbal medicine primarily to treat digestive problems.201126396578
a review of the receptor-binding properties of p-synephrine as related to its pharmacological effects.bitter orange (citrus aurantium) extract and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine are used widely in weight loss/weight management and sports performance products. because of structural similarities, the pharmacological effects of p-synephrine are widely assumed to be similar to those of ephedrine, m-synephrine (phenylephrine), and endogenous amine neurotransmitters as norepinephrine and epinephrine. however, small structural changes result in the receptor binding characteristics of these amin ...201121904645
betaines in fruits of citrus genus plants.numerous compounds, many of them osmolytes, were quantified in natural juices and in frozen concentrate juices from fruits of plants of the citrus genus. l-proline, n-methyl-l-proline (hygric acid), n,n-dimethyl-l-proline (stachydrine), 4-hydroxy-l-prolinebetaine (betonicine), 4-hydroxy-l-proline, γ-aminobutyric acid (gaba), 3-carboxypropyltrimethylammonium (gababet), n-methylnicotinic acid (trigonelline), and choline in the fruit juices of yellow orange, blood orange, lemon, mandarin, bitter or ...201121838291
composition of egyptian nerolì oil.the bitter orange flower oil (or neroli) is an essential product, largely used in perfumery. neroli is obtained by hydrodistillation or steam distillation, from the flowers of bitter orange (citrus aurantium l.). since a long time neroli production is limited and its cost on the market is considerably high. the annual production in tunisia and morocco is ca. 1500 kg, representing more than 90% of the worldwide production. a small amount ofneroli is also produced in egypt, spain and comorros (not ...201121834247
effect of acute administration of an herbal preparation on blood pressure and heart rate in humans.confusion and controversy exist regarding the cardiovascular effects of dietary supplements containing caffeine and citrus aurantium (bitter orange) extract. the primary protoalkaloidal ingredient in bitter orange extract is p-synephrine which has some structural similarities to ephedrine and nor-epinephrine, but exhibits markedly different pharmacokinetic and receptor binding properties. the goal of this study was to investigate the cardiovascular effects of a product containing caffeine, bitte ...201121448304
suppressive effect on lipopolysaccharide-induced proinflammatory mediators by citrus aurantium l. in macrophage raw 264.7 cells via nf-κb signal pathway.citrus fruits have been used as an edible fruit and a traditional medicine since ancient times. in particular, the peels of immature citrus fruits are used widely in traditional herbal medicine in korea, as they are believed to contain bioactive components exerting anti-inflammatory activity. this study examined whether the crude methanol extract of citrus aurantium l. (cme) has a suppressive effect on inducible enzymes and proinflammatory cytokines by inhibiting the nf-κb pathway in lps-stimula ...201120953420
limonoid content of sour orange varieties.modern citrus cultivars are thought to have arisen from three parents: the pummelo, the mandarin, and citron. taxological and genetic data support that sweet and sour oranges share a common parentage. however, as their name suggests, the organoleptic properties of the fruit from these two families is distinctly different. analysis of the limonoid content of sour orange varieties has been limited.201121681758
[effects of tangshen recipe on the homocysteine metabolism of patients with diabetic nephropathy].to observe the effects of tangshen recipe (tr) on the homocysteine (hcy) metabolism of patients with diabetic nephropathy.201121910334
hypertensive urgency associated with xenadrine efx use.several supplements and herbal products have been shown to increase catecholamines and subsequently mean arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance. since ephedra-containing products have been removed from the market, manufacturers of weight loss herbal supplements must produce ephedra-free formulations. xenadrine efx is an ephedra-free weight loss product containing a mixture of caffeine, guarana, and bitter orange (standardized to synephrine). synephrine has been shown in animals and h ...201121676849
[professor wei pin-kang's experience in treating chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting: an analysis of herbal medication].to summarize the herbal medication by professor wei pin-kang's prescriptions in treating chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting (cinv).201222803443
a graft-based chemotherapy method for screening effective molecules and rescuing huanglongbing-affected citrus plants.huanglongbing (hlb) is the most devastating disease of citrus. the global citrus industry is in urgent need of effective chemical treatments for hlb control because of its rapid spreading worldwide. due to the fastidious nature of the pathogens, and the poor permissibility of citrus leaf surfaces, effective screening of chemicals for the hlb control can be challenging. in this study, we developed a graft-based chemotherapy method to rapidly screen potential hlb-controlling chemical compounds. in ...201222568814
bitter orange, ephedra, and hydroxycitric acid: issues with the article “dietary supplements for improving body composition and reducing body weight: where is the evidence?”. 201226251853
multidimensional liquid chromatography for the determination of chiral coumarins and furocoumarins in citrus essential oils.in this work the enantiomeric distribution of chiral coumarins (meranzin and epoxyaurapten), and furocoumarins (oxypeucedanin, byakangelicol, and epoxybergamottin) in different citrus essential oils (lemon, lime, grapefruit, and bitter orange) was determined by means of a heart-cutting multidimensional-liquid chromatography (md-lc) system, equipped with a microsilica column in the first dimension in a combination to a cellulosic-based chiral column used in the second dimension. the normal phase- ...201222807365
bioflavonoid profile of citrus juices from greece.high-performance liquid chromatography with confirmation by uv-visible photodiode array detector-positive electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry [hplc-uv-vis-dad-(+esi)-ms] with enhanced fragmentation by appropriate adjustment of the cone voltage was used to determine bioflavonoid content of five citrus species (tangerine, sanguine, sour orange, lemon and grapefruit) cultivated in greece which come from citrus varieties analyzed for the first time. the main groups of bioflavonoids found in th ...201222334498
p-synephrine stimulates glucose consumption via ampk in l6 skeletal muscle cells.interest in p-synephrine, the primary protoalkaloid in the extract of bitter orange and other citrus species, has increased due to its various pharmacological effects and related adverse effects. the lipolytic activity of p-synephrine has been repeatedly revealed by in vitro and in vivo studies and p-synephrine is currently marketed as a dietary supplement for weight loss. the present study investigated the effect of p-synephrine on glucose consumption and its action mechanism in l6 skeletal mus ...201222306011
determination of naringin and neohesperidin in orange juice by liquid chromatography with uv detection to detect the presence of grapefruit juice: collaborative study.fifteen collaborating laboratories were sent 9 samples of citrus juice mixtures as blind duplicates for determination of naringin and neohesperidin by liquid chromatography. two sample pairs were 100% orange juice and did not contain any naringin or neohesperidin. the remaining 7 sample pairs contained naringin at levels ranging from 3.9 to 46.5 ppm and neohesperidin at levels ranging from 0.14 to 35.6 ppm. five sample pairs consisted of orange juice mixtures containing 1, 3, and 5% grapefruit j ...201211048857
assessment of the genetic diversity of the tunisian citrus rootstock germplasm.citrus represents a substantial income for farmers in the mediterranean basin. however, the mediterranean citrus industry faces increasing biotic and abiotic constraints. therefore the breeding and selection of new rootstocks are now of the utmost importance. in tunisia, in addition to sour orange, the most widespread traditional rootstock of the mediterranean area, other citrus rootstocks and well adapted to local environmental conditions, are traditionally used and should be important genetic ...201222429788
comparative use of indel and ssr markers in deciphering the interspecific structure of cultivated citrus genetic diversity: a perspective for genetic association studies.genetic stratification associated with domestication history is a key parameter for estimating the pertinence of genetic association study within a gene pool. previous molecular and phenotypic studies have shown that most of the diversity of cultivated citrus results from recombination between three main species: c. medica (citron), c. reticulata (mandarin) and c. maxima (pummelo). however, the precise contribution of each of these basic species to the genomes of secondary cultivated species, su ...201222160318
bioactivity evaluations of ingredients extracted from the flowers of citrus aurantium l. var. amara engl.citrus aurantium l. var. amara engl, a member of genus citrus (rutaceae), widespread in china, is used as folk medicine for the treatment of helping digest, phlegm, enteritidis, stomachic and other deceases. in the present research, silica gel column, sephadex lh-20, mass spectrometer (ms) and nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) were used to separate and identify the chemical compounds from the flowers of c. aurantium var. amara, and several bioactivity assays were used to evaluate their antioxidan ...201222980787
effects of citrus aurantium (bitter orange) fruit extracts and p-synephrine on metabolic fluxes in the rat liver.the fruit extracts of citrus aurantium (bitter orange) are traditionally used as weight-loss products and as appetite supressants. an important fruit component is p-synephrine, which is structurally similar to the adrenergic agents. weight-loss and adrenergic actions are always related to metabolic changes and this work was designed to investigate a possible action of the c. aurantium extract on liver metabolism. the isolated perfused rat liver was used to measure catabolic and anabolic pathways ...201222592089
nutrients and nonessential elements in soil after 11 years of wastewater irrigation.irrigation of citrus (citrus aurantium l. × citrus paradise macf.) with urban reclaimed wastewater (rww) can be economical and conserve fresh water. however, concerns remain regarding its deleterious effects on soil quality. we investigated the ionic speciation (isp) of rww and potential impacts of 11 yr of irrigation with rww on soil quality, compared with well-water (ww) irrigation. most of nutrients (∼53-99%) in rww are free ionic species and readily available for plant uptake, such as: nh(4+ ...201222565273
physiological effects following administration of citrus aurantium for 28 days in rats.since ephedra-containing dietary supplements were banned from the us market, manufacturers changed their formulations by eliminating ephedra and replacing with other botanicals, including citrus aurantium, or bitter orange. bitter orange contains, among other compounds, synephrine, a chemical that is chemically similar to ephedrine. since ephedrine may have cardiovascular effects, the goal of this study was to investigate the cardiovascular effects of various doses of bitter orange extract and p ...201222521485
citrus aurantium flavonoids inhibit adipogenesis through the akt signaling pathway in 3t3-l1 cells.obesity is a health hazard that is associated with a number of diseases and metabolic abnormalities, such as type-2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and coronary heart disease. in the current study, we investigated the effects of citrus aurantium flavonoids (caf) on the inhibition of adipogenesis and adipocyte differentiation in 3t3-l1 cells.201222471389
suppressive effect of flavonoids from korean citrus aurantium l. on the expression of inflammatory mediators in l6 skeletal muscle cells.citrus fruits (citrus aurantium l.) have long been used as a traditional herbal medicine. the benefits of the flavonoids found in citrus aurantium l. include anti-inflammation, anti-cancer, anti-viral and anti-bacterial activities, and enhancement of the immune response. the study investigated the effect of the flavonoids isolated from citrus aurantium l. native to korea on the production of pro-inflammatory mediators by blocking signal transduction mediated by nuclear factor-kappa b (nf-κb) and ...201222431150
gastric ulcers in middle-aged rats: the healing effect of essential oil from citrus aurantium l. (rutaceae).the elderly population has experienced increased life expectancy as well as the increased incidence of gastric ulcers. the peels of fruits from citrus aurantium l., popularly known in brazil as orange bitter, are commonly used asatea form for the treatment of gastrointestinal tract disorders, such as ulcer and gastritis. we evaluated the healing effects of essential oil from the peels of citrus aurantium fruits (oec) on gastric ulcers in middle-aged rats. we examined the effects of a 14-day chro ...201223243451
molecular characterization of sour orange (citrus aurantium) accessions and their relatives using ssr and srap markers.citrus production with its many varieties is of importance since it provides economically important products for turkish exports. sour orange is a rootstock commonly used for propagating the different scion varieties. knowledge of the genetic diversity of the rootstock accessions would be useful in order to improve citrus breeding programs. we studied genetic relationships and diversity of 51 accessions of sour orange (citrus aurantium) and their relatives using ssr (simple sequence repeat) and ...201223079821
a review of the human clinical studies involving citrus aurantium (bitter orange) extract and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine.this review summarizes the published as well as unpublished human studies involving citrus aurantium (bitter orange) extract and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine, providing information and an assessment of the safety and efficacy of these widely used products. the results of over 20 studies involving a total of approximately 360 subjects that consumed p-synephrine alone or in combination with other ingredients are reviewed and critiqued. over 50 % of the subjects involved in these studies ...201222991491
induction of the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by flavonoids isolated from korean citrus aurantium l. in non-small-cell lung cancer cells.this study investigated the anti-proliferative and apoptotic effect of flavonoids isolated from korean citrus aurantium l. using a549 lung cancer cells. flavonoids potently inhibited of a549 cells in a dose-dependent manner, whereas flavonoids had a weak inhibitory effect on proliferation of wi-38 cells. flow cytometry and western blot analysis showed that flavonoids induced cell cycle arrest at the g2/m checkpoint by controlling the proteins expression level of cyclin b1, cdc2, cdc25c and p21(w ...201222980865
flavonoid profiling in three citrus varieties native to the republic of korea using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry: contribution to overall antioxidant activity.a mixture of flavonoid components was isolated from the fruit peel of three varieties of citrus native to republic of korea, citrus leiocarpa hort. ex tanaka (clht), citrus aurantium l. (cal) and citrus erythrosa hort. (ceh), via 70% methanol extraction followed by ethyl acetate elution over a silica gel cartridge. the flavonoid components of the mixture were analyzed via high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (hplc-ms/ms) in positive-ion mode and a comparison of the rep ...201221830229
a study of air pollution with heavy metals in athens city and attica basin using evergreen trees as biological indicators.concentrations of five metals (cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel and lead) were determined in tree leaves collected from 13 areas of the attica basin and athens city, greece. geographical distribution patterns were investigated, and factors affecting toxic element accumulation in trees were discussed. the mean heavy metal content in the tree leaves is described in the descending order of copper>lead>nickel>chromium>cadmium. generally, the most damaged areas have been proved to be those near the ...201222410948
toxicological effects of a mixture used in weight loss products: p-synephrine associated with ephedrine, salicin, and caffeine.p-synephrine is an adrenergic amine found in citrus aurantium l. fruits and has been used for weight loss in dietary supplements. there are commercial products containing this substance associated to caffeine, salicin, and ephedrine. the aim of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of this mixture in mice of both sexes. the significative results observed after acute oral administration to male and female mice of 300, 350, and 400 mg/kg total of p-synephrine, ephedrine, salicin, plus caff ...201222408069
citrus aurantium l. exhibits apoptotic effects on u937 human leukemia cells partly through inhibition of akt.citrus fruits have been used as edible fruits and a traditional medicine since ancient times. in particular, the peels of immature citrus fruits are frequently prescribed in concert with other support herbs for many types of disease including cancer. we investigated the anti-proliferative activity of the peels of citrus aurantium l. along with their effects on apoptosis. we prepared crude methanol extracts of the peels of citrus aurantium l. (cmes) and performed experiments using u937 human leuk ...201222307395
effects of grapefruit and seville orange juices on the pharmacokinetic properties of colchicine in healthy subjects.the labeling for colchicine (indicated for acute gout flares or prophylaxis) includes strict advisories regarding drug-drug and drug-food interactions, including warnings against consuming grapefruit or grapefruit juice during treatment. two of the furocoumarins in grapefruit juice and seville orange juice can inhibit intestinal cytochrome p450 (cyp) isozyme 3a4 and p-glycoprotein (involved in colchicine metabolism and transport). severe toxicities in patients consuming these juices while taking ...201222940371
oxidative and nitrosative-based signaling and associated post-translational modifications orchestrate the acclimation of citrus plants to salinity stress.reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are involved in a plethora of cellular responses in plants; however, our knowledge on the outcomes of oxidative and nitrosative signaling is still unclear. to better understand how oxidative and nitrosative signals are integrated to regulate cellular adjustments to external conditions, local and systemic responses were investigated in the roots and leaves of sour orange plants (citrus aurantium l.) after root treatment with hydrogen peroxide (h(2) o(2) ) or s ...201222780834
simultaneous determination of synephrine, arecoline, and norisoboldine in chinese patent medicine si-mo-tang oral liquid preparation by strong cation exchange high performance liquid chromatography.chinese patent medicine si-mo-tang oral liquid preparation (smt) is composed of aucklandia luppa decne (compositae), citrus aurantium linn (rutaceae), lindera aggregata (sims) kosterm (lauraceae), and areca catechu linn (arecaceae). studies of smt have been impeded due to the lack of quality control methods.201222468825
chemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of citrus aurantium l. flowers essential oil (neroli oil).neroli essential oil is extracted from the fragrant blossoms of the bitter orange tree. it is one of the most widely used floral oils in perfumery. in this study chemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of neroli oil are investigated. the essential oil of fresh citrus aurantium l. flowers (neroli oil) cultivated in north east of tunisia (nabeul) were analyzed by gc-fid and gc-ms. about 33 compounds were identified, representing 99% of the total oil. limonene (27 ...201224163946
dietary supplements and hypertension: potential benefits and precautions.dietary supplements (dss) are used extensively in the general population and many are promoted for the natural treatment and management of hypertension. patients with hypertension often choose to use these products either in addition to or instead of pharmacologic antihypertensive agents. because of the frequent use of ds, both consumers and health care providers should be aware of the considerable issues surrounding these products and factors influencing both efficacy and safety. in this review ...201222747620
inhibitory effect of essential oils against trichosporon ovoides causing piedra hair infection.piedra, is an asymptomatic fungal infection of the hair shaft, resulting in the formation of nodules of different hardness on the infected hair. the infection also known as trichomycosis nodularis is a superficial fungal infection arising from the pathogen being restricted to the stratum corneum with little or no tissue reaction. the nodules are a concretion of hyphae and fruiting bodies of the fungus. two varieties of piedra may be seen, black piedra and white piedra. the fungus trichosporon ov ...201224031963
phenolic compounds characterization and biological activities of citrus aurantium bloom.citrus plants are known to possess beneficial biological activities for human health. in addition, ethnopharmacological application of plants is a good tool to explore their bioactivities and active compounds. this research was carried out to evaluate the phenolic and flavonoid analysis, antioxidant properties, anti inflammatory and anti cancer activity of citrus aurantium bloom. the total phenolics and flavonoids results revealed that methanolic extract contained high total phenolics and flavon ...201223442980
infrared laser ablation atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry.in this paper we introduce laser ablation atmospheric pressure photoionization (laappi), a novel atmospheric pressure ion source for mass spectrometry. in laappi the analytes are ablated from water-rich solid samples or from aqueous solutions with an infrared (ir) laser running at 2.94 μm wavelength. approximately 12 mm above the sample surface, the ablation plume is intercepted with an orthogonal hot solvent (e.g., toluene or anisole) jet, which is generated by a heated nebulizer microchip and ...201222242626
comparison of fatty acid profile and antioxidant potential of extracts of seven citrus rootstock seeds.the extracts of seven citrus rootstock seeds have been compared regarding fatty acid profile and antioxidant potential. sour orange (citrus aurantium l.) was found to contain the highest oil amount (34%), while the poncirus trifoliata cultivars contained the highest percentage of unsaturated fatty acids (84-87%). in addition, the antioxidant properties of the extracts from defatted seeds have been evaluated by measuring their radical scavenging activity against 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. th ...201222236049
Flavonoids Isolated from Korea Citrus aurantium L. Induce G2/M Phase Arrest and Apoptosis in Human Gastric Cancer AGS Cells.Aim of the Study. Citrus species is used in traditional medicine as medicinal herb in several Asian countries including Korea. Flavonioids became known as various properties, such as anti-oxidants, anti-inflammation and anti-cancer, and so forth. The present study, the anti-cancer effect of flavonioids isolated from Citrus aurantium L. in human gastric cancer AGS cells has been investigated. Materials and Methods. The anti-proliferative activity was assayed using MTT assay. Cell cycle analysis w ...201222194772
changes of peel essential oil composition of four tunisian citrus during fruit maturation.the present work investigates the effect of ripening stage on the chemical composition of essential oil extracted from peel of four citrus: bitter orange (citrus aurantium), lemon (citrus limon), orange maltaise (citrus sinensis), and mandarin (citrus reticulate) and on their antibacterial activity. essential oils yields varied during ripening from 0.46 to 2.70%, where mandarin was found to be the richest. forty volatile compounds were identified. limonene (67.90-90.95%) and 1,8-cineole (tr-14.7 ...201222645427
season's variation impact on citrus aurantium leaves essential oil: chemical composition and biological activities.citrus aurantium leaves' essential oils (eos) were evaluated for chemical composition and antioxidant and antibacterial activities. the vegetable material, taken 5 times during the year, has undergone the hydrodistillation to prepare eo. chemical characterization by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gc/flame ionization detection allowed the identification of 46 compounds, and a notable quantitative and qualitative differences between the different petitgrain samples according to the harve ...201222897411
citrus aurantium l. essential oil exhibits anxiolytic-like activity mediated by 5-ht(1a)-receptors and reduces cholesterol after repeated oral treatment.the current treatments for anxiety disorders and depression have multiple adverse effects in addition to a delayed onset of action, which has prompted efforts to find new substances with potential activity in these disorders. citrus aurantium was chosen based on ethnopharmacological data because traditional medicine refers to the citrus genus as useful in diminishing the symptoms of anxiety or insomnia, and c. aurantium has more recently been proposed as an adjuvant for antidepressants. in the p ...201323432968
cardiovascular toxicity of citrus aurantium in exercised rats.when safety concerns forced the removal of ephedra from the market, other botanicals, including citrus aurantium or bitter orange (bo) were used as replacements. a major component of the bo extract is synephrine, a chemical that is structurally similar to ephedrine. because ephedrine has cardiovascular effects that may be exacerbated during physical exercise, the purpose of this study was to determine whether extracts containing synephrine produced adverse effects on the cardiovascular system in ...201323397375
a 60day double-blind, placebo-controlled safety study involving citrus aurantium (bitter orange) extract.bitter orange (citrus aurantium) extract and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine are widely consumed in dietary supplements for weight management and sports performance. p-synephrine is also present in foods derived from a variety of citrus species. bitter orange extract is commonly used in combination with multiple herbal ingredients. most clinical studies conducted on bitter orange extract alone have involved single doses. the purpose of this study was to assess the safety of bitter orange ...201323354394
[study on determination of anthraquinones in dachengqi tang residues of magnolia officinalis and citrus aurantium removed in decoction process].the traditional decoction method of dachengqi tang is that "first boiling magnolia officinalis and citrus aurantium with a pipeful of water, taking out five litres from the decoction, removing residues, adding rheum officinale, boiling again, taking out two litres from it, removing residues, adding mirabilite, boiling it with low fire". according to it, residues of m. officinalis and c. aurantium should be removed after decocting. this essay aims to study the content of anthraquinones, in order ...201323724678
[one new chroman glycoside derivative from unmatured fruits of citrus aurantium].to study the chemical constituents of the unmatured fruits of citrus aurantium.201323596878
an evidence-based systematic review of bitter orange (citrus aurantium) by the natural standard research collaboration.an evidence-based systematic review of bitter orange (citrus aurantium) by the natural standard research collaboration consolidates the safety and efficacy data available in the scientific literature using a validated, reproducible grading rationale. this article includes written and statistical analysis of clinical trials, plus a compilation of expert opinion, folkloric precedent, history, pharmacology, kinetics/dynamics, interactions, adverse effects, toxicology, and dosing.201324237193
adrenergic metabolic and hemodynamic effects of octopamine in the liver.the fruit extracts of citrus aurantium (bitter orange) are traditionally used as weight-loss products and as appetite suppressants. a component of these extracts is octopamine, which is an adrenergic agent. weight-loss and adrenergic actions are always related to metabolic changes and this work was designed to investigate a possible action of octopamine on liver metabolism. the isolated perfused rat liver was used to measure catabolic and anabolic pathways and hemodynamics. octopamine increased ...201324196353
characterization of essential oil from citrus aurantium l. flowers: antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.citrus aurantium l. essential oil is commonly used as a flavouring agent. in the present study, the essential oil of fresh citrus aurantium l. (caeo) flowers cultivated in north east of tunisia (nabeul) was analyzed by gc-fid and gc-ms. 33 compounds were identified, representing 99% of the total oil. limonene (27.5%) was the main component followed by e-nerolidol (17.5%), α-terpineol (14%), α-terpinyl acetate (11.7%) and e. e-farnesol (8%). the antimicrobial activity of the caeo was evaluated ag ...201324088513
problems with citrus aurantium information in "a review on botanical species and chemical compounds with appetite suppressing properties for body weight control".various botanical extracts are used as adjuncts in treating obesity. a recent review concerning botanical products used to suppress appetite has included a discussion of citrus aurantium and p-synephrine. the authors have incorrectly equated the actions of c. aurantium with ephedra in terms of adrenergic receptor binding, pharmacological effects and safety. current research literature is reviewed which clarifies these issues.201323904205
characterization of bioactive compounds in tunisian bitter orange (citrus aurantium l.) peel and juice and determination of their antioxidant activities.citrus aurantium peel and juice aroma compounds were investigated by gas chromatography (gc) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms), whereas phenolic compounds analysis was performed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (rp-hplc). limonene was the major volatile compound of bitter orange peel (90.25%) and juice (91.61%). hplc analysis of bitter orange peel and juice methanolic extracts indicated that phenolic acids constitute their main phenolic class representing 7 ...201323841062
citrus aurantium and rhodiola rosea in combination reduce visceral white adipose tissue and increase hypothalamic norepinephrine in a rat model of diet-induced obesity.extracts from the immature fruit of citrus aurantium are often used for weight loss but are reported to produce adverse cardiovascular effects. root extracts of rhodiola rosea have notable antistress properties. the hypothesis of these studies was that c aurantium (6% synephrine) and r rosea (3% rosavins, 1% salidroside) in combination would improve diet-induced obesity alterations in adult male sprague-dawley rats. in normal-weight animals fed standard chow, acute administration of c aurantium ...201323746567
volatile constituents and antioxidant activity of peel, flowers and leaf oils of citrus aurantium l. growing in greece.the volatile constituents of the essential oils of the peel, flower (neroli) and leaves (petitgrain) of bitter orange (citrus aurantium l.) growing in greece were studied by gc-ms. the analytical procedures enabled the quantitative determination of 31 components. more specifically, the components of the essential oils identified were: twelve in the peel, twenty-six in the flowers, and twenty and sixteen in old and young leaves, respectively. the major constituents of the different parts of citru ...201324002139
protective effect of compounds from the flowers of citrus aurantium l. var. amara engl against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatocyte injury.5-hydroxy-6,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone (htf), limonexic acid (la) are two compounds isolated from the flowers of citrus aurantium l. var. amara engl with various biological activities. this study was designed to investigate their protective effects against carbon tetrachloride (ccl4)-induced hepatocyte injury, using human hepatic cell line hl-7702 to determine the cell cytotoxicity, cell viability, levels of hepatic marker enzymes, malondialdehyde (mda). results showed that pretreatment with ht ...201323985451
high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of biogenic amines in pharmaceutical products containing citrus aurantium.a reverse-phase (rp)-hplc method is reported for determining l-tyrosine, p-octopamine, synephrine, tyramine and hordenine as chemical markers of the species citrus aurantium in raw material, dry extracts and phytotherapeutic herbal formulations. using rp-hplc with diode array detection (dad) and gradient elution, the amines were determined in 12 different products from different brazilian states labelled as containing c. aurantium. the presence of the amines was confirmed by mass spectrometry us ...201323574611
new insights into dietary supplements used in sport: active substances, pharmacological and side effects.as a society we are increasingly concerned about our physical appearance. for example, as much as 24% of people in developed countries admittedly exercise to improve their performance. professional sportsmen and amateurs alike are in a constant search for new means that will enable them better sport results in shorter time. among those means, a prominent place belongs to dietary supplements. however, the producers often advertise products whose use in sports is neither scientifically founded nor ...201323574283
questionable conclusions in the article "cardiovascular toxicity of citrus aurantium in exercised rats". 201323568750
healing actions of essential oils from citrus aurantium and d-limonene in the gastric mucosa: the roles of vegf, pcna, and cox-2 in cell proliferation.previous studies have described the gastroprotective effects of essential oils that are derived from citrus aurantium (oec) and its main compound d-limonene (lim) in a model of chemically induced ulcers in rats. however, these studies do not address the compound's healing effects on the gastric mucosa. thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the healing activity of oec and lim in acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers in rats, a model that reproduces human chronic ulcers. the obtained results dem ...201324328705
does citrus leaf miner impair hydraulics and fitness of citrus host plants?gas exchange and hydraulic features were measured in leaves of three different citrus species (citrus aurantium l., citrus limon l., citrus  ×  paradisii macfad) infested by phyllocnistis citrella staiton, with the aim to quantify the impact of this pest on leaf hydraulics and, ultimately, on plant fitness. infested leaves were characterized by the presence on the leaf blade of typical snake-shaped mines and, in some cases, of a crumpled leaf blade. light microscopy showed that leaf crumpling wa ...201324319027
proteome analysis of the anti-inflammatory response of flavonoids isolated from korean citrus aurantium l. in lipopolysaccharide-induced l6 rat skeletal muscle cells.skeletal muscle is an important organ in our body and a dynamic composite of proteins. citrus aurantium l. has been widely used in oriental medicine in eastern asia for a long time. it contains over 100 bioactive compounds and flavonoids that regulate the inflammatory response and tumorigenesis, through various mechanisms. in the present study, we investigated changes in the protein pattern using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-de) and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of fligh ...201323895159
investigating herb-drug interactions: the effect of citrus aurantium fruit extract on the pharmacokinetics of amiodarone in rats.citrus aurantium extract has been largely used in weight loss and sports performance dietary supplements. however, the safety of c. aurantium-containing products has been questioned mainly due to the association of its use with adverse events in the cardiovascular system. therefore, this work aimed to assess the potential for herb-drug interactions among a standardized c. aurantium extract (gmp certificate) and amiodarone (narrow therapeutic index drug) in rats. in a first pharmacokinetic study, ...201323886819
eight weeks of supplementation with a multi-ingredient weight loss product enhances body composition, reduces hip and waist girth, and increases energy levels in overweight men and women.numerous natural products are marketed and sold claiming to decrease body weight and fat, but few undergo finished product-specific research demonstrating their safety and efficacy.201323601452
evidence of recombinant citrus tristeza virus isolate occurring in acid lime cv. pant lemon orchard in uttarakhand terai region of northern himalaya in india.the present study for the first time describes biological and molecular characterization of citrus tristeza virus (ctv) occurring in the terai area of uttarakhand state in northern himalaya region of india. direct antigen coated-elisa and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) detected the ctv infection in acid lime cv. pant lemon (citrus aurantifolia) orchards of pantnagar with an estimated disease incidence of 16.6-20.5 %. to know the biological and genetic properties, an iso ...201324426255
citrus tristeza virus-host interactions.citrus tristeza virus (ctv) is a phloem-limited virus whose natural host range is restricted to citrus and related species. although the virus has killed millions of trees, almost destroying whole industries, and continually limits production in many citrus growing areas, most isolates are mild or symptomless in most of their host range. there is little understanding of how the virus causes severe disease in some citrus and none in others. movement and distribution of ctv differs considerably fr ...201323717303
developing an understanding of cross-protection by citrus tristeza virus.citrus tristeza virus (ctv) causes two citrus diseases that have caused devastating losses in global citrus production. the first disease is quick decline of trees propagated on the sour orange rootstock. the second disease is stem pitting, which severely affects a number of economically important citrus varieties regardless of the rootstock used and results in reduced tree growth and vigor as well as in reduced fruit size and quality. both diseases continue to invade new areas. while quick decl ...201323577008
a review on botanical species and chemical compounds with appetite suppressing properties for body weight control.as obesity has reached epidemic proportions, the management of this global disease is of clinical importance. the availability and popularity of natural dietary supplements for the treatment of obesity has risen dramatically in recent years. the purpose of this paper was to review the effect of commonly available over the counter plant-derived supplements used to suppress appetite for obesity control and management. the data were obtained from the electronic databases pubmed, springerlink, googl ...201323666454
determination of synephrine and octopamine in bitter orange peel by hptlc with densitometry.this paper presents the development and validation of an improved method for the simultaneous analysis of synephrine and octopamine using high-performance thin-layer chromatography with densitometric detection. separation was performed on silica gel 60f254 plates. the mobile phase is comprised of methanol, ethylacetate, methylene chloride and concentrated ammonia (2:2:1:0.05, v:v:v:v). the rf values were 0.292 ± 0.0083 and 0.413 ± 0.0089 for synephrine and octopamine, respectively (n = 9). ultra ...201323912767
citrus tristeza virus p23: a unique protein mediating key virus-host interactions.the large rna genome of citrus tristeza virus (ctv; ca. 20 kb) contains 12 open reading frames, with the 3'-terminal one corresponding to a protein of 209 amino acids (p23) that is expressed from an abundant subgenomic rna. p23, an rna-binding protein with a putative zinc-finger domain and some basic motifs, is unique to ctv because no homologs have been found in other closteroviruses, including the type species of the genus beet yellows virus (despite both viruses having many homologous genes). ...201323653624
mild strain cross protection of tristeza: a review of research to protect against decline on sour orange in florida.tristeza, caused by citrus tristeza virus (ctv), has long been present in florida but outbreaks of decline on sour orange rootstock were occasional events until the late 1970s. sour orange rootstock was valued for the high quality of fruit produced and was widely used because of its tolerance of citrus blight, a disease of unknown etiology. research was directed towards the selection and screening of mild strains of ctv which could protect against sour orange decline strains. following the intro ...201324046764
plant-based medicines for anxiety disorders, part 2: a review of clinical studies with supporting preclinical evidence.research in the area of herbal psychopharmacology has revealed a variety of promising medicines that may provide benefit in the treatment of general anxiety and specific anxiety disorders. however, a comprehensive review of plant-based anxiolytics has been absent to date. thus, our aim was to provide a comprehensive narrative review of plant-based medicines that have clinical and/or preclinical evidence of anxiolytic activity. we present the article in two parts. in part one, we reviewed herbal ...201323653088
hplc-pda-ms and nmr characterization of a hydroalcoholic extract of citrus aurantium l. var. amara peel with antiedematogenic activity.the phytochemical profile of a hydroalcoholic extract of citrus aurantium var. amara l. peel, used as herbal medicine, was characterized by hplc-pda-ms. two di-c-glycosyl flavones (vincenin ii and diosmetin 6,8-di-c-glucoside), a series of flavones (luteolin 7-o-neohesperidoside, rhoifolin, and neodiosmin), and flavanone (neoeriocitrin, naringin, and neohesperidin) 7-o-neohesperidosides and two methoxyflavones (nobiletin and tangeretin), commonly present in citrus, were identified. furthermore, ...201322957519
a method for fast analysis of volatile components of citrus aurantium l. leaves.to avoid the traditional and time consuming hydrodistillation, the analyses of volatile components in leaves of citrus aurantium l. were carried out by a simple microwave distillation followed by headspace single drop microextraction (md-hs-sdme) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms). the headspace volatile compounds were collected after irradiation using a single drop of n-heptadecan. the extraction conditions were optimized using the relative peak areas as index. the chemical ...201323039826
study of the photocatalytic transformation of synephrine: a biogenic amine relevant in anti-doping analysis.the occurrence of some cases of positive results in anti-doping analysis of octopamine requires clarification as to whether its methylated derivative synephrine could be a metabolic precursor of octopamine itself. synephrine is a natural phenylethylamine derivative present in some food supplements containing citrus aurantium, permitted in sport regulations. a simulative laboratory study had been done using a photocatalytic process, to identify all possible main and secondary transformation produ ...201323208289
analysis of volatile oil composition of citrus aurantium l. by microwave-assisted extraction coupled to headspace solid-phase microextraction with nanoporous based fibers.nanoporous silica was prepared and functionalized with amino propyl-triethoxysilane to be used as a highly porous fiber-coating material for solid-phase microextraction (spme). the prepared nanomaterials were immobilized onto a stainless steel wire for fabrication of the spme fiber. the proposed fiber was evaluated for the extraction of volatile component of citrus aurantium l. leaves. a homemade microwave-assisted extraction followed by headspace (hs) solid-phase apparatus was used for the extr ...201323483734
oxidative stress-related lung dysfunction by chromium(vi): alleviation by citrus aurantium l.chromium(vi), a very strong oxidant, causes high cytotoxicity through oxidative stress in tissue systems. our study investigated the potential ability of ethanolic citrus aurantium l., family rutaceae extract, used as a nutritional supplement, to alleviate lung oxidative damage induced by cr(vi). a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer method was developed to separate and identify flavonoids in c. aurantium l. six flavonoids were identified, as (1) poncirin, (2) ...201322972417
liquid chromatographic determination of narirutin and hesperidin in zhi ke (citrus aurantium l.) in the form of the raw herb and of the dried aqueous extract.a validated analytical method is reported for the analysis of narirutin and hesperidin in zhi ke (citrus aurantium l.) in the form of the dried raw herb and of the commercially prepared dried aqueous extract. the samples were extracted by sonication in methanol and the extract was analyzed by liquid chromatography-photodiode array (pda) detection with identity confirmation by negative electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (ms). a c18 column was used with a methanol-water gradient mobi ...201319610369
high-performance liquid chromatography methods for the analysis of adrenergic amines and flavanones in citrus aurantium l. var. amara.reverse-phase hplc coupled with photodiode array detection was used for the simultaneous separation and determination of naturally occurring adrenergic amines (octopamine, synephrine and tyramine) in fruits and dry extracts of citrus aurantium l. var. amara and in herbal medicines derived therefrom. synephrine was the main component in fruits (0.10-0.35%) and in dry extracts (3.00-3.08%) and was present in the range 0.25-0.99% in herbal medicines. flavanones were analysed in the same samples usi ...201315311840
phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of physiological drop of citrus fruits.the phytochemical content and the antioxidant activity (aa) of physiological drop of the main citrus species grown in china were investigated. among the flavonoids, hesperidin was found mostly in mandarin and sweet orange, naringin was found mostly in sour orange, pummelo, grapefruit and a hybrid (gaocheng), narirutin was found in most varieties, neohesperidin was found in gaocheng and huyou, and nobiletin and tangeretin were found in most varieties. hydroxycinnamic acids were the main phenolic ...201323301602
effects of rootstock/scion combinations on the flavor of citrus fruit.we examined sensory quality, total soluble solids (tss) and acidity levels, and aroma volatiles compositions of 'or' and 'odem' mandarins grafted on sour orange (so), volkamer lemon (volka), and us-812 rootstocks; 'valencia' oranges grafted on so, volka, and ×639 rootstocks; and a new pummelo × grapefruit hybrid cv. 'redson' grafted on so, volka, and macrophylla rootstocks. tss and acidity levels of all species were lower in juice of fruits on volka than on so. sensory quality evaluations reveal ...201324219601
recognizing and overcoming analytical error in the use of icp-ms for the determination of cadmium in breakfast cereal and dietary supplements.the potential effect of spectral interference on the accurate measurement of the cadmium (cd) mass fraction in fortified breakfast cereal and a variety of dietary supplement materials using inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry was studied. the materials were two new standard reference materials (srms)--srm 3233 fortified breakfast cereal and srm 3532 calcium dietary supplement--as well as several existing materials--srm 3258 bitter orange fruit, srm 3259 bitter orange extract, ...201323479125
herbal products that may contribute to hypertension.the role of hypertension in the incidence of postoperative hematoma has been well documented. a large number of patients who undergo aesthetic surgery consume a variety of herbal products, some of which may cause or exacerbate hypertension. the purpose of this study was to review the herbal products that are known to cause hypertension and thus may play a role in postoperative complications.201323271526
[acute poisoning with weight-loss dietary supplement falsely suggesting the use of amphetamine].we report a case of abuse of weight-loss dietary supplement in 27-year-old man, with characteristic for amphetamine sympathomimetic symptoms and positive analysis of this drug in the urine by immunoassay method (fpia; axsym, abbott). however positive result was not confirmed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (lc-ms-ms).201324501816
increasing frost risk associated with advanced citrus flowering dates in kerman and shiraz, iran: 1960-2010.flowering dates and the timing of late season frost are both driven by local ambient temperatures. however, under climatic warming observed over the past century, it remains uncertain how such impacts affect frost risk associated with plant phenophase shifts. any increase in frost frequency or severity has the potential to damage flowers and their resultant yields and, in more extreme cases, the survival of the plant. an accurate assessment of the relationship between the timing of last frost ev ...201424429704
different metabolic and genetic responses in citrus may explain relative susceptibility to tetranychus urticae.life history parameters of the phytophagous spider mite tetranychus urticae in citrus depend on the rootstock where the cultivar is grafted. to unveil the mechanisms responsible for this effect, the authors have carried out comparative experiments of t. urticae performance on two citrus rootstocks, the highly t. urticae-sensitive cleopatra mandarin and the more tolerant sour orange.201424375985
[comparative analysis of ergogenic efficacy of energy drinks components (caffeine and bitter orange extract) in combination with alcohol].estimation of ergogenic effects of caffeine and bitter orange exract combined with alcohol is presented in the article. investigations were performed on 3 groups (8 animals in each group) of male wistar rats aged 4 months. animals in group 1 were treated orally for 7 days, the mixture comprising caffeine and alcohol (0.6 g of caffeine, 72 ml of ethanol, water to 1 liter) in an amount equivalent to 4.28 mg caffeine per kg of body weight. animals in group 2 received a mixture containing bitter ora ...201425059058
determination of synephrine in bitter orange raw materials, extracts, and dietary supplements by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection: single-laboratory validation.a method has been developed to quantify synephrine in bitter orange raw material, extracts, and dietary supplements. single-laboratory validation has been performed on the method to determine the repeatability, accuracy, selectivity, limit of detection/limit of quantification (loq), ruggedness, and linearity for p-synephrine and 5 other biogenic amines: octopamine, phenylephrine (m-synephrine), tyramine, n-methyltyramine, and hordenine, which may be present in bitter orange. p-synephrine was fou ...201417373438
sequencing of diverse mandarin, pummelo and orange genomes reveals complex history of admixture during citrus domestication.cultivated citrus are selections from, or hybrids of, wild progenitor species whose identities and contributions to citrus domestication remain controversial. here we sequence and compare citrus genomes--a high-quality reference haploid clementine genome and mandarin, pummelo, sweet-orange and sour-orange genomes--and show that cultivated types derive from two progenitor species. although cultivated pummelos represent selections from one progenitor species, citrus maxima, cultivated mandarins ar ...201424908277
n-methylated derivatives of tyramine in citrus genus plants: identification of n,n,n-trimethyltyramine (candicine).the distribution of tyramine and its methylated derivatives, n-methyltyramine and n,n-dimethyltyramine, was investigated in tissue parts (leaves and fruits) of several plants of citrus genus by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (lc-esi-ms/ms). in the course of our study we discovered the occurrence of n,n,n-trimethyltyramine in all citrus plants examined. this quaternary ammonium compound, known to act in animals as a neurotoxin, was recognized and characteri ...201424635695
characterization of a proposed dichorhavirus associated with the citrus leprosis disease and analysis of the host response.the causal agents of citrus leprosis are viruses; however, extant diagnostic methods to identify them have failed to detect known viruses in orange, mandarin, lime and bitter orange trees with severe leprosis symptoms in mexico, an important citrus producer. using high throughput sequencing, a virus associated with citrus leprosis was identified, belonging to the proposed dichorhavirus genus. the virus was termed citrus necrotic spot virus (cnsv) and contains two negative-strand rna components; ...201425004279
comparative gc/ms analysis of essential oils extracted by 3 methods from the bud of citrus aurantium l. var. amara engl.a comparative study of steam distillation extraction (sde), reflux extraction (re), and ultrasound-assisted extraction (use) was conducted for the extraction of essential oils from the bud of citrus aurantium l. var. amara engl. each method was evaluated in terms of qualitative and quantitative composition of the isolated essential oil by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (gc/ms). the extract yields of essential oil were 0.16%, 2.18%, and 2.34%, respectively. a total of 82 compounds were iden ...201422416680
effect of naringenin on brain insulin signaling and cognitive functions in icv-stz induced dementia model of rats.recent evidence indicates that severe abnormalities in brain glucose/energy metabolism and insulin signaling have been documented to take a pivotal role in early sporadic alzheimer's disease pathology. it has been reported that naringenin (nar), derived from citrus aurantium, exhibits antioxidant potential and protects the brain against neurodegeneration. the current study was designed to further investigate the protective effect of the nar on neurodegeneration in a rat model of ad induced by an ...201424337945
citrus aurantium blossom and preoperative anxiety.reducing anxiety is very important before operation. preoperative visit and use of premedication are popular methods to achieve this goal, but the role of anxiolytic premedication remains unclear and postoperative side-effects may result from routine premedication. citrus aurantium is used as an alternative medicine in some countries to treat anxiety, and recently the anxiolytic role of this medicinal plant was established in an animal model study. the aim of this study was to assess the anxioly ...201422063371
rediscovering medicinal plants' potential with omics: microsatellite survey in expressed sequence tags of eleven traditional plants with potent antidiabetic properties.herbal medicines and traditionally used medicinal plants present an untapped potential for novel molecular target discovery using systems science and omics biotechnology driven strategies. since up to 40% of the world's poor people have no access to government health services, traditional and folk medicines are often the only therapeutics available to them. in this vein, north east (ne) india is recognized for its rich bioresources. as part of the indo-burma hotspot, it is regarded as an epicent ...201424802971
the antimicrobial effects of citrus limonum and citrus aurantium essential oils on multi-species biofilms.the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of citrus limonum and citrus aurantium essential oils (eos) compared to 0.2% chlorhexidine (chx) and 1% sodium hypochlorite (naocl) on multispecies biofilms formed by candida albicans, enterococcus faecalis and escherichia coli. the biofilms were grown in acrylic disks immersed in broth, inoculated with microbial suspension (106 cells/ml) and incubated at 37°c / 48 h. after the biofilms were formed, they were exposed for 5 minutes to the solution ...201425000605
screening of 20 commonly used iranian traditional medicinal plants against urease.infection with helicobacter pyloriis the most common cause of stomach and duodenal ulcers. about more than 80 % of people are infected with h. pylori in developing countries. h. pylori uses urease enzyme product "ammonia" in order to neutralize and protect itself from the stomach acidic condition and urease enzyme activity has been shown to be essential to the colonization of h. pylori. inhibitory activity of 20 traditional medicinal plants were examined and evaluated against jack bean urease ac ...201424711846
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