| citrus aurantium increases seizure latency to ptz induced seizures in zebrafish thru nmda and mglur's i and ii. | epilepsy is a serious neurological condition and pharmacotherapy is not effective for all patients and causes serious adverse effects and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions. natural products and ethnobotanical resources can help develop new therapeutic options for conditions like epilepsy. in puerto rico, ethnobotanical resources highlight the anxiolytic properties of a tea like preparation made from the leaves of the citrus aurantium tree or bitter orange. studies performed with e ... | 2014 | 25762932 |
| effects of grapefruit and seville orange juices on the pharmacokinetic properties of colchicine in healthy subjects. | the labeling for colchicine (indicated for acute gout flares or prophylaxis) includes strict advisories regarding drug-drug and drug-food interactions, including warnings against consuming grapefruit or grapefruit juice during treatment. two of the furocoumarins in grapefruit juice and seville orange juice can inhibit intestinal cytochrome p450 (cyp) isozyme 3a4 and p-glycoprotein (involved in colchicine metabolism and transport). severe toxicities in patients consuming these juices while taking ... | 2012 | 22940371 |
| oxidative and nitrosative-based signaling and associated post-translational modifications orchestrate the acclimation of citrus plants to salinity stress. | reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are involved in a plethora of cellular responses in plants; however, our knowledge on the outcomes of oxidative and nitrosative signaling is still unclear. to better understand how oxidative and nitrosative signals are integrated to regulate cellular adjustments to external conditions, local and systemic responses were investigated in the roots and leaves of sour orange plants (citrus aurantium l.) after root treatment with hydrogen peroxide (h(2) o(2) ) or s ... | 2012 | 22780834 |
| anti-hiv-1 activity of eight monofloral iranian honey types. | monofloral iranian honeys from eight floral sources were analyzed to determine their anti-hiv-1 activities as well as their effects on lymphocyte proliferation. the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) used in this study were prepared from five healthy volunteers who were seronegative for hiv, hcv, hbv and tb. the anti-hiv-1 activity of eight different honeys was performed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay and high pure viral nucleic acid kit. the results demonstrated t ... | 2014 | 25333699 |
| nutrients and nonessential elements in soil after 11 years of wastewater irrigation. | irrigation of citrus (citrus aurantium l. × citrus paradise macf.) with urban reclaimed wastewater (rww) can be economical and conserve fresh water. however, concerns remain regarding its deleterious effects on soil quality. we investigated the ionic speciation (isp) of rww and potential impacts of 11 yr of irrigation with rww on soil quality, compared with well-water (ww) irrigation. most of nutrients (∼53-99%) in rww are free ionic species and readily available for plant uptake, such as: nh(4+ ... | 2012 | 22565273 |
| physiological effects following administration of citrus aurantium for 28 days in rats. | since ephedra-containing dietary supplements were banned from the us market, manufacturers changed their formulations by eliminating ephedra and replacing with other botanicals, including citrus aurantium, or bitter orange. bitter orange contains, among other compounds, synephrine, a chemical that is chemically similar to ephedrine. since ephedrine may have cardiovascular effects, the goal of this study was to investigate the cardiovascular effects of various doses of bitter orange extract and p ... | 2012 | 22521485 |
| citrus aurantium flavonoids inhibit adipogenesis through the akt signaling pathway in 3t3-l1 cells. | obesity is a health hazard that is associated with a number of diseases and metabolic abnormalities, such as type-2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and coronary heart disease. in the current study, we investigated the effects of citrus aurantium flavonoids (caf) on the inhibition of adipogenesis and adipocyte differentiation in 3t3-l1 cells. | 2012 | 22471389 |
| analysis of volatile oil composition of citrus aurantium l. by microwave-assisted extraction coupled to headspace solid-phase microextraction with nanoporous based fibers. | nanoporous silica was prepared and functionalized with amino propyl-triethoxysilane to be used as a highly porous fiber-coating material for solid-phase microextraction (spme). the prepared nanomaterials were immobilized onto a stainless steel wire for fabrication of the spme fiber. the proposed fiber was evaluated for the extraction of volatile component of citrus aurantium l. leaves. a homemade microwave-assisted extraction followed by headspace (hs) solid-phase apparatus was used for the extr ... | 2013 | 23483734 |
| phenolic compounds characterization and biological activities of citrus aurantium bloom. | citrus plants are known to possess beneficial biological activities for human health. in addition, ethnopharmacological application of plants is a good tool to explore their bioactivities and active compounds. this research was carried out to evaluate the phenolic and flavonoid analysis, antioxidant properties, anti inflammatory and anti cancer activity of citrus aurantium bloom. the total phenolics and flavonoids results revealed that methanolic extract contained high total phenolics and flavon ... | 2012 | 23442980 |
| citrus aurantium l. essential oil exhibits anxiolytic-like activity mediated by 5-ht(1a)-receptors and reduces cholesterol after repeated oral treatment. | the current treatments for anxiety disorders and depression have multiple adverse effects in addition to a delayed onset of action, which has prompted efforts to find new substances with potential activity in these disorders. citrus aurantium was chosen based on ethnopharmacological data because traditional medicine refers to the citrus genus as useful in diminishing the symptoms of anxiety or insomnia, and c. aurantium has more recently been proposed as an adjuvant for antidepressants. in the p ... | 2013 | 23432968 |
| cardiovascular toxicity of citrus aurantium in exercised rats. | when safety concerns forced the removal of ephedra from the market, other botanicals, including citrus aurantium or bitter orange (bo) were used as replacements. a major component of the bo extract is synephrine, a chemical that is structurally similar to ephedrine. because ephedrine has cardiovascular effects that may be exacerbated during physical exercise, the purpose of this study was to determine whether extracts containing synephrine produced adverse effects on the cardiovascular system in ... | 2013 | 23397375 |
| a 60day double-blind, placebo-controlled safety study involving citrus aurantium (bitter orange) extract. | bitter orange (citrus aurantium) extract and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine are widely consumed in dietary supplements for weight management and sports performance. p-synephrine is also present in foods derived from a variety of citrus species. bitter orange extract is commonly used in combination with multiple herbal ingredients. most clinical studies conducted on bitter orange extract alone have involved single doses. the purpose of this study was to assess the safety of bitter orange ... | 2013 | 23354394 |
| gastric ulcers in middle-aged rats: the healing effect of essential oil from citrus aurantium l. (rutaceae). | the elderly population has experienced increased life expectancy as well as the increased incidence of gastric ulcers. the peels of fruits from citrus aurantium l., popularly known in brazil as orange bitter, are commonly used asatea form for the treatment of gastrointestinal tract disorders, such as ulcer and gastritis. we evaluated the healing effects of essential oil from the peels of citrus aurantium fruits (oec) on gastric ulcers in middle-aged rats. we examined the effects of a 14-day chro ... | 2012 | 23243451 |
| comparison of fatty acid profile and antioxidant potential of extracts of seven citrus rootstock seeds. | the extracts of seven citrus rootstock seeds have been compared regarding fatty acid profile and antioxidant potential. sour orange (citrus aurantium l.) was found to contain the highest oil amount (34%), while the poncirus trifoliata cultivars contained the highest percentage of unsaturated fatty acids (84-87%). in addition, the antioxidant properties of the extracts from defatted seeds have been evaluated by measuring their radical scavenging activity against 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. th ... | 2012 | 22236049 |
| study of the photocatalytic transformation of synephrine: a biogenic amine relevant in anti-doping analysis. | the occurrence of some cases of positive results in anti-doping analysis of octopamine requires clarification as to whether its methylated derivative synephrine could be a metabolic precursor of octopamine itself. synephrine is a natural phenylethylamine derivative present in some food supplements containing citrus aurantium, permitted in sport regulations. a simulative laboratory study had been done using a photocatalytic process, to identify all possible main and secondary transformation produ ... | 2013 | 23208289 |
| proteome analysis of the anti-inflammatory response of flavonoids isolated from korean citrus aurantium l. in lipopolysaccharide-induced l6 rat skeletal muscle cells. | skeletal muscle is an important organ in our body and a dynamic composite of proteins. citrus aurantium l. has been widely used in oriental medicine in eastern asia for a long time. it contains over 100 bioactive compounds and flavonoids that regulate the inflammatory response and tumorigenesis, through various mechanisms. in the present study, we investigated changes in the protein pattern using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-de) and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of fligh ... | 2013 | 23895159 |
| a review of the receptor-binding properties of p-synephrine as related to its pharmacological effects. | bitter orange (citrus aurantium) extract and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine are used widely in weight loss/weight management and sports performance products. because of structural similarities, the pharmacological effects of p-synephrine are widely assumed to be similar to those of ephedrine, m-synephrine (phenylephrine), and endogenous amine neurotransmitters as norepinephrine and epinephrine. however, small structural changes result in the receptor binding characteristics of these amin ... | 2011 | 21904645 |
| betaines in fruits of citrus genus plants. | numerous compounds, many of them osmolytes, were quantified in natural juices and in frozen concentrate juices from fruits of plants of the citrus genus. l-proline, n-methyl-l-proline (hygric acid), n,n-dimethyl-l-proline (stachydrine), 4-hydroxy-l-prolinebetaine (betonicine), 4-hydroxy-l-proline, γ-aminobutyric acid (gaba), 3-carboxypropyltrimethylammonium (gababet), n-methylnicotinic acid (trigonelline), and choline in the fruit juices of yellow orange, blood orange, lemon, mandarin, bitter or ... | 2011 | 21838291 |
| investigating herb-drug interactions: the effect of citrus aurantium fruit extract on the pharmacokinetics of amiodarone in rats. | citrus aurantium extract has been largely used in weight loss and sports performance dietary supplements. however, the safety of c. aurantium-containing products has been questioned mainly due to the association of its use with adverse events in the cardiovascular system. therefore, this work aimed to assess the potential for herb-drug interactions among a standardized c. aurantium extract (gmp certificate) and amiodarone (narrow therapeutic index drug) in rats. in a first pharmacokinetic study, ... | 2013 | 23886819 |
| molecular characterization of sour orange (citrus aurantium) accessions and their relatives using ssr and srap markers. | citrus production with its many varieties is of importance since it provides economically important products for turkish exports. sour orange is a rootstock commonly used for propagating the different scion varieties. knowledge of the genetic diversity of the rootstock accessions would be useful in order to improve citrus breeding programs. we studied genetic relationships and diversity of 51 accessions of sour orange (citrus aurantium) and their relatives using ssr (simple sequence repeat) and ... | 2012 | 23079821 |
| to compare the efficacy of two kinds of zhizhu pills in the treatment of functional dyspepsia of spleen-deficiency and qi-stagnation syndrome: a randomized group sequential comparative trial. | in traditional chinese medicine (tcm) theory, functional dyspepsia (fd) can be divided into different syndromes according to different clinical symptoms and signs, and the most common one is spleen-deficiency and qi-stagnation syndrome that can be treated by chinese traditional patent medicine--two kinds of zhizhu pills, between which the primary difference in ingredients is that one contains immature orange fruit of citrus aurantium l.(ifca) and the other contains that of citrus sinensis osbeck ... | 2011 | 21762493 |
| a method for fast analysis of volatile components of citrus aurantium l. leaves. | to avoid the traditional and time consuming hydrodistillation, the analyses of volatile components in leaves of citrus aurantium l. were carried out by a simple microwave distillation followed by headspace single drop microextraction (md-hs-sdme) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms). the headspace volatile compounds were collected after irradiation using a single drop of n-heptadecan. the extraction conditions were optimized using the relative peak areas as index. the chemical ... | 2013 | 23039826 |
| a review of the human clinical studies involving citrus aurantium (bitter orange) extract and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine. | this review summarizes the published as well as unpublished human studies involving citrus aurantium (bitter orange) extract and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine, providing information and an assessment of the safety and efficacy of these widely used products. the results of over 20 studies involving a total of approximately 360 subjects that consumed p-synephrine alone or in combination with other ingredients are reviewed and critiqued. over 50 % of the subjects involved in these studies ... | 2012 | 22991491 |
| induction of the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by flavonoids isolated from korean citrus aurantium l. in non-small-cell lung cancer cells. | this study investigated the anti-proliferative and apoptotic effect of flavonoids isolated from korean citrus aurantium l. using a549 lung cancer cells. flavonoids potently inhibited of a549 cells in a dose-dependent manner, whereas flavonoids had a weak inhibitory effect on proliferation of wi-38 cells. flow cytometry and western blot analysis showed that flavonoids induced cell cycle arrest at the g2/m checkpoint by controlling the proteins expression level of cyclin b1, cdc2, cdc25c and p21(w ... | 2012 | 22980865 |
| volatile constituents and antioxidant activity of peel, flowers and leaf oils of citrus aurantium l. growing in greece. | the volatile constituents of the essential oils of the peel, flower (neroli) and leaves (petitgrain) of bitter orange (citrus aurantium l.) growing in greece were studied by gc-ms. the analytical procedures enabled the quantitative determination of 31 components. more specifically, the components of the essential oils identified were: twelve in the peel, twenty-six in the flowers, and twenty and sixteen in old and young leaves, respectively. the major constituents of the different parts of citru ... | 2013 | 24002139 |
| protective effect of compounds from the flowers of citrus aurantium l. var. amara engl against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatocyte injury. | 5-hydroxy-6,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone (htf), limonexic acid (la) are two compounds isolated from the flowers of citrus aurantium l. var. amara engl with various biological activities. this study was designed to investigate their protective effects against carbon tetrachloride (ccl4)-induced hepatocyte injury, using human hepatic cell line hl-7702 to determine the cell cytotoxicity, cell viability, levels of hepatic marker enzymes, malondialdehyde (mda). results showed that pretreatment with ht ... | 2013 | 23985451 |
| problems with citrus aurantium information in "a review on botanical species and chemical compounds with appetite suppressing properties for body weight control". | various botanical extracts are used as adjuncts in treating obesity. a recent review concerning botanical products used to suppress appetite has included a discussion of citrus aurantium and p-synephrine. the authors have incorrectly equated the actions of c. aurantium with ephedra in terms of adrenergic receptor binding, pharmacological effects and safety. current research literature is reviewed which clarifies these issues. | 2013 | 23904205 |
| bioactivity evaluations of ingredients extracted from the flowers of citrus aurantium l. var. amara engl. | citrus aurantium l. var. amara engl, a member of genus citrus (rutaceae), widespread in china, is used as folk medicine for the treatment of helping digest, phlegm, enteritidis, stomachic and other deceases. in the present research, silica gel column, sephadex lh-20, mass spectrometer (ms) and nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) were used to separate and identify the chemical compounds from the flowers of c. aurantium var. amara, and several bioactivity assays were used to evaluate their antioxidan ... | 2012 | 22980787 |
| [one new chroman glycoside derivative from unmatured fruits of citrus aurantium]. | to study the chemical constituents of the unmatured fruits of citrus aurantium. | 2013 | 23596878 |
| high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of biogenic amines in pharmaceutical products containing citrus aurantium. | a reverse-phase (rp)-hplc method is reported for determining l-tyrosine, p-octopamine, synephrine, tyramine and hordenine as chemical markers of the species citrus aurantium in raw material, dry extracts and phytotherapeutic herbal formulations. using rp-hplc with diode array detection (dad) and gradient elution, the amines were determined in 12 different products from different brazilian states labelled as containing c. aurantium. the presence of the amines was confirmed by mass spectrometry us ... | 2013 | 23574611 |
| oxidative stress-related lung dysfunction by chromium(vi): alleviation by citrus aurantium l. | chromium(vi), a very strong oxidant, causes high cytotoxicity through oxidative stress in tissue systems. our study investigated the potential ability of ethanolic citrus aurantium l., family rutaceae extract, used as a nutritional supplement, to alleviate lung oxidative damage induced by cr(vi). a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer method was developed to separate and identify flavonoids in c. aurantium l. six flavonoids were identified, as (1) poncirin, (2) ... | 2013 | 22972417 |
| hplc-pda-ms and nmr characterization of a hydroalcoholic extract of citrus aurantium l. var. amara peel with antiedematogenic activity. | the phytochemical profile of a hydroalcoholic extract of citrus aurantium var. amara l. peel, used as herbal medicine, was characterized by hplc-pda-ms. two di-c-glycosyl flavones (vincenin ii and diosmetin 6,8-di-c-glucoside), a series of flavones (luteolin 7-o-neohesperidoside, rhoifolin, and neodiosmin), and flavanone (neoeriocitrin, naringin, and neohesperidin) 7-o-neohesperidosides and two methoxyflavones (nobiletin and tangeretin), commonly present in citrus, were identified. furthermore, ... | 2013 | 22957519 |
| effects of citrus aurantium (bitter orange) fruit extracts and p-synephrine on metabolic fluxes in the rat liver. | the fruit extracts of citrus aurantium (bitter orange) are traditionally used as weight-loss products and as appetite supressants. an important fruit component is p-synephrine, which is structurally similar to the adrenergic agents. weight-loss and adrenergic actions are always related to metabolic changes and this work was designed to investigate a possible action of the c. aurantium extract on liver metabolism. the isolated perfused rat liver was used to measure catabolic and anabolic pathways ... | 2012 | 22592089 |
| new insights into dietary supplements used in sport: active substances, pharmacological and side effects. | as a society we are increasingly concerned about our physical appearance. for example, as much as 24% of people in developed countries admittedly exercise to improve their performance. professional sportsmen and amateurs alike are in a constant search for new means that will enable them better sport results in shorter time. among those means, a prominent place belongs to dietary supplements. however, the producers often advertise products whose use in sports is neither scientifically founded nor ... | 2013 | 23574283 |
| [study on fingerprints of citrus aurantium from different places by capillary electrophoresis]. | to develop a high performance capillary electrophoresis method for citrus aurantium fingerprints to control its quality. | 2008 | 19157129 |
| a transcriptionally active copia-like retroelement in citrus limon. | the plant nuclear genome is largely composed of mobile dna, which can rearrange genomes and other individual gene structure and also affect gene regulation through various promoted activities: transposition, insertion, excision, chromosome breakage, and ectopic recombination. ty1-copia-like retrotransposon is a widespread class of transposable elements in the plant kingdom, representing a large part of the total dna content. here, a novel retrotransposon-like sequence was isolated and identified ... | 2009 | 19115051 |
| questionable conclusions in the article "cardiovascular toxicity of citrus aurantium in exercised rats". | | 2013 | 23568750 |
| simultaneous determination of ephedra sinica and citrus aurantium var. amara alkaloids by ion-pair chromatography. | ephedra sinica (ma huang) preparations have recently gained a lot of attention because of serious side effects associated with their prolonged consumption. citrus aurantium var. amara is now used as an alternative, despite the fact that similar side effects are suspected. we have developed and validated the first analytical procedure for the simultaneous determination of all major alkaloids from both species. using the ion-pairing reagent sds, a c-18 stationary phase (3mum material) and a ph-gra ... | 2005 | 18970068 |
| comparative gc/ms analysis of essential oils extracted by 3 methods from the bud of citrus aurantium l. var. amara engl. | a comparative study of steam distillation extraction (sde), reflux extraction (re), and ultrasound-assisted extraction (use) was conducted for the extraction of essential oils from the bud of citrus aurantium l. var. amara engl. each method was evaluated in terms of qualitative and quantitative composition of the isolated essential oil by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (gc/ms). the extract yields of essential oil were 0.16%, 2.18%, and 2.34%, respectively. a total of 82 compounds were iden ... | 2014 | 22416680 |
| estimating bergamot juice adulteration of lemon juice by high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) analysis of flavanone glycosides. | the chemical composition of 30 samples of juices obtained from bergamot (citrus bergamia risso and poit.) fruits is reported and compared to the genuineness parameters adopted by association of the industry of juice and nectars (aijn) for lemon juice. it was found that the compositional differences between the two juices are distinguishable, although with difficulty. however, these differences are not strong enough to detect the fraudulent addition of bergamot juice to lemon juice. instead, we f ... | 2008 | 18557623 |
| a study of air pollution with heavy metals in athens city and attica basin using evergreen trees as biological indicators. | concentrations of five metals (cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel and lead) were determined in tree leaves collected from 13 areas of the attica basin and athens city, greece. geographical distribution patterns were investigated, and factors affecting toxic element accumulation in trees were discussed. the mean heavy metal content in the tree leaves is described in the descending order of copper>lead>nickel>chromium>cadmium. generally, the most damaged areas have been proved to be those near the ... | 2012 | 22410948 |
| influence of fruit juices on drug disposition: discrepancies between in vitro and clinical studies. | grapefruit juice is known to alter the pharmacokinetics of over 30 prescription drugs by increasing their bioavailabilities. after the discovery of this interaction almost 20 years ago, there have been many reports investigating the effects of fruit juices on drug disposition. | 2008 | 18433343 |
| potential applications for alternative medicine to treat obesity in an aging population. | obesity is a growing problem causing significant morbidity and mortality. the efficacy of conventional therapies is limited. numerous alternative therapies are advocated for weight loss, including dietary modifications, hypnotherapy, and acupuncture. many herbal medications and dietary supplements such as conjugated linoleic acids, chitosan, garcinia cambogia, and citrus aurantium, are also being used. most have been tested in very limited trials. none have been evaluated to the extent they can ... | 2008 | 18377101 |
| determination of caffeine and sympathomimetic alkaloids in weight loss supplements by high-performance liquid chromatography. | reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography utilizing photodiode array detection is used for the simultaneous determination of caffeine and nine alkaloids from citrus aurantium (ca) and ephedra (ea) contained in dietary weight loss products. since the food and drug administration (fda) ban of ea, manufacturers have substituted ca in their weight loss formulations, usually combined with high levels of caffeine. the alkaloids contained in ca have some physiological effects similar to tho ... | 2008 | 18218190 |
| toxicological effects of a mixture used in weight loss products: p-synephrine associated with ephedrine, salicin, and caffeine. | p-synephrine is an adrenergic amine found in citrus aurantium l. fruits and has been used for weight loss in dietary supplements. there are commercial products containing this substance associated to caffeine, salicin, and ephedrine. the aim of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of this mixture in mice of both sexes. the significative results observed after acute oral administration to male and female mice of 300, 350, and 400 mg/kg total of p-synephrine, ephedrine, salicin, plus caff ... | 2012 | 22408069 |
| citrus aurantium l. exhibits apoptotic effects on u937 human leukemia cells partly through inhibition of akt. | citrus fruits have been used as edible fruits and a traditional medicine since ancient times. in particular, the peels of immature citrus fruits are frequently prescribed in concert with other support herbs for many types of disease including cancer. we investigated the anti-proliferative activity of the peels of citrus aurantium l. along with their effects on apoptosis. we prepared crude methanol extracts of the peels of citrus aurantium l. (cmes) and performed experiments using u937 human leuk ... | 2012 | 22307395 |
| infrared laser ablation atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry. | in this paper we introduce laser ablation atmospheric pressure photoionization (laappi), a novel atmospheric pressure ion source for mass spectrometry. in laappi the analytes are ablated from water-rich solid samples or from aqueous solutions with an infrared (ir) laser running at 2.94 μm wavelength. approximately 12 mm above the sample surface, the ablation plume is intercepted with an orthogonal hot solvent (e.g., toluene or anisole) jet, which is generated by a heated nebulizer microchip and ... | 2012 | 22242626 |
| citrus aurantium blossom and preoperative anxiety. | reducing anxiety is very important before operation. preoperative visit and use of premedication are popular methods to achieve this goal, but the role of anxiolytic premedication remains unclear and postoperative side-effects may result from routine premedication. citrus aurantium is used as an alternative medicine in some countries to treat anxiety, and recently the anxiolytic role of this medicinal plant was established in an animal model study. the aim of this study was to assess the anxioly ... | 2014 | 22063371 |
| antispasmodic effects of citrus aurantium flowers aqueous extract on uterus of non-pregnant rats. | citrus aurantium is a small citrus tree, with scented white flowers. the c. aurantium is used in asian herbal medicine primarily to treat digestive problems. | 2011 | 26396578 |
| composition of egyptian nerolì oil. | the bitter orange flower oil (or neroli) is an essential product, largely used in perfumery. neroli is obtained by hydrodistillation or steam distillation, from the flowers of bitter orange (citrus aurantium l.). since a long time neroli production is limited and its cost on the market is considerably high. the annual production in tunisia and morocco is ca. 1500 kg, representing more than 90% of the worldwide production. a small amount ofneroli is also produced in egypt, spain and comorros (not ... | 2011 | 21834247 |
| flavonoid profiling in three citrus varieties native to the republic of korea using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry: contribution to overall antioxidant activity. | a mixture of flavonoid components was isolated from the fruit peel of three varieties of citrus native to republic of korea, citrus leiocarpa hort. ex tanaka (clht), citrus aurantium l. (cal) and citrus erythrosa hort. (ceh), via 70% methanol extraction followed by ethyl acetate elution over a silica gel cartridge. the flavonoid components of the mixture were analyzed via high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (hplc-ms/ms) in positive-ion mode and a comparison of the rep ... | 2012 | 21830229 |
| development and validation of a pre-column reversed phase liquid chromatographic method with fluorescence detection for the determination of primary phenethylamines in dietary supplements and phytoextracts. | a sensitive and selective reversed-phase liquid chromatographic (rp-lc) method was developed and validated to determine octopamine, tyramine and tyrosine (tyr) in complex matrices as formulations and phytoextracts (citrus aurantium), after pre-column derivatization with o-phthaldialdehyde (opa) reagent. the chromatographic separations were performed at room temperature on a phenomenex luna c18 column using methanol and sodium acetate buffer (ph 5.5) by varying composition gradient elution as mob ... | 2011 | 21652038 |
| consumption of dietary supplements containing citrus aurantium (bitter orange)--2004 california behavioral risk factor surveillance survey (brfss). | following the marketing ban of ephedra-containing supplements in april 2004, many manufacturers substituted the herb citrus aurantium for ephedra and marketed the products as "ephedra-free" supplements. extracts of c. aurantium contain synephrine, a sympathomimetic alkaloid. | 2006 | 16968826 |
| separation of adrenergic amines in citrus aurantium l. var. amara by capillary electrochromatography using a novel monolithic stationary phase. | this manuscript reports on the use of capillary electrochromatography for the determination of tyramine, (±) synephrine, and (±) octopamine, the major alkaloids in bitter orange peel. a novel methacrylate-based monolithic stationary phase was prepared by uv-photopolymerization in 100 μm id fused-silica capillaries. it facilitated the quantitative assessment of alkaloids with a mobile phase comprising aqueous 10 mm ammonium acetate in acn and isopropanol. applied voltage and temperature were 25 k ... | 2011 | 21557475 |
| effects of p-synephrine alone and in combination with selected bioflavonoids on resting metabolism, blood pressure, heart rate and self-reported mood changes. | bitter orange (citrus aurantium) extract is widely used in dietary supplements for weight management and sports performance. its primary protoalkaloid is p-synephrine. most studies involving bitter orange extract and p-synephrine have used products with multiple ingredients. the current study assessed the thermogenic effects of p-synephrine alone and in conjunction with the flavonoids naringin and hesperidin in a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled protocol with 10 subjects per treatm ... | 2011 | 21537493 |
| [genetic relationships among fructus aurantii cultivars revealed by issr]. | a total of 27 samples belonging to 5 cultivars of fructus aurantii (citrus aurantium), i. e. cv. xiucheng, cv. xiangcheng, cv. lecheng, cv. jizicheng, and cv. youzicheng, collected at changfu and huanggang, zhangshu city, jiangxi province, were assayed to reveal the genetic relationship among the cultivars and the accordance between morphological and molecular markers. | 2005 | 16381458 |
| citrus aurantium used for weight loss by an adolescent with anorexia nervosa. | a 16-year-old woman with an eating disorder admitted to taking a citrus aurantium-containing dietary supplement for weight loss purposes. its adrenergic agonist properties may have masked bradycardia and hypotension while exacerbating her weight loss. | 2005 | 16227131 |
| effect of acute administration of an herbal preparation on blood pressure and heart rate in humans. | confusion and controversy exist regarding the cardiovascular effects of dietary supplements containing caffeine and citrus aurantium (bitter orange) extract. the primary protoalkaloidal ingredient in bitter orange extract is p-synephrine which has some structural similarities to ephedrine and nor-epinephrine, but exhibits markedly different pharmacokinetic and receptor binding properties. the goal of this study was to investigate the cardiovascular effects of a product containing caffeine, bitte ... | 2011 | 21448304 |
| suppressive effect on lipopolysaccharide-induced proinflammatory mediators by citrus aurantium l. in macrophage raw 264.7 cells via nf-κb signal pathway. | citrus fruits have been used as an edible fruit and a traditional medicine since ancient times. in particular, the peels of immature citrus fruits are used widely in traditional herbal medicine in korea, as they are believed to contain bioactive components exerting anti-inflammatory activity. this study examined whether the crude methanol extract of citrus aurantium l. (cme) has a suppressive effect on inducible enzymes and proinflammatory cytokines by inhibiting the nf-κb pathway in lps-stimula ... | 2011 | 20953420 |
| adverse reaction to an adrenergic herbal extract (citrus aurantium). | we report the case of a 52 year old woman that had an adverse reaction after taking a dry herbal extract of an unripe fruit of citrus aurantium l. var. amara, as dietary supplement for weight loosing. the fruit is also known as zhi shi (in traditional chinese medicine) or bitter orange in other parts of the world. | 2005 | 15830849 |
| ischemic stroke associated with use of an ephedra-free dietary supplement containing synephrine. | in response to concerns regarding the safety of ephedra-containing dietary supplements, manufacturers have marketed "ephedra-free" products. many of these contain synephrine, a sympathomimetic amine from the plant citrus aurantium. synephrine is structurally similar to ephedrine and has vasoconstrictor properties. we describe a 38-year-old patient with ischemic stroke associated with an ephedra-free dietary supplement containing synephrine and caffeine. the patient presented with memory loss and ... | 2005 | 15819293 |
| fast ce analysis of adrenergic amines in different parts of citrus aurantium fruit and dietary supplements. | a ce method has been developed for the simultaneous analysis of the adrenergic amines synephrine, octopamine and tyramine in citrus aurantium (bitter orange) fruit extracts and in dietary supplements. the analytes were separated on a fused silica capillary (50 microm id, 40.0 cm effective length, 48.5 cm total length) using a bge composed of phosphate buffer (ph 2.5, 50 mm) and applying a 30 kv potential. the samples were injected hydrodynamically at 50 mbar for 25 s. the use of photodiode array ... | 2010 | 20645392 |
| study on the racemization of synephrine by off-column chiral high-performance liquid chromatography. | in this study, the racemization kinetic parameters of r-(-)-synephrine, the active phenethylamine alkaloid of citrus aurantium l., were determined by means of an off-column hplc method. enantioseparation was carried out in different buffer solutions and solvents on a chiral stationary phase (csp) with cellobiohydrolase as the chiral selector (chiral-cbh, 100 mm x 4.0 mm i.d., 5 microm). the mobile phase was 10 mm sodium phosphate buffer (ph 6.0)-2-propanol (95:5, w/w), with 50 microm disodium ed ... | 2010 | 20399443 |
| safety and efficacy of citrus aurantium for weight loss. | to examine the safety and efficacy of citrus aurantium, an herb now commonly used as a substitute for ephedra in dietary supplements marketed to promote weight loss, we conducted a systematic review. an extensive search of medline, embase, biosis, and the cochrane collaboration database identified only 1 eligible randomized placebo controlled trial, which followed 20 patients for 6 weeks, demonstrated no statistically significant benefit for weight loss, and provided limited information about th ... | 2004 | 15541270 |
| high-performance liquid chromatography methods for the analysis of adrenergic amines and flavanones in citrus aurantium l. var. amara. | reverse-phase hplc coupled with photodiode array detection was used for the simultaneous separation and determination of naturally occurring adrenergic amines (octopamine, synephrine and tyramine) in fruits and dry extracts of citrus aurantium l. var. amara and in herbal medicines derived therefrom. synephrine was the main component in fruits (0.10-0.35%) and in dry extracts (3.00-3.08%) and was present in the range 0.25-0.99% in herbal medicines. flavanones were analysed in the same samples usi ... | 2013 | 15311840 |
| response surface optimization of ultrasound-assisted flavonoids extraction from the flower of citrus aurantium l. var. amara engl. | citrus aurantium l. var. amara engl is a member of genus citrus (rutaceae) and has been used in chinese medicine with the effectiveness of digestant and expectorant. ultrasonic-assisted extraction process for maximum flavonoids from the flower of citrus aurantium l. var. amara engl was investigated by response surface methodology. through single factor experiment, ranges of the main variables (including ethanol concentration, solid/liquid ratio, extraction time and temperature) affecting the ext ... | 2010 | 20309902 |
| possible association of acute lateral-wall myocardial infarction and bitter orange supplement. | to report a possible incidence of acute lateral-wall myocardial infarction (mi) coinciding with the use of a citrus aurantium l. (bitter orange)-containing dietary supplement in a patient with undetected coronary vascular disease. | 2004 | 15026566 |
| improvement in growth and salt resistance of lemon (citrus limon) trees by an interstock-induced mechanism. | interstocks can reduce toxic ion accumulations in leaves of budded citrus trees, but the mechanism is not understood. we grew sour orange (citrus aurantium l.; so) seedlings, budded trees of 'salustiano' orange (citrus sinensis l. osbeck; sao) on so, 'verna' lemon (citrus limon l. burm. f; vl/so) and interstock trees (vl/sao/so) in pots of sand watered with nutrient solution containing 5 (control) or 50 mm nacl (saline treatment) for 12 weeks. plants were harvested in six successive harvests and ... | 2003 | 14532011 |
| pharmacokinetics-based elucidation on disparity in clinical effectiveness between varieties of zhi zhu wan, a traditional chinese medical formula. | zhi zhu wan (zzw) is a classical chinese medical formulation used for the treatment of functional dyspepsia that attributed to spleen-deficiency syndrome. zzw contains atractylodes rhizome and fructus citrus immaturus, the later originates from both citrus aurantium l. (bzzw) and citrus sinensis osbeck (rzzw). the present study is designed to elucidate disparities in the clinical efficacy of two zzw varieties based on the pharmacokinetics of naringenin and hesperetin. mehtod: after oral administ ... | 2010 | 20184950 |
| determination of citrus aurantium protoalkaloids using hplc with acidic potassium permanganate chemiluminescence detection. | acidic potassium permanganate chemiluminescence was explored as a sensitive and selective mode of detection for phenolic phenethylamines (adrenergic amines) in consumer products containing citrus aurantium extracts. nine commercially available weight-loss products were analysed using rapid reversed-phase chromatography with a monolithic column (separation time of 4 min). the results were in good agreement with package labelling, with some notable exceptions. the products contained a wide concent ... | 2010 | 20152472 |
| proteomics reveals the overlapping roles of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide in the acclimation of citrus plants to salinity. | hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2)) and nitric oxide (*no) are key reactive species in signal transduction pathways leading to activation of plant defense against biotic or abiotic stress. here, we investigated the effect of pre-treating citrus plants (citrus aurantium l.) with either of these two molecules on plant acclimation to salinity and show that both pre-treatments strongly reduced the detrimental phenotypical and physiological effects accompanying this stress. a proteomic analysis disclosed 85 ... | 2009 | 19682288 |
| liquid chromatographic determination of narirutin and hesperidin in zhi ke (citrus aurantium l.) in the form of the raw herb and of the dried aqueous extract. | a validated analytical method is reported for the analysis of narirutin and hesperidin in zhi ke (citrus aurantium l.) in the form of the dried raw herb and of the commercially prepared dried aqueous extract. the samples were extracted by sonication in methanol and the extract was analyzed by liquid chromatography-photodiode array (pda) detection with identity confirmation by negative electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (ms). a c18 column was used with a methanol-water gradient mobi ... | 2013 | 19610369 |
| olfactory response of the mexican fruit fly (diptera: tephritidae) to citrus aurantium volatiles. | we investigated the behavioral and electrophysiological responses of male and female mexican fruit fly, anastrepha ludens (loew) (diptera: tephritidae), to volatiles of bitter orange fruit, citrus aurantium l. in field cage tests, the number of a. ludens caught in multilure traps baited with mature green bitter orange fruit was significantly higher than the number captured in traps baited with ripe yellow bitter orange fruit and control (unbaited traps). both sexes were more attracted to mature ... | 2009 | 19449638 |
| determination of vitamin c (ascorbic acid) using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detection. | vitamin c (ascorbic acid, ascorbate, aa) is a water soluble organic compound that participates in many biological processes. the main aim of this paper was to utilize two electrochemical detectors (amperometric - coulouchem iii and coulometric - coularray) coupled with flow injection analysis for the detection of ascorbic acid. primarily, we optimized the experimental conditions. the optimized conditions were as follows: detector potential 100 mv, temperature 25 °c, mobile phase 0.09% tfa:acn, 3 ... | 2008 | 27873917 |
| suppressive effect of flavonoids from korean citrus aurantium l. on the expression of inflammatory mediators in l6 skeletal muscle cells. | citrus fruits (citrus aurantium l.) have long been used as a traditional herbal medicine. the benefits of the flavonoids found in citrus aurantium l. include anti-inflammation, anti-cancer, anti-viral and anti-bacterial activities, and enhancement of the immune response. the study investigated the effect of the flavonoids isolated from citrus aurantium l. native to korea on the production of pro-inflammatory mediators by blocking signal transduction mediated by nuclear factor-kappa b (nf-κb) and ... | 2012 | 22431150 |
| simultaneous extraction of bioactive limonoid aglycones and glucoside from citrus aurantium l. using hydrotropy. | citrus limonoids were demonstrated to possess potential biological activities in reducing the risk of certain diseases. limonoids are present in citrus fruits in the form of aglycones and glucosides. at present, limonoid aglycones and limonoid glucosides are extracted in multiple steps using different solvents. in order to understand their potential bioactivity, it may be beneficial to isolate and purify these compounds using environment friendly methods. a new method of extraction and purificat ... | 2015 | 18533458 |
| determination of ephedrine alkaloids in ephedra natural products using hplc on a pentafluorophenylpropyl stationary phase. | in this study a pentafluorophenylpropyl (pfpp) stationary phase was applied to the fast and reliable qualitative and quantitative analysis of ephedrine alkaloids in ephedra plant material and derivatives. a discovery hs f5 column (150mmx4.6mm i.d., 5microm) was used, with an isocratic mobile phase composed of ammonium acetate (7mm) in acetonitrile-water (90:10, v/v), at a flow rate of 1.0ml/min. the column temperature was set at 45 degrees c. uv detection was set at 215 and 225nm. the total anal ... | 2008 | 18077120 |
| mass spectrometric determination of the predominant adrenergic protoalkaloids in bitter orange (citrus aurantium). | the predominant adrenergic protoalkaloid found in the peel and fruit of bitter orange, citrus aurantium, is synephrine. synephrine is reputed to have thermogenic properties and is used as a dietary supplement to enhance energy and promote weight loss. however, there exists some concern that the consumption of dietary supplements containing synephrine or similar protoalkaloids may contribute to adverse cardiovascular events. this study developed and validated a positive-ion mode liquid chromatogr ... | 2007 | 17966980 |
| radical scavenging activities of rio red grapefruits and sour orange fruit extracts in different in vitro model systems. | antioxidant fractions from two different citrus species such as rio red (citrus paradise macf.) and sour orange (citrus aurantium l.) were extracted with five different polar solvents using soxhlet type extractor. the total phenolic content of the extracts was determined by folin-ciocalteu method. ethyl acetate extract of rio red and sour orange was found to contain maximum phenolics. the dried fractions were screened for their antioxidant activity potential using in vitro model systems such as ... | 2008 | 17935981 |
| effect of humidity on cuticular water permeability of isolated cuticular membranes and leaf disks. | the effects of humidity on water permeability of astomatous, isolated cuticular membranes and leaf disks of citrus aurantium l., vinca major l., prunus laurocerasus l., hedera helix l. and forsythia intermedia (thunb.) vahl. were investigated by a new method using 3h2o. with isolated cuticular membranes of p. laurocerasus the isotope method resulted in values similar to those obtained by a well-established gravimetric method. cuticular water permeability significantly increased by factors of 2 t ... | 2001 | 11800392 |
| fast high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of phenethylamine alkaloids in citrus natural products on a pentafluorophenylpropyl stationary phase. | in this study, the chromatographic performance of a pentafluorophenylpropyl (pfpp) stationary phase was evaluated for the rapid separation of phenethylamine alkaloids (i.e. (+/-)-octopamine, (+/-)-synephrine, tyramine, n-methyltyramine and hordenine) in citrus aurantium plant material (fruits and peel), various citrus species, extracts and dietary supplements claiming to contain c. aurantium. the problems of phenethylamine alkaloid separation, such as peak tailing, low retention and low resoluti ... | 2007 | 17675045 |
| origin identification on the commercial samples of aurantii fructus. | a total of 50 commercial samples of aurantii fructus, originating from poncitrus trifoliata for aurantii fructus immaturus, citrus aurantium, and c. wilsonii for aurantii fructus maturus, respectively, were collected from taiwan and china herbal markets. contents of the constituents in the samples were determined within 60 min using a developed hplc method, which had been validated in terms of precision, repeatability, and accuracy. the results of the analyses showed that the constituents were c ... | 2007 | 17623462 |
| chromatographic and electrophoretic methods for the analysis of phenethylamine [corrected] alkaloids in citrus aurantium. | citrus aurantium (bitter orange) is a plant belonging to the family rutaceae, whose fruit extracts have been used recently for the treatment of obesity. the most important biologically active constituents of the c. aurantium fruits are phenethylamine alkaloids (i.e. octopamine, synephrine, tyramine, n-methyltyramine and hordenine). synephrine is a primary synthesis compound with pharmacological activities such as vasoconstriction, elevation of blood pressure and relaxation of bronchial muscle. s ... | 2007 | 17582424 |
| determination of synephrine in weight-loss products using high performance liquid chromatography with acidic potassium permanganate chemiluminescence detection. | adrenergic amines found in extracts of citrus aurantium (bitter orange) evoke analytically useful chemiluminescence with acidic potassium permanganate in the presence of polyphosphates. from corrected chemiluminescence spectra, the wavelength of maximum intensity for these reactions was 680+/-5 nm and, using flow injection analysis methodology, limits of detection for synephrine, octopamine, tyramine and hordenine were found to be between 1x10(-9) and 1x10(-8) m. we have applied this method of d ... | 2007 | 17531829 |
| obesity and medicinal plants. | the effects of some medicinal plants (i.e. fucus vesiculosus, citrus aurantium) that are claimed to be useful in the treatment of obesity are reviewed. | 2000 | 10930716 |
| [standardization of the sour orange flower and leaf]. | dried flowers (1 batch) and leaves (6 batches) of sour orange citrus aurantium l. had a similar flavonoid pattern. but the flavonoid levels of flowers were higher than those of leaves. the mean levels of the principal flavonoid compounds were respectively: total flavonoids 12.35 and 1.06%, neohesperidin 5.44 and 0.08%, naringin 1.93 and 0.06%, eriocitrin 0.38 and 0.25%. 18 batches of commercial origine were also examined for a comparative study. specifications were proposed for a revision of the ... | 1999 | 10520514 |
| [textual studies on shangzhou zhiqiao fructus aurantii]. | the original plant of shangzhou zhiqiao, the best among the species of zhiqino, is confirmed as citrus aurantium rather than poncirus trifolia in this paper based on the description and drawings of zhiqiao in (bencao gangmu) by li shizhen in the 16th rentury, samples from shangzhou(shanxi province), and the cold-warm period of historical climate in the local area, which is believed to be related to the distribution of c. aurantium in shangzhou. however, p.trifolia has often been confused with c. ... | 1996 | 9206251 |
| naringenin and hesperetin, two flavonoids derived from citrus aurantium up-regulate transcription of adiponectin. | the dried, immature fruit of citrus aurantium l., 'zhiqiao' in chinese, has been used to treat cardiovascular diseases in traditional chinese medicine for centuries. naringenin and hesperetin and their glycosides present in considerable amounts (about 10 approximately 15%) in the herb. the aim of this study is to test whether naringenin and hesperetin influence adiponectin expression, which plays an important role in glucose and lipid metabolism with antiatherogenic and anti-inflammatory propert ... | 2008 | 18690615 |
| dietary herbal supplements with phenylephrine for weight loss. | this study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a dietary herbal supplement containing citrus aurantium and phenylephrine in the treatment of obesity. two pilot studies enrolled healthy subjects with body mass indexes 25-40 kg/m(2) to similar 8-week weight loss programs. safety was assessed by physical examination and laboratory tests at screening and 8 weeks. the first pilot study randomized eight subjects to citrus aurantium (herbal phenylephrine) or placebo. body composition by ... | 2006 | 17201647 |
| a rapid and simple procedure for the determination of synephrine in dietary supplements by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. | a simple and rapid procedure based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms) is described for determination of synephrine, active principle of citrus aurantium plant, in solid and liquid dietary supplements. after the addition of 3,4-methylenedioxypropylamphetamine as internal standard (i.s.), a liquid-liquid extraction procedure in alkaline conditions with chloroform/isopropanol (9:1, v/v) was applied to the samples prior to analysis. chromatography was performed on a fused capillary colu ... | 2006 | 16698212 |
| citrus aurantium and synephrine alkaloids in the treatment of overweight and obesity: an update. | obesity is a major health problem facing the developed and developing world. efforts by individuals, health professionals, educators, and policy makers to combat the escalating trend of growing obesity prevalence have been multifaceted and mixed in outcome. various dietary supplements have been marketed to reduce obesity. these products have been suggested to accomplish this by decreasing energy intake and energy absorption, and/or increasing metabolic rate. ephedra, one such supplement, was ban ... | 2006 | 16436104 |
| hemodynamic effects of ephedra-free weight-loss supplements in humans. | ephedra-free weight loss dietary supplements containing bitter orange (citrus aurantium), a botanical source of the adrenergic amines synephrine and octopamine, have quickly emerged on consumer markets to replace banned ephedra products. these supplements may have some of the health risks associated with ephedra, but studies in humans are lacking. our aim was to characterize the pharmacokinetics and cardiovascular effects of c. aurantium dietary supplements. | 2005 | 16164886 |
| increase in the thermic effect of food in women by adrenergic amines extracted from citrus aurantium. | to compare the thermic response to a meal between men and women of varied body composition and to determine whether adrenergic amines extracted from citrus aurantium (ca) induce an increase in metabolic rate and enhance the thermic response to the meal. | 2005 | 16076988 |
| exactly which synephrine alkaloids does citrus aurantium (bitter orange) contain? | following the withdrawal of ephedrine from the dietary supplement marketplace sales of products containing citrus aurantium (ca) (bitter orange) for weight loss are believed to have increased dramatically. ca contains a number of constituents speculated to lead to weight loss, of which the most frequently cited constituent is synephrine. concerns have been raised about the safety of products containing synephrine. to develop an adequate basis for clinical and public health recommendations, it is ... | 2005 | 15700046 |
| comment on citrus aurantium minireview. | | 2005 | 15673557 |
| gish, aflp and pcr-rflp analysis of an intergeneric somatic hybrid combining goutou sour orange and poncirus trifoliata. | intergeneric somatic hybrids combining goutou sour orange (citrus aurantium l.) with trifoliate orange poncirus trifoliata (l.) raf] were produced by electrofusion and their genetic inheritance analyzed by amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp), genomic in situ hybridization (gish), and pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp). sixteen mini-calluses were obtained after 20 days of culture; they all developed into embryoids on eme500 medium. following several subcultures on s ... | 2004 | 15252694 |
| citrus aurantium as a thermogenic, weight-reduction replacement for ephedra: an overview. | obesity is a serious health problem throughout the world. more than half of u.s. adults are overweight (61%) and more than a quarter (26%) of u.s. adults are obese. the inability of many individuals to keep their weight in check by diet and exercise has created a need for additional therapeutic means to combat obesity. despite great effort, the pharmaceutical industry has not come up with the solution; because most weight-loss drugs to date have serious adverse effects to health and well-being. ... | 2002 | 12939122 |
| changes of the volatile profile and artifact formation in daidai (citrus aurantium) cold-pressed peel oil on storage. | the chemical changes and artifact formation in daidai (citrus aurantium l. var. cyathifera y. tanaka) cold-pressed peel oil upon storage at 20, 5, and -21 degrees c for 3, 6, and 12 months were investigated using capillary gas chromatography (gc) and gc-ms. major changes occurred in the oil stored at 20 and 5 degrees c. no changes were found at -21 degrees c. monoterpene hydrocarbons decreased from 98.0 to 66.4% upon 12 months at 20 degrees c, while sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and alcohols increa ... | 2003 | 12822942 |
| the effect of long-term atmospheric co2 enrichment on the intrinsic water-use efficiency of sour orange trees. | every two months of 1992, as well as on three occasions in 1994-1995, we obtained leaf samples together with samples of surrounding air from eight well-watered and fertilized sour orange (citrus aurantium l.) trees that were growing out-of-doors at phoenix, arizona, usa. these trees had been planted in the ground as small seedlings in july of 1987 and enclosed in pairs by four clear-plastic-wall open-top chambers of which two have been continuously maintained since november of that year at a co2 ... | 2003 | 12653293 |
| comparison between poncirus and citrus genetic linkage maps. | five genetic linkage maps were constructed for the parents of three progenies: citrus aurantium (a) x poncirus trifoliata var. flying dragon (pa), c. volkameriana (v) x p. trifoliata var. rubidoux (pv) and a self-pollination of p. trifoliata var. flying dragon (pp). the number of polymorphic markers assayed ranged from 48 for pa to 120 for a according to the heterozygosity of each parental. as our focus was on genome comparison, most of the markers were newly generated simple sequence repeats. i ... | 2003 | 12647056 |