Publications

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effect on heart rate of bitter orange, caffeine, and exercise. 200717208064
fast high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of phenethylamine alkaloids in citrus natural products on a pentafluorophenylpropyl stationary phase.in this study, the chromatographic performance of a pentafluorophenylpropyl (pfpp) stationary phase was evaluated for the rapid separation of phenethylamine alkaloids (i.e. (+/-)-octopamine, (+/-)-synephrine, tyramine, n-methyltyramine and hordenine) in citrus aurantium plant material (fruits and peel), various citrus species, extracts and dietary supplements claiming to contain c. aurantium. the problems of phenethylamine alkaloid separation, such as peak tailing, low retention and low resoluti ...200717675045
origin identification on the commercial samples of aurantii fructus.a total of 50 commercial samples of aurantii fructus, originating from poncitrus trifoliata for aurantii fructus immaturus, citrus aurantium, and c. wilsonii for aurantii fructus maturus, respectively, were collected from taiwan and china herbal markets. contents of the constituents in the samples were determined within 60 min using a developed hplc method, which had been validated in terms of precision, repeatability, and accuracy. the results of the analyses showed that the constituents were c ...200717623462
chromatographic and electrophoretic methods for the analysis of phenethylamine [corrected] alkaloids in citrus aurantium.citrus aurantium (bitter orange) is a plant belonging to the family rutaceae, whose fruit extracts have been used recently for the treatment of obesity. the most important biologically active constituents of the c. aurantium fruits are phenethylamine alkaloids (i.e. octopamine, synephrine, tyramine, n-methyltyramine and hordenine). synephrine is a primary synthesis compound with pharmacological activities such as vasoconstriction, elevation of blood pressure and relaxation of bronchial muscle. s ...200717582424
determination of synephrine in weight-loss products using high performance liquid chromatography with acidic potassium permanganate chemiluminescence detection.adrenergic amines found in extracts of citrus aurantium (bitter orange) evoke analytically useful chemiluminescence with acidic potassium permanganate in the presence of polyphosphates. from corrected chemiluminescence spectra, the wavelength of maximum intensity for these reactions was 680+/-5 nm and, using flow injection analysis methodology, limits of detection for synephrine, octopamine, tyramine and hordenine were found to be between 1x10(-9) and 1x10(-8) m. we have applied this method of d ...200717531829
mass spectrometric determination of the predominant adrenergic protoalkaloids in bitter orange (citrus aurantium).the predominant adrenergic protoalkaloid found in the peel and fruit of bitter orange, citrus aurantium, is synephrine. synephrine is reputed to have thermogenic properties and is used as a dietary supplement to enhance energy and promote weight loss. however, there exists some concern that the consumption of dietary supplements containing synephrine or similar protoalkaloids may contribute to adverse cardiovascular events. this study developed and validated a positive-ion mode liquid chromatogr ...200717966980
molecular analysis of a novel tandemly organized repetitive dna sequence in citrus limon (l.) burm.repetitive sequences constitute a significant component of most eukaryotic genomes, and the isolation and characterization of repetitive dna sequences provide an insight into the organization of the genome of interest. here, we report the isolation and molecular analysis of a novel tandemly organized repetitive dna sequence from the genome of citrus limon. digestion of c. limon dna with hinf i produced a prominent fragment of approximately 300 bp. southern blotting revealed a ladder composed of ...200717666775
survival and development of immature stages of the mediterranean fruit fly (diptera: tephritidae) in citrus fruit.we studied, under laboratory conditions, the performance of the mediterranean fruit fly, ceratitis capitata (wiedemann) (diptera: tephritidae), immature stages in intact whole fruit of three sweet orange varieties, lemon, and bitter oranges. both citrus variety and fruit part (flavedo, albedo, and pulp) had strong effects on larval performance, smaller effects on pupae, and no effects on eggs. fruit peel was the most critical parameter for larval development and survival, drastically affecting l ...200818613588
radical scavenging activities of rio red grapefruits and sour orange fruit extracts in different in vitro model systems.antioxidant fractions from two different citrus species such as rio red (citrus paradise macf.) and sour orange (citrus aurantium l.) were extracted with five different polar solvents using soxhlet type extractor. the total phenolic content of the extracts was determined by folin-ciocalteu method. ethyl acetate extract of rio red and sour orange was found to contain maximum phenolics. the dried fractions were screened for their antioxidant activity potential using in vitro model systems such as ...200817935981
naringenin and hesperetin, two flavonoids derived from citrus aurantium up-regulate transcription of adiponectin.the dried, immature fruit of citrus aurantium l., 'zhiqiao' in chinese, has been used to treat cardiovascular diseases in traditional chinese medicine for centuries. naringenin and hesperetin and their glycosides present in considerable amounts (about 10 approximately 15%) in the herb. the aim of this study is to test whether naringenin and hesperetin influence adiponectin expression, which plays an important role in glucose and lipid metabolism with antiatherogenic and anti-inflammatory propert ...200818690615
estimating bergamot juice adulteration of lemon juice by high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) analysis of flavanone glycosides.the chemical composition of 30 samples of juices obtained from bergamot (citrus bergamia risso and poit.) fruits is reported and compared to the genuineness parameters adopted by association of the industry of juice and nectars (aijn) for lemon juice. it was found that the compositional differences between the two juices are distinguishable, although with difficulty. however, these differences are not strong enough to detect the fraudulent addition of bergamot juice to lemon juice. instead, we f ...200818557623
influence of fruit juices on drug disposition: discrepancies between in vitro and clinical studies.grapefruit juice is known to alter the pharmacokinetics of over 30 prescription drugs by increasing their bioavailabilities. after the discovery of this interaction almost 20 years ago, there have been many reports investigating the effects of fruit juices on drug disposition.200818433343
potential applications for alternative medicine to treat obesity in an aging population.obesity is a growing problem causing significant morbidity and mortality. the efficacy of conventional therapies is limited. numerous alternative therapies are advocated for weight loss, including dietary modifications, hypnotherapy, and acupuncture. many herbal medications and dietary supplements such as conjugated linoleic acids, chitosan, garcinia cambogia, and citrus aurantium, are also being used. most have been tested in very limited trials. none have been evaluated to the extent they can ...200818377101
determination of caffeine and sympathomimetic alkaloids in weight loss supplements by high-performance liquid chromatography.reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography utilizing photodiode array detection is used for the simultaneous determination of caffeine and nine alkaloids from citrus aurantium (ca) and ephedra (ea) contained in dietary weight loss products. since the food and drug administration (fda) ban of ea, manufacturers have substituted ca in their weight loss formulations, usually combined with high levels of caffeine. the alkaloids contained in ca have some physiological effects similar to tho ...200818218190
determination of ephedrine alkaloids in ephedra natural products using hplc on a pentafluorophenylpropyl stationary phase.in this study a pentafluorophenylpropyl (pfpp) stationary phase was applied to the fast and reliable qualitative and quantitative analysis of ephedrine alkaloids in ephedra plant material and derivatives. a discovery hs f5 column (150mmx4.6mm i.d., 5microm) was used, with an isocratic mobile phase composed of ammonium acetate (7mm) in acetonitrile-water (90:10, v/v), at a flow rate of 1.0ml/min. the column temperature was set at 45 degrees c. uv detection was set at 215 and 225nm. the total anal ...200818077120
[study on fingerprints of citrus aurantium from different places by capillary electrophoresis].to develop a high performance capillary electrophoresis method for citrus aurantium fingerprints to control its quality.200819157129
determination of vitamin c (ascorbic acid) using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detection.vitamin c (ascorbic acid, ascorbate, aa) is a water soluble organic compound that participates in many biological processes. the main aim of this paper was to utilize two electrochemical detectors (amperometric - coulouchem iii and coulometric - coularray) coupled with flow injection analysis for the detection of ascorbic acid. primarily, we optimized the experimental conditions. the optimized conditions were as follows: detector potential 100 mv, temperature 25 °c, mobile phase 0.09% tfa:acn, 3 ...200827873917
[application of dannang recipe no. 2 in the perioperative stage of laparoscopic cholecystectomy].to explore the significance of application of dannang recipe no. 2 (dnr2), a chinese herbal preparation, in the perioperative period of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (lc).200819317164
[prescription of medicines by two medical officers in jutland in 1797. an analysis of the prescription practice of c.d. hahn, physicus of aarhus diocese, and k.n. carstensen, physicus of aalborg diocese].the concept of authorized medicines was introduced and defined by the danish government during the first half of the 17th century, thus establishing the basis for the sale of such medicines by pharmacists and their prescription by medical practitioners. the concept of authorized medicines was linked to the drug tariff in force until 1772 when the pharmacopoea danica was first published. the pharmacopoeia fixed the assortment of substances to be stocked by all pharmacies, including about 580 medi ...200818548942
certification of standard reference materials containing bitter orange.a suite of three dietary supplement standard reference materials (srms) containing bitter orange has been developed, and the levels of five alkaloids and caffeine have been measured by multiple analytical methods. synephrine, octopamine, tyramine, n-methyltyramine, hordenine, total alkaloids, and caffeine were determined by as many as six analytical methods, with measurements performed at the national institute of standards and technology and at two collaborating laboratories. the methods offer ...200818425642
isolation and identification of insecticidal components from citrus aurantium fruit peel extract.three active components were identified by bioassay-guided fractionation of bitter orange ( citrus aurantium l.) fruit peel petroleum ether extract. silica gel fractionation of the extract yielded a fraction that inflicted up to 96% mortality to adults of the olive fruit fly bactrocera oleae (gmelin) three days post-treatment. subsequent hplc purification of the active fraction resulted in the isolation of three components, eluted in fractions f 222, f 224, and f 226, that induced adult mortalit ...200818578532
human pharmacology of a performance-enhancing dietary supplement under resting and exercise conditions.what is already known about this subject: performance-enhancing dietary supplements have not been clinically tested for safety or efficacy. in clinical trials performed under resting conditions, performance-enhancing supplements raise blood pressure and affect glucose homeostasis. the effect of exercise on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of stimulant herbals is unknown.200818341680
delay expression of limonoid udp-glucosyltransferase makes delayed bitterness in citrus.genes encoding limonoid udp-glucosyltransferase from albedo of six citrus species with different levels of delayed bitterness are isolated and cloned in vector ptz57r/t. our results indicate that gene sequence of sweet lime (with intense juice delayed bitterness) have complete identity with satsuma mandarin (without distinctive juice delayed bitterness). also gene sequence of marsh seedless grapefruit, local orange and thompson navel orange (with mild juice delayed bitterness) have very similari ...200818407832
citrus tristeza virus: survival at the edge of the movement continuum.systemic invasion of plants by viruses is thought to involve two processes: cell-to-cell movement between adjacent cells and long-distance movement that allows the virus to rapidly move through sieve elements and unload at the growing parts of the plant. there is a continuum of proportions of these processes that determines the degrees of systemic infection of different plants by different viruses. we examined the systemic distribution of citrus tristeza virus (ctv) in citrus species with a rang ...200818434397
novel triterpenoid from citrus aurantium l. possesses chemopreventive properties against human colon cancer cells.potential cancer preventive constituents of sour orange (citrus aurantium l.) were isolated and identified from etoac extract of sour orange. crude etoac extract was purified using silica gel column chromatography to isolate two putative bioactive compounds. the purity of the isolated compounds was analyzed by tlc and hplc. the structures of the two compounds were identified by one-dimensional ((1)h, (13)c) and two-dimensional ((1)h-h and (1)h-(13)c) nmr experiments as isolimonic acid and a nove ...200818490169
transferability of the est-ssrs developed on nules clementine (citrus clementina hort ex tan) to other citrus species and their effectiveness for genetic mapping.during the last decade, numerous microsatellite markers were developed for genotyping and to identify closely related plant genotypes. in citrus, previously developed microsatellite markers were arisen from genomic libraries and more often located in non coding dna sequences. to optimize the use of these est-ssrs as genetic markers in genome mapping programs and citrus systematic analysis, we have investigated their polymorphism related to the type (di or trinucleotide) or their position in the ...200818558001
concentrations of p-synephrine in fruits and leaves of citrus species (rutaceae) and the acute toxicity testing of citrus aurantium extract and p-synephrine.dietary supplements containing bitter orange unripe fruit extract/p-synephrine are consumed worldwide for lose weight. this study were conducted to determine the concentration of p-synephrine in unripe fruits and leaves from citrus aurantium lin, c. sinensis osbeck, c. deliciosa ten, c. limon burm and c. limonia osbeck, collected in southern brazil, and to evaluate the acute toxicity of c. aurantium extract and p-synephrine. a high performance liquid chromatographic method with diode array detec ...200818571300
auricular acupressure may improve absorption of flavanones in the extracts from citrus aurantium l. in the human body.to explore whether auricular acupressure could improve the absorption of flavanones in the extracts from citrus aurantium l. in the human body.200818576924
safety issues associated with commercially available energy drinks.to describe benefits and adverse effects associated with the consumption of energy drinks.200818595815
characterization of citrus tristeza virus strains from southern china based on analysis of restriction patterns and sequences of their coat protein genes.citrus tristeza virus (ctv) isolates collected from southern china were characterized by biological indexing on citrus indicators, restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp), and bi-directional reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (bd-pcr) analysis of their coat protein (cp) genes. of the 30 isolates, only two isolates, n3 and n4, did not induce visible symptoms. twenty-eight other isolates induced stem pitting and vein clearing, plant stunting, and leaf yellowing symptoms on mex ...200818626763
citrus tristeza virus: a pathogen that changed the course of the citrus industry.citrus tristeza virus (ctv) (genus closterovirus, family closteroviridae) is the causal agent of devastating epidemics that changed the course of the citrus industry. adapted to replicate in phloem cells of a few species within the family rutaceae and to transmission by a few aphid species, ctv and citrus probably coevolved for centuries at the site of origin of citrus plants. ctv dispersal to other regions and its interaction with new scion varieties and rootstock combinations resulted in three ...200818705856
citrus aurantium--beware of the bitter orange. 200818785379
screening of nepalese crude drugs traditionally used to treat hyperpigmentation: in vitro tyrosinase inhibition.south-east asian population is daily exposed to strong sunlight. as a result, the majority of population will have darker, ethnic skin. moreover, many people suffer from dark spots, hyperpigmentation, which is considered to be a skin disorder and causes psychological disturbance. to treat dark spots, most of the population will still rely on traditionally used crude drugs, knowledge about which is transferred from generation to generation. fifty-two crude drugs were selected based on the survey ...200818822041
citrus viroid v: occurrence, host range, diagnosis, and identification of new variants.the recently described citrus viroid v (cvd-v) has been proposed as a new species of the genus apscaviroid within the family pospiviroidae. analysis of 64 samples from different citrus-growing areas has shown that cvd-v is present in the united states, spain, nepal, and the sultanate of oman. cvd-v found in six sweet orange sources from the sultanate of oman was identical to the reference cvd-v variant, whereas three new variants with sequence identities of 98.6% (cvd-vca), 97.3% (cvd-vst), and ...200818943408
hydrolysis of flavanone glycosides and degradation of the corresponding aglycones from dried immature citrus fruit by human fecal flora in vitro.the hydrolysis of the flavanone glycosides contained in dried immature citrus fruit, originating from citrus aurantium l (family rutaceae), and degradation of their aglycones in human fecal flora have been analyzed. high-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the flavanone glycosides and their corresponding aglycones in human fecal flora. the separation of compounds was performed with an ods column by isocratic and stepwise gradient elution with 0.5 % (v/v) acetic acid-acetonitr ...200818975261
the effect of pre spring spray to reduce of citrus important pests.the importance of pre spring spray against citrus aphids, pulvinaria aurantii cockerell and panonychus citri mcgregor that are the most important pest of citrus during spring was tested. in this research, 150 trees ten years old sweet orange (thomson navel on citrus aurantium (root stocks)) in a citrus orchard approximately three hectares sampled. the experiment was laid out in a totally randomized (one-way) design replicated five times. according to the results, the pre spring spray do not effe ...200819137868
evaluation of some pollutant levels in bitter orange trees: implications for human health.samples of bitter orange (citrus aurantium l.) fruits (epicarp and mesocarp), leaves and its fruit marmalade from sites in seville (andalucia, spain) with different levels of traffic were analysed for ba, cd, cu, fe, mn, ni, pb and zn concentrations by icp/aes. comparative values are given from a background area. the effect of washing on metal content in epicarp and leaves was investigated. results revealed that ba, fe and mn accumulated in leaves > epicarp > mesocarp, cu and ni in leaves > epic ...200817681412
a novel hybridization approach for detection of citrus viroids.citrus plants are natural hosts of several viroid species all belonging to the family pospiviroidae. previous attempts to detect viroids from field-grown species and cultivars yielded erratic results unless analyses were performed using etrog citron a secondary bio-amplification host. to overcome the use of etrog citron a number of rt-pcr approaches have been proposed with different degrees of success. here we report the suitability of an easy to handle northern hybridization protocol for viroid ...200919162174
strategic conservation of orchard germplasm based on indigenous knowledge and genetic diversity: a case study of sour orange populations in china.to effectively conserve sour orange (citrus aurantium l.) germplasm on two islands at the estuary of the yangtze river in china, we estimated genetic variation and relationships of the known parental trees and their proposed descendents (young trees) using the fingerprints of random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd). results based on rapd analyses showed considerable genetic diversity in the parental populations (h(e)=0.202). the overall populations including the parental and young trees showed s ...200919166500
high quality bergamot oil from greece: chemical analysis using chiral gas chromatography and larvicidal activity against the west nile virus vector.tauhe essential oils contained in the rind of the fruit and the leaves of bergamot from greece (citrus aurantium subsp. bergamia) were studied. the bergamot trees in question were cultivated on kefalonia island. the plant material (leaves and fruits in different stages of maturity) was collected between december and march for a two year period. the rind of the fruit was separated manually and the essential oil was obtained either by cold pressing or by hydrodistillation. the maximum yield calcul ...200919255543
screening for in vivo (anti)estrogenic activity of ephedrine and p-synephrine and their natural sources ephedra sinica stapf. (ephedraceae) and citrus aurantium l. (rutaceae) in rats.formulations containing ephedra sinica stapf. (ephedraceae) and citrus aurantium l. (rutaceae) are consumed worldwide for body weight control. considering the related adverse effects and the risk potential, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of the thermogenic compounds ephedrine, p-sinephrine, e. sinica and c. aurantium in the female reproductive system through the uterotrophic assay in immature female rats. the animals (n = 6-7) received e. sinica 85.5 and 855.0 mg/kg/day, c. aur ...200918651134
subchronic toxicity of citrus aurantium l. (rutaceae) extract and p-synephrine in mice.extracts of citrus aurantium l. (rutaceae) unripe fruits have gained popularity for the treatment of obesity. due to the wide use of c. aurantium/p-synephrine-containing products, this research was undertaken to evaluate its subchronic toxicity in mice and their actions in oxidative stress biomarkers. groups of 9-10 mice received for 28 consecutive days a commercial c. aurantium dried extract (containing 7.5% p-synephrine) 400, 2000 or 4000 mg/kg and p-synephrine 30 or 300 mg/kg by oral gavage. ...200919275924
effect of citrus hosts on the generation, maintenance and evolutionary fate of genetic variability of citrus exocortis viroid.citrus exocortis viroid (cevd) populations are composed of closely related haplotypes whose frequencies in the population result from the equilibrium between mutation, selection and genetic drift. the genetic diversity of cevd populations infecting different citrus hosts was studied by comparing populations recovered from infected trifoliate orange and sour orange seedling trees after 10 years of evolution, with the ancestral population maintained for the same period in the original host, etrog ...200919403756
effects of limonene and essential oil from citrus aurantium on gastric mucosa: role of prostaglandins and gastric mucus secretion.essential oil from citrus aurantium and the monoterpene limonene are widely used flavoring agents that are found in some common food items. this specie is also used medicinally throughout the world to treat gastritis and gastric disorders. therefore, biological assays were performed in vivo on essential oil of c. aurantium (oec) and its majority compound limonene (lim) to evaluate their effect on gastric mucosa. the oec (250 mg/kg, p.o.) and lim (245 mg/kg, p.o.) provided effective (99%) gastrop ...200919410566
citrus essential oils and four enantiomeric pinenes against culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae).the aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of pinenes (enantiomers of alpha- and beta-) and essential oils from greek plants of the rutaceae family against the mosquito larvae of culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae). essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation from fruit peel of orange (citrus sinensis l.), lemon (citrus limon l.), and bitter orange (citrus aurantium l.). the chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (gc/ms) analysis. citrus essentia ...200919424721
limonin methoxylation influences the induction of glutathione s-transferase and quinone reductase.previous studies have indicated the chemopreventive potential of citrus limonoids due to the induction of phase ii detoxifying enzymes. in the present study, three citrus limonoids were purified and identified from sour orange seeds as limonin, limonin glucoside (lg), and deacetylnomilinic acid glucoside (dnag). in addition, limonin was modified to defuran limonin and limonin 7-methoxime. the structures of these compounds were confirmed by nmr studies. these five compounds were used to investiga ...200919480426
influence of concentration of fragrances on salivary alpha-amylase.the objective is to reveal the influence of the concentration of fragrances on salivary biomarkers, which reflect the human stress system, in 15 female young healthy adults. lavandula officinalis and citrus aurantium were used as the test samples. salivary biomarkers such as alpha-amylase activity (amy), cortisol (cort) and dehydroepiandrosterone (dhea) were measured during baseline, inhalation and post-inhalation periods. our results indicated that (i) a significant difference was not observed ...200919496836
a citrus extract containing flavanones represses plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (pai-1) expression and regulates multiple inflammatory, tissue repair, and fibrosis genes in human colon fibroblasts.the consumption of flavonoid-rich citrus extracts has been associated with multiple beneficial effects including anti-inflammatory properties, but the potential effects on the inflammatory responses in the gut have not been thoroughly investigated. we used microarrays to search for molecular changes induced in human colon fibroblasts in response to the exposure to a flavanone-rich bitter orange extract under physiologically representative conditions. dietary nontoxic levels of the predigested ex ...200919728713
segregation of distinct variants from citrus tristeza virus isolate sy568 using aphid transmission.a well-studied severe isolate of citrus tristeza virus (ctv) known as sy568 has previously been shown to contain multiple variants of the virus which differ in their genetic and biological characters. aphid transmission was used in an attempt to segregate some of these variants for further characterization. resulting infections gave symptoms which varied from asymptomatic to more severe than the inoculum source. rnase protection assays (rpas) were used to compare nine regions of the ctv genome a ...200919740030
a comparison of citrus blossom volatiles.the objective of this study was to identify the major volatiles and their relative concentrations in intact grapefruit, sweet orange, sour orange, mandarin, lemon, lime and pummelo blossoms. volatiles from freshly picked blossoms were collected and concentrated using static headspace solid-phase microextraction and then separated and identified using gc-ms. seventy volatiles were detected, 66 identified, of which 29 were identified for the first time in citrus blossoms. major volatiles consisted ...200919747702
roles of olfactory cues, visual cues, and mating status in orientation of diaphorina citri kuwayama (hemiptera: psyllidae) to four different host plants.diaphorina citri kuwayama (hemiptera: psyllidae) is an important worldwide pest of citrus that vectors bacteria (candidatus liberibacter spp.) responsible for huanglongbing (citrus greening disease). we examined the behavioral responses of mated and unmated d. citri of both sexes to odors from host plants in a y-tube olfactometer, with and without visual cues. the host plants tested were 'duncan' grapefruit (citrus paradisi macfayden), sour orange (citrus aurantium l.), navel orange (c. sinensis ...200919791618
essential oils and anxiolytic aromatherapy.a number of essential oils are currently in use as aromatherapy agents to relieve anxiety, stress, and depression. popular anxiolytic oils include lavender (lavandula angustifolia), rose (rosa damascena), orange (citrus sinensis), bergamot (citrus aurantium), lemon (citrus limon), sandalwood (santalum album), clary sage (salvia sclarea), roman chamomile (anthemis nobilis), and rose-scented geranium (pelargonium spp.). this review discusses the chemical constituents and cns effects of these aroma ...200919831048
tramil ethnopharmacological survey: knowledge distribution of medicinal plant use in the southeast region of puerto rico.tramil network aims to understand, validate and expand health practices based on the use of medicinal plants in the caribbean, a "biodiversity hotspot" due to high species endemism, intense development pressure and habitat loss.200919999241
essential oils in the treatment of intestinal dysbiosis: a preliminary in vitro study.dysbiosis is associated with a number of gastrointestinal and systemic disorders. there is a need for selectively acting antimicrobial agents capable of inhibiting the growth of potentially pathogenic microorganisms, or those found to be out of balance, while not negatively impacting the bulk gastrointestinal tract microflora.200920030464
screening of herbal medicines for recovery of acetaminophen-induced nephrotoxicity.this study was conducted to quantitatively evaluate the recovery effects of herbal medicines on acetaminophen-induced nephrotoxicity. in the present study, the recovery effects of 251 herb medicines on hek 293 cells that had been damaged by acetaminophen were evaluated using an mts assay. hek 293 cells were cultured in 96-well plates and then pretreated with or without 20++m acetaminophen (ic(50) value: 17.5-¦1.9) for 1h. next, different herbal medicines were added to the wells, after which the ...200921783944
novel character impact compounds in yuzu (citrus junos sieb. ex tanaka) peel oil.yuzu ( citrus junos sieb. ex tanaka), a tree-grown fruit similar to a kind of sour orange, is widely used in japanese food/cooking for its pleasant flavor. to clarify the odor-active volatiles that differentiate yuzu from other citrus fruits, sensory evaluations were conducted on yuzu peel oil. the results revealed that the polar part of yuzu peel oil was the source of the characteristic aroma of fresh yuzu fruit. by aroma extract dilution analysis (aeda) of the polar volatile part of yuzu peel ...200919203264
olfactory response of the mexican fruit fly (diptera: tephritidae) to citrus aurantium volatiles.we investigated the behavioral and electrophysiological responses of male and female mexican fruit fly, anastrepha ludens (loew) (diptera: tephritidae), to volatiles of bitter orange fruit, citrus aurantium l. in field cage tests, the number of a. ludens caught in multilure traps baited with mature green bitter orange fruit was significantly higher than the number captured in traps baited with ripe yellow bitter orange fruit and control (unbaited traps). both sexes were more attracted to mature ...200919449638
a transcriptionally active copia-like retroelement in citrus limon.the plant nuclear genome is largely composed of mobile dna, which can rearrange genomes and other individual gene structure and also affect gene regulation through various promoted activities: transposition, insertion, excision, chromosome breakage, and ectopic recombination. ty1-copia-like retrotransposon is a widespread class of transposable elements in the plant kingdom, representing a large part of the total dna content. here, a novel retrotransposon-like sequence was isolated and identified ...200919115051
proteomics reveals the overlapping roles of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide in the acclimation of citrus plants to salinity.hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2)) and nitric oxide (*no) are key reactive species in signal transduction pathways leading to activation of plant defense against biotic or abiotic stress. here, we investigated the effect of pre-treating citrus plants (citrus aurantium l.) with either of these two molecules on plant acclimation to salinity and show that both pre-treatments strongly reduced the detrimental phenotypical and physiological effects accompanying this stress. a proteomic analysis disclosed 85 ...200919682288
fast ce analysis of adrenergic amines in different parts of citrus aurantium fruit and dietary supplements.a ce method has been developed for the simultaneous analysis of the adrenergic amines synephrine, octopamine and tyramine in citrus aurantium (bitter orange) fruit extracts and in dietary supplements. the analytes were separated on a fused silica capillary (50 microm id, 40.0 cm effective length, 48.5 cm total length) using a bge composed of phosphate buffer (ph 2.5, 50 mm) and applying a 30 kv potential. the samples were injected hydrodynamically at 50 mbar for 25 s. the use of photodiode array ...201020645392
study on the racemization of synephrine by off-column chiral high-performance liquid chromatography.in this study, the racemization kinetic parameters of r-(-)-synephrine, the active phenethylamine alkaloid of citrus aurantium l., were determined by means of an off-column hplc method. enantioseparation was carried out in different buffer solutions and solvents on a chiral stationary phase (csp) with cellobiohydrolase as the chiral selector (chiral-cbh, 100 mm x 4.0 mm i.d., 5 microm). the mobile phase was 10 mm sodium phosphate buffer (ph 6.0)-2-propanol (95:5, w/w), with 50 microm disodium ed ...201020399443
response surface optimization of ultrasound-assisted flavonoids extraction from the flower of citrus aurantium l. var. amara engl.citrus aurantium l. var. amara engl is a member of genus citrus (rutaceae) and has been used in chinese medicine with the effectiveness of digestant and expectorant. ultrasonic-assisted extraction process for maximum flavonoids from the flower of citrus aurantium l. var. amara engl was investigated by response surface methodology. through single factor experiment, ranges of the main variables (including ethanol concentration, solid/liquid ratio, extraction time and temperature) affecting the ext ...201020309902
pharmacokinetics-based elucidation on disparity in clinical effectiveness between varieties of zhi zhu wan, a traditional chinese medical formula.zhi zhu wan (zzw) is a classical chinese medical formulation used for the treatment of functional dyspepsia that attributed to spleen-deficiency syndrome. zzw contains atractylodes rhizome and fructus citrus immaturus, the later originates from both citrus aurantium l. (bzzw) and citrus sinensis osbeck (rzzw). the present study is designed to elucidate disparities in the clinical efficacy of two zzw varieties based on the pharmacokinetics of naringenin and hesperetin. mehtod: after oral administ ...201020184950
determination of citrus aurantium protoalkaloids using hplc with acidic potassium permanganate chemiluminescence detection.acidic potassium permanganate chemiluminescence was explored as a sensitive and selective mode of detection for phenolic phenethylamines (adrenergic amines) in consumer products containing citrus aurantium extracts. nine commercially available weight-loss products were analysed using rapid reversed-phase chromatography with a monolithic column (separation time of 4 min). the results were in good agreement with package labelling, with some notable exceptions. the products contained a wide concent ...201020152472
safety of herbal supplements: a guide for cardiologists.many patients use herbal supplements to treat chronic cardiovascular conditions and often combine herbal ingredients with cardiovascular medications. however, physicians do not reliably elicit a history of herbal use from their patients and may overlook herbal supplements' adverse effects. although often considered harmless by patients, herbal supplements may cause adverse cardiovascular effects from an herbal ingredient, a contaminant, or an herb-drug interaction. herbal stimulants, including b ...201020633025
volatile organic components of fresh leaves as indicators of indigenous and cultivated citrus species in taiwan.the volatile components of fresh leaves from 15 citrus species were investigated by headspace spme with a gc-ms analysis. three indigenous taiwan citrus species, citrus taiwanica, c. tachibana and c. depressa, were the major subjects. eighty volatile organic compounds were detected as indicators of the genetic relationship. linalool was the most abundant compound, and citronellal, geranial, neral, limonene and trans-beta-ocimene were the major volatile compounds in fresh leaves. linalool (56.37% ...201020378980
racemization at c-2 of naringin in pummelo (citrus grandis) with increasing maturity determined by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography.the relative content of (2s)- and (2r)-naringin in the albedo of pummelo during maturation in the entire season was determined by normal-phase hplc using chiralpak ib, a polysaccharide-derived chiral stationary phase, and n-hexane/ethanol doped with 0.5% tfa as mobile phase. a sigmoid curve was obtained showing variation from 95.3% of (2s)-naringin in very immature fruits to 53% in mature fruit samples (2.3 and 14.4cm diameter, respectively). a comparison was made with previous results obtained ...201019913235
the pathogenicity determinant of citrus tristeza virus causing the seedling yellows syndrome maps at the 3'-terminal region of the viral genome.citrus tristeza virus (ctv) (genus closterovirus, family closteroviridae) causes some of the more important viral diseases of citrus worldwide. the ability to map disease-inducing determinants of ctv is needed to develop better diagnostic and disease control procedures. a distinctive phenotype of some isolates of ctv is the ability to induce seedling yellows (sy) in sour orange, lemon and grapefruit seedlings. in florida, the decline isolate of ctv, t36, induces sy, whereas a widely distributed ...201020078776
reduction of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in poultry skin by fruit extracts.campylobacter spp. are a major cause of foodborne bacterial gastroenteritis in humans, and current methods to control campylobacter contamination in foods are not completely successful. plants are a promising source of antimicrobial agents, particularly given the growing interest in "all natural" foods. in this study, the antimicrobial activity of extracts from 28 edible plants against campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli was evaluated in vitro and in a poultry skin model. nine of 28 extr ...201020202332
development and validation of a gc/it-ms method for simultaneous quantitation of para and meta-synephrine in biological samples.after the fda's ban of ephedrine-containing supplements, citrus aurantium appeared as an alternative to ephedra in herbal weight loss products. synephrine, the most abundant active component of c. aurantium, exists in three different structural or positional isomeric forms (ortho-o-, meta-m-, and para-p-). dietary supplements contain m- and p-synephrine, both alpha-adrenergic agonists,while the m-isoform is the most potent at alpha(1)-adrenoreceptors. in spite of the pharmacokinetic and toxicolo ...201020303689
antioxidant/lipoxygenase inhibitory activities and chemical compositions of selected essential oils.twenty-five essential oils were tested for antioxidant activities using a conjugated diene assay, the aldehyde/carboxylic acid assay, the dpph free radical scavenging assay, and the malonaldehyde/gas chromatography (ma/gc) assay. they were also tested for lipoxygenase inhibitory activities using the lipoxygenase inhibitor-screening assay. thyme oil exhibited the greatest antioxidant effect in all assays (80-100%) except in the dpph assay (60%). clove leaf oil showed activities comparable to thos ...201020499917
is the flower fluorescence relevant in biocommunication?flower fluorescence has been previously proposed as a potential visual signal to attract pollinators. in this work, this point was addressed by quantitatively measuring the fluorescence quantum yield (φ(f)) for flowers of bellis perennis (white, yellow, pink, and purple), ornithogalum thyrsoides (petals and ovaries), limonium sinuatum (white and yellow), lampranthus productus (yellow), petunia nyctaginiflora (white), bougainvillea spectabilis (white and yellow), antirrhinum majus (white and yell ...201020811871
in vivo induction of phase ii detoxifying enzymes, glutathione transferase and quinone reductase by citrus triterpenoids.several cell culture and animal studies demonstrated that citrus bioactive compounds have protective effects against certain types of cancer. among several classes of citrus bioactive compounds, limonoids were reported to prevent different types of cancer. furthermore, the structures of citrus limonoids were reported to influence the activity of phase ii detoxifying enzymes. the purpose of the study was to evaluate how variations in the structures of citrus limonoids (namely nomilin, deacetyl no ...201020846448
citrus limonoids interfere with vibrio harveyi cell-cell signalling and biofilm formation by modulating the response regulator luxo.citrus limonoids are unique secondary metabolites, characterized by a triterpenoid skeleton with a furan ring. studies have demonstrated beneficial health properties of limonoids. in addition, certain citrus limonoids play a role in plant defence against insect pests. in the present study, five limonoids were purified from sour orange and evaluated for their ability to inhibit cell-cell signalling. the purified limonoids were tested for their ability to interfere with cell-cell signalling and bi ...201020864476
randomized and double-blinded pilot clinical study of the safety and anti-diabetic efficacy of the rauvolfia-citrus tea, as used in nigerian traditional medicine.the aim of this randomized and double blinded pilot clinical trial was to investigate the anti-diabetic efficacy of the rauvolfia-citrus (rc) tea in humans. we have earlier shown that a combination of calorie-restriction and chronic administration of the rc tea to the genetic diabetic (bks-db) mice resulted in the normalization of blood sugar, reduction in lipid accumulated in the mice eyes and prevention of the degeneration of the otherwise brittle bks-db pancreas. the tea is made by boiling fo ...201020955771
antibacterial effects of the essential oils of commonly consumed medicinal herbs using an in vitro model.the chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils from 10 commonly consumed herbs: citrus aurantium, c. limon, lavandula angustifolia, matricaria chamomilla, mentha piperita, m. spicata, ocimum basilicum, origanum vulgare, thymus vulgaris and salvia officinalis have been determined. the antibacterial activity of these oils and their main components; i.e. camphor, carvacrol, 1,8-cineole, linalool, linalyl acetate, limonene, menthol, a-pinene, b-pinene, and thymol were assayed ...201021030907
energy beverages: content and safety.exercise is making a resurgence in many countries, given its benefits for fitness as well as prevention of obesity. this trend has spawned many supplements that purport to aid performance, muscle growth, and recovery. initially, sports drinks were developed to provide electrolyte and carbohydrate replacement. subsequently, energy beverages (ebs) containing stimulants and additives have appeared in most gyms and grocery stores and are being used increasingly by "weekend warriors" and those seekin ...201021037046
acute effects of bergamot oil on anxiety-related behaviour and corticosterone level in rats.bergamot essential oil (beo), citrus aurantium subsp. bergamia (risso) wright & arn. (rutaceae), is used widely in aromatherapy to reduce stress and anxiety despite limited scientific evidence. a previous study showed that beo significantly increased gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in rat hippocampus, suggesting potential anxiolytic properties. the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of beo (1.0%, 2.5% and 5.0% w/w) administered to rats on both anxiety-related behaviours (the elevated ...201021105176
elsinoë fawcettii and elsinoë australis: the fungal pathogens causing citrus scab.elsinoë fawcettii and e. australis are important pathogens of citrus. both species are known to produce red or orange pigments, called elsinochrome. elsinochrome is a nonhost-selective phytotoxin and is required for full fungal virulence and lesion formation. this article discusses the taxonomy, epidemiology, genetics and pathology of the pathogens. it also provides a perspective on the cellular toxicity, biosynthetic regulation and pathological role of elsinochrome phytotoxin. taxonomy: elsinoë ...201021199563
insecticidal activity against bemisia tabaci biotype b of peel essential oil of citrus sinensis var. pear and citrus aurantium cultivated in northeast brazil.the fumigant action of peel essential oils of citrus sinensis var. pear (pear orange = po) and c. aurantium (bitter orange = bo) from the northeast of brazil were evaluated against bemisia tabaci biotype b and compared with eugenol as a positive control. the oil concentration in the po at 8.5 microl/l of air caused 97% mortality, while the oil concentration of bo at 9.5 microl/l of air caused 99% mortality. however, the lc50 estimates for both oils (lc50 = 3.80 microl/l of air for po and lc50 = ...201021213990
bioactive compounds from sour orange inhibit colon cancer cell proliferation and induce cell cycle arrest.epidemiological studies suggest that dietary limonoids and phytosterols offer protection from certain types of cancers. potential cancer preventive constituents of sour orange (citrus aurantium l.) were isolated and identified from ethyl acetate extract. the structures of the compounds were identified by one-dimensional (1h or 13c) and two-dimensional (1h-h and 1h-13c) nuclear magnetic resonance experiments as limonexic acid and beta-sitosterol glucoside (sg). the identified compounds were teste ...201020000570
somatic hybridization for citrus rootstock breeding: an effective tool to solve some important issues of the mediterranean citrus industry.the prevalence of sour orange rootstock in the southern and eastern part of the mediterranean basin is presently threatened by the spread of citrus tristeza virus (ctv) and its main vector toxoptera citricida, combined with abiotic constraints such as drought, salinity and alkalinity. the search for alternative ctv-resistant rootstocks that also withstand the other constraints is now considered an urgent priority for a sustainable citrus industry in the area. complementary progenitors can be fou ...201121225429
different influences on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics by coadministrations of zhi ke and zhi shi in rats.tacrolimus, an immunosuppressant with narrow therapeutic window, has been used widely in transplant patients. grapefruit juice and pomelo have been reported to increase the blood levels of tacrolimus. zhi ke and zhi shi, the ripe peels and unripe fruits of citrus aurantium which is chemotaxonomically related to grapefruit and pomelo, are in wide use in clinical chinese medicine. to investigate the possible interaction of these two citrus herbs with tacrolimus, male sprague-dawley rats were orall ...201121318106
citrus tristeza virus infection induces the accumulation of viral small rnas (21-24-nt) mapping preferentially at the 3'-terminal region of the genomic rna and affects the host small rna profile.to get an insight into the host rna silencing defense induced by citrus tristeza virus (ctv) and into the counter defensive reaction mediated by its three silencing suppressors (p25, p20 and p23), we have examined by deep sequencing (solexa-illumina) the small rnas (srnas) in three virus-host combinations. our data show that ctv srnas: (i) represent more than 50% of the total srnas in mexican lime and sweet orange (where ctv reaches relatively high titers), but only 3.5% in sour orange (where th ...201121327514
isopropylnorsynephrine is a stronger lipolytic agent in human adipocytes than synephrine and other amines present in citrus aurantium.the weight loss observed in consumers of extracts of citrus aurantium (bitter orange) has been tentatively attributed to the lipolytic and thermogenic effects of the alkaloids abundant in the unripe fruit. synephrine, octopamine, tyramine, and other alkaloids have been repeatedly identified and quantified in citrus members of the rutaceae family or in their extracts incorporated in dietary supplements for weight management. however, there are only scarce reports on their lipolytic action. this s ...201121336650
in situ cell-by-cell imaging and analysis of small cell populations by mass spectrometry.molecular imaging by mass spectrometry (ms) is emerging as a tool to determine the distribution of proteins, lipids, and metabolites in tissues. the existing imaging methods, however, mostly rely on predefined rectangular grids for sampling that ignore the natural cellular organization of the tissue. here we demonstrate that laser ablation electrospray ionization (laesi) ms can be utilized for in situ cell-by-cell imaging of plant tissues. the cell-by-cell molecular image of the metabolite cyani ...201121388149
the safety of citrus aurantium (bitter orange) and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine.citrus aurantium (bitter orange) extract and its principal protoalkaloidal constituent p-synephrine are widely used in weight loss and weight management as well as in sports performance products. however, questions are raised frequently regarding the safety of these ingredients. the potential inherent dangers associated with the use of products containing c. aurantium extract are frequently touted, while conversely, millions of doses of dietary supplements have been consumed by possibly millions ...201121480414
furanocoumarins contents and cytochrome p450 3a (cyp3a) inhibitory activities of various processed fruit peel products: outflow of 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin during processing treatment of peel.furanocoumarins (fcs) such as bergamottin (bg) and 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin (dhbg) contained in grapefruits are known to be cytochrome p450 3a4 (cyp3a4) inhibitors. these are contained in larger quantity in peel than in pulp, and therefore, processed peel products possibly have strong cyp3a4 inhibitory activity. the cyp3a4 inhibitory potency of these processed peel products, however, remains to be elucidated. the fc content and cyp3a inhibitory activities of various processed fruit peel produc ...201121532264
developmental toxicity of citrus aurantium in rats.background: ephedra was commonly used in herbal products marketed for weight loss until safety concerns forced its removal from products. even before the ban, manufacturers had begun to replace ephedra with other compounds, including citrus aurantium, or bitter orange. the major component in the bitter orange extract is synephrine which is chemically similar to ephedrine. the purpose of this study was to determine if relatively pure synephrine or synephrine present as a constituent of a bitter o ...201121594979
food-drug interactions: grapefruit juice.food-drug interactions are increasingly recognized as important clinical events which may change significantly the bioavailability of oral administrated drugs. grapefruit juice (gfj) demonstrated multiple interactions with drugs leading to loss of the therapeutic effects or increased side-effects. gfj decreases pre-systemic metabolism through a) competitive or mechanism-based inhibition of gut wall cyp3a4 isoenzymes and b) p-glycoprotein (p-gp), c) multidrug resistance protein-2 (mrp2) or d) org ...201121682192
juice components and antioxidant capacity of four tunisian citrus varieties.juices from four citrus species of tunisia were investigated mainly for quality parameters and antioxidant capacity.201120862741
effects of food and gender on the pharmacokinetics of rhein and emodin in rats after oral dosing with da-cheng-qi decoction.da-cheng-qi decoction (dcqd), a traditional chinese medicine preparation used to treat digestive diseases, is composed of dahuang (rheum officinale baill, polygonaceae), houpu (magnolia officinalis rehd., magnoliaceae), zhishi (citrus aurantium l, rutaceae) and mangxiao (sodium sulphate). rhein and emodin are the major active components of rheum officinale baill. to investigate the effects of food and gender on the plasma concentrations of rhein and emodin after oral administration of dcqd, a ra ...201120623608
ectopic expression of the p23 silencing suppressor of citrus tristeza virus differentially modifies viral accumulation and tropism in two transgenic woody hosts.citrus tristeza virus (ctv), a phloem-restricted closterovirus infecting citrus, encodes three different silencing suppressors (p25, p20 and p23), one of which (p23) is a pathogenicity determinant that induces aberrations resembling ctv symptoms when expressed ectopically in transgenic citrus hosts. in this article, the effect of p23 ectopic expression on virus infection was examined in sweet orange (swo), a highly susceptible host, and sour orange (so), which severely restricts ctv cell-to-cell ...201121726389
antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase activities of some commercial essential oils and their major compounds.the commercial essential oils of citrus aurantium l., cupressus sempervirens l., eucalyptus globulus labill., foeniculum vulgare mill. and thymus vulgaris l., isolated by steam distillation by a company of morocco were evaluated in terms of in vitro antioxidant activity through several methods. in vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity was also determined. citrus limon (l.) burm. f. oil was also studied, but it was obtained by peel expression. the best antioxidant was t. vulgaris oil, in ...201121900869
Anastrepha ludens and Anastrepha serpentina (Diptera: Tephritidae) do not infest Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae), but Anastrepha obliqua occasionally shares this resource with Anastrepha striata in nature.This study examined whether economically important fruit fly species Anastrepha ludens (Loew), Anastrepha serpentina (Wiedemann), and Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) (Diptera: Tephritidae) may opportunistically exploit guavas, Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae), growing near preferred natural hosts. We collected 3,459 kg of guavas and 895 kg of other known host species [sour orange, Citrus aurantium L.; grapefruit, Citrus paradisi Macfadyen; mango, Mangifera indica L.; white sapote, Casimiroa edulis L ...201121882684
a plant virus evolved by acquiring multiple nonconserved genes to extend its host range.viruses have evolved as combinations of genes whose products interact with cellular components to produce progeny virus throughout the plants. some viral genes, particularly those that are involved in replication and assembly, tend to be relatively conserved, whereas other genes that have evolved for interactions with the specific host for movement and to counter host-defense systems tend to be less conserved. closteroviridae encode 1-5 nonconserved orfs. citrus tristeza virus (ctv), a closterov ...201121987809
Toxic effects of Citrus aurantium and C. limon essential oils on Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).Citrus aurantium and C. limon were selected in the search for natural plant insecticides. The essential oils of C. aurantium and C. limon and ethanol extracts of the seeds, pulp, albedo, and peel of C. aurantium were incorporated into the larval diet of the lepidopteran pest Spodoptera frugiperda. Larval and pupal mortality were quantified and adult malformation was observed. C aurantium essential oil had antifeedant action and the mixture of albedo ethanol extract and C aurantium essential oil ...201121941921
a radioactive assay allowing the quantitative measurement of cuticular permeability of intact arabidopsis thaliana leaves.cuticular penetration of five different ¹⁴c-labeled chemicals (benzoic acid, bitertanole, carbaryl, epoxiconazole and 4-nitrophenol) into arabidopsis thaliana leaves was measured and permeances p (ms⁻¹) were calculated. thus, cuticular barrier properties of a. thaliana leaves have been characterized quantitatively. epoxiconazole permeance of a. thaliana was 2.79 × 10⁻⁸ ms⁻¹. when compared with cuticular permeances measured with intact stomatous and astomatous leaf sides of prunus laurocerasus, f ...201121344313
[effects of tangshen recipe on the homocysteine metabolism of patients with diabetic nephropathy].to observe the effects of tangshen recipe (tr) on the homocysteine (hcy) metabolism of patients with diabetic nephropathy.201121910334
hypertensive urgency associated with xenadrine efx use.several supplements and herbal products have been shown to increase catecholamines and subsequently mean arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance. since ephedra-containing products have been removed from the market, manufacturers of weight loss herbal supplements must produce ephedra-free formulations. xenadrine efx is an ephedra-free weight loss product containing a mixture of caffeine, guarana, and bitter orange (standardized to synephrine). synephrine has been shown in animals and h ...201121676849
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