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peste des petits ruminants virus infection at the wildlife-livestock interface in the greater serengeti ecosystem, 2015-2019.peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is a viral disease of goats and sheep that occurs in africa, the middle east and asia with a severe impact on livelihoods and livestock trade. many wild artiodactyls are susceptible to ppr virus (pprv) infection, and some outbreaks have threatened endangered wild populations. the role of wild species in pprv epidemiology is unclear, which is a knowledge gap for the global strategy for the control and eradication of ppr. these studies aimed to investigate pprv inf ...202134066336
african swine fever in cameroon: a review.african swine fever (asf) is a hemorrhagic contagious porcine disease caused by the african swine fever virus. the disease poses enormous problems to the pork industry with pig mortality ranging from 30% to 100%, depending on the virulence of the virus circulating. cameroon, situated in central africa is one of the countries in which the african swine fever virus (asfv) has been endemic since its first outbreak in 1982. the disease is a major problem to the pig industry causing huge economic los ...202133916101
three different genotypes of porcine circovirus 2 (pcv-2) identified in pigs and warthogs in namibia.porcine circovirus 2 (pcv-2) is the causative agent of porcine circovirus diseases (pcvd). a study was undertaken to determine whether pcv-2 was present in samples collected from commercial pigs (n = 46) and warthogs (n = 42) in namibia between 2019 and 2020. twenty-three of the collected samples were positive by pcr (13 from pigs and 10 from warthogs), and a phylogenetic analysis of orf2 identified three genotypes (pcv-2b and pcv-2d in pigs and pcv-2c in warthogs). this is the first time that p ...202133721098
antibody prevalence to african swine fever virus, mycobacterium bovis, foot-and-mouth disease virus, rift valley fever virus, influenza a virus, and brucella and leptospira spp. in free-ranging warthog (phacochoerus africanus) populations in south africa.the warthog (phacochoerus africanus) can be used as a model for investigating disease transmission at the human, wildlife, and livestock interface. an omnivore and scavenger, a warthog moves freely between natural ecotypes, farmland, and human communities and is susceptible to diseases of zoonotic, agricultural, and conservation concern. a retrospective study using 100 individual serum samples collected from may 1999 to august 2016 was performed to determine antibody prevalence to seven pathogen ...202133635986
fecal microbiota transplantation from warthog to pig confirms the influence of the gut microbiota on african swine fever susceptibility.african swine fever virus (asfv) is the causative agent of a devastating hemorrhagic disease (asf) that affects both domestic pigs and wild boars. conversely, asfv circulates in a subclinical manner in african wild pigs, including warthogs, the natural reservoir for asfv. together with genetic differences, other factors might be involved in the differential susceptibility to asf observed among eurasian suids (sus scrofa) and african warthogs (phacochoerus africanus). preliminary evidence obtaine ...202033077775
identification of african swine fever virus-like elements in the soft tick genome provides insights into the virus' evolution.african swine fever virus (asfv) is a most devastating pathogen affecting swine. in 2007, asfv was introduced into eastern europe where it continuously circulates and recently reached western europe and asia, leading to a socio-economic crisis of global proportion. in africa, where asfv was first described in 1921, it is transmitted between warthogs and soft ticks of the genus ornithodoros in a so-called sylvatic cycle. however, analyses into this virus' evolution are aggravated by the absence o ...202033032594
long-term persistence of wildlife populations in a pastoral area.facilitating coexistence between people and wildlife is a major conservation challenge in east africa. some conservation models aim to balance the needs of people and wildlife, but the effectiveness of these models is rarely assessed. using a case-study approach, we assessed the ecological performance of a pastoral area in northern tanzania (manyara ranch) and established a long-term wildlife population monitoring program (carried out intermittently from 2003 to 2008 and regularly from 2011 to 2 ...202033005359
persistent domestic circulation of african swine fever virus in tanzania, 2015-2017.african swine fever (asf) is a highly fatal viral hemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs that threatens livelihoods and food security. in africa, asf virus (asfv) circulates in sylvatic (transmission between warthogs and soft argasid ticks) and domestic (transmission between domestic pigs) cycles, with outbreaks resulting from asfv spill-over from sylvatic cycle. a number of outbreaks were reported in different parts of tanzania between 2015 and 2017. the present study investigated asfv transmissi ...202033004025
investigation of african swine fever outbreaks in pigs outside the controlled areas of south africa, 2012-2017.south africa historically experienced sporadic african swine fever (asf) outbreaks in domestic pigs in the northern parts of the country. this was subsequently indicated to be because of spillover from the sylvatic cycle of asf between warthog and tampans (soft ticks) in the area. south africa declared this area an asf-controlled area in 1935, and the area is still controlled in terms of the animal diseases act, 1984 (act 35 of 1984). two main epidemics of asf in domestic pigs were identified ou ...202032787419
distribution of intestinal parasites of baboons (papio anubis) and warthogs (phacochoerus aethiopicus) at the mole national park, ghana.the identification of intestinal parasite of baboons (papio anubis) and warthogs (phacochoerus aethiopicus) was undertaken at the mole national park, ghana. the main objective of the study was to determine the types and prevalence of intestinal parasites in baboons and warthogs in the mole national park. a total of nineteen (19) and twenty-three (23) samples were collected from the baboons and warthogs, respectively, and examined using the direct saline smear and formol-ether concentration techn ...202032772510
genome sequences of three african swine fever viruses of genotypes iv and xx from zaire and south africa, isolated from a domestic pig (sus scrofa domesticus), a warthog (phacochoerus africanus), and a european wild boar (sus scrofa).we report here the genome sequences of three african swine fever virus isolates obtained from a domestic pig (zaire [zaire]), a warthog (rsa/w1/1999 [south africa]), and a european wild boar (rsa/2/2004 [south africa]) belonging to genotypes iv, xx, and xx, respectively. this report increases the number of genotype xx, wild boar, and warthog reference sequences available.202032763924
detection of african swine fever virus genotype xv in a sylvatic cycle in saadani national park, tanzania.african swine fever (asf) is a severe hemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs caused by asf virus (asfv). asfv is transmitted by soft ticks (ornithodoros moubata complex group) and by direct transmission. in africa, asf is maintained in transmission cycles of asymptomatic infection involving wild suids, mainly warthogs (phacochoerus africanus). asf outbreaks have been reported in many parts of tanzania; however, active surveillance has been limited to pig farms in a few geographical locations. ther ...202032696552
consumer perceptions and reported wild and domestic meat and fish consumption behavior during the ebola epidemic in guinea, west africa.the handling, capturing, butchering, and transportation of wildmeat can increase the risk of zoonoses, including the ebola virus disease (evd). guinea, west africa, experienced a catastrophic outbreak of evd between 2013 and 2016. this study aimed to understand local people's sources of information concerning evd, their perceptions of potential wildlife carriers of evd and their meat and fish consumption behavior during this period. a semi-structured questionnaire was administered to 332 partici ...202032566394
comparative pathology and pathogenesis of african swine fever infection in swine.african swine fever (asf) is a viral disease that affects animals of the suidae family, and soft ticks from the genus ornithodoros can also be infected by the asf virus (asfv). the disease was first described in africa at the beginning of the twentieth century as an acute disease characterized by high mortality and fatal hemorrhages. asf has caused outbreaks in numerous countries and it continues to be devastating nowadays for the porcine sector in those countries affected, and a massive threat ...202032509811
substitution of warthog nf-κb motifs into rela of domestic pigs is not sufficient to confer resilience to african swine fever virus.african swine fever virus (asfv) causes a lethal, haemorrhagic disease in domestic swine that threatens pig production across the globe. unlike domestic pigs, warthogs, which are wildlife hosts of the virus, do not succumb to the lethal effects of infection. there are three amino acid differences between the sequence of the warthog and domestic pig rela protein; a subunit of the nf-κb transcription factor that plays a key role in regulating the immune response to infections. domestic pigs with a ...202032488046
african swine fever virus: an emerging dna arbovirus.african swine fever virus (asfv) is the sole member of the family asfarviridae, and the only known dna arbovirus. since its identification in kenya in 1921, asfv has remained endemic in africa, maintained in a sylvatic cycle between ornithodoros soft ticks and warthogs (phacochoerus africanus) which do not develop clinical disease with asfv infection. however, asfv causes a devastating and economically significant disease of domestic (sus scrofa domesticus) and feral (sus scrofa ferus) swine. th ...202032478103
genome wide assessment of genetic variation and population distinctiveness of the pig family in south africa.genetic diversity is of great importance and a prerequisite for genetic improvement and conservation programs in pigs and other livestock populations. the present study provides a genome wide analysis of the genetic variability and population structure of pig populations from different production systems in south africa relative to global populations. a total of 234 pigs sampled in south africa and consisting of village (n = 91), commercial (n = 60), indigenous (n = 40), asian (n = 5) and wild ( ...202032457791
understanding african swine fever outbreaks in domestic pigs in a sylvatic endemic area: the case of the south african controlled area between 1977-2017.south africa declared a controlled area for african swine fever (asf) in 1935, consisting of the northern parts of limpopo, mpumalanga, north west and kwa-zulu natal provinces. the area was delineated based on the endemic presence of the sylvatic cycle of asf, involving warthogs and argasid ticks. occasionally, spillover occurs from the sylvatic cycle to domestic pigs, causing asf outbreaks. in the period 1977 to 2017, 59 outbreaks of asf were reported in domestic pigs within the asf controlled ...202032438525
profile of back bacon produced from the common warthog.the common warthog (phacochoerus africanus) has historically been hunted and consumed by rural communities throughout its distribution range in africa. this study aims to develop a processed product from warthog meat in the form of back bacon (longissimus thoracis et lumborum) as a healthy alternative meat product and to determine its chemical and sensory characteristics derived from adult and juvenile boars and sows. the highest scored attributes included typical bacon and smoky aroma and flavo ...202032429300
diversity of trypanosomes in wildlife of the kafue ecosystem, zambia.the kafue ecosystem is a vast conservation protected area comprising the kafue national park (knp) and the game management areas (gma) that act as a buffer around the national park. the knp has been neglected as a potential foci for rhodesiense sleeping sickness despite the widespread presence of the tsetse vector and abundant wildlife reservoirs. the aim of this study was to generate information on circulating trypanosomes and their eminent threat/risk to public health and livestock production ...202032420023
evaluation of a partially reversible immobilization protocol using medetomidine, butorphanol, zolazepam-tiletamine, and ketamine in free-ranging warthogs (phacochoerus africanus) in kruger national park, south africa.twenty-one free-ranging warthogs (phacochoerus africanus) in the kruger national park, south africa, were immobilized with a combination of medetomidine (0.07 ± 0.01 mg/kg), butorphanol (0.26 ± 0.04 mg/kg), tiletamine-zolazepam (0.69 ± 0.15 mg/kg), and ketamine (1.43 ± 0.21 mg/kg) administered intramuscularly by dart. induction, immobilization, and recovery characteristics were evaluated using a standardized scoring system. in the immobilized warthogs, physiological variables were measured every ...202032212549
humoral immune response of pigs, sus scrofa domesticus, upon repeated exposure to blood-feeding by ornithodoros turicata duges (ixodida: argasidae).ornithodoros turicata is an important vector of both human and veterinary pathogens. one primary concern is the global spread of african swine fever virus and the risk of its re-emergence in the americas through potential transmission by o. turicata to domestic pigs and feral swine. moreover, in texas, african warthogs were introduced into the state for hunting purposes and evidence exists that they are reproducing and have spread to three counties in the state. consequently, it is imperative to ...202032051021
the case of the grass-eating suids in the plio-pleistocene turkana basin: 3d dental topography in relation to diet in extant and fossil pigs.two separate subfamilies of plio-pleistocene african pigs (suids) consecutively evolved hypsodont and horizodont molars with flat occlusal surfaces, commonly interpreted as an adaptive trait to a grazing diet, similar to that of the present warthogs (phacochoerus spp.). to investigate this in detail, we studied the 3d-dental topography of fossil specimens from the turkana basin, using geographic information systems-based methods. to establish baselines for interpretation of the turkana basin sui ...202031998996
community-based wildlife management area supports similar mammal species richness and densities compared to a national park.community-based conservation models have been widely implemented across africa to improve wildlife conservation and livelihoods of rural communities. in tanzania, communities can set aside land and formally register it as wildlife management area (wma), which allows them to generate revenue via consumptive or nonconsumptive utilization of wildlife. the key, yet often untested, assumption of this model is that economic benefits accrued from wildlife motivate sustainable management of wildlife. to ...202031993122
expanding our knowledge on african trypanosomes of the subgenus pycnomonas: a novel trypanosoma suis-like in tsetse flies, livestock and wild ruminants sympatric with trypanosoma suis in mozambique.among the subgenera of african tsetse-transmitted trypanosomes pathogenic to livestock, the least known is the subgenus pycnomonas, which contains a single species, trypanosoma suis (tsu), a pathogen of domestic pigs first reported in 1905 and recently rediscovered in tanzania and mozambique. analysis by fluorescent fragment length barcoding (fflb) revealed an infection rate of 20.3% (108 out of 530 tsetse flies) in a recent study in the gorongosa and niassa wildlife reserves in mozambique, and ...202031837483
evaluation of physiological parameters and effectiveness of an immobilization protocol using etorphine, azaperone, and butorphanol in free-ranging warthogs (phacochoerus africanus).twenty free-ranging warthogs (phacochoerus africanus) in the kruger national park, south africa, were immobilized with a combination of etorphine (0.039 ± 0.005 mg/kg) and azaperone (0.44 ± 0.06 mg/kg) administered intramuscularly by dart. butorphanol (1 mg per mg etorphine) was administered intravenously at t = 5 min. a standardized scoring system was used to record induction, immobilization and recovery characteristics. physiological parameters were recorded at 5 min intervals and an arterial ...201931799283
comparative vector competence of the afrotropical soft tick ornithodoros moubata and palearctic species, o. erraticus and o. verrucosus, for african swine fever virus strains circulating in eurasia.african swine fever (asf) is a lethal hemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs and wild suids caused by african swine fever virus (asfv), which threatens the swine industry globally. in its native african enzootic foci, asfv is naturally circulating between soft ticks of the genus ornithodoros, especially in the o. moubata group, and wild reservoir suids, such as warthogs (phacochoerus spp.) that are bitten by infected soft ticks inhabiting their burrows. while the ability of some afrotropical soft ...201931774871
cytokine gene expression assay as a diagnostic tool for detection of mycobacterium bovis infection in warthogs (phacochoerus africanus).mycobacterium bovis infection has been described in many wildlife species across africa. however, diagnostic tests are lacking for many of these, including warthogs (phacochoerus africanus). most literature on suids has focused on using serological tools, with few studies investigating the use of cell-mediated immune response (cmi) assays. a recent study showed that warthogs develop measurable cmi responses, which suggests that cytokine gene expression assays (geas) may be valuable for detecting ...201931712604
seroprevalence of rift valley fever in south african domestic and wild suids (1999-2016).rift valley fever (rvf) is a vector-borne viral disease of domestic ruminants, camels and man, characterized by widespread abortions and neonatal deaths in animals, and flu-like symptoms, which can progress to hepatitis and encephalitis in humans. the disease is endemic in africa, saudi arabia and yemen, and outbreaks occur after periods of high rainfall, or in environments supporting the proliferation of rvf virus (rvfv)-infected mosquito vectors. the domestic and wild animal maintenance hosts ...202031655018
comparative analysis of the fecal microbiota from different species of domesticated and wild suids.most of the microorganisms living in a symbiotic relationship in different animal body sites (microbiota) reside in the gastrointestinal tract (git). several studies have shown that the microbiota is involved in host susceptibilities to pathogens. the fecal microbiota of domestic and wild suids was analyzed. bacterial communities were determined from feces obtained from domestic pigs (sus scrofa) raised under different conditions: specific-pathogen-free (spf) pigs and domestic pigs from the same ...201931541124
the spectrum of animal related injuries managed at a major trauma centre in south africa.humans come into contact and interact with an array of animals in a number of areas and environments. we set out to review our experience with animal-related injuries in pietermaritzburg, kwazulu-natal, south africa.201931392866
serological reactivity to mpb83 and cfp10/esat-6 antigens in three suid hosts of mycobacterium bovis infection.domestic pigs and wild suids are susceptible to mycobacterium bovis (m. bovis) infection and may even serve as reservoir hosts in some situations. therefore, detection of infected animals is important for understanding their role in the epidemiology of the disease as well as for management and control of bovine tuberculosis. infected suids develop strong humoral responses, making serological screening a feasible approach to disease surveillance. however, to optimize sensitivity of the antibody a ...201931383314
the genetics of life and death: virus-host interactions underpinning resistance to african swine fever, a viral hemorrhagic disease.pathogen transmission from wildlife hosts to genetically distinct species is a major driver of disease emergence. african swine fever virus (asfv) persists in sub-saharan africa through a sylvatic cycle between warthogs and soft ticks that infest their burrows. the virus does not cause disease in these animals, however transmission of the virus to domestic pigs or wild boar causes a hemorrhagic fever that is invariably fatal. asfv transmits readily between domestic pigs and causes economic hards ...201931130984
gastrointestinal helminths from the common warthog, phacochoerus africanus (gmelin) (suidae), in kwazulu-natal province, south africa, with comments on helminths of suidae and tayassuidae worldwide.thirty warthogs, phacochoerus africanus, were collected in the pongola game reserve, south africa and examined for helminths. gastrointestinal helminth assemblages comprised gastrodiscus aegyptiacus, the cestode genus moniezia and seven species of nematodes. a single warthog harboured a metacestode of taenia hydatigena in the mesenteries. no helminths were found in the heart, lungs or liver of the warthogs. probstmayria vivipara and murshidia spp. were the most prevalent as well as abundant helm ...201931106726
bloodmeal analysis in culicoides midges collected near horses, donkeys and zebras in the eastern cape, south africa.an upsurge in african horse sickness (ahs) in the eastern cape, south africa, from 2006 led to an epidemiological reassessment of the disease there. light trapping surveys carried out near horses, donkeys and zebras in 2014-2016 collected 39 species of culicoides midge (diptera: ceratopogonidae) that are potential vectors of ahs. to establish if these midges fed on equids, dna sequences were obtained from the gut contents of 52 female midges (35 freshly blood-fed, 13 gravid and four parous), rep ...201931099060
land use, redd+ and the status of wildlife populations in yaeda valley, northern tanzania.redd+ projects primarily focus on reducing carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries. these projects are regularly evaluated against their core objective of conserving carbon stocks, but their contribution to biodiversity conservation has rarely been assessed. to assess the conservation value of the area and the relative performance of a redd+ land use plan in yaeda valley, a semi-arid savannah ecosystem in northern tanzania, we implemented an annual wild ...201930947305
evaluation of a virus neutralisation test for detection of rift valley fever antibodies in suid sera.rift valley fever (rvf) is a vector-borne viral disease of ruminants mainly, and man, characterized by abortions and neonatal deaths in animals and flu-like to more severe symptoms that can result in death in humans. the disease is endemic in africa, saudi arabia and yemen, and outbreaks occur following proliferation of rvf virus (rvfv) infected mosquito vectors. vertebrate animal maintenance hosts of rvfv, which serve as a source of virus during inter-epidemic periods remain unknown, with wild ...201930934604
reviewing the potential vectors and hosts of african swine fever virus transmission in the united states.african swine fever virus (asfv) continues to threaten global animal health and agricultural biosecurity. mitigating the establishment of asfv in the united states (u.s.) is contingent on (1) the identification of arthropod vectors and vertebrate hosts that are capable of viral maintenance and transmission in the u.s. and (2) knowledge of vector-host associations that may permit transmission. we aggregated data on vector competence, host competence and tick-host associations by systematic review ...201930785371
retrospective characterization of reproductive tract lesions in relation to age, parity, and contraception in captive suidae and tayassuidae.reproductive management in zoos requires contraception or physical separation of sexes to ensure captive population viability, but information is sparse on the effects of parity, age, and contraceptive use on lifetime reproductive health in captive suidae and tayassuidae species. this retrospective study evaluated reproductive tissues and histories from babirusa (babyrousa babyrussa), red river hog (potamochoerus porcus), visayan warty pig (sus cebifrons), common warthog (phacochoerus africanus) ...201930690318
genetic diversity of trypanosomes pathogenic to livestock in tsetse flies from the nech sar national park in ethiopia: a concern for tsetse suppressed area in southern rift valley?in ethiopia, home to the largest african herd of cattle, animal trypanosomiasis is a major constraint to the efforts made for food self-sufficiency. we searched for trypanosomes in tsetse flies caught in the nech sar national park (nsnp), southern rifty valley, ethiopia, at the district of arba minch where intensive tsetse control is successfully improving cattle productivity. despite narrow geographical and temporal scales of our survey, we found a remarkable diversity of trypanosomes using the ...201930639545
epidemiology of african swine fever in africa today: sylvatic cycle versus socio-economic imperatives.african swine fever (asf) is believed to have evolved in eastern and southern africa in a sylvatic cycle between common warthogs (phacochoerus africanus) and argasid ticks of the ornithodoros moubata complex that live in their burrows. the involvement of warthogs and possibly other wild suids in the maintenance of asf virus means that the infection cannot be eradicated from africa, but only prevented and controlled in domestic pig populations. historically, outbreaks of asf in domestic pigs in a ...201930633851
measuring antigen-specific responses in mycobacterium bovis-infected warthogs (phacochoerus africanus) using the intradermal tuberculin test.bovine tuberculosis (btb) caused by mycobacterium bovis has previously been diagnosed in warthogs and infection can be highly prevalent (> 30%) in endemic areas. thus, warthogs could potentially be an important species to consider as sentinels for disease surveillance. however, disease surveillance is dependent on availability of accurate diagnostic assays and only a few diagnostic tests have been investigated for warthogs. furthermore, the tests that have been used in this species require labor ...201830458774
the intracellular proteome of african swine fever virus.african swine fever (asf) is a viral disease that affects members of the suidae family such as african bush pigs, warthogs, but also domestic pigs, and wild boar. it is transmitted by direct contact of naïve with infected animals, by soft ticks of the ornithodoros genus, or indirectly by movement of infected animals, improper disposal of contaminated animal products or other sources related to human activity. the recent spread of asf into eastern and central european countries is currently threa ...201830279544
profile of cabanossi made with exotic meats and olive oil.the effect of olive oil inclusion on the chemical and sensory characteristics in cabanossi made with ostrich and warthog meat was investigated. ostrich meat from soybean oilcake (sboc) and cottonseed oilcake dietary inclusion levels (csoc), and olive oil were included at three levels (0%, 1% and 2%) resulting in six treatments. the fat content in the cabanossi increased with increasing levels of oil inclusion but were all <10%, which allows it to be classified as a low fat meat product. total mo ...201930179719
preliminary study on the tick population of benin wildlife at the moment of its invasion by the rhipicephalus microplus tick (canestrini, 1888).rhipicephalus microplus (rm) is one of the most problematic livestock tick species in the world. its rapid propagation and resistance to acaricides make it control difficult in the sub-region and benin particularly. the aim of this work was to check its presence in wildlife and to confirm the possible role of reservoir wildlife may play in the propagation of the parasite. this will help to design more efficient control strategy.201830034180
quality characteristics of warthog (phacochoerus africanus) meat.warthogs are hunted for trophies and damage reprisal whilst the meat is consumed. little is known about the quality profile of the meat, therefore, this study investigated the effect of age (yearlings and adult) and sex on the sensory, physical, and chemical attributes of cooked meat. the meat was high in protein (~32%) and low in total fat (< 2%), while the meat from yearlings tended to be tenderer than adults. age appeared to have a more pronounced influence than sex on the sensory attributes. ...201829982081
roles of african swine fever virus structural proteins in viral infection.african swine fever virus (asfv) is a large, double-stranded dna virus and the sole member of the asfarviridae family. asfv infects domestic pigs, wild boars, warthogs, and bush pigs, as well as soft ticks (ornithodoros erraticus), which likely act as a vector. the major target is swine monocyte-macrophage cells. the virus can cause high fever, haemorrhagic lesions, cyanosis, anorexia, and even fatalities in domestic pigs. currently, there is no vaccine and effective disease control strategies a ...201729978065
ip-10: a potential biomarker for detection of mycobacterium bovis infection in warthogs (phacochoerus africanus).bovine tuberculosis (btb) is endemic in several areas of south africa and has been reported in multiple species, including common warthogs (phacochoerus africanus). limited diagnostic tests and disease control programs exist for african wildlife. thus, there is a need to develop techniques for btb detection in species such as warthogs to assess their role in disease maintenance and spread in multi-host ecosystems. in this study, we obtained blood samples from warthogs in btb endemic areas to inv ...201829914681
integrative taxonomy of afrotropical ornithodoros (ornithodoros) (acari: ixodida: argasidae).afrotropical ornithodoros (ornithodoros) ticks are revised based on qualitative morphology of females and nymphs, as well as tarsus i shape outlines of females measured in a geometric morphometric framework. these lines of evidence corroborate lineages based on 16s rrna nucleotide sequence data. four previously unrecognized species are described, along with a revived nomen nudum that was previously considered a synonym. afrotropical ornithodoros (ornithodoros) now comprise ten species. ornithodo ...201829625921
identification of wild boar-habitat epidemiologic cycle in african swine fever epizootic.the african swine fever epizootic in central and eastern european union member states has a newly identified component involving virus transmission by wild boar and virus survival in the environment. insights led to an update of the 3 accepted african swine fever transmission models to include a fourth cycle: wild boar-habitat.201829553337
seroprevalence of mycobacterium bovis infection in warthogs (phacochoerus africanus) in bovine tuberculosis-endemic regions of south africa.bovine tuberculosis (btb), caused by mycobacterium bovis (m. bovis), has been reported in many species including suids. wild boar are important maintenance hosts of the infection with other suids, that is domestic and feral pigs, being important spillover hosts in the eurasian ecosystem and in south africa, warthogs (phacochoerus africanus) may play a similar role in m. bovis-endemic areas. however, novel diagnostic tests for warthogs are required to investigate the epidemiology of btb in this s ...201829520985
genetic diversity, breed composition and admixture of kenyan domestic pigs.the genetic diversity of african pigs, whether domestic or wild has not been widely studied and there is very limited published information available. available data suggests that african domestic pigs originate from different domestication centers as opposed to international commercial breeds. we evaluated two domestic pig populations in western kenya, in order to characterize the genetic diversity, breed composition and admixture of the pigs in an area known to be endemic for african swine fev ...201829357367
molecular identification of onchocerca spp. larvae in simulium damnosum sensu lato collected in northern uganda.previous studies have demonstrated that the presence of larvae of other filarial species in simulium damnosum sensu lato can distort estimates of transmission potential for onchocerca volvulus in west africa. however, studies conducted in foci of onchocerciasis in west central uganda indicated that larvae other than o. volvulus were not common in vectors collected there. recent data collected in northern uganda revealed a striking discordance between estimates of the prevalence of flies carrying ...201729187277
genetic characterization of african swine fever virus isolates from soft ticks at the wildlife/domestic interface in mozambique and identification of a novel genotype.african swine fever virus (asfv) is one of the most threatening infectious diseases of pigs. there are not sufficient data to indicate the importance of the sylvatic cycle in the spread and maintenance of the disease locally and potentially, globally. to assess the capacity to maintain asf in the environment, we investigated the presence of soft tickreservoirs of asfv in gorongosa national park (gnp) and its surrounding villages. a total of 1,658 soft ticks were recovered from warthog burrows an ...201728921895
detection of african swine fever virus in the tissues of asymptomatic pigs in smallholder farming systems along the kenya-uganda border: implications for transmission in endemic areas and asf surveillance in east africa.the persistence of african swine fever virus (asfv) in endemic areas, with small-scale but regular outbreaks in domestic pigs, is not well understood. asfv has not been detected using conventional diagnosis in these pigs or adjacent populations of resistant african wild pigs, that could act as potential carriers during the outbreaks. however, such data are crucial for the design of evidence-based control strategies. we conducted cross-sectional (1107 pigs) and longitudinal (100 pigs) monitoring ...201728721858
missing in action: species competition is a neglected predictor variable in species distribution modelling.the central role of species competition in shaping community structure in ecosystems is well appreciated amongst ecologists. however species competition is a consistently missing variable in species distribution modelling (sdm). this study presents results of our attempt to incorporate species competition in sdms. we used a suit of predictor variables including soil adjusted vegetation index (savi), as well as distance from roads, settlements and water, fire frequency and distance from the neare ...201728708854
ecology of spiders inhabiting abandoned mammal burrows in south african savanna.in the nylsvley nature reserve, in the south african savanna, the spider community in 320 abandoned mammal burrows was investigated. three species, agelena ocellata (agelenidae), euprosthenops proximus (pisauridae) and smeringopus pallidus (pholcidae), coexisted in the burrows. the number of individuals and the number of species inhabiting the burrows increased with burrow size. gerbil burrows were apparently too small to provide space for more than one individual of any of the three species. on ...198828312212
wildlife-livestock interactions and risk areas for cross-species spread of bovine tuberculosis.the transmission of diseases between livestock and wildlife can be a hindrance to effective disease control. maintenance hosts and contact rates should be explored to further understand the transmission dynamics at the wildlife-livestock interface. bovine tuberculosis (btb) has been shown to have wildlife maintenance hosts and has been confirmed as present in the african buffalo (syncerus caffer) in the queen elizabeth national park (qenp) in uganda since the 1960s. the first aim of this study w ...201728155286
wildlife population dynamics in human-dominated landscapes under community-based conservation: the example of nakuru wildlife conservancy, kenya.wildlife conservation is facing numerous and mounting challenges on private and communal lands in africa, including in kenya. we analyze the population dynamics of 44 common wildlife species in relation to rainfall variation in the nakuru wildlife conservancy (nwc), located in the nakuru-naivasha region of kenya, based on ground total counts carried out twice each year from march 1996 to may 2015. rainfall in the region was quasi-periodic with cycle periods dependent on the rainfall component an ...201728103269
milk composition of free-ranging red hartebeest, giraffe, southern reedbuck and warthog and a phylogenetic comparison of the milk of african artiodactyla.the composition of major nutrients and fatty acids of the milk of three species, red hartebeest, southern reedbuck and warthog, and milk fatty acids of giraffe, that have not been published before, are reported, and together with the same parameters of 11 species previously published, were incorporated in a phylogenetic comparison. unique properties of milk composition have been observed. southern reedbuck milk seems to have a complex casein composition, similar to that of sheep. milk compositio ...201727880889
test performance of three serological assays for the detection of mycobacterium bovis infection in common warthogs (phacochoerus africanus).sporadic cases of bovine tuberculosis (btb) have been reported in warthogs in southern africa and confirmed through mycobacterial culture. however, there are no validated ante-mortem tests currently available for btb in warthogs. in this study, we evaluated the use of three serological assays for the detection of mycobacterium bovis infection in warthogs; an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using bovine purified protein derivative (ppdb) as a capture antigen (indirect ppd elisa ...201627863555
quantifying heterogeneity in host-vector contact: tsetse (glossina swynnertoni and g. pallidipes) host choice in serengeti national park, tanzania.identifying hosts of blood-feeding insect vectors is crucial in understanding their role in disease transmission. rhodesian human african trypanosomiasis (rhat), also known as acute sleeping sickness is caused by trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and transmitted by tsetse flies. the disease is commonly associated with wilderness areas of east and southern africa. such areas hold a diverse range of species which form communities of hosts for disease maintenance. the relative importance of different ...201627706167
extreme wildlife declines and concurrent increase in livestock numbers in kenya: what are the causes?there is growing evidence of escalating wildlife losses worldwide. extreme wildlife losses have recently been documented for large parts of africa, including western, central and eastern africa. here, we report extreme declines in wildlife and contemporaneous increase in livestock numbers in kenya rangelands between 1977 and 2016. our analysis uses systematic aerial monitoring survey data collected in rangelands that collectively cover 88% of kenya's land surface. our results show that wildlife ...201627676077
ecological monitoring and health research in luambe national park, zambia: generation of baseline data layers.classifying, describing and understanding the natural environment is an important element of studies of human, animal and ecosystem health, and baseline ecological data are commonly lacking in remote environments of the world. human african trypanosomiasis is an important constraint on human well-being in sub-saharan africa, and spillover transmission occurs from the reservoir community of wild mammals. here we use robust and repeatable methodology to generate baseline datasets on vegetation and ...201627338596
the african swine fever control zone in south africa and its current relevance.african swine fever (asf) has been reported in south africa since the early 20th century. the disease has been controlled and confined to northern south africa over the past 80 years by means of a well-defined boundary line, with strict control measures and movement restrictions north of this line. in 2012, the first outbreak of asf outside the asf control zone since 1996 occurred. the objective of this study was to evaluate the current relevance of the asf control line as a demarcation line bet ...201627247068
wild and domestic pig interactions at the wildlife-livestock interface of murchison falls national park, uganda, and the potential association with african swine fever outbreaks.bushpigs (bps) (potamochoerus larvatus) and warthogs (whs) (phacochoerus africanus), which are widely distributed in eastern africa, are likely to cohabitate in the same environment with domestic pigs (dps), facilitating the transmission of shared pathogens. however, potential interactions between bp, wh, and dp, and the resulting potential circulation of infectious diseases have rarely been investigated in africa to date. in order to understand the dynamics of such interactions and the potentia ...201627148545
mammalian interspecies substitution of immune modulatory alleles by genome editing.we describe a fundamentally novel feat of animal genetic engineering: the precise and efficient substitution of an agronomic haplotype into a domesticated species. zinc finger nuclease in-embryo editing of the rela locus generated live born domestic pigs with the warthog rela orthologue, associated with resilience to african swine fever. the ability to efficiently achieve interspecies allele introgression in one generation opens unprecedented opportunities for agriculture and basic research.201626898342
evolutionary patterns of toll-like receptor signaling pathway genes in the suidae.the toll-like receptor (tlr) signaling pathway constitutes an essential component of the innate immune system. highly conserved proteins, indicative of their critical roles in host survival, characterize this pathway. selective constraints could vary depending on the gene's position within the pathway as tlr signaling is a sequential process and that genes downstream of the tlrs may be more selectively constrained to ensure efficient immune responses given the important role of downstream genes ...201626860534
comparative analyses of the chemical and sensory parameters and consumer preference of a semi-dried smoked meat product (cabanossi) produced with warthog (phacochoerus africanus) and domestic pork meat.the study compared the chemical and sensory characteristics and consumer preference of a semi-dried, cured meat product, cabanossi, produced with warthog meat and with domestic pork. the warthog and pork cabanossi had similar total moisture (59.0%±2.07 and 54.3%±1.26) and protein (26.3%±2.20 and 24.2%±2.15) contents, while the warthog cabanossi was lower in total fat content (6.9%±1.01) compared to pork cabanossi (13.7%±1.77, p=0.007). descriptive sensory analysis found that the warthog cabanoss ...201626771142
antemortem diagnosis of cystic endometrial hyperplasia and successful ovariohysterectomy in an african warthog (phacochoerus africanus).during a routine geriatric examination on a 9-yr-old, nulliparous female african warthog (phacochoerus africanus), a severely enlarged, mixed echogenicity uterus was discovered during transabdominal ultrasound. ovariohysterectomy (ovh) was elected and performed due to concern for a potential neoplastic condition. postoperatively, the warthog was treated prophylactically with metoclopramide and ranitidine to promote gastrointestinal motility and prevent postoperative ileus. the gross appearance a ...201526667548
new insights into the role of ticks in african swine fever epidemiology.african swine fever (asf), one of the most important diseases of swine, is present in many african countries, as well as in eastern europe, russia and sardinia. it is caused by a complex virus, asf virus (asfv), for which neither vaccine nor treatment is available. asfv affects swine of all breeds and ages, and also replicates in soft ticks of the genus ornithodoros, facilitating asfv persistence and reocurrence of disease. depending on the involvement of these ticks, and the presence or not of ...201526601452
functional analysis and transcriptional output of the göttingen minipig genome.in the past decade the göttingen minipig has gained increasing recognition as animal model in pharmaceutical and safety research because it recapitulates many aspects of human physiology and metabolism. genome-based comparison of drug targets together with quantitative tissue expression analysis allows rational prediction of pharmacology and cross-reactivity of human drugs in animal models thereby improving drug attrition which is an important challenge in the process of drug development.201526573612
application of rapid serologic tests for detection of mycobacterium bovis infection in free-ranging warthogs (phacochoerus africanus)--implications for antemortem disease screening.warthogs (phacochoerus africanus) have been implicated as potential maintenance hosts of mycobacterium bovis. our preliminary investigation of bovine tuberculosis in three warthogs describes pathologic findings and associated positive serologic results in two infected animals. this demonstrates the potential use of serodiagnostic tests for m. bovis infection in this species.201626555104
first molecular assessment of the african swine fever virus status of ornithodoros ticks from swaziland.african swine fever (asf) is an economically significant haemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs. it is caused by the african swine fever virus (asfv), a deoxyribonucleic acid (dna)arbovirus. argasid ticks of the genus ornithodoros, which are widely distributed throughout southern africa, play a primary role in virus maintenance and spread within the endemic sylvatic cycle. the asf status of swaziland is unknown, but this land-locked country is surrounded by asf-positive countries, has a burgeonin ...201426304186
how rainfall variation influences reproductive patterns of african savanna ungulates in an equatorial region where photoperiod variation is absent.in high temperate latitudes, ungulates generally give birth within a narrow time window when conditions are optimal for offspring survival in spring or early summer, and use changing photoperiod to time conceptions so as to anticipate these conditions. however, in low tropical latitudes day length variation is minimal, and rainfall variation makes the seasonal cycle less predictable. nevertheless, several ungulate species retain narrow birth peaks under such conditions, while others show births ...201526295154
onchocerca takaokai n. sp. (nematoda: filarioidea) in japanese wild boars (sus scrofa leucomystax): description and molecular identification of intradermal females.human zoonotic onchocercosis is caused by onchocerca dewittei japonica, parasitic in wild boars (sus scrofa leucomystax) in japan. previously, microfilariae longer than those of onchocerca dewittei japonica were observed in skin snips from wild boars during the study of o. dewittei japonica. moreover, the third-stage larvae (l3) of these longer microfilariae were obtained from the blackfly simulium bidentatum after experimental injections. based on morphometric and molecular studies, similar l3 ...201526165205
expansion of the hsfy gene family in pig lineages : hsfy expansion in suids.amplified gene families on sex chromosomes can harbour genes with important biological functions, especially relating to fertility. the y-linked heat shock transcription factor (hsfy) family has become amplified on the y chromosome of the domestic pig (sus scrofa), in an apparently independent event to an hsfy expansion on the y chromosome of cattle (bos taurus). although the biological functions of hsfy genes are poorly understood, they appear to be involved in gametogenesis in a number of mamm ...201526055083
adaptive evolution of toll-like receptors (tlrs) in the family suidae.members of the family suidae have diverged over extended evolutionary periods in diverse environments, suggesting that adaptation in response to endemic infectious agents may have occurred. toll-like receptors (tlrs) comprise a multigene family that acts as the first line of defense against infectious microbes at the host-environment interface. we hypothesized that across the suidae, positive selection mediated by infectious agents has contributed to the evolution of tlr diversity. thus, we anal ...201525894218
artificial warthog burrows used to sample adult and immature tsetse (glossina spp) in the zambezi valley of zimbabwe.the biology of adult tsetse (glossina spp), vectors of trypanosomiasis in africa, has been extensively studied - but little is known about larviposition in the field.201525786253
investigation into the epidemiology of african swine fever virus at the wildlife - domestic interface of the gorongosa national park, central mozambique.an epidemiological study of african swine fever (asf) was conducted between march 2006 and september 2007 in a rural area adjacent to the gorongosa national park (gnp) located in the central mozambique. domestic pigs and warthogs were sampled to determine the prevalence of antibodies against asf virus and the salivary antigens of ornithodoros spp. ticks, while ticks collected from pig pens were tested for the presence of asfv. in addition, 310 framers were interviewed to gain a better understand ...201625483914
generalists at the interface: nematode transmission between wild and domestic ungulates.many parasitic nematode species are generalists capable of infecting multiple host species. the complex life cycle of nematodes, involving partial development outside of the host, facilitates transmission of these parasites between host species even when there is no direct contact between hosts. infective nematode larvae persist in the environment, and where grazing or water sources are shared ingestion of parasite larvae deposited by different host species is likely. in this paper we examine th ...201425426420
the conflict between cheetahs and humans on namibian farmland elucidated by stable isotope diet analysis.large areas of namibia are covered by farmland, which is also used by game and predator species. because it can cause conflicts with farmers when predators, such as cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus), hunt livestock, we assessed whether livestock constitutes a significant part of the cheetah diet by analysing the stable isotope composition of blood and tissue samples of cheetahs and their potential prey species. according to isotopic similarities, we defined three isotopic categories of potential prey: ...201425162403
molecular characterization of african swine fever virus from domestic pigs in northern tanzania during an outbreak in 2013.african swine fever (asf) is an acute, highly contagious and deadly viral hemorrhagic fever of domestic pigs caused by african swine fever virus (asfv), a double-stranded dna virus of the family asfarviridae. in this study, molecular diagnosis and characterization of outbreak asfv in northern tanzania, was performed on spleen, lymph node, kidney, and heart samples collected in june and july 2013 from domestic pigs that died during a hemorrhagic disease outbreak. confirmatory diagnosis of asf was ...201424996815
a review of the genus paramoniezia maplestone et southwell, 1923 (cestoda: anoplocephalidae), with a new genus, phascolocestus, from wombats (marsupialia) and redescriptions of moniezia mettami baylis, 1934 and moniezia phacochoeri (baylis, 1927) comb. n. from african warthogs (artiodactyla).paramoniezia suis maplestone et southwell, 1923 is redescribed from the type and only specimen, and is considered to be a genus inquirendum and species inquirenda, possibly based on a host misidentification. paramoniezia phacochoeri baylis, 1927 is redescribed from new material from phacochoerus africanus (gmelin) from south africa and is transferred to moniezia blanchard. 1891 as m. phacochoeri (baylis, 1927) comb. n. a redescription of m. mettami baylis, 1934, also from ph. africanus, establis ...201424684050
conservation challenge: human-herbivore conflict in chebera churchura national park, ethiopia.an investigation on human-herbivore conflict was carried out in ccnp between 2011 and 2012 in seven randomly selected villages (chebera, serri, yora, shita, delba, chuchra, chewda) around the park. a total of 312 household samples were identified for interview. group discussion and field observation were also carried out. among the respondents, the majority (83.9%) faced crop damage. african elephant (loxodonta africana), hippopotamus (hippopotamus amphibious), african buffalo (syncerus caffer), ...201324506044
chemoecological role of mammalian urine in host location by tsetse,glossina spp. (diptera: glossinidae).trap catch size was used to investigate whetherglossina pallidipes andg. longipennis could distinguish between the urine of the african buffalo, cattle, and waterbuck at nguruman in southwest kenya. ng2g traps baited with aged urine of these bovids caught significantly more of each tsetse than did the controls. the mean catch of either tsetse species in traps baited with aged urine of buffalo and cattle (tsetse hosts) and waterbuck (a nonhost) did not differ significantly. aged urine from both t ...199624225937
genome sequencing reveals fine scale diversification and reticulation history during speciation in sus.elucidating the process of speciation requires an in-depth understanding of the evolutionary history of the species in question. studies that rely upon a limited number of genetic loci do not always reveal actual evolutionary history, and often confuse inferences related to phylogeny and speciation. whole-genome data, however, can overcome this issue by providing a nearly unbiased window into the patterns and processes of speciation. in order to reveal the complexity of the speciation process, w ...024070215
piecewise disassembly of a large-herbivore community across a rainfall gradient: the uhuru experiment.large mammalian herbivores (lmh) strongly influence plant communities, and these effects can propagate indirectly throughout food webs. most existing large-scale manipulations of lmh presence/absence consist of a single exclusion treatment, and few are replicated across environmental gradients. thus, important questions remain about the functional roles of different lmh, and how these roles depend on abiotic context. in september 2008, we constructed a series of 1-ha herbivore-exclusion plots ac ...201323405122
parasites of south african wildlife. xix. the prevalence of helminths in some common antelopes, warthogs and a bushpig in the limpopo province, south africa.little work has been conducted on the helminth parasites of artiodactylids in the northern and western parts of the limpopo province, which is considerably drier than the rest of the province. the aim of this study was to determine the kinds and numbers of helminth that occur in different wildlife hosts in the area as well as whether any zoonotic helminths were present. ten impalas (aepyceros melampus), eight kudus (tragelaphus strepsiceros), four blue wildebeest (connochaetes taurinus), two bla ...201123327219
african swine fever virus eradication in africa.african swine fever was reported in domestic pigs in 26 african countries during the period 2009-2011. the virus exists in an ancient sylvatic cycle between warthogs (phacochoerus africanus) and argasid ticks of the ornithodoros moubata complex in many of the countries reporting outbreaks and in two further countries in the region. eradication of the virus from the countries in eastern and southern africa where the classic sylvatic cycle occurs is clearly not an option. however, the virus has be ...201323142552
review of the sylvatic cycle of african swine fever in sub-saharan africa and the indian ocean.african swine fever (asf) is a major limiting factor for pig production in most of the countries in sub-saharan africa and the indian ocean. in the absence of vaccine, a good understanding of the ecology and epidemiology of the disease is fundamental to implement effective control measures. in selected countries of southern and east africa, the association between ornithodoros moubata ticks and warthogs has been described in detail in the literature. however, for many other countries in the regi ...201323142551
african swine fever virus serodiagnosis: a general review with a focus on the analyses of african serum samples.african swine fever (asf) is an infectious disease that causes heavy mortality in domestic pigs. at present there is no vaccine against asf, and eradication in countries where the disease is endemic is based only on competent diagnosis programs and the sacrifice of infected animals. due to the presence of natural attenuated strains, certain infection conditions may result in reduced mortality. in these situations, the disease can be diagnosed by detection of specific antibodies. the use of class ...201323131491
trichinella infections in animals and humans in sub-saharan africa: a review.the aim of this review is to provide information on trichinella infection in humans, livestock and wildlife in sub-saharan africa mainly focusing on geographical distribution of species/genotypes, biology, host range, life cycles and to identify research gaps. trichinella britovi, trichinella nelsoni and trichinella zimbabwensis and one genotype (trichinella t8) are known to occur in sub-saharan africa. distinct geographic ranges with overlapping of some taxa in some areas have been observed. ge ...201323041114
buffalo, bush meat, and the zoonotic threat of brucellosis in botswana.brucellosis is a zoonotic disease of global importance infecting humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. little is known about the epidemiology and persistence of brucellosis in wildlife in southern africa, particularly in botswana.201222412932
estimating carnivoran diets using a combination of carcass observations and scats from gps clusters.scat analysis is one of the most frequently used methods to assess carnivoran diets and global positioning system (gps) cluster methods are increasingly being used to locate feeding sites for large carnivorans. however, both methods have inherent biases that limit their use. gps methods to locate kill sites are biased towards large carcasses, while scat analysis over-estimates the biomass consumed from smaller prey. we combined carcass observations and scats collected along known movement routes ...201222408290
african swine fever among slaughter pigs in mubende district, uganda.owing to frequent reports of suspected outbreaks and the presence of reservoir hosts and vectors (warthogs, bushpigs and o. moubata ticks), african swine fever (asf) is believed to be an endemic disease in uganda. there have, however, been very few studies carried out to confirm its existence in uganda. this study was carried out to describe the prevalence of asf based on pathologic lesions and analysis of serum samples from slaughtered pigs during a suspected outbreak in the mubende district of ...201222367736
use of habitat resources by scarab dung beetles in an savanna.in the queen elizabeth national park, uganda, we compared the scarab beetle assemblages in the dung of three wild ungulates (african buffalo, a ruminant foregut fermenter; hippopotamus, nonruminant foregut fermenter; and warthog, nonruminant hindgut fermenter). dung was collected from two sandy-clay soils with different percentage of coarse sand. we aimed at investigating habitat resource selection by dung beetle species within a savanna natural contest with abundant and diverse food availabilit ...201022182540
is there an influence of body mass on digesta mean retention time in herbivores? a comparative study on ungulates.the relation between body mass (bm) and digesta mean retention time (mrt) in herbivores was the focus of several studies in recent years. it was assumed that mrt scaled with bm(0.25) based on the isometric scaling of gut capacity (bm(1.0)) and allometric scaling of energy intake (bm(0.75)). literature studies that tested this hypothesis produced conflicting results, arriving sometimes at higher or lower exponents than the postulated 0.25. this study was conducted with 8 ruminants (n=2-6 per spec ...201121777685
minimizing predation risk in a landscape of multiple predators: effects on the spatial distribution of african ungulates.studies that focus on single predator-prey interactions can be inadequate for understanding antipredator responses in multi-predator systems. yet there is still a general lack of information about the strategies of prey to minimize predation risk from multiple predators at the landscape level. here we examined the distribution of seven african ungulate species in the fenced karongwe game reserve (kgr), south africa, as a function of predation risk from all large carnivore species (lion, leopard, ...201121618919
a questionnaire-based evaluation of the veterinary cordon fence separating wildlife and livestock along the boundary of the kruger national park, south africa.veterinary cordon fences are used in southern africa to separate wildlife from domestic animals in order to prevent transmission of infectious diseases. such fences are a control method recognized by the world organization for animal health (oie) for establishing disease-free zones in beef exporting countries. however, few studies have evaluated the ecological impact of these physical barriers or their effectiveness at a multispecies level. we examined the permeability of one such barrier, along ...201121536336
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