| characterization of a new protective antigen of streptococcus canis. | streptococcus canis (s. canis), a lancefield group g streptococcus, is an opportunistic pathogen mainly found in dogs and cats. the study on pathogenesis and protective immune mechanism of s. canis is not clear. a new streptococcal protective antigen (spa) was first identified from a genomic library of s. canis. spa of s. canis (spasc) contained a 1224-bp open reading frame which encoded a 407aa protein and a 34-aa signal sequence with a deduced molecular mass of 46.368 kda. protein analysis and ... | 2010 | 20490660 |
| human meningitis from streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus acquired as zoonoses. | streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus rarely causes meningitis in humans by contact with domestic animals or their unpasteurized products. in this paper we reviewed the literature pertaining to the epidemiological and clinical aspects relating to this infection on previously reported cases of human disease. additionally, the case of a 51-year-old female who acquired meningitis with this organism after contact with a horse is described. this patient was successfully treated with ceftriaxone, ye ... | 2011 | 20492747 |
| ceftiofur derivates in serum and endometrial tissue after intramuscular administration in healthy mares. | endometritis is one of the major problems in the horse breeding industry. the use of antibiotics for treatment of endometritis in the mare is recommended as best practice. the intrauterine application of antibiotics, however, has been under discussion over the last years because of concerns about its efficacy. the systemic use of antibiotics has been considered more effective because of its better distribution within the uterus. the objective of the present study was to determine the concentrati ... | 2010 | 20494421 |
| the influence of mineral ions on the microbial production and molecular weight of hyaluronic acid. | this study aimed to evaluate the influence of the culture medium supplementation with mineral ions, focusing on the growth of streptococcus zooepidemicus as well as on the production and average molecular weight (mw) of hyaluronic acid (ha). the ions were investigated in terms of individual absence from the totally supplemented medium (c+) or individual presence in the non-supplemented medium (c-), where c+ and c- were used as controls. differences between the effects were analyzed using the tuk ... | 2010 | 20495890 |
| hyaluronic acid production by streptococcus zooepidemicus in marine by-products media from mussel processing wastewaters and tuna peptone viscera. | hyaluronic acid is one of the biopolymers most commonly used by the pharmaceutical industry. thus, there is an increasing number of recent works that deal with the production of microbial hyaluronic acid. different properties and characteristics of the fermentation process have been extensively optimised; however, new carbon and protein sources obtained from by-products or cheap substrates have not yet been studied. | 2010 | 20546615 |
| streptococcus zooepidemicus: an emerging canine pathogen. | streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (s. zooepidemicus) has caused several outbreaks of haemorrhagic pneumonia in dogs in recent years. this highly contagious and often fatal disease is characterised by sudden onset of clinical signs including pyrexia, dyspnoea and haemorrhagic nasal discharge. post mortem examination typically reveals pulmonary haemorrhage and pleural effusion. histopathology demonstrates fibrino-suppurative, necrotising and haemorrhagic pneumonia in most cases. the pathogen ... | 2011 | 20570190 |
| meningitis due to group c streptococcus: a case report and review of the literature. | group c streptococci (gcs) are common causes of veterinary diseases and may colonize humans. human diseases due to gcs are uncommon and generally occur in the elderly and persons exposed to animals or animal products. we report a case of streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus meningitis in a horse trainer and review 36 cases of gcs meningitis reported in the literature. the median age was 48 y and the majority of patients were previously healthy. thirty-one percent (11/36) of the reported cases ... | 2010 | 20632899 |
| isolation of streptococcus zooepidemicus from three dogs in close contact with horses. | | 2010 | 20643889 |
| [construction of in-frame deletion streptococcal hemoprotein receptor gene mutant in streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus]. | to construct the in-frame deletion gene mutants in streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicusby (s. zooepidemicus) by pjr700 plasmid, a thermosensitive delivery vector system. | 2010 | 20687350 |
| identification of three novel superantigen-encoding genes in streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, szef, szen, and szep. | the acquisition of superantigen-encoding genes by streptococcus pyogenes has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality in humans, and the gain of four superantigens by streptococcus equi is linked to the evolution of this host-restricted pathogen from an ancestral strain of the opportunistic pathogen streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. a recent study determined that the culture supernatants of several s. equi subsp. zooepidemicus strains possessed mitogenic activity but lacked ... | 2010 | 20713629 |
| streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus meningitis--a case report and review of the literature. | a case is described of a 79-year-old man, trampled by his horses, who subsequently developed a wound infection and, later, meningitis. streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus was isolated as the causative organism. s. equi subsp. zooepidemicus, which carries the lancefield group c antigen, is an uncommon human pathogen but is commonly isolated from bacterial infections in animals, particularly horses. it is most commonly acquired by humans following animal contact. a review of the literature ide ... | 2010 | 20820836 |
| the streptococcal binding site in the gelatin-binding domain of fibronectin is consistent with a non-linear arrangement of modules. | fibronectin-binding proteins (fnbps) of staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pyogenes mediate invasion of human endothelial and epithelial cells in a process likely to aid the persistence and/or dissemination of infection. in addition to binding sites for the n-terminal domain (ntd) of fibronectin (fn), a number of streptococcal fnbps also contain an upstream region (ur) that is closely associated with an ntd-binding region; ur binds to the adjacent gelatin-binding domain (gbd) of fn. previou ... | 2010 | 20843804 |
| characterization of pneumonia due to streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus in dogs. | streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus has been linked to cases of acute fatal pneumonia in dogs in several countries. outbreaks can occur in kenneled dog populations and result in significant levels of morbidity and mortality. this highly contagious disease is characterized by the sudden onset of clinical signs, including pyrexia, dyspnea, and hemorrhagic nasal discharge. the pathogenesis of s. equi subsp. zooepidemicus infection in dogs is poorly understood. this study systematically characte ... | 2010 | 20861329 |
| suppression of pulmonary host defenses and enhanced susceptibility to respiratory bacterial infection in mice following inhalation exposure to trichloroethylene and chloroform. | numerous epidemiological studies have associated episodes of increased air pollution with increased incidence of respiratory disease, including pneumonia, croup, and bronchitis. trichloroethylene (tce) and chloroform are among 33 hazardous air pollutants identified by the u.s. environmental protection agency as presenting the greatest threat to public health in the largest number of urban areas. also, both are common indoor air pollutants. here, we assessed the potential effects of tce and chlor ... | 2010 | 20925451 |
| results of bacteriological and cytological examinations of the endometrium of subfertile mares in stud farms in serbia. | uterine microbiology, antimicrobial susceptibility and endometrial cytology were investigated in a total of 51 mares with fertility problems from 16 different stud farms in serbia. uterine cultures were performed after collection with a double guarded uterine swab, and endometrial cytology was evaluated after collection of endometrial cells with a special device (cytology brush). in 21 of 51 mares, at least one bacterial species was isolated from the uterus; the most frequent were streptococcus ... | 2010 | 21038807 |
| molecular cloning and analysis of the udp-glucose pyrophosphorylase in streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. | udp-glucose pyrophosphorylase (ec 2.7.7.9, ugpase) plays an important role in streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (s. zooepidemicus) cell envelope hyaluronic acid (ha) biosynthesis and it is also recognized as a virulence determinant in several bacterial species. ha is valuable biopolymer used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. in addition, encapsulation by ha is considered an important virulence factor in other streptococci. research ugpase will contribute to the vaccine developme ... | 2010 | 21104023 |
| production of hyaluronic acid from streptococcus zooepidemicus mtcc 3523 and its wound healing activity. | exopolysaccharide produced and purified from streptococcus zooepidemicus mtcc 3523 was identified as hyaluronic acid (ha) based on ir and nmr spectroscopy while its mw was found to be 5.38 × 10(5)da. ha produced passed bacterial endotoxin test and showed significant wound healing activity in wistar rats on 12th and 16th day. | 2010 | 21109488 |
| the group a streptococcus small regulatory rna fasx enhances streptokinase activity by increasing the stability of the ska mrna transcript. | small rna molecules play key regulatory roles in many bacterial species. however, little mechanistic data exists for the action of small regulatory rnas in the human pathogen group a streptococcus (gas). here, we analysed the relationship between a putative gas srna and production of the secreted virulence factor streptokinase (ska). ska promotes gas dissemination by activating conversion of host plasminogen into the fibrin-degrading protease plasmin. homologues of the putative srna-encoding gen ... | 2010 | 21143309 |
| comparison of three diagnostic methods to identify subclinical endometritis in mares. | the objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of a uterine swab (us), a cytological brush (cb) and an endometrial biopsy (eb) to detect subclinical endometritis in mares. cytological and bacteriological results of all three techniques were related to histological occurrence of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmns) in the stratum compactum, commonly known as 'best standard'; to diagnose endometritis. samples were taken from 55 mares of different breeds without clinical signs of endometri ... | 2011 | 21251703 |
| selective pressure for allelic diversity in sem of streptococcus equi does not affect immunoreactive proteins szpse or se18.9. | streptococcus equi, a clone or biovar of an ancestral streptococcus zooepidemicus of lancefield group c causes equine strangles, a highly contagious tonsillitis and lymphadenitis of the head and neck. at least 74 alleles based on n-terminal amino acid sequence of the anti-phagocytic sem have been observed among isolates of s. equi from n. america, europe and japan. a d(n)/d(s) ratio of 5.93 for the 5' region of sem is indicative of positive selective pressure. the aim of this study was to determ ... | 2011 | 21256981 |
| efficacy of a 2-dose regimen of a sustained release ceftiofur suspension in horses with streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus bronchopneumonia. | mcclure, s., sibert, g., hallberg, j, bade, d. efficacy of a 2-dose regimen of a sustained release ceftiofur suspension in horses with streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus bronchopneumonia. j. vet. pharmacol. therap.34, 442-447. the efficacy and safety of sustained release ceftiofur administered twice, 4 days apart, for treatment of horses with naturally acquired streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (strep. zoo.) pneumonia was evaluated in a multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, ... | 2011 | 21303377 |
| efficacy of the canine influenza virus h3n8 vaccine to decrease severity of clinical disease after cochallenge with canine influenza virus and streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. | since first emerging in the north american canine population in 2004, canine influenza virus (civ) subtype h3n8 has shown horizontal transmission among dogs, with a high level of adaptation to this species. the severity of disease is variable, and coinfection by other respiratory pathogens is an important factor in the degree of morbidity and mortality. the first influenza vaccine for dogs, an inactivated vaccine containing civ subtype h3n8, was conditionally approved by the u.s. department of a ... | 2011 | 21346059 |
| structure of the has operon promoter and the effect of mutations on the has promoter strength in streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. | the purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the corresponding nucleotides from streptococcus pyogenes on the has promoter strength in highly encapsulated strain s. equi subsp. zooepidemicus (sez) and detect an empowering mutations in sez. eight different strains of sez carrying nucleotide mutations in the -73 to -38 region upstream of the has promoter were constructed. the significant activity decrease to 36-1% was observed after the introduction of mutations in the promoter region f ... | 2011 | 21365475 |
| plasma pharmacokinetics, pulmonary distribution, and in vitro activity of gamithromycin in foals. | berghaus, l. j., giguère, s., sturgill, t. l., bade, d., malinski, t. j., huang, r. plasma pharmacokinetics, pulmonary distribution, and in vitro activity of gamithromycin in foals. j. vet. pharmacol. therap. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2011.01292.x. the objectives of this study were to determine the plasma and pulmonary disposition of gamithromycin in foals and to investigate the in vitro activity of the drug against streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (s. zooepidemicus) and rhodococcus equi. ... | 2011 | 21443748 |
| plasma and pulmonary disposition of ceftiofur and its metabolites after intramuscular administration of ceftiofur crystalline free acid in weanling foals. | credille, b. c., giguère, s., berghaus, l. j., burton, a. j., sturgill, t. l., grover, g. s., donecker, j. m., brown, s. a. plasma and pulmonary disposition of ceftiofur and its metabolites after intramuscular administration of ceftiofur crystalline free acid in weanling foals. j. vet. pharmacol. therap. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2011.01311.x. the objectives of this study were to determine the plasma and pulmonary disposition of ceftiofur crystalline free acid (ccfa) in weanling foals and to comp ... | 2011 | 21605128 |
| competitive protein adsorption on polysaccharide and hyaluronate modified surfaces. | adsorption of bovine serum albumin (bsa) and fibrinogen (fg) was measured on six distinct bare and dextran- and hyaluronate-modified silicon surfaces created using two dextran grafting densities and three hyaluronic acid (ha) sodium salts derived from human umbilical cord, rooster comb and streptococcus zooepidemicus. film thickness and surface morphology depended on the ha molecular weight and concentration. bsa coverage was enhanced on surfaces in competitive adsorption of bsa:fg mixtures. dex ... | 2011 | 21623481 |
| understanding the influence of phosphatidylcholine on the molecular weight of hyaluronic acid synthesized by streptococcus zooepidemicus. | the effect of phosphatidylcholine on the molecular weight properties of hyaluronic acid (ha) was studied in batch culture of streptococcus zooepidemicus by adding phosphatidylcholine at the early stage of exponential phase. with the addition of 80 mg/l of phosphatidylcholine, maximum ha yield (2.47 g/l) and weight-average molecular weight (902.60 kda) were achieved, increased by 17.4% and 67.1%, respectively, as compared to the control. metabolic flux analysis was employed to study the mechanism ... | 2011 | 21744115 |
| proteomic investigation of the impact of oxygen on the protein profiles of hyaluronic acid-producing streptococcus zooepidemicus. | hyaluronic acid (ha) is a linear and negatively charged polysaccharide regularly used in medicine and cosmetics. recently, streptococcus zooepidemicus has been exploited in the fermentation industry to produce ha. many studies showed that higher amounts of ha were produced under aerobic condition compared with anaerobic conditions. in order to explore the effect of oxygen on the ha synthesis in s. zooepidemicus, 2-de was used to compare the proteomes of aerobically and anaerobically fermented ba ... | 2010 | 21751408 |
| evaluation of lhp-« (1% hydrogen peroxide) cream versus petrolatum and untreated controls in open wounds in healthy horses: a randomized, blinded control study. | abstract: | 2011 | 21718487 |
| thermophilic helicase-dependent dna amplification using the isoamp™ se experimental kit for rapid detection of streptococcus equi subspecies equi in clinical samples. | a simple and portable assay for detection of streptococcus equi subspecies equi has been developed based on amplification of s. equi-specific sequence using a thermophilic helicase-dependent reaction followed by visual detection of the amplicon in a disposable lateral flow cassette. an experimental kit (isoamp™ se) was evaluated. analytical sensitivity was 50 copies of s. equi genomic dna per reaction. the isoamp se assay had 100% specificity when applied to nasal swabs and washes. the assay was ... | 2011 | 21908346 |
| complete genome sequence of streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus strain atcc 35246. | streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus is an opportunistic pathogen. it has caused a very large economic loss in the swine industry of china and has become a threat to human health. we announce the complete genome sequence of s. equi subsp. zooepidemicus strain atcc 35246, which provides opportunities to understand its pathogenesis mechanism and genetic basis. | 2011 | 21914890 |
| microbial production of hyaluronic acid: current state, challenges, and perspectives. | abstract: hyaluronic acid (ha) is a natural and linear polymer composed of repeating disaccharide units of β-1, 3-n-acetyl glucosamine and β-1, 4-glucuronic acid with a molecular weight up to 6 million daltons. with excellent viscoelasticity, high moisture retention capacity, and high biocompatibility, ha finds a wide-range of applications in medicine, cosmetics, and nutraceuticals.traditionally ha was extracted from rooster combs, and now it is mainly produced via streptococcal fermentation. re ... | 2011 | 22088095 |
| in vitro potential of equine defa1 and ecath1 as alternative antimicrobial drugs in rhodococcosis treatment. | rhodococcus equi, the causal agent of rhodococcosis, is a severe pathogen of foals but also of immunodeficient humans causing bronchopneumonia. the pathogen is often found together with klebsiella pneumoniae or streptococcus zooepidemicus in foals. of great concern is the fact that some r. equi strains are already resistant to commonly used antibiotics. in the present study, we evaluated the in vitro potential of two equine antimicrobial peptides (amps), ecath1 and defa1, as new drugs against r. ... | 2012 | 22232283 |
| co-infection of ornithobacterium rhinotracheale with streptococcus zooepidemicus in chickens. | an outbreak of bronchial embolization with 50%-70% morbidity and 30% mortality occurred in broilers in northeast china. this highly contagious disease is characterized by the sudden onset of clinical symptoms, including dyspnea, hemorrhagic tracheal discharge, and bronchial obstruction. subsequently, six strains of ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ort) and three strains of streptococcus zooepidemicus were isolated from the various organs and identified using biochemical tests and pcr methods. th ... | 2012 | 23397838 |
| haemorrhagic pneumonia in sled dogs caused by streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus - one fatality and two full recoveries: a case report. | in spite of yearly vaccination, outbreaks of canine infectious respiratory disease are periodically seen amongst domestic dogs. these infections compromise host defense mechanisms, and, when combined with other stressful events, allow opportunistic pathogens like streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus to create serious disease. early recognition and treatment are tremendously important for a successful outcome in these cases. a polyvalent vaccine was given to 22 racing dogs three days after a c ... | 2013 | 24020788 |
| genetic basis for hyper production of hyaluronic acid in natural and engineered microorganisms. | hyaluronic acid, or ha, is a rigid and linear biopolymer belonging to the class of the glycosaminoglycans, and composed of repeating units of the monosaccharides glucuronic acid and n-acetylglucosamine. ha has multiple important functions in the human body, due to its properties such as bio-compatibility, lubricity and hydrophilicity, it is widely applied in the biomedical, food, health and cosmetic fields. the growing interest in this molecule has motivated the discovery of new ways of obtainin ... | 2016 | 27370777 |
| endogenous endophthalmitis complicating streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus meningitis: a case report. | streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus (streptococcus zooepidemicus) is a rare cause of meningitis in humans. humans mainly get infected by contact with an animal source or by ingestion of unpasteurized dairy products. in rare cases, bacterial meningitis can be complicated by endogenous endophthalmitis which is frequently associated with a poor visual prognosis. | 2015 | 25940309 |
| clinical assessment of a point-of-care serum amyloid a assay in foals with bronchopneumonia. | despite the paucity of data available, stall-side serum amyloid (saa) assays are commonly used to make diagnostic and treatment decisions in foals with bronchopneumonia. | 2016 | 27296082 |
| efficacy and safety of lomefloxacin on bacterial extraocular disease in the horse. | lomefloxacin is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic used for the treatment of bacterial extraocular disease. this study investigated the efficacy and safety of lomefloxacin eye drops for bacterial extraocular disease in horses. lomefloxacin ophthalmic solution (0.3%) was instilled three times daily for 2-5 days in 65 horses diagnosed with bacterial extraocular disease based on clinical findings. clinical observations and bacteriological examinations were performed at the start of treatme ... | 2015 | 25787926 |
| ten-year follow-up of patients with epidemic post infectious glomerulonephritis. | scarce information on outcomes of epidemic post infectious glomerulonephritis is available. this is a 10-year follow-up of the patients that developed acute glomerulonephritis in an epidemic outbreak caused by group c streptococcus zooepidemicus in brazil in 1998, that were also previously evaluated 2 and 5 years after the acute episode. | 2015 | 25962068 |
| investigations of selected pathogens among village pigs in central papua, indonesia. | village pig husbandry is an important part of livestock production in papua province, eastern indonesia. however, high level of disease and mortality constrains production. the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of the selected pathogens in village pigs in the jayawijaya region of papua province, indonesia. two studies were conducted: study 1 determined the prevalence of selected pathogens in dead or moribund pigs sent to the main local market for sale. study 2 recorded the prev ... | 2016 | 26381546 |
| hygienic characteristics and microbiological hazard identification in horse and donkey raw milk. | today the interest toward horse (equus caballus) and donkey (equus asinus) milk for human consumption is receiving a renewed attention because of its particular composition, hypoallergenicity, and nutraceutical properties. the realistic perspective of global use of this aliment in balanced diets, especially for infancy and geriatrics, poses the need for a more in depth knowledge on milk hygiene and on the health status of dairy animals, as a prerequisite of consumers' safety. the aim of this pap ... | 2017 | 27033528 |
| engineering s. equi subsp. zooepidemicus towards concurrent production of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin biopolymers of biomedical interest. | glycosaminoglycans, such as hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphate, are not only more and more required as main ingredients in cosmeceutical and nutraceutical preparations, but also as active principles in medical devices and pharmaceutical products. however, while biotechnological production of hyaluronic acid is industrially established through fermentation of streptococcus spp. and recently bacillus subtilis, biotechnological chondroitin is not yet on the market. a non-hemolytic and hyaluro ... | 2017 | 28293868 |
| rapid evolution of hyaluronan synthase to improve hyaluronan production and molecular mass in bacillus subtilis. | to improve the production and molecular mass of the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (ha) in bacillus subtilis by engineering hyaluronan synthase (has) from streptococcus zooepidemicus. | 2016 | 27565668 |
| bacterial microbiota in harbor seals (phoca vitulina) from the north sea of schleswig-holstein, germany, around the time of morbillivirus and influenza epidemics. | we present microbiologic findings in harbor seal (phoca; phoca vitulina ) carcasses collected from the north sea of schleswig-holstein, germany, 1996-2014, and interpret results in relation to potential variations caused by phocine distemper virus and influenza a virus mass mortalities. we conducted microbiologic investigations on 2,124 tissue samples from lung, liver, kidney, spleen, intestine, and mesenteric lymph nodes from 549 dead harbor seals of the german north sea. a large variety of bac ... | 2017 | 28139956 |
| molecular surveillance of traditional and emerging pathogens associated with canine infectious respiratory disease. | a molecular survey for traditional and emerging pathogens associated with canine infectious respiratory disease (cird) was conducted in italy between 2011 and 2013 on a total of 138 dogs, including 78 early acute clinically ill cird animals, 22 non-clinical but exposed to clinically ill cird dogs and 38 cird convalescent dogs. the results showed that canine parainfluenza virus (cpiv) was the most commonly detected cird pathogen, followed by canine respiratory coronavirus (crcov), bordetella bron ... | 2016 | 27527760 |
| efficacy of endotracheal tube disinfection strategies for elimination of streptococcus zooepidemicus and bordetella bronchiseptica. | to evaluate the efficacy of various endotracheal tube disinfection strategies for elimination of streptococcus zooepidemicus and bordetella bronchiseptica. | 2015 | 26480012 |
| prevalence of canine infectious respiratory pathogens in asymptomatic dogs presented at us animal shelters. | to determine the prevalence of nine canine infectious respiratory disease (cird) pathogens in asymptomatic dogs presented at animal shelters across the united states. | 2015 | 26199194 |
| new and emerging pathogens in canine infectious respiratory disease. | canine infectious respiratory disease is a common, worldwide disease syndrome of multifactorial etiology. this review presents a summary of 6 viruses (canine respiratory coronavirus, canine pneumovirus, canine influenza virus, pantropic canine coronavirus, canine bocavirus, and canine hepacivirus) and 2 bacteria (streptococcus zooepidemicus and mycoplasma cynos) that have been associated with respiratory disease in dogs. for some pathogens a causal role is clear, whereas for others, ongoing rese ... | 2014 | 24232191 |
| infectious diseases in large-scale cat hoarding investigations. | animal hoarders accumulate animals in over-crowded conditions without adequate nutrition, sanitation, and veterinary care. as a result, animals rescued from hoarding frequently have a variety of medical conditions including respiratory infections, gastrointestinal disease, parasitism, malnutrition, and other evidence of neglect. the purpose of this study was to characterize the infectious diseases carried by clinically affected cats and to determine the prevalence of retroviral infections among ... | 2014 | 24934262 |
| thirty year retrospective evaluation of pneumonia in a bottlenose dolphin tursiops truncatus population. | pneumonia is one of the most common causes of morbidity in bottlenose dolphins tursiops truncatus. to better understand associations of pneumonia with demographics, microbiology, pathology, and histopathology, a retrospective study on 42 dolphins from the us navy marine mammal program dolphin population was conducted (1980 to 2010). a total of 21 (50%) of the dolphins evaluated had pneumonia confirmed by histopathology. bacterial and fungal pneumonia was present in 42.9 and 28.6% of cases (9 and ... | 2012 | 22832722 |
| reducing exposure to pathogens in the horse: a preliminary study into the survival of bacteria on a range of equine bedding types. | to compare the rate of growth of four microbial strains that cause disease in the horse, on four commonly used types of bedding. the moisture-holding capacity of each bedding type was also tested. | 2017 | 27659898 |
| evolution of in vitro antimicrobial resistance in an equine hospital over 3 decades. | this study identified antimicrobial resistance patterns of commonly isolated bacteria at the equine hospital of the université de montréal between 2007 and 2013, and compared the results with the resistance patterns observed in tests performed in previous decades in the same hospital. a total of 396 antimicrobial susceptibility tests were analyzed by the kirby-bauer method during the period 2007 to 2013 and compared to 233 and 255 tests completed in 1986 to 1988 and 1996 to 1998, respectively. t ... | 2016 | 27429463 |
| trends in antimicrobial resistance in equine bacterial isolates: 1999-2012. | this study aimed to identify changing antimicrobial resistance patterns in isolates commonly obtained from equine clinical submissions. laboratory records from 1999 to 2012 were searched for equine samples from which escherichia coli or streptococcus species was isolated. susceptibility to enrofloxacin, ceftiofur, gentamicin, penicillin g, trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (tmps) and tetracyclines was noted. isolates were divided into those identified between 1999 and 2004 (early) and between 2007 a ... | 2015 | 25628448 |
| physiopathologic mechanisms involved in mare endometrosis. | endometrosis is a degenerative chronic process, characterized by paramount fibrosis development in mare endometrium. this condition is one of the major causes of subfertility/infertility in mares. as in other organs, fibrosis might be a pathologic sequel of many chronic inflammatory diseases. however, aetiology and physiopathologic mechanisms involved in endometrial fibrosis are still controversial. this review presents new hypotheses based on our newest data. as the first line of innate immune ... | 2014 | 25277436 |
| removal of bacteria from stallion semen by colloid centrifugation. | bacteria (environmental contaminants and occasionally potential pathogens) are found in most stallion ejaculates and may negatively affect sperm quality during storage. since the use of antibiotics can lead to the development of resistance, an alternative means of microbial control is desirable. the removal of bacteria from stallion semen using single layer centrifugation through androcoll-e was investigated. known doses of cultured bacteria were added to freshly collected ejaculates (15ml aliqu ... | 2014 | 24485764 |
| uterine bacterial isolates from mares and their resistance to antimicrobials: 8,296 cases (2003-2008). | to describe bacteria isolated from reproductive tracts of mares and to examine the extent and patterns of resistance to antimicrobials commonly used for treatment of endometritis. | 2013 | 23517211 |
| bovine vaginal strain kocuria kristinae and its characterization. | kocuria spp. are widely distributed in nature. they are gram-positive, coagulase-negative, coccoid bacteria belonging to the family micrococcaceae, suborder micrococcineae, order actinomycetales, class actinobacteria. in general, limited knowledge exists concerning the properties associated with the representants of the genus kocuria, kocuria kristinae as well. following our previous results, k. kristinae kk2014 biocenol(™) (ccm 8628) was isolated from vagina of a healthy cow. its taxonomical al ... | 2016 | 26494240 |
| performance of a commercial chicken-ovo-transferrin-elisa on the serum of brown layer chickens infected with gallibacterium anatis and streptococcus zooepidemicus. | to evaluate ovo-transferrin (otf), a positive acute-phase protein in chickens, as a diagnostic biomarker of selected bacterial infections we checked the performance of a commercial chicken-otf-elisa (icl, inc., portland, or, usa) by analytical and overlap performances using two groups of serum samples obtained from 26 gallibacterium anatis-infected and 20 streptococcus zooepidemicus-infected brown layer chickens. in addition, sera from 14 apparently healthy and 19 negative control chickens were ... | 2014 | 24313352 |
| no evidence of horizontal infection in horses kept in close contact with dogs experimentally infected with canine influenza a virus (h3n8). | since equine influenza a virus (h3n8) was transmitted to dogs in the united states in 2004, the causative virus, which is called canine influenza a virus (civ), has become widespread in dogs. to date, it has remained unclear whether or not civ-infected dogs could transmit civ to horses. to address this, we tested whether or not close contact between horses and dogs experimentally infected with civ would result in its interspecies transmission. | 2012 | 22506984 |
| time-related pathological changes in horses experimentally inoculated with equine influenza a virus. | to investigate the pathology of equine influenza, necropsy of 7 horses experimentally infected with equine influenza a virus (eiv) subtype h3n8 was conducted on post-infection days (pid) 2, 3, 7, and 14. histopathologically, rhinitis or tracheitis including epithelial degeneration or necrosis with loss of ciliated epithelia and a reduction in goblet cell numbers, was observed in the respiratory tracts on pids 2 and 3. epithelial hyperplasia or squamous metaplasia and suppurative bronchopneumonia ... | 2012 | 24833992 |
| constructing a recombinant hyaluronic acid biosynthesis operon and producing food-grade hyaluronic acid in lactococcus lactis. | hyaluronic acid (ha), a natural high molecular weight polysaccharide, is produced by streptococcus zooepidemicus. however, streptococcus has several drawbacks including its potential to produce exotoxins, so there is demand for an alternative ha source. here, a recombinant ha biosynthesis operon, as well as the ha biosynthesis operon of s. zooepidemicus were introduced into l. lactis using the nisin-controlled expression system, respectively. ha was successfully synthesized by recombinant l. lac ... | 2015 | 25447786 |
| chromosomal integration of hyaluronic acid synthesis (has) genes enhances the molecular weight of hyaluronan produced in lactococcus lactis. | microbial production of hyaluronic acid (ha) is an attractive substitute for extraction of this biopolymer from animal tissues. natural producers such as streptococcus zooepidemicus are potential pathogens; therefore, production of ha by recombinant bacteria that are generally recognized as safe (gras) organisms is a viable alternative that is being extensively explored. however, plasmid-based expression systems for ha production by recombinant bacteria have the inherent disadvantage of reduced ... | 2014 | 25044639 |
| ratio of intracellular precursors concentration and their flux influences hyaluronic acid molecular weight in streptococcus zooepidemicus and recombinant lactococcus lactis. | ha molecular weight variation in streptococcus zooepidemicus and two recombinant lactococcus lactis strains were investigated by chemostat experiments and metabolic flux analysis (mfa). the study showed that intracellular flux ratio of udp-glcua to udp-glcnac correlated directly with ha molecular weight, for all the three strains. the ratio of intracellular concentration of these ha precursors also exhibited a similar trend. phosphoglucoisomerase activity and glucose flux towards lactic acid for ... | 2014 | 24814248 |
| transcription analysis of hyaluronan biosynthesis genes in streptococcus zooepidemicus and metabolically engineered lactococcus lactis. | the has operon genes in the hyaluronan (ha) producer, streptococcus zooepidemicus, encode for some of the critical enzymes in the ha biosynthetic pathway. heterologous expression of different combinations of multiple has genes has resulted in increasing ha production to varying degrees in different recombinant strains. in this work, a recombinant lactococcus lactis strain (sjr6) was constructed, with insertion of three has operon genes (hasabd) from s. zooepidemicus. the sjr6 strain was found to ... | 2012 | 22367612 |
| the clinical significance of nicoletella semolina in horses with respiratory disorders and a screening of the bacterial flora in the airways of horses. | nicoletella semolina, a member of the family pasteurellaceae, can be isolated from the airways of horses with respiratory disorders. however, its role as a potential or opportunistic pathogen is not clear nor is its presence as part of the normal flora. we therefore investigated the presence and bacterial load of n. semolina in healthy and diseased horses. samples from a healthy control group were compared with samples from the routine analysis of horses with a clinical history of respiratory di ... | 2013 | 23084505 |
| a retrospective study on clinical findings of 7300 cases (2007-2014) of barren female dromedaries. | the objective of this study was to investigate the clinical findings in barren female dromedaries examined for different complaints. female camels were examined for repeat breeding with regular heat interval (rb-r, n = 5444), refused mating (rm, n = 1299), repeat breeding with long heat interval (rb-l, n = 489), difficulties or bleeding during mating (dm, n = 53), and for manifestation of male-like behavior (mb, n = 15). the genital tracts of all females were evaluated using transrectal palpatio ... | 2015 | 25935372 |
| hyaluronic acid production with corynebacterium glutamicum: effect of media composition on yield and molecular weight. | corynebacterium glutamicum was tested as an alternative host for heterologous production of hyaluronic acid (ha). | 2014 | 24863652 |
| improvement production of hyaluronic acid by streptococcus zooepidemicus in sugarcane molasses. | microbial hyaluronic acid (ha) production has been preferred rather than extraction from animal tissue for medical and cosmetic applications. in this context, to obtain an economically competitive ha production by streptococcus zooepidemicus, culture conditions were studied to improve the polymer production in sugarcane molasses. the highest ha production by s. zooepidemicus atcc 39920 achieved was 2.825 g. l(-1) in a 4.5 l bioreactor with controlled ph (8.0) and medium containing molasses (85.3 ... | 2016 | 27900664 |
| intramuscular administration of sodium benzylpenicillin in horses as an alternative to procaine benzylpenicillin. | the aim was to supply information about the possibility of replacing the procaine salt with the sodium salt for benzylpenicillin im treatment in horse in order to diminish the risk for procaine adverse effects. in a crossover study eight horses were given 15 mg/kg sodium benzylpenicillin (na-pc) twice daily or procaine benzylpenicillin (control) once daily im for four days. the half-life of na-pc was 1.9h, peak concentration was 14,600 ng/ml reached after about 23 min. trough plasma concentratio ... | 2013 | 23419937 |
| streptococcus zooepidemicus and streptococcus equi evolution: the role of crisprs. | the host-restricted bacterium streptococcus equi is the causative agent of equine strangles, the most frequently diagnosed infectious disease of horses worldwide. the disease is characterized by abscessation of the lymph nodes of the head and neck, leading to significant welfare and economic cost. s. equi is believed to have evolved from an ancestral strain of streptococcus zooepidemicus, an opportunistic pathogen of horses and other animals. comparison of the genome of s. equi strain 4047 with ... | 2013 | 24256234 |
| multiplex pcr-based identification of streptococcus canis, streptococcus zooepidemicus and streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies from dogs. | streptococcus canis (s. canis), streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus (s. zooepidemicus) and streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies (s. dysgalactiae subspecies) are β-haemolytic gram positive bacteria infecting animals and humans. s. canis and s. zooepidemicus are considered as two of the major zoonotic species of streptococcus, while more research is needed on s. dysgalactiae subspecies bacteria. in this work, a multiplex-pcr protocol was tested on strains and clinical samples to detect s. ... | 2017 | 28131378 |
| factors associated with survival in 97 horses with septic pleuropneumonia. | septic pleuropneumonia is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in horses, but there is limited data available regarding factors associated with survival. | 2017 | 28271546 |
| [spontaneous peritonitis by streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus]. | | 2017 | 28205430 |
| zoonotic necrotizing myositis caused by streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus in a farmer. | streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus is a beta-hemolytic group c streptococcus mainly causing infections in domesticated animals. here we describe the first case of zoonotic necrotizing myositis caused by this bacterium. | 2017 | 28201995 |
| cd44 enhances macrophage phagocytosis and plays a protective role in streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus infection. | streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (s. zooepidemicus) is an important pathogen associated with a wide range of diseases in many mammalian species. cd44 is a transmembrane adhesion molecule involved in innate and adaptive immune responses. the aim of this study was to determine the protective role of cd44 during s. zooepidemicus infection. cd44-deficient mice exhibited reduced macrophage accumulation in the bronchoalveolar space and enhanced bacterial outgrowth and dissemination, which resul ... | 2017 | 28062002 |
| [first case report of streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus post-infectious acute glomerulonephritis in france]. | post-infectious glomerulonephritis has become exceptional in france because streptococcus infections are well-treated. when they appear, clinical and biological symptoms are mostly typical and associate acute nephritic syndrome, acute renal failure, proteinuria, hematuria and low complement. we are reporting the first french case of acute post-infectious glomerulonephritis related to streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, which is commonly found in horses and rarely in human pathology, and of ... | 2017 | 27866939 |
| extracellular nucleases of streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus degrade neutrophil extracellular traps and impair macrophage activity of the host. | the pathogen streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus is associated with a wide range of animals, including humans, and outbreaks frequently occur in pigs, equines, and goats. thus far, few studies have assessed interactions between the host immune system and s. equi subsp. zooepidemicus and how these interactions explain the wide host spectrum of s. equi subsp. zooepidemicus neutrophils, the first line of innate immunity, possess a defense mechanism called neutrophil extracellular traps (nets), ... | 2017 | 27815272 |
| molecular characterization of virulence genes of streptococcus equi subsp. equi and streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus in equines. | the aim was to determine the occurrence of streptococci in equines in jammu (r. s. pura, katra), characterization of streptococci equi subsp. equi and streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus with respect to their virulence traits and to determine antibiotic sensitivity pattern of virulent streptococcus isolates. | 2016 | 27651677 |
| capsule of streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus hampers the adherence and invasion of epithelial and endothelial cells and is attenuated during internalization. | direct interaction between pathogens and host cells often is a prerequisite for colonization, infection and dissemination. regulated production of capsular polysaccharide (cps), which is made of hyaluronic acid, is essential for the pathogenicity of streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (sez). here, we constructed a cps-deleted mutant and analyzed it along with the parental wild-type strain in attachment and invasion of mammalian epithelial and endothelial cell lines. the cps-deleted mutant ex ... | 2016 | 27388015 |
| the arginine deiminase system facilitates environmental adaptability of streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus through ph adjustment. | the arginine deiminase system (ads) is a secondary metabolic system found in many different bacterial pathogens and it is often associated with virulence. here, a systematic study of ads functions in streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (sez) was performed. transcriptional levels of ads operon genes were observed to be significantly increased when sez was grown under acidic conditions. we constructed arca and arcd deletion mutants (sez δarca and sez δarcd, respectively) and found that sez δar ... | 2016 | 27068185 |
| production of hyaluronic acid by streptococcus zooepidemicus on protein substrates obtained from scyliorhinus canicula discards. | this work investigates the production of hyaluronic acid (h) by streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus in complex media formulated with peptones obtained from scyliorhinus canicula viscera by-products. initially, in batch cultures, the greatest productions were achieved using commercial media (3.03 g/l) followed by peptones from alcalase hydrolyzed viscera (2.32 g/l) and peptones from non-hydrolyzed viscera (2.26 g/l). an increase of between 12% and 15% was found in subsequent fed-batch culture ... | 2015 | 26512678 |
| rapid diagnosis of strangles (streptococcus equi subspecies equi) using pcr. | strangles is one of the most common equine infectious diseases with serious health, welfare and socio-economic impact. however, the detection of streptococcus equi subspecies equi can be challenging and persistently infected carriers are common. furthermore, the use of classical microbiology can result in an underestimation of the prevalence of the disease. the difficulties associated with the slow diagnosis of strangles can result in rapid spread of the disease. therefore, rapid and economical ... | 2015 | 26412537 |
| comparison of specificities of serum antibody responses of horses to clinical infections caused by streptococcus equi or zooepidemicus. | streptococcus zooepidemicus (sz) and its clonal derivative streptococcus equi (se) share greater than 96% dna identity and elicit immune responses to many shared proteins. identification of proteins uniquely targeted by the immune response to each infection would have diagnostic value. | 2015 | 26386491 |
| risk factors associated with uterine fluid after breeding caused by streptococcus zooepidemicus. | infectious endometritis is a major cause of infertility in the mare and inflicts major losses on the equine breeding industry. the ability of the mare to eliminate uterine infections has been studied intensively for decades; however, despite identification of several factors contributing to the multifactorial pathogenesis and improved treatment, infectious endometritis remains a significant problem in a subpopulation of broodmares. streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (s. zooepidemicus) is on ... | 2015 | 26300275 |
| prophage lysin ply30 protects mice from streptococcus suis and streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus infections. | streptococcus suis and streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus are capable of infecting humans and various animals, causing significant problems for the worldwide swine industry. as antibiotic resistance has increased, lysosomal enzymes encoded by phages have shown potential for use against pathogenic bacteria. in this study, a novel bacteriophage lysin, ply30, encoded by the s. suis prophage phi30c, was recombinantly expressed and purified. ply30 showed high bacteriolysis activity on s. suis an ... | 2015 | 26253669 |
| recurrent streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus bacteremia in an infant. | we describe a case of an infant with recurrent bacteremia caused by streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, likely transmitted from mother to infant. our case highlights the importance of an epidemiological history and molecular diagnostics in ascertaining insights into transmission, pathogenesis, and optimal management. | 2015 | 26179301 |
| streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus pleuropneumonia and peritonitis in a dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) calf in north america. | a 12-week-old female dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) calf was evaluated because of acute (< 24 hours) inappetence and lethargy. the calf was being bottle-fed because of maternal rejection. | 2015 | 26176731 |
| activation of persistent streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus in mares with subclinical endometritis. | endometritis in horses caused by streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus (s. zooepidemicus) may be underdiagnosed due to traditional diagnostic methods lacking sensitivity and specificity. we serendipitously identified a bacterial growth medium (bactivate) that appeared capable of inducing growth of dormant s. zooepidemicus, which subsequently allowed detection by standard diagnostics. to assess the effect of bactivate we compared its ability to activate dormant s. zooepidemicus in a group o ... | 2015 | 26123371 |
| a randomized controlled field trial of a novel trimethoprim-sulfadiazine oral suspension for treatment of streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus infection of the lower respiratory tract in horses. | to evaluate the effectiveness of a novel trimethoprim-sulfadiazine oral suspension for the treatment of naturally acquired streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus infection in horses. | 2015 | 26043133 |
| update on bacterial pneumonia and pleuropneumonia in the adult horse. | bacterial infections of the lower respiratory tract in adult horses occur when bacteria from the nasopharynx reach the lower airways and overwhelm normal defense mechanisms. although streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus is the most commonly isolated bacterial species, mixed infections are possible. tracheobronchial aspiration for microbiologic culture and sensitivity is suggested in cases presenting with severe clinical signs or not responding to treatment. early intervention and appropriate a ... | 2015 | 25600453 |
| identification of novel genes expressed during host infection in streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus atcc35246. | infection with streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus (streptococcus zooepidemicus, sez) can cause septicemia, meningitis, and mastitis in domesticated species. identification of this organism's virulence factors is an effective way of clarifying its pathogenic mechanism. we employed in vivo-induced antigen technology (iviat) to find bacterial genes that were only expressed or upregulated in an infected host (ivi genes). convalescent-phase sera from pigs infected with sez were pooled, adsorbed ag ... | 2015 | 25595678 |
| streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus infections associated with guinea pigs. | streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus is a known zoonotic pathogen. in this public health investigation conducted in virginia, usa, in 2013, we identified a probable family cluster of s. zooepidemicus cases linked epidemiologically and genetically to infected guinea pigs. s. zooepidemicus infections should be considered in patients who have severe clinical illness and report guinea pig exposure. | 2015 | 25531424 |
| [postvaccinal fatal streptococcus zooepidemicus necrotizing fasciitis in a young dog: a case report]. | a 2.5-years-old female mongrel dog was routinely subcutaneously vaccinated. a few hours later mental dullness was noticed by the owner progressing into stupor the next day and resulting in a comatose state and death within 48 hours after vaccination. at post mortem examination, which was extended with histology and bacteriology, a necrotizing fasciitis and bacteremia caused by streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus were established. in the isolated streptococcus strain four different superantig ... | 2014 | 25272902 |
| prevalence and disease associations of superantigens szef, szen and szep in the s. zooepidemicus population and possible functional redundancy of szef. | streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus (s. zooepidemicus) causes a variety of infections in a broad range of species. this study broadens prevalence data for three recently identified novel superantigens (szef, szen, and szep) to define links between their presence and disease type. screening of 437 strains across 190 sequence types (sts) revealed that 50% of strains contained superantigen genes. results confirmed that the presence of s. zooepidemicus superantigen genes is significantly ass ... | 2014 | 25267286 |
| inflammation-induced haemostatic response in layer chickens infected with streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus as evaluated by fibrinogen, prothrombin time and thromboelastography. | streptococcus zooepidemicus has recently been shown to be a severe pathogen in layer chickens, where it is able to cause serious lesions in the vascular system. to evaluate the haemostatic response, 10 layer chickens were inoculated intravenously with s. zooepidemicus. four hypotheses were tested: that the infection-induced inflammation would increase the plasma fibrinogen (fbg) concentration, would prolong the prothrombin time (pt) and would prompt hypercoagulability or hypocoagulability as ass ... | 2014 | 25017320 |
| development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for detecting streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus and analysis of its use with three simple methods of extracting dna from equine respiratory tract specimens. | streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (s. zooepidemicus) is a dominant pathogenic bacterium in equine pneumonia. we developed a specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method, which targets the gene encoding sorbitol-6-phosphate 2-dehydrogenase (sord), for detecting s. zooepidemicus and examined the clinical efficacies of its use in combination with each of 3 dna extraction methods easily used by veterinary practitioners, namely the loopamp pure dna extraction kit, instagene mat ... | 2014 | 24871644 |
| characterization of a mucoid clone of streptococcus zooepidemicus from an epizootic of equine respiratory disease in new caledonia. | streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus (sz) is a tonsillar and mucosal commensal of healthy horses with the potential to cause opportunistic infections of the distal respiratory tract stressed by virus infection, transportation, training or high temperature. the invasive clone varies from horse to horse with little evidence of lateral transmission in the group. tonsillar isolates are non-mucoid although primary isolates from opportunist lower respiratory tract infections may initially be mu ... | 2014 | 24618399 |
| purulent pericarditis and pneumonia caused by streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. | purulent pericarditis is a life-threatening disease that usually manifests following bacteraemia or through spreading from an intrathoracic focus. only a few cases of this disease have been reported with lancefield group c streptococci as aetiological agents, and the primary focus in these infections remains unknown. we report a case of purulent pericarditis with septic and cardiogenic shock, caused by streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (group c) in a 51-year-old patient. the pathogen was p ... | 2014 | 24243287 |
| toxic shock syndrome related to streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus. | we describe a documented streptococcal toxic shock syndrome linked to horse-to-man transmission of streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus. the patient was treated successfully with respiratory and haemodynamic support in conjunction with antibiotic treatment associated with polyvalent human immunoglobulin and high-volume venovenous haemofiltration. | 2013 | 24014562 |