Publications

epizootie due a streptococcus zooepidemicus.		1944	17648087
studies on the experimental epidemiology of respiratory infections. ii. observations on the behavior of aerosols of streptococcus zooepidemicus.		1950	14774527
fatal streptococcus zooepidemicus infection in a gerbil (tatera brantsi) in south africa.		1957	13430722
[septicemia caused by streptococcus zooepidemicus].		1963	13963632
streptococcus zooepidemicus infection in sheep.	fibrinous pericarditis, fibrinous pleuritis and pneumonia associated with streptococcus zooepidemicus were observed in two lambs in a small flock of sheep. these lesions were reproduced in lambs inoculated intratracheally with streptococcus zooepidemicus. clinical signs included pyrexia, serous to mucopurulent nasal discharge, dyspnea and depression followed by death in six to seven days. histologically the tissue changes were characterized by an acute inflammatory response involving bronchioles ...	1974	4277667
epidemiology of equine streptococci.	equine tonsillar tissue and the draining regional lymph nodes, as well as deep nasal swabs were examined bacteriologically. group c streptococci, predominantly streptococcus zooepidemicus, were shown to be present in all tissues. the most frequent site for isolation was the tonsil. streptococcus equi was not located in any of the tissues sampled.	1975	1118660
letter: streptococcus zooepidemicus and infertility in horses.		1975	1164296
otitis media of guinea pigs.	otitis media occurred in 177 of 1373 guinea pigs necropsied during a six-year period. streptococcus pneumoniae (20%), streptococcus zooepidemicus (15%), bordetella bronchiseptica (12%), and pseudomonas aeruginosa (11%) were the most common bacteria isolated from affected tympanic bullae. radiology and otoscopy were tested as means of antemortem screening for affected guinea pigs. radiology gave 96% accuracy in diagnosing otitis media and proved to be a more satisfactory technique than otoscopy.	1976	14279
streptococcus zooepidemicus (group c streptococci) as a cause of human infection.	cervical lymphadenitis with high fever and respiratory distress in a 3-year-old boy is reported. group c streptococci were isolated from the boy's throat and these were identified as streptococcus zooepidemicus. the patient recovered after treatment with penicillin. strep. zooepidemicus is extremely rare as a causative organism of human infections. even symptomless carriers are very rare. group c streptococci isolated from humans normally belong to the species strep. equisimilis.	1976	788146
hemolytic streptococci in supramammary lymph nodes from healthy pigs from the peruvian jungle.	hemolytic streptococci were isolated from 53 percent (18) supramammary lymph nodes from healthy adult pigs raised at the peruvian jungle. the isolates were identified as streptococcus zooepidemicus, streptococcus infrequens, streptococcus faecalis and groups p and s. the possible significance of the findings are discussed.	1978	101478
internal abdominal abscesses in the horse: a study of 25 cases.	internal abdominal abscesses in 25 horses, including 8 horses that died or were euthanatized, were found to be caused by streptococcus equi, streptococcus zooepidemicus, or corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. breed or sex predilection was not found. although horses of all ages were affected, those under 5 years of age were more commonly affected. nearly all of the horses had a history of respiratory catarrh or lymphadenitis. horses with internal abdominal abscesses also had intermittent, prolong ...	1978	621178
[three cases of hemolytic streptococcus infection in guinea-pigs (author's transl)].	three cases of naturally occurring hemolytic streptococcus infection were detected in guinea-pigs which had been delivered from different sources to the division of animal research, faculty of medicine, university of tokyo, tokyo, during the period from november, 1976, till february, 1977. the clinical manifestations of the infection were differentiated into two types; ie, the acute type with sepsis and pneumonia as main pathologic changes, and the chronic type with abscess formation of submaxil ...	1978	668816
[rearing of germfree guinea pigs and establishment of an spf guinea pig colony].	new born guinea pigs of hartley strain derived by hysterectomy were fed commercial pellets, cow's milk, egg yolk and vitamin mixture since 0 days of age, when they were kept at 31 +/- 1 degrees c. out of 33 animals, 30 were reared for 40 days under aseptic state and they were transfered to a barrierred facility to establish an spf colony free from bordetella bronchiseptica, streptococcus zooepidemicus (animal c), salmonella spp., tyzzer's organisms, mycoplasma spp., reo 3 virus, sendai virus, ei ...	1979	155009
[streptococcus zooepidemicus infection in a guinea pig colony].		1979	533525
fibrinogen binding structures in beta-hemolytic streptococci group a, c, and g. comparisons with receptors for igg and aggregated beta 2-microglobulin.	binding of radiolabelled fibrinogen was measured to 197 strains of 16 different bacterial species. all streptococcal strains belonging to groups a, c, and g isolated from human sources were strongly positive. s. aureus strains showed low binding values. occasional group b streptococci were positive. reactive strains were also noted among group c streptococci of animal origin, streptococcus zooepidemicus and str. equii, and bovine beta-hemolytic group g streptococci. bovine alpha-hemolytic group ...	1979	93400
streptococcus zooepidemicus (group c) pneumonia in a human.	lancefield group c streptococcal pneumonia appeared in a previously healthy young adult. the patient apparently acquired the infection while caring for her sick horse, and experienced a gradual onset of the illness. there was rapid accumulation of pleural fluid and empyema requiring open drainage. group c pneumonia cannot be distinguished from classic group a pneumonia on clinical grounds. beta-hemolytic streptococci isolated from sputum, transtracheal aspirates, pleural fluid, or blood of patie ...	1980	7354128
group c streptococcal meningitis in an adult. probable acquistion from a horse.	although group c streptococci are infrequent pathogens in man, they commonly cause disease in animals. only recently have they been recognized as a causative agent in meningitis in man. to our knowledge, no previous report has documented a source for the infection. we treated a previously healthy young adult with group c streptococcal meningitis, who responded rapidly to antibiotic therapy. the same species (streptococcus zooepidemicus) that was isolated from the csf of the patient also grew fro ...	1980	7387308
trimethoprim and sulfadiazine: experimental infection of beagles.	the purpose in the present study was to determine whether the commercial combination of trimethoprim (tmp) and sulfadiazine (sdz) tribrissen (tri) was more effective than either of the components for treating experimentally induced infection of streptococcus zooepidemicus. two dose levels of each were given subcutaneously for treatment, and their effectiveness was compared with that of sulfadimethoxine (sdm) in terms of (i) clinical manifestations, (ii) hematologic changes, (iii) blood culture e ...	1980	7436108
demonstration of a new type of immunoglobulin g receptor in streptococcus zooepidemicus strains.	forty-seven bacterial strains representing four different group c streptococcal species were tested for binding of human and bovine immunoglobulin g (igg) subclasses. specific binding sites for igg were found in all bacterial species studied. the four species included differed, however, in their capacities to interact with various igg subclasses, indicating the existence of different types of igg receptors. streptococcus equisimilis and streptococcus dysgalactiae were found to carry the same typ ...	1980	6769810
streptococcus zooepidemicus as the cause of septicemia in racing greyhounds.		1981	6911912
meningoencephalitis caused by streptococcus zooepidemicus in a goat.		1981	7204252
[streptococcus zooepidemicus infection in laying hens (author's transl)].		1981	7268749
effect of ovarian hormones on the phagocytic response of ovariectomized mares.	the reaction between ovarian hormones and experimental uterine infection (streptococcus zooepidemicus) was investigated in 3 groups, each containing 6 ovariectomized mares. group 1 served as controls ('anoestrus'), group 2 mares were injected with oestrogen ('oestrus') and group 3 with progesterone ('dioestrus') over a period of 5 weeks. all mares received an intrauterine inoculation of the bacteria 1 week after the start of hormonal treatment, and the results of the challenge were examined by e ...	1982	6962850
influence of bacterial products on the motility of stallion spermatozoa.	sterile filtrates were prepared from equine isolates of klebsiella pneumoniae (genitalium), proteus mirabilis, pseudomonas aeruginosa, escherichia coli, streptococcus zooepidemicus, streptococcus equisimilis, actinobacillus equuli, and corynebacterium equi and mixed individually with extended stallion semen. when diluted in the extended semen the filtrates represented bacterial populations of 0.5 x 10(6), 1 x 10(6), 2 x 10(6) and 4 x 10(6) cells/ml. ph values were recorded for each filtrate. spe ...	1982	6962871
hemorrhagic streptococcal pneumonia in newly procured research dogs.	an acute necrotizing hemorrhagic pneumonia syndrome was recognized among 14 newly arrived research dogs. typically, there were acute deaths without clinical signs. necropsy revealed diffuse hemorrhagic pneumonia, and lancefield group c streptococcus zooepidemicus was isolated consistently from the lungs. in many cases, septic thrombi were seen in the small vessels of the kidneys, lymph nodes, spleen, brain, and adrenal glands. the syndrome was reproduced by intratracheal inoculation of the isola ...	1982	7174463
endocarditis due to streptococcus zooepidemicus.		1982	7083102
fractionation of rat igg subclasses and screening for igg fc-binding to bacteria.	the four igg subclasses of the rat, iggl, igg2a, igg2b and igg2c, were purified from normal serum by a combination of protein a-affinity chromatography and deae-cellulose chromatography. purified, radiolabelled preparations of igg were tested for binding to gram-positive bacteria representing five different fc-receptor (fcr) types. distinct rat subclass-specific fc-binding was noted to bacterial species belonging to different fc-receptor types. staphylococcus aureus (fcr i) strains bind iggl and ...	1982	7078553
[bacteriological and morphological findings in aborted cattle fetuses].	bacteriologic investigations were carried out on a total of 142 fetuses aborted by cows. c. pyogenes, v. fetus, streptococcus pyogenes animalis (sofia), m. bovigenitalium, a. laidlawii, e. coli, and b. subtilis were isolated from 34 fetuses (24 per cent). besides, single of these species were found in 80 per cent of the positive cases, and a mixed infection--in 20 per cent. the morphologic changes in all 34 fetuses that were positive were seen chiefly in the lungs and liver. such lesions, howeve ...	1982	6820745
studies on the composition and antibacterial activity of uterine fluid from mares.	forty uterine fluid samples were obtained during oestrus and dioestrus of successive cycles from 4 mares classified as resistant to bacterial infection of the uterus. the flushings were assayed for peroxidase activity and ability to influence phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear neutrophils. uterine fluid volumes and protein concentrations and serum oestrogen values were similar during oestrus and dioestrus. serum progesterone concentrations were depressed during oestrus. equine neutrophils adheren ...	1982	6762436
[streptococcal infection in newborn lambs].	a disease was observed in newborn lambs with a high mortality rate. streptococcus zooepidemicus was isolated from dead lambs. the disease was reproduced through the intratracheal infection of lambs with a culture of the isolated organism. the picture of septicaemia was observed, strong symptoms of the disease being noticed with the involvement of the respiratory system. the morphologic changes were mainly seen within the region of the lungs, pleura, and pericardium. histologically, there were le ...	1982	7179731
recovery of microorganisms from synovial and pleural fluids of animals using hyperosmolar media.	l-phase (cwd) broth and plate media were used in parallel with conventional microbiological media during a 3-year period for culturing synovial and pleural fluids of animals. two kinds of recoveries were obtained where parallel conventional methods were negative: (1) parent or normal bacteria, in very low numbers; and (2) type b cwd variants in equally low numbers. organisms in group 1 were: streptococcus zooepidemicus from horses (2x); beta-hemolytic streptococci, lancefield gp. g (2x); staphyl ...	1982	7101719
nephritis caused by streptococcus zooepidemicus (lancefield group c).	three cases of nephritis after mild upper-respiratory-tract infection occurred in five members of a family running a small dairy farm in north yorkshire, streptococcus zooepidemicus (lancefield group c) was cultured from the throats of three of those affected. the organisms were shown to produce endostreptosin, a recently discovered cytoplasmic antigen of certain beta-haemolytic streptococci that has been shown to be of prime importance in the development of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis ...	1983	6132267
phenoxymethyl penicillin in the horse: an alternative to parenteral administration of penicillin.	this preliminary study evaluated phenoxymethyl penicillin (penicillin v) as an alternative to parenteral administration of penicillin in horses. penicillin v was administered orally to five horses at two different doses and plasma levels of the drug were determined at timed intervals. the results were evaluated by regression analysis. following the administration of penicillin v at a dose of 66,000 iu/kg or 110,000 iu/kg, the mean peak plasma levels obtained were 1.55 micrograms/ml and 2.34 micr ...	1983	6421470
lack of virus-specific bacterial adherence to bovine embryonic lung cells infected with bovine parainfluenza virus type 3.	infection of bovine embryonic lung cells with bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 did not induce in vitro, virus-specific, hemadsorption-related adherence of corynebacterium pyogenes, haemophilus somnus, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus zooepidemicus, pasteurella haemolytica, listeria monocytogenes, escherichia coli, pasteurella multocida, brucella sp., or salmonella typhimurium.	1983	6302133
binding of human fibronectin to group a, c, and g streptococci.	a total of 387 bacterial strains belonging to 35 species were tested in direct binding experiments for the uptake of purified radiolabeled human fibronectin. positive binding was found in group a, c, and g streptococci and in staphylococcus aureus. the group c streptococcal species streptococcus equisimilis, streptococcus zooepidemicus, streptococcus equi, and streptococcus dysgalactiae were uniformly reactive with fibronectin. beta-hemolytic bovine group g streptococci showed the same degree of ...	1983	6299959
standardization of an experimental disease model of streptococcus zooepidemicus in the equine.	a reproducible experimental disease model in horses using streptococcus zooepidemicus was developed. an intravenous challenge dose of 1 x 10(10) colony-forming units (cfu), followed 24 h later with another challenge of 1 x 10(8) cfu of strep. zooepidemicus produced the desired disease model. the disease was characterized by depression, pyrexia, anorexia, abnormal lung sounds, inflammation of joints, moderate to severe lameness, gradual loss of condition and emaciation. the effects of the disease ...	1984	6492245
isolation of streptococcus zooepidemicus from a bald eagle (haliaeetus leucocephalus).		1984	6743182
uterine defense mechanisms in the mare: serum opsonins affecting phagocytosis of streptococcus zooepidemicus by equine neutrophils.	the addition of serum to uterine secretions was shown to opsonize streptococcus zooepidemicus and significantly enhance bacterial phagocytosis by equine neutrophils. treatment of serum by heat inactivation at 56 degrees c, edta treatment, and c3 consumption reduced phagocytosis and therefore demonstrated that the process was complement-dependent. the amount of c3 present in uterine secretions was measured in a series of 14 mares infected with streptococcus zooepidemicus . ten of the 14 mares had ...	1984	16725887
comparison of the bacterial and fungal flora in the pharynx of normal horses and horses affected with pharyngitis.	a total of 43 horses were used for the study of the pharyngeal bacterial flora. the median value of the number of bacteria in the group of 19 normal horses was 3.8 x 10(4) cfu/g of secretions. this value was 6.4 x 10(4)cfu/g in horses with grade i pharyngitis, 1.3 x 10(5) cfu/g in horses with grade ii pharyngitis and 3.5 x 10(6) cfu/g in horses affected with grades iii and iv pharyngitis. corynebacterium spp, coagulase-negative staphylococci, nocardia spp, moraxella spp and enterobacter spp were ...	1985	17422588
the effect of dimethylnitrosamine on host resistance and immunity.	adult female b6c3f1 mice were injected ip with 0.2 ml phosphate-buffered saline (pbs) only or pbs containing 1.5, 3, or 5 mg dimethylnitrosamine (dmn)/kg body wt daily for 14 days. on day 16, mice were evaluated for changes in immune status as measured by the antibody response to sheep red blood cells (srbcs), blastogenesis to t- and b-cell mitogens, natural killer (nk) cell function, delayed hypersensitivity, and alveolar macrophage (am) bactericidal activity; and for changes in host resistance ...	1985	3883572
phagocytic and killing capacities of uterine-derived polymorphonuclear leukocytes from mares resistant and susceptible to chronic endometritis.	the host defense competence of uterine-derived polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn) from mares considered resistant (grade i uteri) and susceptible (grade iii uteri) to chronic endometritis was evaluated for phagocytic and killing (bactericidal) capacities, using a fluorochrome assay. peripheral blood pmn from noncategorized mares and from grade i and grade iii mares were used as controls. uterine-derived pmn from mares with grade i uteri were functionally competent for phagocytosis and killing of ...	1985	3901839
pasteurisation and the control of milkborne infection in britain.	infections carried in milk, particularly salmonellosis and campylobacter enteritis, have continued to feature in great britain in recent years. less commonly reported infections included an outbreak in 1984 in england due to streptococcus zooepidemicus, in which 12 people, eight of whom died, were admitted to hospital. the implementation of legislation in 1983 requiring heat treatment of cows' milk for sale to the public reduced the incidence of milkborne infection in scotland compared with prev ...	1985	3926238
immunologically reactive proteins of streptococcus equi.	immunologically reactive proteins in acid extracts and culture supernatants of streptococcus equi were recognized through a combination of chromatographic and immunologic procedures. both high- and low-molecular-weight components of each of these protein preparations were protective for mice and were, therefore, presumed to contain a variety of hydrolytic products or fragments of the m protein of s. equi. convalescent horse sera that exhibited strong bactericidal activity for s. equi always reac ...	1985	3980091
susceptibility of equine bacterial isolates to antimicrobial agents.	in vitro antimicrobic susceptibility patterns of commonly isolated aerobic gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial pathogens of equine origin were determined, using the agar-plate dilution method. all organisms were recent clinical isolates and included corynebacterium (rhodococcus) equi, corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, (coagulase positive) staphylococcus sp, streptococcus equi, streptococcus zooepidemicus, actinobacillus sp, enterobacter cloacae, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, p ...	1985	3994111
comparison of peripheral blood and uterine-derived polymorphonuclear leukocytes from mares resistant and susceptible to chronic endometritis: chemotactic and cell elastimetry analysis.	the functional competence of peripheral blood and uterine-derived polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn) from 12 mares were analyzed for chemotactic responsiveness using a chemotactic chamber (filter) assay and for deformability by cell elastimetry analysis. peripheral blood pmn obtained from control mares and from 8 mares experimentally inoculated via the uterus with 1 x 10(9) streptococcus zooepidemicus had similar normal chemotactic responsiveness and were highly deformable before and at 12 hours ...	1985	4014841
[occurrence of sick animals in conventional guinea pigs obtained from commercial breeders during 1964 to 1982].	a quarantine was performed on conventional hartley guinea pigs free from streptococcus zooepidemicus, bordetella bronchiseptica and salmonella spp., but infected with eimeria caviae, which were purchased from twenty-five commercial breeders by the national institute of health. physical examinations revealed an incidence of 0.88 per cent or 1,461 sick animals in 166, 050 guinea pigs quarantined during the period 1964 to 1982. the result obtained showed the following significant differences betwee ...	1985	4018153
cefadroxil in the horse: pharmacokinetics and in vitro antibacterial activity.	sodium cefadroxil was administered as a single intravenous dose (25 mg/kg) to six healthy adult mares. plasma samples were collected over a 24-h period and cefadroxil concentrations were measured by microbiological assay. the pharmacokinetic behavior of the drug was appropriately described in terms of a one-compartment open model. values for the major pharmacokinetic terms were: extrapolated initial plasma concentration = 59.2 +/- 15.0 micrograms/ml; half-life = 46 +/- 20 min; apparent volume of ...	1985	4057345
opsonization of bacteria by uterine secretions of cyclic mares.	uterine flushings collected from mares before and after bacterial-induced inflammation were assayed for ability to opsonize streptococcus zooepidemicus for phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. opsonization was measured as the peak phagocytic rate of bacteria preincubated with uterine flushings relative to the peak phagocytic rate of unopsonized bacteria. flushings from four mares with noninfected uteri were unable to opsonize bacteria regardless of whether uteri were flushed at estrus o ...	1985	4091170
effects of toluene inhalation on pulmonary host defenses of mice.	the potential hazards of exposure to vapor-phase toluene on pulmonary host defenses were evaluated. mice exposed to concentrations ranging from 2.5-500 ppm, including the threshold limit value level of 100 ppm, exhibited increased susceptibility to respiratory infection with streptococcus zooepidemicus. the no-measurable-effect level for single, as well as for 5 exposures was 1 ppm. significantly decreased pulmonary bactericidal activity was observed after single exposures to 500, 250, 100 and 2 ...	1985	3887652
communicable disease associated with milk and dairy products in england and wales: 1983-1984.	during the period 1983-1984 32 outbreaks of disease (ii in 1983 and 21 in 1984) associated with consumption of milk and dairy products and affecting at least 714 people were reported from england and wales. twenty-seven of the outbreaks were attributed to raw milk, two to contaminated pasteurised milk and one each to cheese, cream and ice-cream. twenty-two were due to salmonellas, seven to campylobacters and one each to staphylococcus aureus, yersinia enterocolitica and streptococcus zooepidemic ...	1986	3722841
comparative study of various methods used for determining health effects of inhaled sulfates.	various health effect parameters were compared to determine which tests were the most sensitive indicators of toxic effects of exposure to metallic sulfate aerosols. inhalation studies were conducted involving either single 3-hr exposure to various concentrations of cupric sulfate (0.43-2.64 mg/m3 so4), aluminum sulfate (1.65-2.75 mg/m3 so4), and aluminum ammonium sulfate (1.47-3.81 mg/m3 so4) or multiple (five and ten) daily 3-hr exposures to cupric sulfate (0.1 mg/m3 so4). the test parameters ...	1986	3780648
otitis media in guinea pigs: pathology and bacteriology.	in the course of post-mortem examination of conventional random-bred and inbred (immunosuppressed) strain 2/n guineapigs kept in separate quarters, otitis media was diagnosed in 62 of 462 animals (13.4%) and 18 of 66 animals (27.3%) respectively. clinical signs of otitis media were seen in only two random-bred animals but in nearly 50% of affected inbred animals. in random-bred guineapigs, purulent, often bilateral, otitis media was associated mainly with the isolation of streptococcus zooepidem ...	1986	3795863
the functional competence of uterine-derived polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmn) from mares resistant and susceptible to chronic uterine infection: a sequential migration analysis.	the functional competence of uterine-derived polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmns) from 28 mares was measured for migration responsiveness by use of a chamber (filter) assay. uterine infection was induced with streptococcus zooepidemicus in mares considered resistant to chronic uterine infection (grade i). in sequential analysis of uterine flushings obtained from these mares 5, 12, 15, 20, and 25 h after infection was induced, pmns showed an initial rise at 12 h (from 5), then a general decline i ...	1986	3828432
a survey of streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus zooepidemicus, salmonella spp., bordetella bronchiseptica and sendai virus in guinea pig colonies in japan.	s. pneumoniae, s. zooepidemicus, salmonella spp., b. bronchiseptica and sendai virus were examined in a total of 45 guinea pig colonies (17 institutional and 28 breeder's colonies) of hartley strain, and found to be positive in 6, 3, 5, 20 and 14 colonies, respectively. sendai virus was highly prevalent among guinea pigs, showing so high rates positive as 80 to 100% of animals obtained from 11 of the 14 contaminated colonies. b. bronchiseptica was also shown to be prevalent within contaminated c ...	1986	3026817
clearance of bacteria and non-antigenic markers following intra-uterine inoculation into maiden mares: effect of steroid hormone environment.	uterine response to inoculation with streptococcus zooepidemicus organisms (antigenic markers) and 15-mum microspheres and charcoal (non - antigenic markers) was determined in seasonally acyclic maiden mares treated with either progesterone (p) n = 4, estradiol (e) n = 4 or oil vehicle (c) n = 4. at 3, 7 and 15 d after inoculation with bacteria and the 2 non - antigenic markers, uteri were flushed and the clearance of these materials, as well as the number of white blood cells and immunoglobulin ...	1986	16726168
factors affecting uterine clearance of inoculated materials in mares.	twelve acyclic mares of various ages (2-29 years) and parity (maiden-multiparous) were given oestradiol-17 beta i.m. (winter 1982) or progesterone i.m. (winter 1983) to induce changes in the endometrium consistent with oestrus and dioestrus, respectively. after hormone treatment, mares were inoculated intrauterine with 50 ml saline containing 5 x 10(5) streptococcus zooepidemicus bacteria, 51cr-labelled 15-micron microspheres, and 500 mg charcoal (groups e + b and p + b) or microspheres and char ...	1987	3316642
evaluation of cellulose acetate/nitrate filters for the study of stallion sperm motility.	stallion semen was diluted in a hepes-supplemented buffer (cm) (10(6) spermatozoa/ml) and placed in the upper well of a sykes-moore chemotaxis chamber. chambers were incubated in a humidified atmosphere (5% co2 in air) at 37 degrees c for 1 and 2 h and spermatozoa were allowed to swim through filters with a mean pore size of 3,5 or 8 micron. spermatozoa entered filters of all three pore sizes. distance travelled was greater for each increase in pore size (p less than 0.01) but did not differ (p ...	1987	3316643
effects of susceptibility of mares to endometritis and stage of cycle on phagocytic activity of uterine-derived neutrophils.	fourteen mares, 7 susceptible and 7 resistant to bacterial endometritis, were used to provide circulating and uterine-derived neutrophils. uterine neutrophils were recruited by inoculating cell-free filtrates of streptococcus zooepidemicus, or control vehicle. mares were assigned to schedules for collection of neutrophils at oestrus or dioestrus. phagocytic activity of circulating and uterine cells was evaluated by an assay for chemiluminescence after addition of opsonized streptococci. chemilum ...	1987	3479586
characterization of streptococcus zooepidemicus (lancefield group c) from human and selected animal infections.	we assembled an international collection of strains from sporadic and epidemic human infection with streptococcus zooepidemicus (lancefield group c) for laboratory study. cultural and physiological characteristics of the isolates were determined, including biotyping with the api 20 strep test kit and susceptibility testing with penicillin, erythromycin and tetracycline. the strains were examined for bacteriocin production and sensitivity and typed with a specially developed group-c streptococcal ...	1987	3556444
human infection with streptococcus zooepidemicus (lancefield group c): three case reports.	three unrelated severe infections with streptococcus zooepidemicus occurred in england in 1985. the first patient developed septic arthritis, which has not been recorded before with this organism. the second died with septicaemia, pneumonia and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, the only record so far of nephritis following sporadic s. zooepidemicus infection and of nephritis and systemic sepsis in the same patient. the third patient experienced septicaemia during pregnancy but recovered wit ...	1987	3556445
dna fingerprinting of streptococcus zooepidemicus (lancefield group c) as an aid to epidemiological study.	a collection of streptococcus zooepidemicus strains from human and animal infections was examined for dna banding patterns after nuclease digestion and agarose gel electrophoresis. the large variety of dna fingerprints found revealed the complexity of the species but showed that isolates from clusters of outbreaks had identical prints. the results confirmed the specificity of bacteriocin and bacteriophage typing of s. zooepidemicus; the technique also gave useful profiles on untypable strains. s ...	1987	3572034
effects of stallion seminal plasma on hydrogen peroxide release by leukocytes exposed to spermatozoa and bacteria.	the ability of stallion seminal plasma to modify phagocytosis of spermatozoa and streptococcus zooepidemicus was examined. phagocytosis was monitored indirectly as the h2o2 produced by peripheral blood leukocytes after addition of spermatozoa or bacteria. hydrogen peroxide production after addition of ejaculated spermatozoa was greater (p less than 0.01) than after addition of epididymal sperm. furthermore, pre-incubation of epididymal sperm with 6.25-50% seminal plasma caused a dose-dependent i ...	1987	3598978
suppurative splenitis and peritonitis in a horse after gastric ulceration caused by larvae of gasterophilus intestinalis.	a 12-year-old thoroughbred mare, with a history of anorexia, dramatic weight loss, fluctuating pyrexia and intermittent diarrhoea after an episode of colic, was presented for examination with depression, emaciation and ataxia. thoracic and abdominal paracenteses yielded copious quantities of inflammatory exudate. palpation per rectum revealed an enlarged spleen. the primary alterations in haematology included a severe leucocytosis with a left shift, and a hyperproteinaemia characterised by hypoa ...	1987	3632494
influence of administration of ovarian steroids on the function of neutrophils isolated from the blood and uterus of ovariectomized mares.	the function of blood and uterine luminal neutrophils from ovariectomized mares treated with ovarian steroids was investigated 18 h after intrauterine infusion of 1 x 10(9) streptococcus zooepidemicus. random migration of blood neutrophils under agarose was reduced by treatment with progesterone compared with that of neutrophils from oestradiol-treated and control mares. in-vitro addition of progesterone to blood neutrophils from acyclic ponies also reduced migration. uterine neutrophils did not ...	1987	3559453
effects of inhalation of ethylene dichloride on pulmonary defenses of mice and rats.	the effects of single or multiple inhalation exposures to ethylene dichloride (dce) on the pulmonary defense systems of mice and rats were evaluated. single exposures of mice to the threshold limit value of dce (10 ppm) resulted in decreased pulmonary bactericidal activity to inhaled klebsiella pneumoniae and increased mortality from streptococcus zooepidemicus respiratory infection. a single exposure to 5 ppm dce caused increased mortality from streptococcal pneumonia although bactericidal acti ...	1987	3424378
a milk-borne outbreak of serious infection due to streptococcus zooepidemicus (lancefield group c).	an outbreak of infection due to streptococcus zooepidemicus (lancefield group c) is described. at least 11 patients were affected and the infection was responsible for, or contributed to, the deaths of seven of these. clinical features included septicaemia, meningitis and endocarditis. the source of infection was unpasteurized milk from a dairy herd with mild intermittent mastitis.	1988	3402548
meningoencephalitis in farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) caused by streptococcus zooepidemicus.		1988	3358286
pharmacokinetics and body fluid and endometrial concentrations of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in mares.	six healthy adult mares were each given a single iv injection of trimethoprim (tmp)-sulfamethoxazole (smz) at a dosage of 2.5 mg of tmp/kg of body weight and 12.5 mg of smz/kg. serum concentrations of each drug were measured serially over a 24-hour period. for tmp, the mean overall elimination rate constant (k) was 0.43/hr and the elimination half-life (t1/2) was 1.9 hours. the apparent volume of distribution (at steady state) was 1.62 l/kg and tmp clearance was 886 ml/hr/kg. for smz, k was 0.22 ...	1988	3261143
clinical significance of aerobic bacterial flora of the uterus, vagina, vestibule, and clitoral fossa of clinically normal mares.	swab specimens for bacterial culture were obtained from the uterus, vagina, vestibule, and clitoral fossa of 48 mares that had normal reproductive tracts, no history of reproductive problems, and no inflammation on evaluation of endometrial biopsy. the mares were predominantly thoroughbred and standardbred. swab specimens of the vagina were obtained through a sterile speculum; swab specimens of the uterus were obtained by use of a double-guarded, occluded culture instrument. fifteen (31%) of the ...	1988	3417532
comparison of streptococcus zooepidemicus and influenza virus pathogenicity in mice by three pulmonary exposure routes.	pulmonary infections may be induced in experimental animals by using several exposure routes. inhalation of microbial aerosols is often viewed as the most relevant exposure route, although the comparability of either intranasal (i.n.) or intratracheal (i.t.) inoculation to aerosol inhalation is unclear. in these studies, the infection of mice with either streptococcus zooepidemicus or influenza virus was compared following i.n., i.t., or aerosol challenge. the 50% lethal dose was determined by e ...	1988	2843098
selective colony blotting to expand bacterial surface receptors: applications to receptors for rat immunoglobulins.	many bacterial surface receptors demonstrate a heterogeneous expression pattern among individual colonies. methods have been developed to select bacteria expressing high levels of a stable surface receptor. this process is illustrated using a streptococcus zooepidemicus isolate demonstrating a high level of fc receptors for rat immunoglobulins. this strain was selected and expanded to obtain a bacterial isolate demonstrating approximately 100 fold greater reactivity with rat immunoglobulins than ...	1988	2978827
opsonins in uterine washings influencing in vitro activity of equine neutrophils.	uterine washings were found to promote neutrophil mediated killing of streptococcus zooepidemicus. depletion of complement and/or specific antibody from the washings significantly reduced bactericidal activity. phagocytosis of yeast by uterine washings was complement dependent. inhibition of the classical pathway significantly reduced opsonic activity indicating that, in addition to direct activation via the alternate pathway, antibody may also be involved in yeast phagocytosis.	1988	3063522
influence of ovarian steroids on adherence (in vitro) of streptococcus zooepidemicus to endometrial epithelial cells.		1988	3181122
equine neutrophil locomotion in response to streptococcus zooepidemicus.	the neutrophil is involved in the defence of the mare's uterus against micro-organisms. the ability of streptococcus zooepidemicus and its growth products to induce shape changes or directional locomotion (chemotaxis) of equine neutrophils was investigated; no effect was found.	1988	3215173
use of hyperimmune serum in treatment of endometritis in mares.	endometritis was induced in four progesterone-treated ovariectomized mares and in two seasonally anestrous mares by intrauterine infusion of streptococcus zooepidemicus. the bacteria were suspended in phosphate buffered saline (pbs), or in nonimmune or hyperimmune serum. uterine lavage was performed after 24 h. significantly fewer (p < 0.05) bacteria were recovered from mares which received hyperimmune serum than from mares which received nonimmune serum or pbs. there was no significant differen ...	1988	16726531
endometritis in the mare: a comparison between reproductive history and uterine biopsy as techniques for predicting susceptibility of mares to uterine infection.	thirty mares with no clinical signs of endometritis were categorized as being susceptible or resistant to uterine infection depending on whether or not they had a history of recurrent endometritis. the same mares were then independently classified as susceptible or resistant on the basis of their uterine biopsies; those with significant endometrial degeneration were considered to be susceptible to endometritis. the mares then received an intrauterine inoculation of pathogenic streptococcus zooep ...	1989	16726682
comparison of igg fc receptors from clinical isolates of streptococcus zooepidemicus.	a receptor binding the fc region of equine immunoglobulin g (igg) has been isolated from a heat-extracted preparation of a clinical isolate of streptococcus zooepidemicus. this fc receptor has a mr of 45 x 10(3) and was occasionally seen as an apparent trimer of mr 130 x 10(3). antibodies prepared in horses against the receptor could be adsorbed to and eluted from whole live bacteria, confirming the surface location of this protein. another 11 isolates of s. zooepidemicus from horses with pneumo ...	1989	2521672
bacterial infertility in camels (camelus dromedarius): isolation of campylobacter fetus.	this study constitutes the first reported isolation of c. fetus subsp. venerealis from cervical swabs in breeding camels. 9 of 30 camels which were barren for a long period were found to be positive for c. fetus. the methods of isolation are described. additionally, cervical flora of 30 camels were examined. 9 different bacterial species were isolated of which staphylococcus aureus was most frequently found. all samples were negative for trichomonas sp. and streptococcus zooepidemicus.	1989	2598805
uterine clearance mechanisms during the early postovulatory period in mares.	uterine response to inoculation with streptococcus zooepidemicus organisms, 51cr-labeled 15-microns microspheres, and charcoal was evaluated in 9 mares (4 resistant and 5 susceptible to endometritis) to determine mechanical and cellular clearance rates during the early postovulatory period. mares were inoculated at estrus prior to ovulation during estrous cycles 1, 3, and 5. uterine swab specimens for aerobic and anaerobic bacteriologic culture and serum for progesterone determination were obtai ...	1989	2669573
characterization of a soft-tissue infection model in the horse and its response to intravenous cephapirin administration.	a soft-tissue infection model was created in eight horses by infecting subcutaneous tissue chambers with streptococcus zooepidemicus organisms. responses of the horses to the infections were determined by monitoring changes in the complete blood count and body temperature and by following changes in the cytology and protein content of the tissue chambers. systemic reactions to the infections included a mild neutrophilia, mild pyrexia and mild anemia. there was a marked influx of neutrophils and ...	1989	2704065
[the early chemotactic reaction of the equine uterus to acute inflammatory stimulation].	the uteri of normal pony mares in oestrus were infected experimentally with streptococcus zooepidemicus. uterine contents were collected 30, 60, 120 or 240 minutes later and were tested for their chemotactic effect on equine-neutrophils both with a morphological assay based on neutrophil shape changes and with a modified boyden chamber technique. by 30 minutes after infection the uterine contents were markedly chemotactic for isolated peripheral neutrophils and remained so at the 240-minute coll ...	1989	2718152
equine mastitis--a review of 28 cases.	mastitis was diagnosed in 28 mares. cytological evaluation of milk samples showed large numbers of neutrophils in 72 per cent and bacteria in 33 per cent. aerobic bacteria were cultured from 71 per cent of samples. streptococcus zooepidemicus was the most common isolate (37 per cent). gram-negative species accounted for 42 per cent. determination of the probability for antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates from mares with mastitis indicated that a trimethoprim-sulphonamide combinati ...	1989	2776721
[sepsis due to streptococcus zooepidemicus].		1990	2102543
selective potentiation of host resistance in mice following treatment with pyrexol.	the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of treatment with the biologic response modifier pyrexol on murine host resistance to various infectious organisms. adult female cd1 mice were treated with a single subcutaneous 100-micrograms injection of pyrexol at 14, 7, 5, 2, or 1 day prior to infection with various infectious organisms. these organisms included the herpes simplex type 2 and influenza viruses, as well as the bacteria listeria monocytogenes and streptococcus zooepidemicus. p ...	1990	2171562
group c streptococcal arthritis: case report and review.	streptococci account for approximately 15%-20% of cases of nongonococcal septic arthritis. the majority of these are due to group a streptococci, but group b and group g streptococci are being isolated more frequently. we present a case of group c streptococcal arthritis and summarize nine additional cases reported in the literature. the group c streptococci include the large colony of voges-proskauer-negative bacteria (streptococcus equi, streptococcus equisimilis, streptococcus zooepidemicus, ...	1990	2237126
inflammatory components in uterine fluid from mares with experimentally induced bacterial endometritis.	exudate and uterine flushings were collected at either 30, 60, 120 or 240 mins after intrauterine infusions of streptococcus zooepidemicus in genitally normal mares during oestrus. uteri were also flushed without prior induction of endometritis. protein concentrations in exudate and flushings increased with time and exudate ph decreased with time; the ph of flushings did not alter. lysozyme and lactate dehydrogenase were present in flushings from non-infected uteri, but concentrations increased ...	1990	2269266
streptococcus zooepidemicus (lancefield group c) septicaemia in hong kong.	the clinical findings relating to 11 patients in hong kong (hk) and to 43 patients described elsewhere, all with streptococcus zooepidemicus septicaemia, are reviewed. there was a particular association with cardiovascular disease (27%) with seven cases of endocarditis, three of abdominal aortic aneurysm and two of deep venous thrombosis. associations not previously reported included two cases of pharyngitis and two patients with persistent post-operative fever. the overall mortality was 22%. bo ...	1990	2273271
in vitro susceptibility of selected veterinary bacterial pathogens to ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin and norfloxacin.	the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mic) of ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and norfloxacin were tested for approximately ten clinical isolates of each of actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, actinobacillus suis, actinomyces pyogenes, corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, haemophilus parasuis, haemophilus somnus, pasteurella haemolytica, pasteurella multocida, rhodococcus equi, streptococcus equi, streptococcus suis and streptococcus zooepidemicus. ciprofloxacin and enrof ...	1990	2306672
streptococcus zooepidemicus cellulitis and bacteraemia in a renal transplant recipient.	a case of renal transplant recipient with streptococcus zooepidemicus (lancefield group c) cellulitis and bacteraemia is described. human infections with this organism are very rare and this is the first case report of cellulitis caused by s. zooepidemicus. while animals are the reservoir for most human infections, a source was not defined in this patient.	1990	2344325
hyaluronic acid--a versatile biopolymer.	since its discovery from bovine synovial fluid, hyaluronic acid has found application in several diverse areas. it is now extensively used in ophthalmic surgery, in the treatment of lameness in racehorses and as an ingredient in cosmetics. it can also be used in drug delivery, orthopedics, cardiovascular aids and in wound healing. even so, its potential as a therapeutic agent is yet to be fulfilled. new improved products, formed by crosslinking hyaluronic acid with itself or other chemicals, are ...	1990	1366369
effect of susceptibility to endometritis on specific antibody in the endometria of mares.	endometrial biopsies were collected on two occasions from mares resistant to (n = 3) and once from mares susceptible to persistent endometritis (n = 6). the endometrial tissue was minced and cultured in vitro for 24 h. no hemolytic complement activity was detected in the endometrial culture supernatant. endometrial culture supernatant from mares with persistent endometritis contained titers of antibodies to streptococcus zooepidemicus similar to those from resistant mares. however, the culture s ...	1990	16726814
aerobic bacterial isolates in horses in a university hospital, 1986-1988.	bacterial isolations were reviewed from equine trachea, guttural pouch, uterus, wounds, abscesses, blood, synovial fluid, and abdominal fluid submitted to the clinical bacteriology laboratory of the school of veterinary medicine at the university of montreal for aerobic bacterial culture from 1986 to 1988. of the 733 samples submitted, 324 (44%) were positive for bacterial growth, and 233 antimicrobial sensitivity tests were performed. seventy-six percent of all positive samples yielded one bact ...	1991	17423784
cervical lymphadenitis in guinea pigs: infection via intact ocular and nasal mucosa by streptococcus zooepidemicus.	the traditional view regarding the pathogenesis of cervical lymphadenitis in guinea pigs is that lancefield group c streptococcus gains access to cervical lymph nodes via an abraded oral mucosa. in this study, it is established that inoculation of intact nasal and conjunctival mucous membranes with streptococcus zooepidemicus (lancefield group c) also can produce the disease. weanling (spf) guinea pigs (cavia porcellus) were divided into two experimental groups of 10 and two control groups of fo ...	1991	1658464
the barren camel with endometritis--isolation of trichomonas fetus and different bacteria.	this study constitutes the first reported isolation of trichomonas fetus from the uterus of breeding camels. twenty-four of 68 camels, which were barren for 1-4 years were found to be positive for t. fetus. one preputial washing of a camel bull which had served the herd was found to be positive for t. fetus. the uterine flora of all camels were examined. ten different bacterial and 2 fungal species were isolated. all samples were negative for campylobacter sp., taylorella equigenitalis and strep ...	1991	1776379
evaluation of a guarded bronchoscopic method for microbial sampling of the lower airways in foals.	a novel method to reduce contamination of the bronchoscope during microbial sampling of the lower airways of foals was evaluated. methylene blue (mb) was used as a nasopharyngeal dye marker to assess the relative contamination from the upper airways of bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) specimens obtained by standard bronchoscopy (sb) and a "guarded" bronchoscopic method (gb). for gb, a clear sterile cellulose sheath was fitted over the bronchoscope in an effort to protect the endoscope tip and channe ...	1991	1790487
uterine clearance of non-antigenic markers (51cr) in response to a bacterial challenge in mares potentially susceptible and resistant to chronic uterine infections.	the purpose of this study was to investigate the physical ability of the mare's uterus to eliminate non-antigenic 51cr microspheres during an infectious challenge. mares both potentially susceptible and resistant to chronic uterine infections were used in this study. the procedure described serves as a model of the uterine capacity to clear physically infectious agents and inflammatory products during the acute phase of an infection. based on the results from intra-uterine bacterial challenges, ...	1991	1795272
identification and opsonic activity of immunoglobulins recognizing streptococcus zooepidemicus antigens in uterine fluids of mares.	a direct elisa was used to measure immunoglobulin (ig) isotypes g, gt, a, and m recognizing streptococcus zooepidemicus epitopes in uterine lavage fluids collected during the early post ovulatory period. a s. zooepidemicus isolate, used as the plate antigen in this assay, was inoculated into the uteri of 8 mares (3 resistant and 5 susceptible to endometritis) at oestrus prior to ovulation during oestrous cycles 1, 3 and 5. resistant mares aged 2-5 years were nulliparous, with clinically normal r ...	1991	1795273
two-dimensional echocardiographically guided pericardiocentesis in a horse with traumatic pericarditis.	two-dimensional echocardiographic (2de) examination was performed on a horse with clinical signs of pericardial effusion. thickening of the pericardium, excess amount of pericardial fluid, elevation of the cardiac apex, and right ventricular compression, characteristic of cardiac tamponade, could be seen on 2de recordings. fibrinous pericarditis was suspected by observation of fibrinous strands in the pericardial fluid and epicardial fibrin deposits. echocardiographically guided pericardiocentes ...	1991	1874674
group c streptococcal bacteremia: analysis of 88 cases.	eighty-eight cases of group c streptococcal bacteremia were reviewed retrospectively. most patients had underlying diseases (72.7%), predominantly cardiovascular disease (20.5%) or malignancy (20.5%). the infection originated most often from the upper respiratory tract (20.5%), the gastrointestinal tract (18.2%), or the skin (17.1%). prior exposure to animals or animal products was reported in 23.9% of cases. the most common clinical manifestations of group c streptococcal bacteremia were endoca ...	1991	2041960
measurement of total volume and protein concentration of intrauterine secretion after intrauterine inoculation of bacteria in mares that were either resistant or susceptible to chronic uterine infection.	undiluted uterine secretion was used to determine the concentration of total protein and the accumulated volume of uterine secretion after a bacterial inoculation in mares susceptible and resistant to chronic uterine infection (cui). the uterus of 6 susceptible and 5 resistant mares was inoculated with 5 x 10(6) streptococcus zooepidemicus on the third day of estrus. using a tampon inserted in the uterus, secretions were sampled at 5, 12, 24, and 36 hours after inoculation, followed by intrauter ...	1992	1416370