| identification and validation of clinical predictors for the risk of neurological involvement in children with hand, foot, and mouth disease in sarawak. | human enterovirus 71 (hev71) can cause hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) with neurological complications, which may rapidly progress to fulminant cardiorespiratory failure, and death. early recognition of children at risk is the key to reduce acute mortality and morbidity. | 2009 | 19152683 |
| [when an enterovirus emerges]. | most of enterovirus infections are benign and the rate of mortality is low in countries with temperate climates. but since the late 1990s, enterovirus 71 (ev-71) has become much more aggressive in asian countries, with the outcome of a neurogenic pulmonary oedema syndrome and it is responsible for huge epidemics. the virological diagnosis rely upon viral isolation and identification by sero-neutralization, and upon the detection of specific igm by elisa and viral rna by rt-pcr. there is no speci ... | 2009 | 19179019 |
| a water extract of pueraria lobata inhibited cytotoxicity of enterovirus 71 in a human foreskin fibroblast cell line. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) can cause brain encephalitis and mortality. however, effective vaccines or chemotherapeutic agents are not yet available. we tested the hypothesis that pueraria lobata could inhibit the cytotoxic effect of ev71 in a human foreskin fibroblast cell line by the xtt method. our results showed that the water extract of p. lobata could inhibit cytopathy induced by ev71 when given before (p < 0.0001), simultaneously with (p < 0.0001), or after viral infection (p < 0.0001). water e ... | 2008 | 19181583 |
| anti-enterovirus 71 activity screening of chinese herbs with anti-infection and inflammation activities. | antipyretic and toxin-eliminating traditional chinese herbs are believed to possess antiviral activity. in this study, we screened extracts of 22 herbs for activity against enterovirus 71 (ev71). we found that only extracts of houttuynia cordata thunb. could neutralize ev71-induced cytopathic effects in vero cells. the 50% inhibitory concentration of h. cordata extract for ev71 was 125.92 +/- 27.84 mug/ml. antiviral screening of herb extracts was also conducted on 3 genotypes of ev71, coxsackiev ... | 2009 | 19222118 |
| hand, foot and mouth disease in a healthy adult caused by intrafamilial transmission of enterovirus 71. | | 2009 | 19239463 |
| an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease associated with subgenotype c4 of human enterovirus 71 in shandong, china. | an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) included 1149 people in linyi city, shandong province, china, in 2007: three children died. | 2009 | 19269888 |
| epidemiology and control of hand, foot and mouth disease in singapore, 2001-2007. | we reviewed the epidemiology of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in singapore after the 2000 epidemic caused by enterovirus 71 (ev71), with particular reference to the cyclical pattern, predominant circulating enteroviruses and impact of prevention and control measures in preschool centres. | 2009 | 19271036 |
| dengue virus induces thrombomodulin expression in human endothelial cells and monocytes in vitro. | dengue virus (dv) infections can cause severe life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (dhf/dss). however, the mechanism to cause hemorrhage in dv infections remains poorly understood. thrombomodulin (tm), expressed on the surface of endothelial cells and monocytes, is very important in regulation of coagulation and inflammation. therefore, the effect of dv on the tm expression was studied in vitro using both endothelial cells and monocytes. | 2009 | 19307023 |
| enterovirus 71 maternal antibodies in infants, taiwan. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) causes life-threatening disease outbreaks in young children in asia. this cohort study was conducted to understand the dynamics of maternal ev71 antibodies in taiwanese young infants. approximately 50% of neonates had detectable ev71 neutralizing antibodies, which declined to almost undetectable levels by 6 months of age. | 2009 | 19331737 |
| neuropathology in 2 cases of fatal enterovirus type 71 infection from a recent epidemic in the people's republic of china: a histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction study. | between late march and june of 2008, an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by enterovirus 71 occurred in china. in this outbreak, more than 176,000 cases occurred, and at least 40 people died. however, there has been no description of the neuropathologic features of fatal enterovirus 71 infection cases during this outbreak. we report postmortem studies in 2 fatal cases of enterovirus 71 infection with examination of the central nervous system using histopathology, immunohistochemis ... | 2009 | 19386354 |
| lymphocyte and antibody responses reduce enterovirus 71 lethality in mice by decreasing tissue viral loads. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) infects the central nervous system and causes death and long-term neurological sequelae in hundreds of thousands of young children, but its pathogenesis remains elusive. immunopathological mechanisms have been suspected to contribute to the pathogenesis of neurological symptoms, so anti-inflammatory agents have been used to treat patients with neurological symptoms. the present study was therefore designed to investigate the functions of lymphocyte and antibody responses in ... | 2009 | 19386699 |
| [simultaneous detection of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 by multiplex real-time pcr with an internal control]. | to rapidly identify ev71 and ca16 simultaneously. | 2009 | 19388271 |
| novel antiviral agent dtrip-22 targets rna-dependent rna polymerase of enterovirus 71. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) has emerged as an important virulent neurotropic enterovirus in young children. dtrip-22 (4{4-[(2-bromo-phenyl)-(3-methyl-thiophen-2-yl)-methyl]-piperazin-1-yl}-1-pheny-1h-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine) was found to be a novel and potent inhibitor of ev71. the molecular target of this compound was identified by analyzing dtrip-22-resistant viruses. a substitution of lysine for arg163 in ev71 3d polymerase rendered the virus drug resistant. dtrip-22 exhibited the ability to inhi ... | 2009 | 19414569 |
| enterovirus 71 outbreak in the people's republic of china in 2008. | | 2009 | 19439545 |
| cellular kinase inhibitors that suppress enterovirus replication have a conserved target in viral protein 3a similar to that of enviroxime. | previously, we identified a cellular kinase inhibitor, gw5074, that inhibits poliovirus (pv) and enterovirus 71 replication strongly, although its target has remained unknown. to identify the target of gw5074, we searched for cellular kinase inhibitors that have anti-enterovirus activity similar or related to that of gw5074. with this aim, we performed screenings to identify cellular kinase inhibitors that could inhibit pv replication cooperatively with gw5074 or synthetically in the absence of ... | 2009 | 19439558 |
| cross-antigenicity among ev71 strains from different genogroups isolated in yamagata, japan, between 1990 and 2007. | we isolated and identified six subgenogroups (b2, b4, b5, c1, c2, and c4) of enterovirus 71 (ev71) between 1990 and 2007 in yamagata, japan. we measured neutralizing antibody (nt ab) titers against those subgenogroup strains and the brcr reference strain for antigenic analysis. serological analysis of 83 residents in yamagata in 2004 showed that differences in the nt ab titer of each individual against the different subgenogroups were mostly within 4-fold. furthermore, sera from guinea pigs, imm ... | 2009 | 19446185 |
| phylogenetic designation of enterovirus 71 genotypes and subgenotypes using complete genome sequences. | human enterovirus 71 (ev-71) is genotyped for molecular epidemiological investigation mainly using the two structural genes, vp1 and vp4. based on these, ev-71 is divided into three genotypes, a, b and c, and within the genotypes b and c, there are further subgenotypes, b1-b5 and c1-c5. classification using these genes is useful but gives incomplete phylogenetic information. in the present study, the phylogenetic relationships amongst all the known ev-71 and human enterovirus a (hev-a) isolates ... | 2010 | 19465162 |
| enterovirus 71-induced autophagy detected in vitro and in vivo promotes viral replication. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) is an important pathogen causing death in children under 5 years old worldwide. however, the underlying pathogenesis remains unclear. this study reveals that ev71 infection in rhabdomyosarcoma (rd) and neuroblastoma (sk-n-sh) cells stimulated the autophagic process, which was demonstrated by an increase of punctate gfp-microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (gfp-lc3), the level of autophagosome-bound lc3-ii protein and double-membrane autophagosome formation. ev71-i ... | 2009 | 19475621 |
| identification of small interfering rnas which inhibit the replication of several enterovirus 71 strains in china. | enterovirus 71 (ev 71) is one of the commonest causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd), which infects mainly young children. it has been associated with severe neurological complications worldwide, and has caused significant deaths in many provinces of china from march to may 2008. in this study, rna interference (rnai) was used as an antiviral agent to inhibit ev 71 replication in rhabdomyosarcoma (rd) cells. three small interfering rnas (sirnas) targeting extremely conserved r ... | 2009 | 19490979 |
| seroprevalence and molecular epidemiology of enterovirus 71 in germany. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) has emerged as a significant pathogen with potential to cause large outbreaks. because little is known about its seroprevalence and molecular epidemiology in germany, data for 1997-2007 are presented. four hundred thirty-six sera from persons aging 10 months to 75 years were tested in a neutralisation test; 63.4% of pre-school children were seronegative, whereas about 75% of adults had antibodies to ev71. phylogenetic analysis of 28 isolates associated with neurological or ... | 2009 | 19506798 |
| water extract of glycyrrhiza uralensis inhibited enterovirus 71 in a human foreskin fibroblast cell line. | human infection by enterovirus type 71 (ev71) can cause life-threatening meningo-encephalitis. currently, there is no effective anti-ev71 therapy available. since ev71 infection commonly involves skin lesions, we tested our hypothesis that water extract of glycyrrhiza uralensis (g. uralensis) could inhibit the cytopathic effects of ev71 in a human foreskin cell line by using an xtt-based method. our results showed that the water extract of g. uralensis at 3,000 microg/ml has only 30% cytotoxicit ... | 2009 | 19507280 |
| antiviral effect of epigallocatechin gallate on enterovirus 71. | oxidative stress is known to be a determinant of a host's susceptibility to pathogens. natural compounds with antioxidant activity may provide a preventive measure against infection. tea polyphenols were evaluated for their ability to inhibit enterovirus 71 (ev71) replication in vero cell culture. among the polyphenolic compounds tested, epigallocatechin gallate (egcg) and gallocatechin gallate (gcg) potently inhibited replication of ev71. egcg and gcg reduced the titer of infectious progeny vir ... | 2009 | 19537794 |
| appearance of mosaic enterovirus 71 in the 2008 outbreak of china. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a pathogen of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd). in the last year and this spring, hfmd caused by ev71 repeatedly broke out and has resulted in at least 50 children's death in china. it is important to know the mechanism effecting genetic diversity of the virus circulating in china in order to prevent future outbreaks in the country. homologous recombination has been proved to play a role in evolution of the virus. in this study, we have performed a phylogenetic analysi ... | 2009 | 19540282 |
| scavenger receptor b2 is a cellular receptor for enterovirus 71. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) belongs to human enterovirus species a of the genus enterovirus within the family picornaviridae. ev71, together with coxsackievirus a16 (cva16), are most frequently associated with hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd). although hfmd is considered a mild exanthematous infection, infections involving ev71, but not cva16, can progress to severe neurological disease, including fatal encephalitis, aseptic meningitis and acute flaccid paralysis. in recent years, epidemic and spor ... | 2009 | 19543282 |
| human p-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 is a functional receptor for enterovirus 71. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a major causative agent of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd), a common febrile disease occurring mainly in young children. although clinical manifestations of hfmd are usually mild and self limiting, a severe ev71 outbreak can lead to a diverse array of neurological diseases. identification of the specific cellular receptors is crucial for elucidating the mechanism of early virus-host interactions and the pathogenesis of enteroviruses. here we identify human p-selectin ... | 2009 | 19543284 |
| [study of the clinical and laboratory features of hand-foot-mouth disease]. | to study the clinical and laboratory features of the mild and severe hand-foot-mouth diseases (hfmd) in shenzhen in 2008. | 2008 | 19544650 |
| [expression of recombinant vp1 protein of enterovirus 71 and development of serological assay for detection of ev71 infection]. | to obtain a recombinant purified enterovirus 71 vpi protein and establishment of an early, rapid and accurate serological elisa (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) for detection of ev71 infection. | 2008 | 19544656 |
| [severe enterovirus 71-associated hang-foot-and-mouth disease complicated by brainstem encephalitis: report of 2 cases]. | | 2009 | 19558823 |
| [genetic characteristics of enterovirus 71 isolated in beijing, 2006-2008]. | objective to sequence and analyze the vp1 region of isolated enterovirus from different sources in beijing, 2006-2008. | 2009 | 19565848 |
| [pathology of enterovirus 71 infection: an autopsy study of 5 cases]. | to study the clinicopathologic features of fatal enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection. | 2009 | 19573350 |
| [molecular confirmation of enterovirus type 71 infection: a post-mortem study of two cases]. | to investigate the diagnostic application of molecular detection of enterovirus type 71 (ev71) infection using post-mortem paraffin-embedded tissue. | 2009 | 19575899 |
| enterovirus 71 infection of human dendritic cells. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) causes death and long-term neurologic sequelae in hundreds of thousands of young children, but its pathogenesis remains elusive. dendritic cells (dcs) play a crucial role in antiviral immunity by functioning as professional antigen-presenting cells to prime t cells and by secreting cytokines to modulate immune responses. here, we show that ev71 productively infected human immature dcs and expressed viral antigen in dcs. ev71 entry into dcs was partially mediated by dc-sign. ... | 2009 | 19596831 |
| [enterovirus 71: epidemiology and diagnostics]. | in 1970s enterovirus type 71 (ev71) caused several epidemics of poliomyelitis-like disease with severe neurologic sequelae. in the last 20 years ev71 was the cause of series of outbreaks and epidemics of foot-and-mouth disease-like conditions with neurologic sequelae in countries of south-east asia. during the last epidemic of ev71 infection, which occurred in china in 2008, more than 60,000 cases was registered, 38 of which were lethal. some aspects of epidemiology and laboratory diagnostics of ... | 2009 | 19621830 |
| epidemiology of enterovirus 71 in the netherlands, 1963 to 2008. | the incidence of enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection has greatly increased in the asian pacific region since 1997. several large outbreaks, caused by different subgenogroups of ev71, occurred with high rates of morbidity and a substantial number of deaths. in 2007, 58 cases of ev71 infection requiring hospitalization were reported in the netherlands after a period of low endemicity of 21 years. these events triggered a study on the epidemiology of ev71 in the netherlands. genetic analysis of the vp1 ... | 2009 | 19625480 |
| genetic changes of coxsackievirus a16 and enterovirus 71 isolated from hand, foot, and mouth disease patients in toyama, japan between 1981 and 2007. | we characterized the genetic diversity of the complete vp1 region of coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) and enterovirus 71 (ev71) isolated from patients with hand, foot, and mouth disease in toyama from 1981 to 2007 to evaluate the relationship between epidemics and genetic changes. the predominant genogroups of ca16 changed from b to c in 1995-1998, and genogroup c further changed from subgenogroup c1 to c2 around 2002, and to c3 in 2005-2007. the subgenogroups of the ev71 isolates were classified into ... | 2009 | 19628900 |
| [the epidemiologic and virological analysis of an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease in inner mongolia in 2007]. | in 2007, an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) occurred in jungar banner, erdos city, inner mongolia autonomous region, china fever, vesicular exanthema on the hands, feet, mouth, and buttocks were presented in most of the patients. most of the patients were infants less than 5 years old, and an obvious peak period appeared in the disease outbreak. from 28 hospitalized patients, 23 stool specimens and 6 throat swab specimens were collected for enterovirus isolation, and 15 enterovi ... | 2009 | 19634756 |
| risk factors for severe hand foot and mouth disease. | hand foot and mouth disease (hfmd) and herpangina are enteroviral infectious diseases caused mainly by coxsackie virus a (ca) or enterovirus 71 (ev71). from 2000 to 2002, many complicated cases were reported in japan, therefore a nationwide questionnaire survey was carried out to assess the situation. the subjects were patients with hfmd or herpangina, or other enterovirus infection from 2000 to 2002, who were either hospitalized over 24 h or who died. the response rates were 41.3% in 2000 and 2 ... | 2010 | 19663940 |
| emerging viral infections of the central nervous system: part 1. | in this 2-part review, i will focus on emerging virus infections of the central nervous system (cns). part 1 will introduce the basic features of emerging infections, including their definition, epidemiology, and the frequency of cns involvement. important mechanisms of emergence will be reviewed, including viruses spreading into new host ranges as exemplified by west nile virus (wnv), japanese encephalitis (je) virus, toscana virus, and enterovirus 71 (ev71). emerging infections also result fro ... | 2009 | 19667214 |
| enterovirus 71: epidemiology, pathogenesis and management. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) has emerged as a major cause of neurological threat in the world following the eradication of poliovirus. most ev71 infections commonly result in hand-foot-mouth disease or herpangina, and some cases are associated with brainstem encephalitis and acute flaccid paralysis. mortality was high in ev71 brainstem encephalitis complicated with pulmonary edema, particularly in children below 5 years of age. destruction of vasomotor in the brainstem by ev71 produces autonomic nervou ... | 2009 | 19681701 |
| monoclonal antibodies to vp1 recognize a broad range of enteroviruses. | enteroviruses (evs) are common seasonal viruses that are associated with a variety of diseases. high-quality monoclonal antibodies (mabs) are needed to improve the accuracy of ev diagnosis in clinical laboratories. in the present study, the full-length vp1 genes of poliovirus 1 (polio 1) and coxsackievirus b3 (cox b3) were cloned, and the encoded proteins were expressed and used as antigens in an attempt to raise broad-spectrum mabs to evs. two pan-ev mabs were isolated: one raised against polio ... | 2009 | 19710278 |
| [analysis on the epidemiological and genetic characteristics of enterovirus type 71 and coxsackie a16 virus infection in jiangsu, china]. | to determine the epidemiological features of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) outbreaks and the genetic characteristics of enterovirus type 71(ev71) isolates from patients in lianyungang, jiangsu province in may, 2008. | 2009 | 19731523 |
| sialylated glycans as receptor and inhibitor of enterovirus 71 infection to dld-1 intestinal cells. | many viruses recognize specific sugar residues, particularly sulfated or sialylated glycans, as the infection receptors. a change of sialic acid (2-6)-linked galactose (sa-alpha2,6gal) to sa-alpha2,3gal determines the receptor for avian flu infection. the receptor for enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection that frequently causes fatal encephalitis in asian children remains unclear. currently, there is no effective vaccine or anti-virus agent for ev71 infection. using dld-1 intestinal cells, this study ... | 2009 | 19751532 |
| reemergence of enterovirus 71 in 2008 in taiwan: dynamics of genetic and antigenic evolution from 1998 to 2008. | in recent years, enterovirus 71 (ev71) has been a cause of numerous outbreaks of hand-foot-and-mouth disease, with severe neurological complications in the asia-pacific region. the reemergence in taiwan of ev71 genotype b5 in 2008 resulted in the largest outbreak of ev71 in taiwan in the past 11 years. phylogenetic analyses indicated that dominant genotype changes from b to c or c to b occurred at least three times between 1986 and 2008. furthermore, antigenic cartography of ev71 by using neutra ... | 2009 | 19776232 |
| enterovirus 71 3c protease cleaves a novel target cstf-64 and inhibits cellular polyadenylation. | identification of novel cellular proteins as substrates to viral proteases would provide a new insight into the mechanism of cell-virus interplay. eight nuclear proteins as potential targets for enterovirus 71 (ev71) 3c protease (3c(pro)) cleavages were identified by 2d electrophoresis and maldi-tof analysis. of these proteins, cstf-64, which is a critical factor for 3' pre-mrna processing in a cell nucleus, was selected for further study. a time-course study to monitor the expression levels of ... | 2009 | 19779565 |
| [in vitro study on the effect of ribavirin reducing the ev71 replication]. | observe the effect of ribavirin on reducing the ev71 replication, inactivating ev71 and protecting the rd-a cells against the ev71 infection in vitro. | 2009 | 19799016 |
| [preparation and identification of the monoclonal antibodies against vp1 capsid protein of enterovius 71]. | to prepare monoclonal antibodies (mcabs) against vp1 capsid protein of enterovirus 71. | 2009 | 19799022 |
| generation of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against enterovirus 71 using synthetic peptides. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) has led to recent outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in china, resulting in high mortality. in this study, several monoclonal antibodies were generated by immunizing mice with two synthetic peptides, sp55 and sp70, containing amino acids 163-177 and 208-222 of vp1. the specificities of the anti-ev71 peptide monoclonal antibodies were confirmed by western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry against ev71 virus. most importantly, we have identified a monoclonal ... | 2009 | 19799860 |
| enterovirus 71 induces cox-2 expression via mapks, nf-kappab, and ap-1 in sk-n-sh cells: role of pge(2) in viral replication. | the enterovirus 71 (ev71) causes severe neurological diseases that were mediated through cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2) expression in brain. however, the mechanisms underlying ev71-initiated intracellular signaling pathways leading to cox-2 expression remain unknown in neurons. here we report that exposure of sk-n-sh cells to ev71 increased cox-2 expression and pge(2) generation in a time- and virus titer-dependent manner, revealed by western blot, real-time pcr, and pge(2) analyses. these ev71-induce ... | 2010 | 19800403 |
| [successful treatment of meningitis caused by enterovirus 71 infection in a child]. | | 2009 | 19849953 |
| formaldehyde-inactivated whole-virus vaccine protects a murine model of enterovirus 71 encephalomyelitis against disease. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) causes childhood hand, foot, and mouth disease and neurological complications, and no vaccines or therapeutic drugs are currently available. formaldehyde-inactivated whole-virus vaccines derived from ev71 clinical isolates and a mouse-adapted virus (mav) were tested in a mouse model of ev71 encephalomyelitis. after only two immunizations, given to mice at 1 and 7 days of age, the mav vaccine protected mice at 14 days of age from disease. tissues from immunized mice were neg ... | 2010 | 19864378 |
| fatal case of enterovirus 71 infection, france, 2007. | a fatal case of enterovirus 71 infection with pulmonary edema and rhombencephalitis occurred in brest, france, in april 2007. the virus was identified as subgenogroup c2. this highly neurotropic enterovirus merits specific surveillance outside the asia-pacific region. | 2009 | 19891879 |
| introduction of a strong temperature-sensitive phenotype into enterovirus 71 by altering an amino acid of virus 3d polymerase. | in 1998, an enterovirus 71 (ev71) epidemic in taiwan resulted in 78 deaths; however, the molecular basis of ev71 pathogenicity remains poorly understood. comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences in 3d polymerases of ev71clinical isolates showed the t251v or t251i substitution from 1986 and 1998 outbreaks. an ev71 replicon system showed that introducing an i251t mutation did not affect luciferase activities at 35 degrees c when compared with wild type; however, lower luciferase activities w ... | 2010 | 19906393 |
| [roles and functions of who enterovirus collaborating center]. | the laboratory of enteroviruses of the department of virology ii, national institute of infectious diseases, is functioning as a who-designated collaborating center for virus reference and research (enterovirus) in virus isolation and identification, development, evaluation, and quality control of new laboratory diagnosis methods, training technical staffs and experts, preparing, maintaining and supplying of standard reagents and reference materials for the laboratory diagnosis of enterovirus in ... | 2009 | 19927988 |
| hand, foot and mouth disease: seroprevalence of coxsackie a16 and enterovirus 71 in germany. | coxsackie a16 (ca16) and enterovirus 71 (ev71) are members of the picornaviridae family and are associated with hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd), in rare cases also to acute neurological diseases. hfmd outbreaks have been reported from many parts of the world, especially southeast asia. the objective of the study was to analyze ca16 and ev71 seroepidemiologically in the population of frankfurt/m., germany. a total of 696 individuals (349 males and 347 females, divided into seven different age ... | 2010 | 19941005 |
| [neurological manifestations and mechanism of cardiopulmonary failure in children with enterovirus 71 infection]. | | 2009 | 19951490 |
| [association between hand-foot-and-mouth disease in xi'an and enterovirus 71]. | to isolate the prevalent strain of enterovirus 71 (ev71) in xi'an area in 2008, and compare the concordance of viral isolation, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and immunofluorescent technique in detecting ev71, find the fast and effective method for detection, and analyze the differences between the ev71 strains isolated from xi'an and fuyang, anhui. | 2009 | 19951516 |
| [human enteroviruses and respiratory infections]. | enteroviruses (ev) (picornaviridae) are common infectious agents divided into 4 species, including 108 serotypes and responsible for a wide range of human pathologies including upper and lower respiratory tract infections occurring in adults and infants. recent clinical studies indicated that these viruses are considered as the third etiological cause of bronchiolitis in young infants aged 1-12 months. moreover, several clinical case studies reported the etiological role of the coxsackievirus a1 ... | 2009 | 19951666 |
| [genetic characterization of enterovirus 71 stains isolated in ningxia province in 2008]. | to study the genetic characterization of enterovirus 71 (ev71) strains isolated from specimens of patients with hand-foot-mouth disease (hfmd) in ningxia province in 2008. | 2009 | 19957601 |
| [genetic characterization of enterovirus 71 complete genome isolated in beijing, 2008]. | to investigate the characterization of the complete genome of ev71 in beijing, 2008 and to provide basis for selecting appropriate virus strain to develop vaccine. | 2009 | 19957602 |
| presence of high-titer neutralizing antibodies against enterovirus 71 in intravenous immunoglobulin manufactured from chinese donors. | | 2010 | 20001529 |
| emergence and re-emergence of viral diseases of the central nervous system. | neurologic disease is a major cause of disability in resource-poor countries and a substantial portion of this disease is due to infections of the cns. a wide variety of emerging and re-emerging viruses contribute to this disease burden. new emerging infections are commonly due to rna viruses that have expanded their geographic range, spread from animal reservoirs or acquired new neurovirulence properties. mosquito-borne viruses with expanding ranges include west nile virus, japanese encephaliti ... | 2010 | 20004230 |
| extracorporeal life support for treatment of children with enterovirus 71 infection-related cardiopulmonary failure. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection leading to cardiopulmonary failure (cpf) is rare, but usually fatal. in such cases, intensive cardiorespiratory support is essential for survival. in this study, we report our experience in the treatment of ev71-related cpf with extracorporeal life support (ecls). | 2010 | 20033668 |
| development of a high-throughput assay for measuring serum neutralizing antibody against enterovirus 71. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) is the main etiologic agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) and causes frequently severe neurological complications and mortality in young children. the serum neutralizing antibody response is the major indicator of ev71 infection and protective immunity. the current serum neutralization test based on inhibition of cytopathic effect (nt-cpe) requires manual microscopic examination, which is time-consuming and labor-intensive. in this study, a high-throughput neutral ... | 2010 | 20036286 |
| detection of non-polio enteroviruses in hungary 2000-2008 and molecular epidemiology of enterovirus 71, coxsackievirus a16, and echovirus 30. | human enteroviruses are associated with various clinical syndromes from minor febrile illness to severe, potentially fatal conditions like aseptic meningitis, paralysis, myocarditis, and neonatal enteroviral sepsis. between june 2000 and august 2008 echovirus (e) type 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 25, 30, coxsackievirus (cv) -a16, -a19, -b5, and enterovirus 71 (ev71) were reported in hungary. in this study, 29 previously enterovirus positive samples from 28 patients diagnosed with hand, foot and mouth ... | 2010 | 20044791 |
| epidemic of hand, foot and mouth disease in west bengal, india in august, 2007: a multicentric study. | hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) is caused mostly by coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) and enterovirus 71 (ev71). epidemic of hfmd has occurred in india only once in kerala in 2003. we report here a recent outbreak of hfmd in three districts of west bengal, india. | 2009 | 20049265 |
| human enterovirus 71 and hand, foot and mouth disease. | hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) is generally a benign febrile exanthematous childhood disease caused by human enteroviruses. the route of transmission is postulated to be faeco-oral in developing areas but attributed more to respiratory droplet in developed areas. transmission is facilitated by the prolonged environmental survival of these viruses and their greater resistance to biocides. serious outbreaks with neurological and cardiopulmonary complications caused by human enterovirus 71 (he ... | 2010 | 20056019 |
| analysis of recombination and natural selection in human enterovirus 71. | the development of effective vaccines and antiviral prophylaxis against human enterovirus 71 (ev71) has been hampered by the extensive antigenic diversity of the virus. to gain new insights into the evolutionary processes that create this genetic diversity, the treeorder scan method and rdp program were employed to detect recombination events in the genome, and then parsimony-based and maximum-likelihood-based methods were used to detect natural selection effects on viral proteins. recombination ... | 2010 | 20060995 |
| rupintrivir is a promising candidate for treating severe cases of enterovirus-71 infection. | to evaluate the suitability of rupintrivir against enterovirus 71 (ev71) induced severe clinical symptoms using computational methods. | 2010 | 20066739 |
| endoplasmic reticulum stress is induced and modulated by enterovirus 71. | picornavirus infection alters the endoplasmic reticulum (er) membrane but it is unclear whether this induces er stress. infection of rhabdomyosarcoma cells with enterovirus 71 (ev71), a picornavirus, caused overexpression of the er-resident chaperone proteins, bip and calreticulin, and phosphorylation of eif2alpha, but infection with uv-inactivated virus did not, indicating that er stress was induced by viral replication and not by viral attachment or entry. silencing (si)rna knockdown demonstra ... | 2010 | 20070307 |
| [seroepidemiology investigation of hev71 in healthy children of 1-6 years old in three counties of china in 2005]. | to investigate human enterovirus 71(hev71) antibody levels among children in china in recent years, to find the epidemic status of hand, foot and mouth diseases (hfmd) in children, and to provide a scientific base for the hfmd prevention and control. | 2009 | 20077660 |
| [multiple viral transmission chains of human enterovirus 71 co-circulated in gansu province in 2008]. | to study the molecular evolution of human enterovirus 71 (hev71) isolated from clinical specimens of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd)patients in gansu in 2008. | 2009 | 20077673 |
| [human enterovirus 71 was isolated from specimens of hand foot mouth disease in beijing in 2007]. | analyzing and identifying the type of enterovirus of human hand foot mouth disease (hfmd) outbreak in daxing district in beijing at the end of may in 2007. | 2009 | 20077674 |
| [genotype distribution of enterovirus a species isolated in shandong province, china]. | in order to study the genotypes and molecular evolution of human enterovirus (hev) a species in shandong province, stool samples were collected from afp and hfmd patients in shandong province and virus isolation was performed. reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions (rt-pcr) specific for ev71 and cva16 were performed with the virus isolates from hfmd patients. positive isolates were selected for entire vp1 coding gene amplification and sequencing. isolates with negative pcr results and ... | 2009 | 20077929 |
| [genetype characteristics of enterovirus type 71 in shenzhen from 2005 to 2008]. | genetic characteristics of enterovirus type 71 in shenzhen from 2005 to 2008 were analyzed. all samples were detected by rt-pcr using ev71-specific primers. the vp1s of ev71 strains were amplified and sequenced. a phylogenetic tree was constructed by comparison of the sequences with those of subgenotype a, b and c using dnastar, bioedit and mega 3.1 softwares. the vp1 nucleotide sequences of 17 strains of shenzhen shared 95.3%-99.4% identities with cluster c4a, and one strain shared 93.0%-95.6% ... | 2009 | 20077930 |
| [changes of immune function in patients with enterovirus 71 infection]. | to investigate the association of changes in immune function with enterovirus 71 (ev71) cases with different severity of the disease. | 2009 | 20078993 |
| inhibition of enterovirus 71 replication and the viral 3d polymerase by aurintricarboxylic acid. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) causes serious diseases in humans. the aim of this study was to examine the effects of aurintricarboxylic acid (ata) on ev71 replication and to explore the underlying mechanism. | 2010 | 20089540 |
| evolutionary genetics of human enterovirus 71: origin, population dynamics, natural selection, and seasonal periodicity of the vp1 gene. | human enterovirus 71 (ev-71) is one of the major etiologic causes of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) among young children worldwide, with fatal instances of neurological complications becoming increasingly common. global vp1 capsid sequences (n = 628) sampled over 4 decades were collected and subjected to comprehensive evolutionary analysis using a suite of phylogenetic and population genetic methods. we estimated that the common ancestor of human ev-71 likely emerged around 1941 (95% confi ... | 2010 | 20089660 |
| glucocorticoid and pyrazolone treatment of acute fever is a risk factor for critical and life-threatening human enterovirus 71 infection during an outbreak in china, 2008. | human enterovirus 71 (hev71) causes outbreaks of life-threatening diseases throughout the world. the genesis of these severe diseases is unknown. | 2010 | 20104199 |
| etiology and clinico-epidemiological profile of acute viral encephalitis in children of western uttar pradesh, india. | to study the etiology of viral encephalitis (ve) in the children of western uttar pradesh, india and to assess the clinico-epidemiological profile of these children in relation to ve. | 2010 | 20106698 |
| development of enterovirus 71 vaccines. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) was first isolated in 1969 in california, usa. several epidemic outbreaks with high mortality rates have occurred in european and asian countries (bulgaria in 1975, hungary in 1978, malaysia in 1997, taiwan in 1998 and china in 2008). ev71 cns involvement may be associated with neurological sequelae, delayed neurodevelopment and reduced cognitive functioning. since poliovirus was nearly eradicated by vaccination, ev71 is now considered as one of the top candidates for new v ... | 2010 | 20109026 |
| [clinical features and treatment of serious brainstem encephalitis caused by enterovirus 71 infection]. | to study the clinical features and treatment of serious brainstem encephalitis caused by enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection. | 2009 | 20113599 |
| diseases caused by enterovirus 71 infection. | the purpose of this review was to explore the epidemiology, pathogenesis, virology, and management of enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection. published literature was surveyed by medline using the keyword "ev71." the reported incidence of cases of hand-foot-mouth disease/herpangina varied from year to year; seasonal variations in incidence were observed, with a peak in incidence during the summer season. most cases of hand-foot-mouth disease/herpangina hospitalized for complications occurred in childre ... | 2009 | 20118685 |
| effects of herbal medicinal formulas on suppressing viral replication and modulating immune responses. | the chinese medicinal herbs radix isatidis and viola yedoensis makino have been suggested to possess antiviral activity. this study tests whether these and other chinese and western herbal medicinal formulas can modulate the immune functions involving virus-suppression in balb/c mouse. we first confirmed the extract from viola yedoensis makino, but not from radix isatidis, the traditional chinese medicine (tcm) formula chui-uren-chien (cuc), or a western homeopathic medicinal drink método canova ... | 2010 | 20128053 |
| in vitro anti-enterovirus 71 activity of gallic acid from woodfordia fruticosa flowers. | the anti-enterovirus 71 (ev71) activity of six nepalese plants' extracts and gallic acid (ga) isolated from woodfordia fruticosa kurz (family; lythaceae) flowers were evaluated in vero cells. | 2010 | 20149083 |
| the cross-reactivity of the enterovirus 71 to human brain tissue and identification of the cross-reactivity related fragments. | ev71 occasionally cause a series of severe neurological symptoms, including aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, and poliomyelitis-like paralysis. however, the neurological destruction mechanism was remained to be clarified. this study described the cross reaction between ev71 induced igg and human brain tissue. | 2010 | 20170551 |
| [study on the etiology of hand-foot-mouth disease outbreaks in beijing in 2007]. | to identify the etiology of 8 human hand-foot-mouth disease (hfmd) outbreaks in beijing, during may to july 2007. | 2009 | 20193198 |
| [complete genome sequencing of enterovirus 71 (ev71) henan08 strain isolated in henan province]. | to sequence the whole-genome of enterovirus 71 (ev71) srtain isolated from patient with hand, foot and mouth in henan province in 2008. | 2009 | 20193232 |
| [identification of an enterovirus 71 receptor; scarb2]. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16), belonging to family picornaviridae, genus enterovirus, species a, are causative agents of hand-foot-mouth disease (hfmd). infections involving ev71, but not cva16, can progress to severe neurological disease, including aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis and neurogenic pulmonary edema. ev71 is thus considered to be a neuropathogenic virus and ev71 outbreak has become a major public health concern. human rd cells are high ... | 2009 | 20218327 |
| [identification of p-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 as one of the cellular receptors for enterovirus 71]. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a major causative agent of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd), a common febrile disease in young children. although clinical manifestations of hfmd are usually mild and self-limiting, ev71 can cause large outbreaks of hfmd including severe neurological complications. we identified human p-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (psgl-1; cd162) as a functional receptor for ev71 using an expression cloning method with a human t cell cdna library by panning. psgl-1 is a sialomucin ... | 2009 | 20218328 |
| knowledge about and attitude toward enterovirus 71 infections: a survey of parents and teachers at kindergartens in taiwan. | in 2008, we surveyed 690 parents and 104 teachers at kindergartens in taiwan about their knowledge of and attitude towards enterovirus 71 infections. the accurate response rate for enterovirus infection characteristics was greater than 80% for specific symptoms, prevalent age group, and predominant infection season. parents and teachers felt great anxiety and even panic about infection. both groups perceived the impact of enterovirus infection to be worse than that of influenza. | 2010 | 20227791 |
| transcriptome profiling of host-microbe interactions by differential display rt-pcr. | in recent years, dna microarray has become increasingly popular as a tool to investigate global expression patterns compared to differential display rt-pcr. although differential display rt-pcr can be labour-intensive, it has its own merits over those of dna microarray. while the latter usually consists of a well-defined set of species-specific genes, differential display rt-pcr allows the investigation of host-microbe interactions without bias towards any mrna transcripts. this means that the r ... | 2010 | 20300989 |
| ev71: an emerging infectious disease vaccine target in the far east? | hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) is a common viral illness in infants and children caused by viruses that belong to the enterovirus genus of the picornavirus family. although most hfmd do not result in serious complications, outbreaks of hfmd caused by enterovirus 71 (ev71) can present with a high rate of neurological complications, including meningoencephalitis, pulmonary complications, and possibly death. hfmd caused by ev71 has become a major emerging infectious disease in asia and the hi ... | 2010 | 20304038 |
| genetic analysis of the vp1 region of enterovirus 71 reveals the emergence of genotype a in central china in 2008. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) strains from children were characterized by full-length vp1 nucleotide sequencing. out of 22 clinical specimens, five isolates identified as ev71 were recovered by virus isolation. the vp1 sequences of the five isolates had more than 97.4% sequence identity with prototype virus brcr, clustering in the genotype a lineage. this represents the first record of genotype a ev71 in china since the brcr prototype strain was discovered in the usa in 1969. | 2010 | 20306124 |
| ev71 induces cox-2 expression via c-src/pdgfr/pi3k/akt/p42/p44 mapk/ap-1 and nf-kappab in rat brain astrocytes. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) induces the expression of cyclooxgenase (cox)-2 served as a major neurotoxic factor in cns injury. however, the mechanisms underlying ev71-initiated intracellular signaling pathways leading to cox-2 expression remain unknown. therefore, we investigated the mechanisms underlying ev71-induced cox-2 expression and prostaglandin e(2) (pge(2)) production in rat brain astrocytes (rba)-1, determined by western blotting, rt-pcr, and promoter assay. here, we reported that ev71-induc ... | 2010 | 20333648 |
| neural pathogenesis of enterovirus 71 infection. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a neurotropic pathogen that can cause severe neural diseases and complications on infected patients. clinical observations showed that ev71-induced immune responses may be associated with virus induced neurogenic pulmonary edema. here reviewed studies that discovered several host molecules as potential factors for ev71 virulence. | 2010 | 20348010 |
| circulating viruses associated with severe complicated enterovirus infection in taiwan: a multi-year analysis. | few studies have investigated the viral isolation characteristics for severe complicated enterovirus infection (scei). this study evaluated the seasonality and contribution of circulated viruses to the chronologic trend and weekly reported scei epidemic. | 2010 | 20351529 |
| evolutionary trajectory of the vp1 gene of human enterovirus 71 genogroup b and c viruses. | from 1963 to 1986, human enterovirus 71 (hev71) infections in the netherlands were successively caused by viruses of subgenogroups b0, b1 and b2. a genogroup shift occurred in 1987, after which viruses of subgenogroups c1 and c2 were detected exclusively. this is in line with hev71 typing in australia, europe and the usa, but is distinct from that in the asian pacific region, where hev71 subgenogroups b3-b5 and c4-c5 have caused large outbreaks since 1997. to understand these observations in hev ... | 2010 | 20375223 |
| [to investigate pathogen of hand, foot and mouth disease in shenzhen in 2008]. | to investigate ev71 and ca16 pathogen of hfmd in shenzhen in 2008, and to provide the evidence for the prevention and treatment hfmd. | 2009 | 20387478 |
| [development a method of quantitative assay for enterovirus 71]. | to establish a quantitative assay for enterovirus 71, this can be used in detecting the virus content during vaccine development and production. | 2009 | 20387495 |
| sequence analysis of six enterovirus 71 strains with different virulences in humans. | enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection is the main cause of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) and has been associated with severe neurological diseases resulting in high mortalities. in this study, six ev71 strains isolated from patients with different clinical symptoms were sequenced and analyzed in a mouse model of ev71 infection. in a phylogenetic tree, based on the complete vp1 gene sequence, all six strains grouped into the c4 genotype. the sequence analysis revealed that there are nucleotide ch ... | 2010 | 20398708 |