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circulation of multiple enterovirus serotypes causing hand, foot and mouth disease in india.hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd), a common contagious disease that usually affects children, can be caused by enteroviruses. coxsackievirus a16 (cv-a16) and enterovirus (ev) 71(ev-71) are known to be the major etiological agents of hfmd. other ev serotypes- cv-a4-7, cv-a9-10, cv-b1-3, cv-b5, e-4 and e-19 have been also found associated with both sporadic infections and outbreaks of hfmd. in india, outbreaks of hfmd have been documented; however, molecular characterization of the etiological a ...201122052995
[evaluation of immune responses and related patho-inflammatory reactions of a candidate inactivated ev71 vaccine in neonatal monkeys].to evaluate the safety of enterovirus type 71 (ev71) inactivated vaccine (human diploid derived) for infection prevention in an animal model by investigating the immune responses and related patho-inflammatory reactions.201122093894
a non mouse-adapted enterovirus 71 (ev71) strain exhibits neurotropism causing neurological manifestations in a novel mouse model of ev71 infection.enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a neurotropic pathogen that has been consistently associated with the severe neurological forms of hand, foot and mouth disease. the lack of a relevant animal model has hampered our understanding of ev71 pathogenesis, in particular the route and mode of viral dissemination. it has also hindered the development of effective prophylactic and therapeutic approaches, making ev71 one of the most pressing public health concerns in southeast asia.here we report a novel mouse mo ...201122130542
viral kinetics of enterovirus 71 in human abdomyosarcoma cells.to characterise the viral kinetics of enterovirus 71 (ev71).201122039330
[construction and identification of a vector inserted with gene of t7 rna polymerase].to develop a system to rescue virus by intracellular expression of t7 rna polymerase.201121863644
diffusion-weighted imaging in the diagnosis of enterovirus 71 encephalitis.backgroundin the early phase of viral encephalitis, conventional mri may appear normal. diffusion-weighted imaging (dwi) is a sensitive tool for detecting early changes in cellular function in the central nervous system.purposeto investigate the usefulness of dwi in the diagnosis of enterovirus 71 (ev71) encephalitis, and to determine whether dwi is superior to conventional mr sequences.material and methodsmri scans in 26 patients were retrospectively evaluated for distribution of lesions on t1- ...201122184685
exogenous interleukin-6, interleukin-13, and interferon-gamma provoke pulmonary abnormality with mild edema in enterovirus 71-infected mice.neonatal mice developed neurological disease and pulmonary dysfunction after an infection with a mouse-adapted human enterovirus 71 (ev71) strain mp4. however, the hallmark of severe human ev71 infection, pulmonary edema (pe), was not evident.201122054060
the persistent circulation of enterovirus 71 in people's republic of china: causing emerging nationwide epidemics since 2008.emerging epidemics of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) associated with enterovirus 71 (ev71) has become a serious concern in mainland china. it caused 126 and 353 fatalities in 2008 and 2009, respectively. the epidemiologic and pathogenic data of the outbreak collected from national laboratory network and notifiable disease surveillance system. to understand the virological evolution of this emerging outbreak, 326 vp1 gene sequences of ev71 detected in china from 1987 to 2009 were collected fo ...201121980521
[autophagy inhibitor 3-ma decreases the production and release of infectious enterovirus 71 particles].to determine whether or not enterovirus 71 (enteroviurs 71, ev71) may induce autophagy and affect the production and release of ev71 after the treatment of autophagy inhibitor.201121977584
the association of recombination events in the founding and emergence of subgenogroup evolutionary lineages of human enterovirus 71.enterovirus 71 (ev71) is responsible for frequent large scale outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease worldwide, and represent a major aetiological agent of severe, sometime fatal neurological disease. ev71 variants have been classified into three genogroups (gga, ggb, ggc), the latter two further subdivided into subgenogroups, b1-b5 and c1-c5. to investigate the dual roles of recombination and evolution in the epidemiology and transmission of ev71 worldwide, we performed a large scale genetic ...201122205739
prevalence of antibodies against enterovirus 71 in children from lu'an city in central china.we performed preepidemic and postepidemic serologic surveys to elucidate the rate of enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection in lu'an city, anhui province, central china. for the preepidemic study, a total of 472 healthy infants and children (age range, neonates to 15 years) were randomly selected before the 2008 outbreak of ev71 in the region. blood samples were collected and tested for neutralizing antibodies (nabs) against ev71 by performing a microneutralization assay. the results of preepidemi ...201122116336
[etiology of hand, foot and mouth disease in qingdao during 2008-2009].an etiology study on hfmd in qingdao region during 2008-2009 was conducted. the virus rna were isolated from throat swabs of hfmd,the ev, ev71 and cva16 were detected by multiplex realtime rt-pcr. for those specimens with ev positive and both ev71 and cva16 negative,a reverese transcription-seminested polymerase chain reaction (rt-snpcr) was perfomed to amplify part sequence of the vp1 gene for sabsequent analysis to identify the serotype. the results indicated that ev71 and cva16 were the major ...201121998955
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease in Yunnan Province, China, 2008-2010.This study was done to assess the epidemic features of hand, foot and mouth disease in Yunnan Province. Surveillance data from the beginning of 2008 through the end of 2010 were analyzed to conduct the demographic data of patients and morbidity as well as the estimation between possible risk factors for severe or fatal cases. Of the 75109 cases reported, laboratory tests confirmed 3691 cases. Thus, the average annual incidence proportion was 55 per 100000 population with a total case fatality ra ...201122199158
[Mechanism of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for severe hand-foot-mouth disease: a review].Hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) is an acute infectious disease caused by various enteroviruses. Recently, large HFMD outbreaks caused by enterovirus type 71 (EV71) have been frequently reported in China, posing great threats on children's health. There is no specific antiviral therapy for severe HFMD, and patient management mainly depends on supportive and symptomatic treatment. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is a pharmaceutical preparation of human IgG that is pooled from thousands of healthy ...201121845837
[comparisons of epidemiological and clinical characteristics in children with hand-foot-mouth disease caused by enterovirus 71 and coxackievirus a16].to compare the differences of epidemiological and clinical characteristics in children with hand-foot-mouth disease (hfmd) caused by coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) and enterovirus 71 (ev71).201121849112
characterization of a monoclonal antibody against the 3d polymerase of enterovirus 71 and its use for the detection of human enterovirus a infection.over the last decade, frequent epidemic outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease have been observed in the asia-pacific region. hand, foot and mouth disease is caused by different viruses from the enterovirus family, mainly coxsackievirus a16 and enterovirus 71 (ev71) from the human enterovirus a family. severe disease and neurological complications are associated more often with ev71 infection, and can lead occasionally to fatal brain stem encephalitis in young children. the rapid progression ...201122226793
[studies on anti-ev71 virus activity of traditional chinese medicine and its clinical application in treatment of hfmd].hand-foot-and-mouth disease is caused by intestinal virus infection. the viruses coxsackie a16 (ca16) and enterovirus 71 (ev71) are the main pathogens. between them, the virus ev71 is more dangerous and easier to cause serious complications, which leads to death or disability. currently, there are no effective antiviral drugs to treat ev71 infection. therefore, developing an effective drug against ev71 virus activity is significant. it has a huge potency of screening the anti-ev71 components and ...201122393752
a flavobacterium lindanitolerans strain isolated from the ascites sample of a chinese patient with ev71 virus infection.a strain of flavobacterium lindanitolerans isolated from a sick child's ascites was described. the 16s rrna gene of the strain was 100% identical to that of flavobacterium lindanitolerans which was first identified in india in 2008. it was first described that the isolate required x factor (hemin) for growth in the optimal conditions of 37 °c with 5% co(2). the isolate produced indole and h(2)s. it did not present hemolytic feature on blood agar.201122365408
[virologic and epidemiological characteristics of non-polio infection in croatia over a ten-year period (2000-2009)].the aim of the present study was to show the virologic and epidemiological characteristics of non-polio enterovirus (npev) infection over a ten-year period in croatia.201122359891
[a pathogen analysis within 174 cases of hand-foot-mouth disease in the summer of 2009].to analyze the pathogen and characteristics of the serum types of enterovirus of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) in the summer, 2009.201122338230
[analysis on detection of enterovirus nucleotides in feces samples of hand-foot-mouth disease patients after recovery].to explore the duration of enterovirus (ev) nucleotides positive in feces samples of hand-foot-mouth disease (hfmd) patients after recovery.201122336339
[acute kidney injury in critically ill children infected with influenza a virus (h1n1) and enterovirus 71].to analyze the clinical characteristics of acute kidney injury (aki) in critically ill childhood patients with influenza a virus (h1n1) and enterovirus 71 (ev71), and to study the significance of the serum creatinine and urine output in diagnosis of aki.201122336307
[recent advances in reverse genetics of enterovirus 71]. 201122263276
detection and characterization of enterovirus associated with herpangina and hand, foot, and mouth disease in seoul, korea.human enteroviruses (hevs) are a major cause of herpangina, hfmd (hand, foot, and mouth disease), and other neurological diseases in seoul, korea.201122239028
enterovirus type 71 neutralizing antibodies in the serum of macaque monkeys immunized with ev71 virus-like particles.enterovirus type 71 (ev71) is a virulent form of enteroviruses causing hospitalizations for children less than three years of age. currently there are no anti-viral therapies or vaccines available for ev71. due to the high risk of poliomyelitis-like paralysis and fatal encephalitis, an effective vaccine to ev71 could potentially prevent virus-induced morbidity and mortality. in this study, we first tested a potential ev71 vaccine candidate based on virus-like particles (vlp). we vaccinated macaq ...201122214888
[association of hla-g 14bp gene polymorphisms and plasma shla-g level with susceptibility to ev71 infection in children].explore the relationship between the hla-g 14bp insertion/deletion polymorphism and the infection of enterovirus 71 (ev71) for children.201223627021
[transmission and prevalence patterns of c4a evolutionary lineage of human enterovirus 71 circulating in mainland of china, 2008-2010].to understand the evolutionary relationship between the c4a evolutionary lineage of human enterovirus 71 (hev71) strains circulating in mainland of china during 2008-2010 and 2008 fuyang strains and study the prevalence and transmission patterns of 2008 fuyang strains.201223627020
[detection the pathogens and analysis the clinical characteristics in children with hand, foot and mouth disease in shanghai during 2009-2011].to investigate the epidemic characteristics of etiological agents and analyze the clinic differences in children with hand, foot and mouth diseases in shanghai.201223547454
[isolation and sequence analysis on virus of hfmd with encephalitis in yantal city].to learn about the pathogen spectrum and genetic characterization of hfmd with encephalitis in yantai city.201223547453
enterovirus 71 causes hand, foot and mouth disease outbreak in cambodia. 201223448647
[genetic characteristics of enterovirus 71 vp1 and epidemiology of hand-foot-mouth disease in xinxiang in 2011].the study was performed to examine the enterovirus 71(ev71) vp1 genetic feature and the epidemiology of hand-foot-mouth disease (hfmd) in xinxiang in 2011. real-time rt-pcr was used for the detection of pan-enterovirus, coxsackievirus a 16(ca16) and ev71 from stool specimens of hfmd. the vp1 region was amplified from 10 ev71 positive samples and the products were sequenced. ev71 genotypes were characterized by homology and phylogenetic tree analyses. additionally, epidemic data of xinxiang hfmd ...201223367569
[comparison of different molecular assays for the rapid detection of enterovirus 71 (ev71)].molecular detection of enterovirus (ev)71 rna based on pcr methods is a quick and sensitive approach. at present, different pcr-based methods for ev71 rna detection are available, but comparisons of results obtained using different approaches are limited. this study is to compare the analytical sensitivity and specificity of different real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rrt-pcr) and conventional reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (crt-pcr) assays for enterovir ...201223367568
[analysis on epidemiology and the main clinical symptoms of viral encephalitis in gansu, 2009-2011].to understand the epidemiological characteristics and the main clinical symptoms of viral encephalitis in gansu.201223363967
[etiology surveillance of hand-foot-mouth disease in henan province between 2008 and 2011].to understand etiological types and distribution features of hand-foot-mouth disease (hfmd) in henan province between 2008 and 2011.201223363860
[typing and identification of non-polio enterovirus from acute flaccid paralysis cases in ningxia, 1997-2011].to identify the serotype of 73 non-polio enterovirus (npev) strains from acute flaccid paralysis (afp) cases in ningxia province, during 1997 - 2011.201223290905
[etiological detection of severe hand-food-mouth disease and related genetic characteristics of enterovirus type 71 infection in beijing, 2010].to study the etiological detection on samples from severe hand-foot-mouth disease (hfmd) cases and the genetic characteristics of enterovirus type 71 (ev71) isolates from severe patients in beijing, 2010.201223290804
enterovirus 71-induced neurological disorders in young gerbils, meriones unguiculatus: development and application of a neurological disease model.a reliable disease model mimicking enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection in humans is essential for understanding pathogenesis and for developing a safe and effective vaccine. commonly used rodent models including mouse or rat models are not suitable for vaccine evaluation because the rodents are resistant to ev71 infection after they reach the age of 6 days. in this study, 21-day-old gerbils inoculated intraperitoneally (ip) with a non mouse-adapted ev71 strain developed neurological lesion-related s ...201223284845
evaluation of a direct reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification method without rna extraction for the detection of human enterovirus 71 subgenotype c4 in nasopharyngeal swab specimens.human enterovirus 71 (ev71) is the major causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) worldwide and has been associated with neurological complications which resulted in fatalities during recent outbreak in asia pacific region. a direct reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (direct rt-lamp) assay using heat-treated samples without rna extraction was developed and evaluated for the detection of ev71 subgenotype c4 in nasopharyngeal swab specimens. the analytical ...201223272248
[cloning, expression and antigenic analysis of vp1-vp4 gene encoding the structural protein of coxsackie virus a16].to clone and express vp1-vp4 genes encoding the structural proteins of coxsackie virus a16 and analyze the antigenicity of the expressed recombinant proteins.201223268395
development and characterization of a stable egfp enterovirus 71 for antiviral screening.enterovirus 71 (ev71) is one of the major causative agents for hand, foot, and mouth disease. there is currently no clinically approved vaccine or antiviral treatment for ev71 infection. to facilitate antiviral drug discovery, we developed an infectious cdna clone of an epidemic strain of ev71 and a stable egfp reporter ev71. the reporter virus was generated by engineering the egfp gene between the 5' untranslated region and vp4 gene of the ev71 genome. vero cells transfected with the cdna clone ...201223267829
evaluation of human enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 specific immunoglobulin m antibodies for diagnosis of hand-foot-and-mouth disease.abstract: background: hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) is caused mainly by the human enterovirus type 71 (hev71) and the coxsackievirus a group type 16 (cva16). large outbreaks of disease have occurred frequently in the asia-pacific region. reliable methods are needed for diagnosis of hfmd in childen. igm-capture elisa, with its notable advantages of convenience and low cost, provides a potentially frontline assay. we aimed to evaluate the newly developed igm-capture elisas for hev71 and cva1 ...201222234169
enterovirus 71 disrupts interferon signaling by reducing the interferon receptor i.the recent outbreak of enterovirus 71 (ev71) infected millions of children and caused over 1,000 deaths. to date, neither effective vaccine nor antiviral treatment is available for ev71 infection. interferons (ifns) have been successfully applied for treating patients such as hepatitis b and c viral infections for decades but failed to treat ev71 infections. here, we provide the evidence that ev71 antagonizes type i ifn signaling by reducing the level of interferon receptor 1 (ifnar1). we show t ...201222258259
in vitro and in vivo evaluation of ribavirin and pleconaril antiviral activity against enterovirus 71 infection.enterovirus 71(ev71) causes recurring outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease and encephalitis leading to complications or death in young children. more effective antiviral drugs are needed to prevent or reduce ev71-related disease and complications. however, there are no standard models currently in use to evaluate activity against ev71 infection both in vitro and in vivo. in this study, the activity of ribavirin and pleconaril against ev71 infection was evaluated in two models. an in vitro e ...201222245989
detection of human enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 in children with hand, foot and mouth disease in china.the aims of the present study were to investigate the genetic characteristics of enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) strains in china and to evaluate the relationship between the genotypes of cva16 and ev71 and their geographical distribution. a total of 399 stool specimens were collected from children with symptoms of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) in zhejiang province. the presence of enteroviruses was determined ...201222218731
distribution of enteroviruses in hospitalized children with hand, foot and mouth disease and relationship between pathogens and nervous system complications.abstract: background: to explore the relationship between enteroviruses and hospitalized children with hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) complicated with nervous system disease. 234 hospitalized hfmd patients treated in shengjing hospital, liaoning province were analyzed retrospectively. based on the presence and severity of nervous system disease, the patients were grouped as follows: general patients, severely ill patients, critically ill patients and fatal patients. based on the detected p ...201222230340
detection of human enterovirus 71 reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp).aims:  in this study, a one-step, single-tube reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay was developed and validated for the detection of human enterovirus 71 (ev71), the major aetiological agent of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd). methods and results:  reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay was optimized to amplify vp1 gene in the presence of a specific primer set and bst dna polymerase at an isothermal temperature of 63°c for 1  ...201222256968
Modification of the untranslated regions of human enterovirus 71 impairs growth in a cell-specific manner.Human enterovirus 71 (HEV71) is the causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease and associated acute neurological disease. At present, little is known about the genetic determinants of HEV71 neurovirulence. Studies of related enteroviruses have indicated that the untranslated regions (UTRs), which control virus-directed translation and replication, also exert significant influence on neurovirulence. We used an infectious cDNA clone of a subgenogroup B3 strain to construct and characterize c ...201222031931
MEK1-ERKs signal cascade is required for the replication of Enterovirus 71 (EV71).The role of the MEK1-ERK signaling cascade in the replication cycle of Enterovirus 71 (EV71), the primary cause of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), has been analyzed. In vitro infection with EV71 induced a biphasic activation of ERK. The two phases of activation appeared to be triggered by different mechanisms, with the first phase being activated by the binding of viral particles to the membrane receptor of host cells and the second probably being in response to the production of new virus ...201222101247
enterovirus 71 uses cell surface heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan as an attachment receptor.enterovirus 71 (ev-71) infections are usually associated with mild hand, foot, and mouth disease in young children but have been reported to cause severe neurological complications with high mortality rates. to date, four ev-71 receptors have been identified, but inhibition of these receptors by antagonists did not completely abolish ev-71 infection, implying that there is an as yet undiscovered receptor(s). since ev-71 has a wide range of tissue tropisms, we hypothesize that ev-71 infections ma ...201223097443
characterization of an isotype-dependent monoclonal antibody against linear neutralizing epitope effective for prophylaxis of enterovirus 71 infection.enterovirus 71 (ev71) is the main causative agent of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) and is associated with severe neurologic complications and mortalities. at present, there is no vaccine or therapeutic available for treatment.201222279543
far upstream element binding protein 1: a commander of transcription, translation and beyond.the far upstream binding protein 1 (fbp1) was first identified as a dna-binding protein that regulates c-myc gene transcription through binding to the far upstream element (fuse) in the promoter region 1.5 kb upstream of the transcription start site. fbp1 collaborates with tfiih and additional transcription factors for optimal transcription of the c-myc gene. in recent years, mounting evidence suggests that fbp1 acts as an rna-binding protein and regulates mrna translation or stability of genes, ...201222926519
molecular characterization of human enteroviruses in the central african republic: uncovering wide diversity and identification of a new human enterovirus a71 genogroup.human enteroviruses (hev) are among the most common viruses infecting humans. their circulation has been widely studied in most parts of the world but not in sub-saharan africa, where poliomyelitis remains prevalent. we report here the molecular characterization of 98 nonpoliovirus (non-pv) hev strains isolated from 93 randomly selected cell culture-positive supernatants from stool samples collected from 1997 through 2006 from children with acute flaccid paralysis living in the central african r ...201222337981
inhibition of enterovirus 71 (ev-71) infections by a novel antiviral peptide derived from ev-71 capsid protein vp1.enterovirus 71 (ev-71) is the main causative agent of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd). in recent years, ev-71 infections were reported to cause high fatalities and severe neurological complications in asia. currently, no effective antiviral or vaccine is available to treat or prevent ev-71 infection. in this study, we have discovered a synthetic peptide which could be developed as a potential antiviral for inhibition of ev-71. ninety five synthetic peptides (15-mers) overlapping the entire e ...201222563456
pilot scale production of highly efficacious and stable enterovirus 71 vaccine candidates.enterovirus 71 (ev71) has caused several epidemics of hand, foot and mouth diseases (hfmd) in asia and now is being recognized as an important neurotropic virus. effective medications and prophylactic vaccine against ev71 infection are urgently needed. based on the success of inactivated poliovirus vaccine, a prototype chemically inactivated ev71 vaccine candidate has been developed and currently in human phase 1 clinical trial.201222529942
production of ev71 vaccine candidates.enterovirus 71 (ev71) is now recognized as an emerging neurotropic virus in asia and with coxsackie virus (cv) it is the other major causative agent of hand-foot-mouth diseases (hfmd). effective medications and/or prophylactic vaccines against hfmd are urgently needed. from a scientific (the feasibility of bioprocess, immunological responses and potency in animal challenge model) and business development (cost of goods) points of view, we in this review address and discuss the pros and cons of d ...201222992566
immunological evaluation and comparison of different ev71 vaccine candidates.enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) are major causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth diseases (hfmds), and ev71 is now recognized as an emerging neurotropic virus in asia. effective medications and/or prophylactic vaccines against hfmd are not available. the current results from mouse immunogenicity studies using in-house standardized rd cell virus neutralization assays indicate that (1) vp1 peptide (residues 211-225) formulated with freund's adjuvant (cfa/ifa) elicited low v ...201223008736
coxsackievirus mutants that can bypass host factor pi4kiiiβ and the need for high levels of pi4p lipids for replication.rna viruses can rapidly mutate and acquire resistance to drugs that directly target viral enzymes, which poses serious problems in a clinical context. therefore, there is a growing interest in the development of antiviral drugs that target host factors critical for viral replication, since they are unlikely to mutate in response to therapy. we recently demonstrated that phosphatidylinositol-4-kinase iiiβ (pi4kiiiβ) and its product phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (pi4p) are essential for replica ...201222945356
occurrence of hand-foot-and-mouth disease pathogens in domestic sewage and secondary effluent in xi'an, china.hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd), caused by a group of enteric viruses such as enterovirus 71 (ev71), coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) and coxsackievirus a10 (cva10), is heavily epidemic in east asia. this research focused on investigating the occurrence of hfmd pathogens in domestic sewage and secondary effluent before disinfection in a wastewater treatment plant (wwtp) in xi'an, the largest megacity in northwest china. in order to simultaneously detect all three hfmd pathogens, a semi-nested rt-p ...201222446307
outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease/herpangina associated with coxsackievirus a6 and a10 infections in 2010, france: a large citywide, prospective observational study.hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) and herpangina (ha) are frequently caused by several distinct serotypes belonging to the human enterovirus a species (heva). enterovirus 71 is considered as a significant public health threat because of rare but fatal neurological complications. a sentinel surveillance system involving paediatricians from clermont-ferrand (france) was set up to determine the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of hfmd/ha associated with enterovirus infections. a stand ...201222404077
immunological and biochemical characterization of coxsackie virus a16 viral particles.coxsackie virus a16 (cva16) infections have become a serious public health problem in the asia-pacific region. it manifests most often in childhood exanthema, commonly known as hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd). there are currently no vaccine or effective medical treatments available.201223226233
rapid and sensitive identification of rna from the emerging pathogen, coxsackievirus a6.hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) is caused by members of the family picornaviridae in the genus enterovirus. it has been reported that coxsackievirus a6 (cva6) infections are emerging as a new and major cause of epidemic hfmd. sporadic hfmd cases positive for cva6 were detected in the mainland of china in recent years. to strengthen the surveillance of cva6 infections and outbreak control, the clinical diagnosis is urgently needed to distinguish the cva6 infection disease from other infection ...201223194501
comparative genetic analysis of vp4, vp1 and 3d gene regions of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 circulating in malaysia between 1997-2008.three genomic regions, vp4 capsid, vp1 capsid and 3d rna polymerase of human enterovirus 71 (ev-71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cv-a16) were sequenced to understand the evolution of these viruses in malaysia. a total of 42 ev-71 and 36 cv-a16 isolates from 1997- 2008 were sequenced. despite the presence of many ev-71 subgenotypes worldwide, only subgenotypes b3, b4, b5, c1 and c2 were present in malaysia. importation of other subgenotypes such as c3, c4/d and c5 from other countries was infrequent. ...201223018509
etiologic and epidemiologic analysis of hand, foot, and mouth disease in guangzhou city: a review of 4,753 cases.this study aimed to review etiological and epidemiological data for hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd) cases that occurred between 2008 and 2010 in guangzhou city, to help develop and implement precautionary measures applicable for future outbreaks.201222964289
identification and characterization of a monoclonal antibody recognizing the linear epitope rvadvi on vp1 protein of enterovirus 71.several large outbreaks of hand-foot-mouth disease (hfmd) have occurred in the asian-pacific region since 1997, with enterovirus 71 (ev71) and/or coxsackievirus a16 (cav16) as the main causative agents. despite the close genetic relationship between the two viruses, only ev71 is associated with severe clinical manifestations and deaths. effective antiviral treatment and vaccines are not available. high-quality monoclonal antibodies (mabs) are necessary to improve the accuracy of the diagnosis of ...201222930511
evidences for intertypic and intratypic recombinant events in ev71 of hand, foot and mouth disease during an epidemic in hubei province, china, 2011.humane enterovirus 71 (hev 71) is a common contagious agent of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) which is normally mild but can caused deaths and severe neurological complications. in april 2011, an unpredicted hfmd outbreak in xiangyang city of hubei province in china resulted in a high aggregation of hfmd cases including fatal cases and many severe cases. in this study, 71 clinical specimens were collected according to the different symptoms and rna extraction and rt-pcr amplification were p ...201222922556
a novel minicircle vector based system for inhibting the replication and gene expression of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16.enterovirus 71 (ev 71) and coxsackievirus a16 (ca 16) are two major causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd). they have been associated with severe neurological and cardiological complications worldwide, and have caused significant mortalities during large-scale outbreaks in china. currently, there are no effective treatments against ev 71 and ca 16 infections. we now describe the development of a novel minicircle vector based rna interference (rnai) system as a therapeutic approa ...201222921338
replication kinetics of coxsackievirus a16 in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells.coxsackievirus a16 (cva16), together with enterovirus type 71 (ev71), is responsible for most cases of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) worldwide. recent findings suggest that the recombination between cva16 and ev71, and the co-circulation of these two viruses may have contributed to the increase of hfmd cases in china over the past few years. it is therefore important to further understand the virology, epidemiology, virus-host interactions and host pathogenesis of cva16. in this study, we ...201222899429
[etiology of hand-foot-and-mouth disease seen in nanjing in 2010 and molecular characteristics analysis of ev71].to study the etiological agent of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd), and to genetically characterize enterovirus 71 (ev71) isolated from clinical specimens of hfmd patients in nanjing in 2010.201222801226
[epidemiology and etiology of hand-foot-and-mouth disease seen in jiangsu province from 2008 to 2010].to analyze the etiological and epidemiological characteristics of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (hfmd) seen in jiangsu province from 2008 to 2010, and provide evidence for its prevention and control.201222801225
antiviral ability of kalanchoe gracilis leaf extract against enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16.pandemic infection or reemergence of enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) occurs in tropical and subtropical regions, being associated with hand-foot-and-mouth disease, herpangina, aseptic meningitis, brain stem encephalitis, pulmonary edema, and paralysis. however, effective therapeutic drugs against ev71 and cva16 are rare. kalanchoe gracilis (l.) dc is used for the treatment of injuries, pain, and inflammation. this study investigated antiviral effects of k. gracilis leaf extr ...201222666293
antigenic characteristics of the complete and truncated capsid protein vp1 of enterovirus 71.the complete vp1 protein of enterovirus 71 (ev71) and a series of truncations were expressed in escherichia coli and their antigenic characteristics were studied. immunoblot analysis showed the major immunoreactive region of the vp1 protein was located in the n-terminal portion at position of amino acid (aa) 1-100. the complete vp1 possessed strong cross-reactivity with antisera against coxsackievirus a16 (ca16) and echovirus 6 (echo6), while the truncated fragment at position 1-100 aa only had ...201222659489
simultaneous detection of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus a16 using dual-colour upconversion luminescent nanoparticles as labels.we highlight a novel fluorescence analysis for sensitive and selective detection of ev-71 and cv-a16 by combining labelling technology based on dual-colour upconversion fluorescence nanoparticles (ucnps) with magnetic bioseparation and concentration technology based on magnetite nanoparticles (mnps).201222498910
cellular receptors for human enterovirus species a.human enterovirus species a (hev-a) is one of the four species of hev in the genus enterovirus in the family picornaviridae. among hev-a, coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) and enterovirus 71 (ev71) are the major causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd). some other types of hev-a are commonly associated with herpangina. although hfmd and herpangina due to hev-a are common febrile diseases among infants and children, ev71 can cause various neurological diseases, such as aseptic meningitis ...201222470371
human scarb2-dependent infection by coxsackievirus a7, a14, and a16 and enterovirus 71.human enterovirus species a (hev-a) consists of at least 16 members of different serotypes that are known to be the causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd), herpangina, and other diseases, such as respiratory disease and polio-like flaccid paralysis. enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus a16 (cva16) are the major causative agents of hfmd. cva5, cva6, cva10, and cva12 mainly cause herpangina or are occasionally involved with sporadic cases of hfmd. we have previously shown tha ...201222438546
enterovirus 71 blocks selectively type i interferon production through the 3c viral protein in mice.type i interferons (ifns) represent an essential innate defense mechanism for controlling enterovirus 71 (ev 71) infection. mice inoculated with ev 71 produced a significantly lower amount of type i ifns than those inoculated with poly (i:c), adenovirus type v, or coxsackievirus b3 (cb3). ev 71 infection, however, mounted a proinflammatory response with a significant increase in the levels of serum and brain interleukin (il)-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, tumor necrosis factor, and ifn-γ ...201222997081
simultaneous determination of human enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus b3 by dual-color quantum dots and homogeneous immunoassay.human enterovirus 71 (ev71) and coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) have high risks for morbidity and mortality. a virus quantitation immunoassay has been proposed by employing two colored quantum dots (qds), antibodies of the virus, and graphene oxide (go). the qds are streptavidin-conjugated quantum dots (sa-qds), and the antibodies are biotinylated antibodies. biotinylated ev71 antibody (ab1) was associated with 525 nm green colored sa-qds via biotin-streptavidin interaction forming qds-ab1, whereas bio ...201222390751
antigenic diversity of enteroviruses associated with nonpolio acute flaccid paralysis, india, 2007-2009.because of the broadened acute flacid paralysis (afp) definition and enhanced surveillance, many nonpolio afp (np-afp) cases have been reported in india since 2005. to determine the spectrum of nonpolio enterovirus (npev) serotypes associated with np-afp from polio-endemic and -free regions, we studied antigenic diversity of afp-associated npevs. of fecal specimens from 2,786 children with np-afp in 1 polio-endemic and 2 polio-free states, 823 (29.5%) were positive for npevs in rd cells, of whic ...201223092622
[outbreak of acute enterovirus intestinal infection in sakhalin region in august 2010].the investigation of cases of acute intestinal infections in the sakhalin region of russia in august, 2010 is described. epidemiological and molecular biological studies were conducted. after initial pcr screening and determining the nucleotide sequences of the positive samples the following enteroviruses were found: coxsackie a2 - 42 samples (45%), coxsackie a4--31 sample (34%), enterovirus 71--6 samples (6,5%), coxsackievirus b5--6 samples (6,5%), coxsackie b3--4 samples (4%) and coxsackie b1- ...201222642180
copi is required for enterovirus 71 replication.enterovirus 71 (ev71), a member of the picornaviridae family, is found in asian countries where it causes a wide range of human diseases. no effective therapy is available for the treatment of these infections. picornaviruses undergo rna replication in association with membranes of infected cells. copi and copii have been shown to be involved in the formation of picornavirus-induced vesicles. replication of several picornaviruses, including poliovirus and echovirus 11 (ev11), is dependent on cop ...201222662263
encephalomyocarditis virus viroporin 2b activates nlrp3 inflammasome.nod-like receptors (nlrs) comprise a large family of intracellular pattern- recognition receptors. members of the nlr family assemble into large multiprotein complexes, termed the inflammasomes. the nlr family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (nlrp3) is triggered by a diverse set of molecules and signals, and forms the nlrp3 inflammasome. recent studies have indicated that both dna and rna viruses stimulate the nlrp3 inflammasome, leading to the secretion of interleukin 1 beta (il-1β) and il-18 follow ...201222916014
seroepidemiology of human enterovirus71 and coxsackievirusa16 in jiangsu province, china.the major etiology of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) is infection with human enterovirus a (hev-a). among subtypes of hev-a, coxsackievirusa16 (coxa16) and enterovirus 71 (ev71) are major causes for recurrent hfmd among infants and children in jiangsu province, mainland china. here, we analyzed maternal antibodies between prenatal women and their neonates, to determine age-specific seroprevalence of human ev71 and coxa16 infections in infants and children aged 0 to 15 years. the results may ...201223102275
challenges to licensure of enterovirus 71 vaccines.human enteroviruses usually cause self-limited infections except polioviruses and enterovirus 71 (ev71), which frequently involve neurological complications. ev71 vaccines are being evaluated in humans. however, several challenges to licensure of ev71 vaccines need to be addressed. firstly, ev71 and coxsackievirus a (ca) are frequently found to co-circulate and cause hand-foot-mouth disease (hfmd). a polyvalent vaccine that can provide protection against ev71 and prevalent ca are desirable. seco ...201222953003
Mutations in VP2 and VP1 capsid proteins increase infectivity and mouse lethality of enterovirus 71 by virus binding and RNA accumulation enhancement.Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major cause of hand-foot-and-mouth disease. EV71 infection occasionally associates with severe neurological sequelae such as brainstem encephalitis or poliovirus-like paralysis. We demonstrated that mouse-adapted strain increases infectivity, resulting in higher cytotoxicity of neuron cells and mortality to neonatal mice than a non-adapted strain. Results pointed to EV71 capsid region determining viral infectivity and mouse lethality. Mutant virus with lysine to methio ...201222078110
enterovirus 71 vpg uridylation uses a two-molecular mechanism of 3d polymerase.vpg uridylylation is essential for picornavirus rna replication. the vpg uridylylation reaction consists of the binding of vpg to 3d polymerase (3d(pol)) and the transfer of ump by 3d(pol) to the hydroxyl group of the third amino acid tyr of vpg. previous studies suggested that different picornaviruses employ distinct mechanisms during vpg binding and uridylylation. here, we report a novel site (site-311, located at the base of the palm domain of ev71 3d(pol)) that is essential for ev71 vpg urid ...201223055549
a new treatment for neurogenic inflammation caused by ev71 with cr2-targeted complement inhibitor.enterovirus 71 (ev71), one of the most important neurotropic evs, has caused death and long-term neurological sequelae in hundreds of thousands of young children in the asia-pacific region in the past decade. the neurological diseases are attributed to infection by ev71 inducing an extensive peripheral and central nervous system (cns) inflammatory response with abnormal cytokine production and lymphocyte depletion induced by ev71 infection. in the absence of specific antiviral agents or vaccines ...201223173749
rna polymerase i-driven reverse genetics system for enterovirus 71 and its implications for vaccine production.enterovirus 71 (ev71) is a virus that causes from mild hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) to severe neurological complications and deaths in infants and young children. effective antiviral agents and vaccines against ev71 are not available. however, vero cell-based chemically inactivated ev71 vaccines could be developed soon based on the success of inactivated polio vaccine. like poliovirus, ev71 has a positive single-stranded rna genome of about 7400 nucleotides which contains a single open re ...201223072515
the association between enterovirus 71 infections and meteorological parameters in taiwan.enterovirus 71 (ev71) infections are a significant cause of neurological disorder and death in children worldwide. seasonal variations in ev71 infections have been recognized, but the mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon remain unknown. the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between meteorological parameters and ev71 infection.201223071650
[methyl 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetate prevents enterovirus 71 proliferation in rhabdomyosarcoma cells].this article presented the inhibitory activity of methyl 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetate on the enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection. the ev71 vp1 capsid protein expression levels were analyzed with western blotting. results revealed that the compound is able to inhibit ev71 replication in rhabdomyosarcoma (rd) cells. after being incubated with the compound at a concentration of 0.01 microg x microl(-1) for 48 h, the level of ev71 vp1 mrna in rd cells decreased by (76.83 +/- 2.47)%. the cytotoxic activit ...201223227560
infectious myelopathies.infections and secondary inflammatory changes play an important role in spine pathology leading to myelopathy or myelitis. to achieve optimal clinical outcomes and accurate prognosis, physicians must promptly recognize these disorders. this review provides a contemporary overview of the major pathogens known to cause myelopathic symptoms and focuses on unique clinical syndromes and signs to aid the differential diagnosis and further workup. this article will help neurologists to consider infecti ...201223221845
encephalitis and postinfectious encephalitis.encephalitis and postinfectious encephalitis represent two important conditions for the neurologist, both in terms of their presentations as neurologic emergencies and their potential to cause death or serious neurologic impairment. this article reviews the major infectious and noninfectious causes of encephalitis and discusses postinfectious encephalitis as an indirect effect of systemic illness.201223221841
enterovirus 71-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease, southern vietnam, 2011.we prospectively studied 3,791 children hospitalized during 2011 during a large outbreak of enterovirus 71-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease in vietnam. formal assessment of public health interventions, use of intravenous immunoglobulin and other therapies, and factors predisposing for progression of disease is needed to improve clinical management.201223194699
differential apoptosis gene expressions of rhabdomyosarcoma cells in response to enterovirus 71 infection.enterovirus 71 (ev71) infection can induce the apoptosis of infected cells. the aim of this study is to explore the effect of ev71 infection on apoptosis mechanisms in virus-infected human rhabdomyosarcoma (rd) cells.201223191987
[multiple viral transmission chains of enterovirus 71 co-circulated in jilin province during 2009-2010].to analyze the genetic characterization of enterovirus type71 (ev71) associated with hand foot and mouth disease (hfmd) epidemics in jilin province, during 2009-2010.201223189842
[infection mechanism of enterovirus 71].identification of a specific viral receptor is important for understanding the virus infection mechanism. i identified p-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (psgl-1) as one of the functional receptors for enterovirus 71 (ev71), a pathogen that causes hand, foot, and mouth disease. psgl-1, which belongs to the sialomucin family, is a transmembrane protein mainly expressed on leukocytes. tyrosine sulfation in the n-terminal region of psgl-1 is critical for psgl-1's capacity to bind ev71. the identifica ...201223189832
antiviral activity of punicalagin toward human enterovirus 71 in vitro and in vivo.human enterovirus 71 is one of the major causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease in children and has caused mortalities in large-scale outbreaks in the asia-pacific region in recent years. no vaccine or antiviral therapy is available currently in the clinic. in this work, we investigated the antiviral effect of punicalagin on enterovirus 71 both in vitro and in vivo. the results showed that punicalagin reduced the viral cytopathic effect on rhabdomyosarcoma cells with an ic₅₀) value of ...201223146421
comparing molecular methods for early detection and serotyping of enteroviruses in throat swabs of pediatric patients.enteroviruses include over 100 serotypes and usually cause self-limited infections with non-specific symptoms in children, with the exceptions of polioviruses and enterovirus 71 which frequently cause neurologic complications. therefore, early detection and serotyping of enteroviruses are critical in clinical management and disease surveillance. traditional methods for detection and serotyping of enteroviruses are virus isolation and immunofluorescence assay, which are time-consuming. in this st ...201223133580
cd4 t-cell-independent antibody response reduces enterovirus 71 lethality in mice by decreasing tissue viral loads.enterovirus 71 (ev71) has induced fatal encephalitis in hundreds of thousands of infants and young children in the asia-pacific region since the past decade. lymphocyte and antibody responses have been suspected to aggravate ev71-induced neurological symptoms, so anti-inflammatory agents have been used to treat patients with neurological symptoms. in the present study, we found that mice deficient in cd4(+) t cells were resistant to ev71 infection as wild-type mice, whereas mice deficient in b c ...201223133489
enterovirus infection in korean children and anti-enteroviral potential candidate agents.although most enterovirus infections are not serious enough to be life threatening, several enteroviruses such as enterovirus 71 are responsible for severe, potentially life-threatening disease. the epidemic patterns of enteroviruses occur regularly during the year, but they may change due to environmental shifts induced by climate change due to global warming. therefore, enterovirus epidemiological studies should be performed continuously as a basis for anti-viral studies. a great number of syn ...201223133481
comparative analysis of the immunogenicity and protective effects of inactivated ev71 vaccines in mice.enterovirus 71 (ev71) is the major causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (hfmd). three inactivated ev71 whole-virus vaccines of different strains developed by different manufacturers in mainland china have recently entered clinical trials. although several studies on these vaccines have been published, a study directly comparing the immunogenicity and protective effects among them has not been carried out, which makes evaluating their relative effectiveness difficult. thus, properly c ...201223029378
cross-reactive neutralizing antibody epitopes against enterovirus 71 identified by an in silico approach.currently, infections of hand, foot and mouth disease (hfmd) due to human enterovirus 71 (ev71) cannot be prevented or treated, as there are no suitable vaccines or antiviral drugs. this study aimed to identify potential vaccine candidates for ev71 using in silico analysis of its viral capsid proteins. a combined in silico approach utilizing computational hidden markov model (hmm), propensity scale algorithm, and artificial learning, identified three 15-mer structurally conserved b-cell epitope ...201223022400
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