Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| prevalence of snake bites in kangar district hospital, perlis, west malaysia: a retrospective study (january 1999-december 2000). | the records of 284 snake bite cases presenting to the kangar district hospital, perlis, west malaysia, from january 1999 till december 2000 were carefully reviewed. data on prevalence and types of snake bites, were recorded. the majority of the cases were among malays (60.2%), followed by chinese (16.9%), indians (13%), and others which include thai nationals, army personnel from sabah and sarawak, and foreign tourists (9.8%). a higher incidence was found in males (60.2%) and most cases were see ... | 2004 | 15916099 |
| screening of plants containing naja naja siamensis cobra venom inhibitory activity using modified elisa technique. | enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) has been modified for screening plants with antagonistic activity to naja naja siamensis cobra venom. aqueous extracts from plants were investigated for their inhibitory effects on the binding of anti-cobra venom antibody to antigen, cobra venom, fixed onto 96-well microtiter plates. ingredients in extracts were allowed to react with immobilized venom before the subsequent addition of antivenom antibody. venom components affected by exposure to the extra ... | 2005 | 15907878 |
| use of pavo cristatus feather extract for the better management of snakebites: neutralization of inflammatory reactions. | in indian traditional medicine, peacock feather in the form of ash (bhasma) or water extract are used against snakebite and to treat various problems associated with lungs. this study was aimed to evaluate the water extract of peacock feather (pcf) against the local tissue damage caused due to snakebite. pcf water extract showed inhibition towards phospholipase a2 enzyme activity from snake venom (naja naja and vipera russelii), inflammatory fluids (synovial, pleural, ascites) and normal serum i ... | 2005 | 15894132 |
| phospholipase a(2) activity of beta-bungarotoxin is essential for induction of cytotoxicity on cerebellar granule neurons. | the aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of the cytotoxic effect of beta-bungarotoxin (beta-butx), a presynaptic neurotoxin, on rat cerebellar granule neurons (cgns). the maturation of cgns is characterized by the prominent dense neurite networks that became fragmented after treatment with beta-butx, and this cytotoxic effect of beta-butx on cgns was in a dose- and time-dependant manner. the cytotoxic effect of beta-butx was found to be more potent than other toxins, such as alpha- ... | 2005 | 15849737 |
| [effect of fractions isolated from naja naja atra venom on antioxidation in animals]. | to study the antioxidation of fraction f and h isolated from naja naja atra venom on homogenate and rbc autoxidation. and to explore the effect of two fractions on the activities of antioxidation enzymes in mice. | 2004 | 15810595 |
| induction of apoptosis in human leukemia k562 cells by cardiotoxin iii. | cardiotoxin iii (ctx iii), a basic polypeptide with 60 amino acid residues isolated from naja naja atra venom, has been reported to have anticancer activity. ctx iii was found to inhibit the growth of k562 cells in a time-and dose-dependent manner with ic50 value of 1.7 microg/ml, and it displayed several features of apoptosis including apoptotic body formation, increase of sub g1 population, dna fragmentation and poly (adp-ribose) polymerase (parp) cleavage. investigation of the mechanism of ct ... | 2005 | 15763081 |
| structure of the zinc-induced heterodimer of two calcium-free isoforms of phospholipase a2 from naja naja sagittifera at 2.7 angstroms resolution. | the crystal structure of a zinc-induced heterodimer of two metal-free isoforms of a cobra venom phospholipase a(2) has been determined at 2.7 angstroms resolution. the crystals belong to space group p4(1), with unit-cell parameters a = b = 65.5, c = 58.4 angstroms, and have a single dimer in the asymmetric unit. the structure has been refined to r(cryst) and r(free) factors of 0.188 and 0.232, respectively. the two isoforms have a sequence identity of 82%. the zinc ion forms a fivefold coordinat ... | 2005 | 15735340 |
| envenoming by the common krait (bungarus caeruleus) and asian cobra (naja naja): clinical manifestations and their management in a rural setting. | villagers are commonly poisoned by kraits and cobras in india, and resulting deaths are common. an inadequate understanding of appropriate snakebite treatment often delays proper treatment of those who are bitten. a lack of simple airway management equipment such as resuscitation bags and laryngoscopes compounds the difficulty in treating many patients and increases mortality in neurotoxic (elapid) venom poisoning. this article discusses the clinical signs and symptoms of krait and cobra envenom ... | 2004 | 15636376 |
| solution structure of long neurotoxin ntx-1 from the venom of naja naja oxiana by 2d-nmr spectroscopy. | the nmr solution structures of ntx-1 (pdb code 1w6b and bmrb 6288), a long neurotoxin isolated from the venom of naja naja oxiana, and the molecular dynamics simulation of these structures are reported. calculations are based on 1114 noes, 19 hydrogen bonds, 19 dihedral angle restraints and secondary chemical shifts derived from 1h to 13c hsqc spectrum. similar to other long neurotoxins, the three-finger like structure shows a double and a triple stranded beta-sheet as well as some flexible regi ... | 2004 | 15606783 |
| molecular cloning and evolution of the genes encoding the precursors of taiwan cobra cardiotoxin and cardiotoxin-like basic protein. | genomic dnas encoding the precursors of eight cardiotoxins and two cardiotoxin-like basic proteins (clbp) were isolated from the liver of naja naja atra (taiwan cobra). the cardiotoxin and clbp genes have three exons like alpha-neurotoxin precursors. the promoter regions of these genes are highly conserved and contain the consensus transcriptional factor-binding sites for tbp, nf-1, caccc-binding site, spl and efii, suggesting that these genes are regulated using similar transcriptional mechanis ... | 2004 | 15587986 |
| purification and characterization of taiwan cobra venom proteins with weak toxicity. | two proteins g2a and g2b with molecular masses of approximately 24 kda were isolated from naja naja atra (taiwan cobra) venom using sequential chromatography on gel filtration, ion-exchanger and reverse phase columns. the results of edman degradation and mass analysis revealed that g2a is a cysteine-rich protein reported previously, and g2b is a novel polypeptide. cd spectra showed that the gross conformation of g2a and g2b notably differed. g2a exhibited an activity higher than that noted with ... | 2005 | 15581679 |
| [envenoming by malayan cobra (naja naja sputatrix)--case report]. | malayan cobra (naja naja sputatrix) is the venomous snake of the elapidae family which involves at least three species of asian spitting cobras, according to the new taxonomy. this snake occurs naturally in southeastern asia and in poland it is kept only in the private breedings. its venom mainly contains neurotoxins which have paralyzing activities to the nervous system and cardiotoxins which act cytolytically. the present study shows a case of the forty-one-year-old man professionally engaging ... | 2004 | 15521620 |
| modification of substrate inhibition of synaptosomal acetylcholinesterase by cardiotoxins. | different types of cardiotoxin (i-v and n) were isolated and purified from the venom of the taiwan cobra (naja naja atra). the effects of these cardiotoxins were studied on membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase, which was isolated from a sheep's brain cortex. the results showed that cardiotoxins i-iii, v, and n activated the enzyme by modification of substrate inhibition, but cardiotoxin iv's reaction was different. the inhibition and activation of acetylcholinesterase were linked to the functions ... | 2004 | 15469715 |
| a subnanogram assay for phospholipase activity based on a long-chain radioiodinatable phosphatidylcholine. | here, we introduce a radioiodinatable long-chain phosphatidylcholine (bhc12pc) which serves as the base for a very sensitive phospholipase assay. this compound has a 4-hydroxyphenyl group attached at the end of the fatty acyl chain located in position sn-2. this feature enables this phospholipid to be radioiodinated. bhc12pc was tested as a substrate of naja naja naja pla(2) and bacillus cereus plc in a mixed micellar system with triton x-100. the detection limit for the assays was 0.25ng of pla ... | 2004 | 15450804 |
| cloning, overexpression, and characterization of cobrotoxin. | cobrotoxin (cbtx) is a highly toxic short neurotoxin, isolated from the taiwan cobra (naja naja atra) venom. in the present study for the first time we report the cloning and expression of cbtx in high yields (12mg/l) in escherichia coli. cbtx fused to the igg-binding domain of protein a (igg-cbtx) was expressed in the soluble form. the misfolded cbtx portion (of the overexpressed fusion protein) was refolded under optimal redox conditions. the fusion protein (igg-cbtx) was observed to undergo a ... | 2004 | 15303285 |
| proteomic characterization of two snake venoms: naja naja atra and agkistrodon halys. | snake venom is a complex mixture of proteins and peptides, and a number of studies have described the biological properties of several venomous proteins. nevertheless, a complete proteomic profile of venom from any of the many species of snake is not available. proteomics now makes it possible to globally identify proteins from a complex mixture. to assess the venom proteomic profiles from naja naja atra and agkistrodon halys, snakes common to southern china, we used a combination strategy, whic ... | 2004 | 15285721 |
| hyaluronidase and protease activities from indian snake venoms: neutralization by mimosa pudica root extract. | the aqueous root extract of mimosa pudica dose dependently inhibited the hyaluronidase and protease activities of indian snakes (naja naja, vipera russelii and echis carinatus) venom. | 2004 | 15159000 |
| purification of a class b1 platelet aggregation inhibitor phospholipase a2 from indian cobra (naja naja) venom. | a platelet aggregation inhibitor phospholipase a(2) (nnd-iv-pla(2)) was isolated from naja naja (eastern india) venom by a combination of cation and anion exchange chromatography. nnd-iv-pla(2) is the most catalytically active enzyme isolated from the indian cobra venom. the acidic pla(2) profile of eastern regional indian cobra venom is distinctly different from that of the western regional venom. however the acidic pla(2)s from both the regions follow the pattern of increasing catalytic activi ... | 2004 | 15134835 |
| isolation and characterization of hyaluronidase a "spreading factor" from indian cobra (naja naja) venom. | hyaluronidase, ubiquitous enzyme in snake venoms, known originally as "spreading factor", has not been well studied. the present study describes the purification and characterization of hyaluronidase from indian cobra (naja naja) venom and provides systematic evaluation of the spreading property of the enzyme. hyaluronidase (nnh1) has been purified through gel permeation and ion exchange chromatography. the molecular mass was found to be 70.406 kda by maldi-tof mass spectrometry and with the (p) ... | 2004 | 15134834 |
| structure and function of recombinant cobra venom factor. | cobra venom factor (cvf) is the complement-activating protein from cobra venom. it is a structural and functional analog of complement component c3. cvf functionally resembles c3b, the activated form of c3. like c3b, cvf binds factor b, which is subsequently cleaved by factor d to form the bimolecular complex cvf,bb. cvf,bb is a c3/c5 convertase that cleaves both complement components c3 and c5. cvf is a three-chain protein that structurally resembles the c3b degradation product c3c, which is un ... | 2004 | 15131128 |
| [effects of a nerve growth factor isolated and purified from the venom of naja naja atra on injured sciatic nerve in the adult cat]. | to investigate the therapeutic effects of a nerve growth factor (ngf) isolated and purified from the venom of naja naja atra on injured sciatic nerves in adult cat. | 2004 | 15071914 |
| natural phospholipase a(2) myotoxin inhibitor proteins from snakes, mammals and plants. | a renewed interest in the phenomenon of inter- and intra-species resistance towards the toxicity of snake venoms, coupled with the search for new strategies for treatment of snake envenomations, has prompted the discovery of proteins which neutralize the major toxic components of these venoms. among these emerging groups of proteins are inhibitors of toxic phospholipases a2 (pla2s), many of which exhibit a wide range of toxic effects including muscle-tissue damage, neurotoxicity, and inflammatio ... | 2003 | 15019494 |
| purification, characterization and primary structure of a chymotrypsin inhibitor from naja atra venom. | a chymotrypsin inhibitor, designated na-ci, was isolated from the venom of the chinese cobra naja atra by three-step chromatography. it inhibited bovine alpha-chymotrypsin with a ki of 25 nm. the molecular mass of na-ci was determined to be 6403.8 da by matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization time-of-flight (maldi-tof) analysis. the complete amino acid sequence was determined after digestion of s-carboxymethylated inhibitor with staphylococcus aureus v8 protease and porcine trypsin. na-ci wa ... | 2004 | 14990218 |
| bile acid composition in snake bile juice and toxicity of snake bile acids to rats. | we determined the bile acid profiles in bile juice of snake gallbladders by hplc on a silica gel rp-18 reversed-phase column. cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid were predominant components in three of four snake species. to elucidate the toxic effect of snake bile acids on rats, a synthetic bile acid mixture was prepared mimicking the bile acid composition of a snake naja naja atra bile juice. twenty-four male wistar rats were divided into four groups and treated orally at 3-day intervals wit ... | 2003 | 14659461 |
| cardiotoxin-iii selectively enhances activation-induced apoptosis of human cd8+ t lymphocytes. | cardiotoxin-iii (ctx-iii), a major cardiotoxin isolated from the venom of the taiwan cobra (naja naja atra), is a highly basic, hydrophobic, toxic protein, which can induce lysis of mononuclear cells by an unknown mechanism. this study was undertaken to investigate the effects of ctx-iii on untreated and pha-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) in vitro. the results show that treatment of pha-activated lymphocytes with ctx-iii (10 microg/ml) induced apoptosis and depletion of the ... | 2003 | 14613720 |
| immunogenicity of venoms from four common snakes in the south of vietnam and development of elisa kit for venom detection. | the antigenicity and antigenic relationship between venoms of four common snakes in the south of vietnam-trimeresurus popeorum, calloselasma rhodostoma, naja naja and ophiophagus hannah-were studied. most of venom components expressed antigenicity and produced high titre antivenoms. the venoms share common components and antivenoms cross-reacted along them. furthermore, cross-reactions were observed among non-common antigens, indicating that they share common epitopes. hence, using single compon ... | 2003 | 14604537 |
| in vitro procoagulant and anticoagulant properties of naja naja naja venom. | bites by the indian cobra (naja naja naja) are common in india and sri lanka because of its close association with humans. cobra venoms are complex and contain several toxic components, including neurotoxins that cause post-synaptic neuromuscular blockade with respiratory paralysis and even death. bites may also cause extensive local necrosis by mechanisms not fully elucidated. although no significant coagulopathy has been reported, n.n. naja venom can form blood clots in vitro by activating pro ... | 2003 | 14559074 |
| design of specific peptide inhibitors for group i phospholipase a2: structure of a complex formed between phospholipase a2 from naja naja sagittifera (group i) and a designed peptide inhibitor val-ala-phe-arg-ser (vafrs) at 1.9 a resolution reveals unique features. | phospholipase a(2) (pla(2)) (e. c. 3.1.1.4) is a common enzyme in the two-way cascade mechanism leading to the production of proinflammatory compounds known as eicosanoids. the binding of phospholipase a(2) to the membrane surface and hydrolysis of phospholipids are thought to involve the formation of a hydrophobic channel into which a single substrate molecule diffuses before its cleavage. to regulate the production of proinflammatory compounds, a specific peptide inhibitor val-ala-phe-arg-ser ... | 2003 | 14529280 |
| protection against naja naja venom in dogs by hydrocortisone. | 1961 | 14475779 | |
| [comparison of the action of x-rays and anavenin of the snake naja naja on mitoses of the adrenal cortex in the mouse]. | 1964 | 14295953 | |
| action of naja naja and vipera palestinae venoms on cat brain phospholipids in vitro. | 1964 | 14222506 | |
| fractionation of indian cobra venom by column chromatography. ii. carboxymethyl cellulose. | 1964 | 14220722 | |
| fractionation of indian cobra venom by column chromatography. i. dextran gels. | 1964 | 14220721 | |
| studies on habu snake venom. vi. cytotoxic effect of habu (trimeresurus flavoviridis hallowell) and cobra (naja naja) venoms on the cells in vitro. | 1964 | 14192590 | |
| the effect of cobra venom (naja naja) on the incorporation of h3-thymidine into brain of normal and dystrophic animals. | 1964 | 14151234 | |
| active immunization of a human against naja naja venom. a preliminary report. rep 594. | 1963 | 14133524 | |
| active immunization of a human being against cobra (naja naja) venom. | 1963 | 14097729 | |
| [separation by electrophoresis of the toxic constituents of the venoms of naja naja and naja nigricollis]. | 1959 | 13816224 | |
| identification of enzymes and toxins in venoms of indian cobra and russell's viper after starch gel electrophoresis. | 1961 | 13767976 | |
| [separation of the constituents of naja naja venin by electrophoresis]. | 1958 | 13537364 | |
| immunological researches on the main formosan poisonous snakes, especially on the venoms. vi. natural immunity of naja naja atra. | 1953 | 13211076 | |
| [study of the constitution of cobra venom (naja naja)]. | 1954 | 13209880 | |
| the role of cryptosporidium parvum-derived phospholipase in intestinal epithelial cell invasion. | in the cryptosporidium parvum-infected intestinal epithelial cell, the parasite occupies an unusual extracytoplasmic location at the luminal surface, but how the invading zoites interact with the host cell to achieve this niche is poorly understood. this study examined the role of secretory phospholipase a(2) (spla(2)), a known virulence factor for several pathogenic microorganisms, in establishing c. parvum intracellularly. initially, it was established that there was spla(2) activity in homoge ... | 2003 | 12783305 |
| neurotoxic and myotoxic actions of naja naja kaouthia venom on skeletal muscle in vitro. | the neuromuscular and skeletal muscle actions of naja naja kaouthia snake venom were studied in mammalian (rat left hemidiaphragm) and avian (chick biventer cervicis) nerve-muscle preparations. the venom (5 and 10 micro g/ml) produced neuromuscular blockade (85% in 36.8+/-2.0min, mean+/-sem, n=5, and 18+/-0.6min, n=3, p<0.01, respectively) in the rat preparation. that the phospholipase a(2) (pla(2)) activity of the venom is involved in this effect was evaluated by inhibiting this enzyme with p-b ... | 2003 | 12727270 |
| the role of phospholipases a2 in the stimulation of neutrophil motility by cobra venoms. | neutrophil (pmn) accumulation frequently occurs at the site of snakebite as part of the inflammatory response to envenoming. we demonstrate here that the venoms of the cobras, naja naja and n. mossambica, and two purified venom phospholipase a(2)s (pla(2)s) isolated from the latter venom, stimulate cd11b translocation from the pmn granule store to the plasma membrane and enhance neutrophil motility on collagen-coated surfaces. these effects were partially attenuated by the pla(2) inhibitor, aris ... | 2003 | 12657315 |
| cross neutralization of dangerous snake venoms from africa and the middle east using the vacsera polyvalent antivenom. egyptian organization for biological products & vaccines. | this study was performed to assess the ability of polyvalent snake venom anti-serum, produced by the egyptian organization for biological products & vaccines (vacsera), to neutralize several toxic activities of snake venoms, not only of those included in the antivenom mixture, but also some additional venoms of snakes from egyptian, african, and middle eastern habitats. in general, the results revealed that polyvalent snake venom anti-serum from vacsera is highly effective in neutralizing egypti ... | 2002 | 12503876 |
| a novel prothrombin activator from the venom of micropechis ikaheka: isolation and characterization. | a novel prothrombin activator, mikarin, has been isolated from micropechis ikaheka venom. it is a single polypeptide chain metalloproteinase with the apparent molecular weight of 47kda. mikarin exhibits ca(2+)-independent prothrombin activation, but no effects on other blood coagulation factors, such as factor x and fibrinogen. mikarin is the first member of group i prothrombin activators from elapid venom. like other high-molecular-weight snake venom proteinases, it has three structural domains ... | 2002 | 12485606 |
| purification and characterization of a glycoprotein inhibitor of toxic phospholipase from withania somnifera. | a phospholipase inhibitor (wsg) has been purified from withania somnifera using gel-filtration and ion-exchange chromatographies. the wsg is an acidic glycoprotein. its molecular mass as determined by sds-page was 27kda. it neutralized the enzyme activity and pharmacological properties such as cytotoxicity, edema, and myotoxicity of a multi-toxic indian cobra venom phospholipase (nnxia-pla) but failed to neutralize the neurotoxicity. the glycan part of the molecule does not appear to be involved ... | 2002 | 12485601 |
| a non-toxic anticoagulant metalloprotease: purification and characterization from indian cobra (naja naja naja) venom. | a non-toxic potent anticoagulant metalloprotease nn-pf(3) has been purified to homogeneity from the indian cobra (naja naja naja) venom through a combination of column chromatography and electrophoresis. nn-pf(3) is a single chain protein with a molecular weight of 68 kda by sds-page. it hydrolysed casein, gelatin, haemoglobin and bovine fibrinogen, but did not hydrolyse bovine serum albumin or synthetic substrates such as tame, baee and bapna. edta, egta and cyanide inhibited the enzymatic acti ... | 2002 | 12175602 |
| professor chen-yuan lee, md (1915-2001), pharmacologist: snake venom research at the institute of pharmacology, national taiwan university. | professor chen-yuan lee was born in tainan, taiwan. in 1940, he joined the staff of the institute of pharmacology of the university, now named national taiwan university. dr lee began a study of daboia russelli formosensis venom under the direction of professor tsungming tu who, in the 1930s, initiated the pharmacological studies of formosan snake venoms carried out at the institute. under professor lee's direction, the institute became known internationally for its work on the isolation, compos ... | 2002 | 12162268 |
| molecular cloning and expression of a new a chain of beta-bungarotoxin. | the cdna encoding a new a chain of beta-bungarotoxin was cloned from bungarus multicinctus. it encoded a 27-amino acid signal peptide and a mature protein of 120 amino acids. the mature protein had the same 13 cysteines as the other a chains and shared high homology with them. the cdna encoding the pla(2) from naja naja atra was also cloned by the use of the same degenerate primers. the cdnas encoding the new a chain and the pla(2) were highly expressed in e. coli as soluble fusion proteins and ... | 1999 | 12110937 |
| cloning and functional expression of neurotoxin cdna from naja naja atra. | three new cdnas named nl1, nl2 and nl3 were cloned from the total rna of naja naja atra by rt-pcr. the protein sequences encoded by them showed 77%, 72% and 98% structure identity to cobrotoxin which is a postsynaptic neurotoxin from taiwan cobra (naja naja atra), respectively. the five conservative residues, tyr(25), lys(27), trp(29), arg(33) and lys(47), essential for the function of cobrotoxin were also found in the three cdnas. the nl3, the most homologous to cobrotoxin, was expressed in e.c ... | 2000 | 12110923 |
| crystal structures of an acidic phospholipase a(2) from the venom of naja kaouthia. | a phospholipase a(2) purified from the venom of naja kaouthia (guangxi cobra) exhibits anticoagulant activities. the structures of two crystal forms were determined by x-ray crystallography at 2.8a resolution with the naja naja (india cobra) pla(2) as an initial model. the enzyme exhibits a trimer structure, which is similar to that of india cobra pla(2). this reinforces the physiological relevance of the oligomer. the trimer has a wide cavity, which allows the substrate to enter and interact wi ... | 2002 | 12076645 |
| ngf-tf conjugate prevents degeneration of substantia nigra neurons in a mouse model of parkinson's disease. | nerve growth factor(ngf) was purified from naja naja atra snake venom and conjugated to transferrin(tf). this conjugate was intravenously injected into a mouse model of parkinson's disease (pd). both immunohistochemical staining and pathological detection showed that the ngf-tf conjugate could prevent the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons located in substantia nigra and the cell counts of ngf group were 2 330.0+/-260.3, and those of the mptp group and the control group were 797 ... | 2000 | 12075435 |
| preliminary crystallographic analysis of phospholipase a(2) from naja naja kaouthia lesson venom. | an acidic phospholipase a(2) isolated from the venom of naja naja kaouthia lesson in guangxi exhibits anticoagulative and hemolytic activities. in this work, the enzyme was crystallized by the method of hanging drop vapor diffusion. two crystal forms were obtained and characterized by x-ray diffraction. one of them belonged to space group p 4 ( 3 ) 2 ( 1 )2 or p4(1)2(1)2 with unit cell parameters a b 8.797 nm, c 10.831 nm and there were three molecules per asymmetric unit the other belonged to s ... | 2001 | 12040404 |
| coupling reaction and properties of poly(ethylene glycol)-linked phospholipases a2. | secretory phospholipases a2 (pla2) from naja naja naja (cobra snake) venom, from bothrops neuwiedii (crotalid snake) venom (two isoforms) and from bee venom were modified with tresylated monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (tmpeg). the kinetic and inflammatory properties of the adducts (peg-pla2) were measured. as found by gel permeation chromatography, 95-100% of p-1 pla2 from b. neuwiedii and pla2 from n. naja naja venom change their chromatographic mobility after tmpeg treatment. by contrast, o ... | 2002 | 12036042 |
| purification, n-terminal sequencing, crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction analysis of atratoxin, a new short-chain alpha-neurotoxin from the venom of naja naja atra. | atratoxin, a new alpha-neurotoxin purified to homogeneity by a series of liquid chromatographies from the venom of naja naja atra (mainland chinese cobra), is a small single-polypeptide alkaline protein with a pi of about 9.5 and molecular weight of 6952 da estimated by mass spectrometry. although the sequencing of the n-terminal 15 residues (lechnqqttqqpegg) shows that this neurotoxic protein contains most of the residues, especially at the conserved positions, of the consensus sequence of shor ... | 2002 | 11976497 |
| variations in biochemical and pharmacological properties of indian cobra (naja naja naja) venom due to geographical distribution. | indian cobra (naja naja naja) venom obtained from three different geographical regions was studied in terms of electrophoretic pattern, biochemical and pharmacological activities. sds-page banding pattern revealed significant variation in the protein constituents of the three regional venoms. the eastern venom showed highest indirect hemolysis and hyaluronidase activity. in contrast, western and southern venoms were rich in proteolytic activity. all the three regional venoms were devoid of p-tos ... | 2002 | 11936852 |
| separation and structure-function studies of taiwan cobra cardiotoxins. | six cardiotoxins (ctxs) and one cardiotoxin-like basic protein (clbp) from naja naja atra (taiwan cobra) venom were separated by a sp-sephadex c-25 column. ctxn and ctxi were well separated by eluting with ammonium acetate buffer, and the separation of clbp from ctxiv and ctxv mixtures was achieved using sodium phosphate buffer. these findings suggest a differential interaction of ctxs with the chromatographic matrix using different buffer systems. chemical modification studies on cationic resid ... | 2002 | 11934278 |
| factor v activation and inactivation by venom proteases. | blood coagulation factor v is a single-chain glycoprotein with m(r) = 330,000 which plays an important role in the procoagulant and anticoagulant pathways. thrombin activates factor v into factor va, a two-chain molecule which is composed of a heavy (m(r) = 105,000) and a light chain (m(r) = 71,000/74,000). factor va accelerates factor xa-catalysed prothrombin activation more than 1,000-fold and under physiological conditions the cofactor activity of factor va in prothrombin activation is down-r ... | 2017 | 11910191 |
| structure-function relationship of three neurotoxins from the venom of naja kaouthia: a comparison between the nmr-derived structure of nt2 with its homologues, nt1 and nt3. | three homologous short-chain neurotoxins, named nt1, nt2 and nt3, were purified from the venom of naja kaouthia. nt1 has an identical amino acid sequence to cobrotoxin from naja naja atra [biochemistry 32 (1993) 2131]. nt3 shares the same sequence with cobrotoxin b [j. biochem. (tokyo) 122 (1997) 1252], whereas nt2 is a novel 61-residue neurotoxin. tests of their physiological functions indicate that nt1 shows a greater inhibition of muscle contraction induced by electrical stimulation of the ne ... | 2002 | 11904231 |
| biochemical composition, lethality and pathophysiology of venom from two cobras-- naja naja and n. kaouthia. | the cobras naja naja and n. kaouthia are abundant in eastern and north-eastern india, accounting for maximum snakebite deaths. here we report on variation in the composition of naja kaouthia and n. naja venom from eastern india on corresponding differences in the severity of pathogenesis. these two venoms differ in chromatographic elution profile through sephadex g-50 and enzyme activity, protein and carbohydrate contents associated with each fraction. the presence of greater amounts of basic ph ... | 2002 | 11818235 |
| mass spectrometry of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and associated proteins as models for complex transmembrane proteins. | studies were conducted to optimize matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi tof ms) in analyzing the composition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachr) from torpedo californica electric tissue in their membrane-bound, detergent-solubilized, and affinity-purified states. mass spectra obtained from nachr-rich membrane fractions gave reasonably good representations of protein compositions indicated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electr ... | 2002 | 11814288 |
| [study on human leukemia cell apoptosis inducing effect of fraction c of naja naja actra venom]. | to study the effect and mechanism of fraction c isolated from naja naja actra venom (fcnnav) in inducing apoptosis of human leukemia cells. | 2000 | 11789265 |
| inhibition of human platelet aggregation by l-amino acid oxidase purified from naja naja kaouthia venom. | l-amino acid oxidase (lao) widely exists in snake venoms. purification of lao from the naja naja kaouthia (monocellate cobra) venom has been reported (tan and swaminathan, 1992), but its structural characterization and physiological function remained to be determined. the function of snake venom laos in hemostasis, especially their effect on platelet aggregation, has been controversial. we determined the n-terminal amino acid sequence of the n. n. kaouthia lao named k-lao to be ddrrspleecfqqndye ... | 2001 | 11600144 |
| glutaraldehyde cross-linking alters the environment around trp(29) of cobrotoxin and the pathway for regaining its fine structure during refolding. | cobrotoxin, purified from the venom of naja naja atra (taiwan cobra), was subjected to modification with glutaraldehyde in order to prepare intra- and intermolecule cross-linked derivatives. monomeric and dimeric derivatives were separated from polymeric derivatives by gel filtration. the results of amino acid analysis and sequence determination revealed that only lys residues were selectively modified by glutaraldehyde. glutaraldehyde cross-linking was accompanied by a change in the gross confo ... | 2001 | 11532076 |
| binding to and hemolysis of human erythrocytes by pyrularia thionin and naja naja kaouthia cardiotoxin: inhibition by prothrombin. | pyrularia thionin and snake venom cardiotoxin are strongly basic proteins which bind to and induce hemolysis of erythrocytes, cause depolarization of muscle cells, and influence the order and properties of phospholipids in cellular membranes. earlier studies showed a competition between the thionin and cardiotoxin for a common binding site on erythrocytes, and the present study extends these studies to show a similar competition between prothrombin and both basic proteins. the competition betwee ... | 2001 | 11491465 |
| karl heinrich slotta (1895-1987) biochemist: snakes, pregnancy and coffee. | in 1923 karl h. slotta obtained his phd in chemistry from the university of breslau, germany, where he continued to work. at the instigation of the gynaecologist ludwig fraenkel, slotta made the first isolation of progesterone in 1933. in 1934 he proposed the correct structural formula. slotta was appointed professor of chemistry in 1935, but with the oppression of the nazi regime mounting, he soon left germany with his family to take a post at the instituto butantan, brazil. initially he worked ... | 2001 | 11447968 |
| a simple method to obtain a covalent immobilized phospholipase a(2). | in the present work, we obtained an immobilized phospholipase a(2) system through covalent coupling by using an acrylic polymer eupergit c as support. the immobilized enzyme from cobra venom (naja naja naja) showed good retention activity and excellent stability. both properties are of great importance for biomedical applications such as hypercholesterolemia treatments. | 2001 | 11425532 |
| refolding of taiwan cobra neurotoxin: intramolecular cross-link affects its refolding reaction. | in order to explore the effect of intramolecular cross-linking in the folding reaction of cobrotoxin from naja naja atra (taiwan cobra) venom, the toxin molecule was modified with glutaraldehyde (ga). the monomeric ga-modified cobrotoxin (mga-cobrotoxin) was separated from the dimeric and trimeric derivatives using gel filtration. the results of electrophoretic and chromatographic analyses revealed that mga-cobrotoxin comprised two modified derivatives, which contained modified lys residues at p ... | 2001 | 11370853 |
| induction of platelet activation by cobra venom factor from naja naja atra in rat. | to study the effects of cobra venom factor (cvf) on platelets of rat platelet rich plasma (prp) and to elucidate its cellular mechanism. | 2000 | 11360676 |
| role of catalytic function in the antiplatelet activity of phospholipase a2 cobra (naja naja naja) venom. | three acidic phospholipases a2 from indian cobra (naja naja naja) venom inhibited platelet aggregation in platelet rich plasma induced separately by adp, collagen and epinephrine with different potencies. the order of inhibition was epinephrine > collagen > adp. they did not inhibit platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid (10 microm). the inhibition was dependent on concentration of the protein and the time of incubation of the phospholipases a2 with platelet rich plasma. parabromophena ... | 2001 | 11354251 |
| topical anti-inflammatory activity of some asian medicinal plants used in dermatological disorders. | the topical anti-inflammatory activity of extracts from cassia angustifolia, rheum palmatum, coptis chinensis, phellodendron amurense and scutellaria baicalensis, plants used in traditional east asian medicine against different skin disorders, was studied. though in different degree, all the extracts significantly inhibited the edema induced by 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (tpa), in both single or multiple application, oxazolone, and arachidonic acid (aa). none of the extracts inhibited ... | 2001 | 11295297 |
| differential roles of ionic, aliphatic, and aromatic residues in membrane-protein interactions: a surface plasmon resonance study on phospholipases a2. | the roles of cationic, aliphatic, and aromatic residues in the membrane association and dissociation of five phospholipases a(2) (pla(2)), including asp-49 pla(2) from the venom of agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus, acidic pla(2) from the venom of naja naja atra, human group iia and v pla(2)s, and the c2 domain of cytosolic pla(2), were determined by surface plasmon resonance analysis. cationic interfacial binding residues of a. p. piscivorus pla(2) (lys-10) and human group iia pla(2) (arg-7, ly ... | 2001 | 11294634 |
| structural studies on the cobra venom factor: isolation, purification, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis. | cobra venom factor (cvf) is the complement-activating protein in cobra venom. it is a three-chain glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 149,000 da. in serum, cvf forms a bimolecular enzyme with the bb subunit of factor b. the enzyme cleaves c3 and c5, causing complement consumption in human and mammalian serum. cvf is frequently used to decomplement serum to investigate the biological functions of complement and serves as a tool to investigate the multifunctionality of c3. furthermore, cvf bea ... | 2001 | 11264593 |
| prey specificity, comparative lethality and compositional differences of coral snake venoms. | toxicities of crude venoms from 49 coral snake (micrurus sp.) populations, representing 15 nominal taxa, were examined in both laboratory mice and in native prey animals and compared with data gathered from two non-micrurine elapids and a crotalid, which served as outgroups. these venoms were further compared on the basis of 23 enzymatic activities. both toxicities and enzymatic activities were analyzed with respect to natural prey preferences, as determined from stomach content analyses and lit ... | 2001 | 11255115 |
| the composition of naja naja venom samples from three districts of west bengal, india. | the variation in the composition of naja naja venoms from three neighbouring districts of west bengal, eastern india and the corresponding differences in the severity of pathogenesis due to venom composition variation are reported. these venom samples differ with respect to chromatographic elution profile and enzyme activity associated with each fraction. presence of higher quantities of basic phospholipase and plasma protein hydrolase in the venom samples of burdwan and purulia make them more t ... | 1998 | 11249011 |
| influential factors affecting prognosis of snakebite patients management: kaohsiung chang gung memorial hospital experience. | the objective of this study was to determine the most influential factors affecting the prognosis of snakebite patients in kaohsiung chang gung memorial hospital. | 2000 | 11126148 |
| secreted phospholipase a(2) induces vascular endothelial cell migration. | secreted phospholipase a(2) (spla(2)) regulates a variety of cellular functions. the present investigation was undertaken to elucidate the potential role of spla(2) in endothelial cell (ec) migration. bovine aortic endothelial cells (baecs) exposed to spla(2) placed in the lower compartment of a modified boyden chamber displayed increased migration compared to cells exposed to vehicle. the effect of spla(2) on ec migration was time and dose dependent. migration of baecs was observed at 30 minute ... | 2000 | 11090064 |
| [expression and characterization of two kinds of recombinant snake neurotoxins]. | the cdna encoding the precursor of cobrotoxin was cloned from the venom gland of the chinese continental cobra (naja naja atra) by rt-pcr. its deduced amino acid sequence analysis showed that the mature protein was identical to that identified from the taiwan cobra (naja naja atra) by protein sequencing technique. the cdna encoding the mature protein was then subcloned into the expression vector pmal-p2. the gene of cm11, which was formed by ligation of the fragments of the synthetic oligonucleo ... | 2000 | 11059270 |
| one-month safety study of intraperitoneal vrctc-310-onco (crotoxin + cardiotoxin) in rats. | to evaluate the toxicity of vrctc-310-onco (crotalus durissus terrificus crotoxin + cardiotoxin from naja naja atra), 10 sprague-dawley rats were implanted with intraperitoneal slow-release devices and subjected to treatment with 0.5 microgram/g body weight/d for 14 days. biochemical evidence at days 7 and 14 showed blood, muscular, renal and metabolic disturbance, mostly reversed by day 28. no significant changes were found in necropsy. the limited toxicity of i.p. vrctc-310-onco in rats deserv ... | 2000 | 11050707 |
| structure-function studies on taiwan cobra long neurotoxin homolog. | a novel long neurotoxin homolog was purified from naja naja atra (taiwan cobra) venom using the combination of ion exchange chromatography and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. the determined protein sequence was essentially the same as that deduced from the cdna amplified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. the long neurotoxin homolog exhibited an activity that inhibited acetylcholine-induced muscle contractions, as with n. naja atra cobrotoxin. the degree of ... | 2000 | 11004569 |
| sequencing and model structure of a naja naja atra protein fragment. | we report the amino acid sequence of a basic protein isolated from the snake venom of naja naja atra. an automated edman sequencer was used to determine the 65-residue sequence, aided by electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry. online reduction and pyridylethylation of the peptide was performed to identify the cysteine residues. trypsin, chymotrypsin and aspartic digestions were carried out to derive peptide fragments for further sequencing. fragmented peptides were overlapped to obtain the co ... | 2000 | 10917453 |
| comparison of the structural stability of two homologous toxins isolated from the taiwan cobra (naja naja atra) venom. | cardiotoxin analogue iii (ctx iii) and cobrotoxin (cbtx) isolated from the taiwan cobra venom (naja naja atra) are structurally homologous, small molecular weight, all-beta-sheet proteins, cross-linked by four disulfide bonds at identical positions. the conformational stabilities of these toxins are compared based on temperature-dependent chemical shifts and amide proton exchange kinetics using two-dimensional nmr spectroscopy. the structure of ctx iii is found to be significantly more stable th ... | 2000 | 10913281 |
| permeation studies comparing cobra skin with human skin using nicotine transdermal patches. | cobra skin (naja naja khaotia) was used as a barrier for an in vitro permeation study using nicotine. fluxes of nicotine that permeated from nicotinell through cobra skin (cs) taken from the head, body, and tail were 233.93 +/- 16.08, 206.87 +/- 19.00, and 211.26 +/- 22.93 micrograms/cm2/hr1/2, respectively (n = 6). this indicated no significant difference (p > .05). abdominal human epidermis (he), obtained from cadavers, and the cs provided identical permeation kinetics for nicotine, which can ... | 2000 | 10826111 |
| elucidation of the solution structure of cardiotoxin analogue v from the taiwan cobra (naja naja atra)--identification of structural features important for the lethal action of snake venom cardiotoxins. | the aim of the present study is to understand the structural features responsible for the lethal activity of snake venom cardiotoxins. comparison of the lethal potency of the five cardiotoxin isoforms isolated from the venom of taiwan cobra (naja naja atra) reveals that the lethal potency of ctx i and ctx v are about twice of that exhibited by ctx ii, ctx iii, and ctx iv. in the present study, the solution structure of ctx v has been determined at high resolution using multidimensional proton nm ... | 2000 | 10794406 |
| activation of phospholipase a(2) by long chain fatty acyl groups involves a novel unstable linkage. | the acidic isoform of phospholipase a(2) from naja mossambica mossambica was activated by treatment with a molar equivalent of oleoyl imidazolide. modification of the protein was accompanied by 50% quenching of tryptophan fluorescence and a significant red shift. the (3)h(9,10) labeled oleoyl residue was co-eluted with the enzyme during gel filtration in the presence of 20% 1-propanol or excess albumin, both of which remove free oleic acid from the enzyme. in contrast, the adduct was labile as t ... | 2000 | 10788797 |
| bacterial cell membrane hydrolysis by secreted phospholipases a(2): a major physiological role of human group iia spla(2) involving both bacterial cell wall penetration and interfacial catalysis. | the ability of human group iia secreted phospholipase a(2) (human spla(2)) to hydrolyse the phospholipid membrane of whole cell suspensions of gram-positive bacteria is demonstrated in real time using a continuous fluorescence displacement assay. micrococcus luteus is used as a model system and demonstrates an almost absolute specificity for this human enzyme compared with porcine pancreatic and naja naja venom spla(2)s. this specificity is due to selective penetration of the highly cationic hum ... | 2000 | 10760469 |
| agelotoxin: a phospholipase a(2) from the venom of the neotropical social wasp cassununga (agelaia pallipes pallipes) (hymenoptera-vespidae). | the neotropical wasp agelaia pallipes pallipes is aggressive and endemic in southeast of brazil, where very often it causes stinging accidents in rural areas. by using gel filtration on sephadex g-100, followed by high performance reversed phase chromatography in a c-18 column under acetonitrile/water gradient, the agelotoxin was purified: a toxin presenting phospholipase a(2) (pla(2)) activity, which occurs under equilibrium of three different aggregation states: monomer (mol. wt 14 kda), trime ... | 2000 | 10758272 |
| hemostatic disturbances observed in patients with snakebite in south china. | to investigate the hematological disorders after snakebite, we measured the maximum platelet aggregation rate (mar), antithrombin iii (at-iii) activity, alpha(2)-plasmin inhibitor (alpha(2)-pi) activity, concentration of fibrinogen (fg) and fibrin degradation products (fdp) in 25 samples from 17 patients with snakebite in south china. the results obtained in the patients before application of antivenom and patients with ophiophagus hannah (oh.) bite were as follows: (1) the mean mar values were ... | 2000 | 10758271 |
| roles of aromatic residues in high interfacial activity of naja naja atra phospholipase a(2) | 2000 | 10747813 | |
| membrane structure of the hepatitis b virus surface antigen particle. | expression of s protein, an envelope protein of hepatitis b virus, in the absence of other viral proteins, leads to the secretion of hepatitis b virus surface antigen (hbsag) particles that are formed by budding from the endoplasmic reticulum membranes. the hbsag particles produced by mouse fibroblast cells show a unique lipid composition, with 1,2-diacyl glycerophosphocholine being the dominant component. the lipid organization of the hbsag particles was studied by measuring electron spin reson ... | 2000 | 10739944 |
| the multiplicity of cardiotoxins from naja naja atra (taiwan cobra) venom. | four novel cardiotoxins were isolated from naja naja atra (taiwan cobra) venom by successive separation on a sp-sephadex c-25 column and a reverse phase column. amino acid sequences of the cardiotoxins were determined by edman degradation and carboxypeptidase digestion. it shows that these cardiotoxins comprise 60 amino acid residues. comparative analyses on the amino acid sequences of cardiotoxins from the venoms of n. naja atra and other naja species indicated that amino acid substitutions of ... | 2000 | 10708798 |
| mapping the catalytic pocket of phospholipases a2 and c using a novel set of phosphatidylcholines. | a set of radioiodinatable phosphatidylcholines (pcs) derivatized with the bolton-hunter reagent (bhpcs) was synthesized to probe the substrate recognition and activity of phospholipases. a common feature of this series is the presence of a bulky 4-hydroxyphenyl group at the end of the fatty acyl chain attached to position sn-2. the distance between the end group and the glycerol backbone was varied by changing the length of the intervening fatty acyl chain (3-25 atoms). except for the shortest, ... | 2000 | 10698694 |
| regional and accelerated molecular evolution in group i snake venom gland phospholipase a2 isozymes. | in accordance with detection of a few phospholipase a2 (pla2) isozyme genes by southern blot analysis, only two cdnas, named nnkpla-i , and nnkpla-ii, encoding group i pla2s, nnkpla-i and nnkpla-ii, respectively, were isolated from the venom gland cdna library of elapinae naja naja kaouthia of malaysia. nnkpla-i and nnkpla-ii showed four amino acid substitutions, all of which were brought about by single nucleotide substitution. no existence of clones encoding cm-ii and cm-iii, pla2 isozymes whi ... | 2000 | 10669032 |
| effect of crotapotin and heparin on the rat paw oedema induced by different secretory phospholipases a2. | the effects of crotapotin (a non-toxic and non-enzymatic acid polypeptide naturally complexed with phospholipase a2) and heparin on rat paw edema induced by different secretory phospholipases a2 (spla2) have been investigated. the ability of crotapotin to affect the enzymatic activity of the spla2(s) have also been evaluated. secretory pla2(s) obtained from both snake (naja naja, naja mocambique mocambique, crotalus adamanteus and crotalus durissus terrificus) and bee (apis mellifera) venoms as ... | 2000 | 10665801 |
| functional role of the noncatalytic subunit of complement c5 convertase. | the c5 convertase is a serine protease that consists of two subunits: a catalytic subunit which is bound in a mg2+-dependent complex to a noncatalytic subunit. to understand the functional role of the noncatalytic subunit, we have determined the c5-cleaving properties of the cobra venom factor-dependent c5 convertase (cvf, bb) made with cvf purified from the venom of naja naja (cvfn) and naja haje (cvfh) and compared them to those for two c3b-dependent c5 convertases (zymc3b,bb and c3b,bb). a co ... | 2000 | 10640753 |
| a nerve growth factor from the venom of chinese cobra (naja naja atra) and its effects on male reproductive system in rats. | a nerve growth factor (ngf) was isolated from the venom of chinese cobra (naja naja atra) by ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration and fast protein liquid chromatography (fplc). the n-terminal sequence of 22 amino acid residues was identical with other ngfs previously purified from the venom of the same genus. the ngf monomer molecular weight was estimated to be 13,500 by reducing sds-page and the isoelectric point was determined to be 7.2 by isoelectric focusing electrophoresis. ngf impro ... | 1999 | 10622430 |
| predicted three-dimensional structural models of venom serine protease inhibitors and their interactions with trypsin and chymotrypsin. | three homology models of trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor polypeptides from snake venom of naja naja naja and leaf-nosed viper in the unbound state and in complex with trypsin and chymotrypsin were built based on homology to bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (bpti). these venom inhibitors belong to the kunitz-type inhibitor family, which is characterized by a distinct tertiary fold with three-conserved disulfide bonds. the general folding pattern in these trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor h ... | 1999 | 10591040 |
| bioactivities of nerve growth factor from chinese cobra venom. | the nerve growth factor, ngf, from chinese cobra naja naja atra venom was isolated by gel-filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. cobra ngf was characterized by analytical hplc techniques as well as sds-page, and was proven to be a glycoprotein with a mol. wt. of 23 (+/- 2) kd and a pi of 9.2. the amino acid analysis and n-terminal sequencing were performed using conventional methods. bioassays with cultured chick embryos ganglia and rat pheochromocytoma pc-12 cells revealed a promotion of f ... | 1999 | 10591039 |