Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
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| green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using indian male fern (dryopteris cochleata), operational parameters, characterization and bioactivity on naja naja venom neutralization. | snakebite is considered as one of the acute severe medical problems across the world. snake venoms composed of various group of toxins, enzymes and non-toxic enzymes. phospholipases a2 present in naja naja snake venom plays a significant role in lipid signalling and contributes to different inflammation in the human body. dryopteris cochleata rhizomes have antioxidant, antimicrobial property and used to treat lesions, gonorrhoea, sores, muscular pain, rheumatic and also useful in dog and snake b ... | 2020 | 33178431 |
| the fraction of the snake venom, its leishmanicidal effect, and the stim-ulation of an anti-leishmania response in infected macrophages. | due to the lack of an effective vaccine and complexity of the control measures against vectors and reservoir hosts, the control of leishmaniasis depends primarily on chemotherapy. this study was aimed to assess the snake venom, naja naja oxiana fraction 11(nnov-f11) on l. infantum and its broad mode of action. | 2020 | 33176669 |
| demographic analyses of marine and terrestrial snakes (elapidae) using whole genome sequences. | the question of whether spatial aspects of evolution differ in marine versus terrestrial realms has endured since ernst mayr's 1954 essay on marine speciation. marine systems are often suggested to support larger and more highly connected populations, but quantitative comparisons with terrestrial systems have been lacking. here, we compared the population histories of marine and terrestrial elapid snakes using the pairwise sequentially markovian coalescent (psmc) model to track historical fluctu ... | 2020 | 33170980 |
| targeting tgf-β-mediated smad signaling pathway via novel recombinant cytotoxin ii: a potent protein from naja naja oxiana venom in melanoma. | since the current treatments have not resulted in the desired outcomes for melanoma patients, there is a need to identify more effective medications. together with other snake venom proteins, cytotoxin-ii has shown promising results in tumoral cells. in this study, recombinant cytotoxin-ii (rctii) was expressed in shuffle® t7 express cells, while the epitope mapping of rctii was performed to reveal the antibody-binding regions of rctii. the mtt (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoli ... | 2020 | 33167431 |
| the effect of naja naja oxiana snake venom against leishmania tropica confirmed by advanced assays. | the aim of this study was to explore the activity of naja naja oxiana venom on leishmania tropica and its modes of action. | 2020 | 33159262 |
| development of a treatment protocol for cobra (naja naja) bite envenoming in dogs. | there is limited information on clinical profiles, treatment, and management aspects of indian cobra (naja naja) bite envenoming in dogs in sri lanka. dogs with cobra bites presented to the veterinary teaching hospital (vth), university of peradeniya, were prospectively studied over a period of 72 months; local and systemic clinical manifestations and hematological abnormalities were recorded. we studied 116 cobra bite envenomings in dogs. a grading system was established using a combination of ... | 2020 | 33147770 |
| species-specific and geographical variation in venom composition of two major cobras in indian subcontinent: impact on polyvalent antivenom therapy. | while snakebite is a severe problem for several countries throughout the world the indian subcontinent has witnessed the highest global incidence of snakebite which represents an occupational health hazard. belonging to the family elapidae, the indian spectacled cobra (naja naja), is one of the members of the "big four" venomous snakes found throughout the indian subcontinent. indian monocled cobra naja kaouthia is prevalent in eastern and north-eastern india as well as in bangladesh, nepal, and ... | 2020 | 33127373 |
| proteomic investigations of two pakistani naja snake venoms species unravel the venom complexity, posttranslational modifications, and presence of extracellular vesicles. | latest advancement of omics technologies allows in-depth characterization of venom compositions. in the present work we present a proteomic study of two snake venoms of the genus naja i.e., naja naja (black cobra) and naja oxiana (brown cobra) of pakistani origin. the present study has shown that these snake venoms consist of a highly diversified proteome. furthermore, the data also revealed variation among closely related species. high throughput mass spectrometric analysis of the venom proteom ... | 2020 | 33105837 |
| anti-snake venom and methanolic extract of andrographis paniculata: a multipronged strategy to neutralize naja naja venom acetylcholinesterase and hyaluronidase. | the study investigates the ability of methanolic extract of andrographis paniculata (map) to supplement polyvalent anti-snake venom (asv) in inhibiting neurotoxic enzyme acetylcholinesterase (ache) and 'spreading factor' hyaluronidase from naja naja (n.n) venom. ache and hyaluronidase activity were measured in 100 or 200 µg of crude venom, respectively, and designated as 'control'. in test group i, enzyme assays were performed immediately after the addition of asv/map/asv + map to the venom. inh ... | 2020 | 33083200 |
| a unique snake venom neuritogenesis mechanism: a cornerstone in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases?: an editorial highlight for "transcriptomic, proteomic, and biochemical analyses reveal a novel neuritogenesis mechanism of naja naja venom α-elapitoxin post binding to trka receptor of rat pheochromocytoma cells" on https:/doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15153. | neurodegenerative diseases are a worldwide health problem and are a major cause of death and disability. a progressive loss of defined neuronal populations is triggered by a diverse array of stimuli that converge in deficient neurotrophic signaling. therefore, much effort has been placed in recent years in the characterization of the molecular mechanisms associated with the structure and function of neurotrophins, its receptors, signaling strategies, and their target genes. this editorial highli ... | 2020 | 33075150 |
| enzyme immunoassays for detection and quantification of venoms of sri lankan snakes: application in the clinical setting. | detection and quantification of snake venom in envenomed patients' blood is important for identifying the species responsible for the bite, determining administration of antivenom, confirming whether sufficient antivenom has been given, detecting recurrence of envenoming, and in forensic investigation. currently, snake venom detection is not available in clinical practice in sri lanka. this study describes the development of enzyme immunoassays (eia) to differentiate and quantify venoms of russe ... | 2020 | 33017411 |
| an in vitro α-neurotoxin-nachr binding assay correlates with lethality and in vivo neutralization of a large number of elapid neurotoxic snake venoms from four continents. | the aim of this study was to develop an in vitro assay for use in place of in vivo assays of snake venom lethality and antivenom neutralizing potency. a novel in vitro assay has been developed based on the binding of post-synaptically acting α-neurotoxins to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nachr), and the ability of antivenoms to prevent this binding. the assay gave high correlation in previous studies with the in vivo murine lethality tests (median lethal dose, ld50), and the neutralization o ... | 2020 | 32857757 |
| the anti-rabies activity of caspian cobra venom. | rabies is acute encephalitis that continuously kills thousands of people annually. there is no clinical cure for rabies so far and its prevention is limited to sero-vaccinations based on standard who protocols. certain compounds such as snake venoms contain active biological components with tendency toward acetylcholine receptors and ion channels at the cell surface. these compounds then are able to reduce aggregation of the virus in neuromuscular junction that may lead to inhibit the virus acti ... | 2020 | 32818494 |
| naja naja (indian cobra). | 2020 | 32768150 | |
| kinome scale profiling of venom effects on cancer cells reveals potential new venom activities. | the search for novel and relevant cancer therapeutics is continuous and ongoing. cancer adaptations, resulting in therapeutic treatment failures, fuel this continuous necessity for new drugs to novel targets. recently, researchers have started to investigate the effect of venoms and venom components on different types of cancer, investigating their mechanisms of action. receptor tyrosine kinases (rtks) comprise a family of highly conserved and functionally important druggable targets for cancer ... | 2020 | 32682827 |
| mass spectrometric analysis to unravel the venom proteome composition of indian snakes: opening new avenues in clinical research. | the 'big four' venomous snakes - daboia russelii, naja naja, bungarus caeruleus, and echis carinatus - are primarily responsible for the majority of snake envenomation in india. several other lesser-known venomous snake species also inflict severe envenomation in the country. | 2020 | 32579411 |
| expression and characterization of a novel recombinant cytotoxin ii from naja naja oxiana venom: a potential treatment for breast cancer. | breast cancer (bc) is among the leading causes of mortality from cancer in women. many of the available anticancer drugs have various side effects. therefore, researchers are seeking novel anticancer agents particularly from natural compounds and in this regard, snake venom is still one of the main sources of drug discovery. previous studies showed potential anticancer effects of cytotoxin ii (ctii) from naja naja oxiana against the different types of cancers. in this study, a pet-sumo-ctii vect ... | 2020 | 32562730 |
| in vitro and in vivo inhibitory effects of tabernaemontana alternifolia against naja naja venom. | tabernaemontana alternifolia root is traditionally used and practiced among few indian tribes as an antidote for snakebites. | 2020 | 32550800 |
| analysis of the active fraction of iranian naja naja oxiana snake venom on the metabolite profiles of the malaria parasite by 1hnmr in vitro. | malaria is an important parasitic disease with high morbidity and mortality in tropical areas. resistance to most antimalarial drugs has encouraged the development of new drugs including natural products. venom is a complex mixture of active pharmaceutical ingredients. the purpose of this study was to investigate the antimalarial activity of purified fractions of naja naja oxiana. | 2020 | 32489569 |
| quantitative proteomics to reveal the composition of southern india spectacled cobra (naja naja) venom and its immunological cross-reactivity towards commercial antivenom. | indian cobra (naja naja) envenomation is frequently reported across indian subcontinent. geographical differences in the venom composition of a particular species of snake often leads to inconsistencies in the antivenom neutralization. consequently, determining the venom proteome from every locale is necessary for the production of effective antivenom. in this study, we deciphered the proteome composition of n. naja venom (nnv) from southern india (si) by label-free quantitative proteomics that ... | 2020 | 32439440 |
| invivo toxicity profile of nn-32 and nanogold conjugated gnp-nn-32 from indian spectacled cobra veno. | nn-32 toxin which was obtained from naja naja venom and showed cytotoxicity on cancer cell lines. as the toxicity of nn-32 is the main hurdle in the process of drug development; hence, we have conjugated nn-32 toxin with gold nanoparticles (gnp-nn-32) in order to decrease the toxicity of nn-32 without reducing its efficacy, gnp-nn-32alleviated the toxicity of nn-32 in invitro studies during the course of earlier studies. in continuation, we are evaluating in vivo toxicity profile of nn-32 and gn ... | 2020 | 32427082 |
| anticancer potential of nanogold conjugated toxin gnp-nn-32 from naja naja venom. | cancer is the second most common fatal disease in the world, behind cardiovascular disorders in the first place. it accounts for around 0.3 million deaths per year in india due to the lack of proper diagnostic facilities, prevention and treatment. current therapeutic methods do not provide adequate protection and affect normal cells along with cancerous ones. thus, there is a need for some alternative therapeutic strategy, preferably from natural products, which have been traditionally used for ... | 2020 | 32180805 |
| functional venomics of the big-4 snakes of pakistan. | in south asia, the "big-4" venomous snakes naja naja, bungarus caeruleus, daboia russelii, and echis carinatus are so-called because they are the most medically important snakes in the region. antivenom is the only effective treatment option for snakebite envenoming but antivenom is not produced domestically in pakistan making the country reliant on polyvalent products imported from india and saudi arabia. the present study investigated the toxin composition and activity of the venoms of pakista ... | 2020 | 32173354 |
| the action of echis carinatus and naja naja venoms on human neutrophils; an emphasis on netosis. | neutrophils are the first line defense cells of the innate immunity. as a final defense, they discharge their de-condensed chromatin/dna fibers, the nets (neutrophil extracellular traps), by a process called netosis. two types of netosis have been currently described: the suicidal/delayed/classical-type, which is ros dependent that results in the ejection of nuclear dna, and the vital/rapid/early-type, which may or may not require ros but, eject nuclear/mitochondrial dna or both. thus, echis car ... | 2020 | 32068016 |
| metabolites from the citrus extracts inhibit the activity of selected proteins in indian cobra (naja naja) venom. | snakebite is a severe problem in many parts of the world, specifically in tropical and subtropical regions. a range of medicinal plant extracts are administered for treating snake bite. of the many common plants, extracts of citrus species have been documented to be used for treating snake bite and have been shown to decrease the snake venom toxicity. | 2020 | 31953201 |
| the indian cobra reference genome and transcriptome enables comprehensive identification of venom toxins. | snakebite envenoming is a serious and neglected tropical disease that kills ~100,000 people annually. high-quality, genome-enabled comprehensive characterization of toxin genes will facilitate development of effective humanized recombinant antivenom. we report a de novo near-chromosomal genome assembly of naja naja, the indian cobra, a highly venomous, medically important snake. our assembly has a scaffold n50 of 223.35 mb, with 19 scaffolds containing 95% of the genome. of the 23,248 predicted ... | 2020 | 31907489 |
| the in vitro study of anti-leishmanial effect of naja naja oxiana snake venom on leishmania major | although a majority of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) arehealed with glucantime chemotherapy, the increased drug resistance rate following its application isa concern. in this study, naja naja oxiana crude venom of cobra snakes was used for the first timeas an assembled combination of bioactive pharmaceutical components on leishmania major (l.major) standard strain. | 2020 | 31903885 |
| can the methanolic extract of andrographis paniculata be used as a supplement to anti-snake venom to normalize hemostatic parameters: a thromboelastographic study. | the whole plant (including leaves and roots) is used in traditional ayurveda and siddha medicine to treat various clinical conditions such as fever, respiratory tract infections, colic pain, liver disorders, diabetes, hypertension, and inflammation. it is also used as an antidote for snake-bite, poisonous bites of insects and recommended as a dietary supplement to boost immunity. | 2020 | 31857127 |
| beyond the 'big four': venom profiling of the medically important yet neglected indian snakes reveals disturbing antivenom deficiencies. | snakebite in india causes the highest annual rates of death (46,000) and disability (140,000) than any other country. antivenom is the mainstay treatment of snakebite, whose manufacturing protocols, in essence, have remained unchanged for over a century. in india, a polyvalent antivenom is produced for the treatment of envenomations from the so called 'big four' snakes: the spectacled cobra (naja naja), common krait (bungarus caeruleus), russell's viper (daboia russelii), and saw-scaled viper (e ... | 2019 | 31805055 |
| exploring the potent inhibitors and binding modes of phospholipase a2 through in silico investigation. | snake venom of naja naja comprises of several types of enzymes, and among them, water-soluble proteolytic enzyme, phospholipase a2 (pla2), is noteworthy for its numerous adverse effects, such as cytotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, hemolytic, anti-coagulant, and hypotensive effects, including being highly potent as a neurotoxin. limited anti-venom therapy (with their lower efficacy) has attracted considerable pharmacological interest to develop potent inhibitors of pla2. thus, 34 experimentally proven ... | 2020 | 31607222 |
| cardiogenic shock due to kounis syndrome following cobra bite. | kounis syndrome is associated with mast cell activation resulting in acute coronary syndrome secondary to an allergic insult. various drugs such as antibiotics, analgesics, and environmental exposures such as bee, wasp sting, and poison ivy are known to induce kounis syndrome. a 68-year-old man admitted with a cobra bite on both hands to emergency care unit and sustained cardiorespiratory arrest. electrocardiogram, taken 6 hours after the cardiac arrest, showed st elevations in leads v2 to v5 su ... | 2019 | 31467731 |
| phylovenomics of daboia russelii across the indian subcontinent. bioactivities and comparative in vivo neutralization and in vitro third-generation antivenomics of antivenoms against venoms from india, bangladesh and sri lanka. | russell's viper (daboia russelii) is, together with naja naja, bungarus caeruleus and echis carinatus, a member of the medically important 'big four' species responsible for causing a large number of morbidity and mortality cases across the indian subcontinent. despite the wide distribution of russell's viper and the well-documented ubiquity of the phenomenon of geographic variability of intraspecific snake venom composition, indian polyvalent antivenoms against the "big four" venoms are raised ... | 2019 | 31325606 |
| orphan three-finger toxins bind at tissue factor-factor viia interface to inhibit factor x activation: identification of functional site by docking. | three-finger toxins (3ftxs) contribute to toxicity of venomous snakes belonging to the family elapidae. currently, functions of a considerable proportion of 3ftxs are still unknown. here, we describe the function of orphan group i 3ftxs consisting of four members. we also identified a new member of this group by sequencing a transcript isolated from naja naja venom. this transcript, named najalexin, is identical to that previously described 3ftx from naja atra venom gland, and shared high sequen ... | 2018 | 31249954 |
| proteomic analysis of human blister fluids following envenomation by three snake species in india: differential markers for venom mechanisms of action. | skin blistering as a result of snakebite envenomation is characteristic of some bites, however little is known regarding the mechanism of blister formation or the composition of the blister fluid. in order to investigate if blister fluid proteomes from humans suffering snakebite envenomation could provide insights on the pathophysiology of these skin alterations, blister fluid was collected from six patients upon presentation at a clinic in india bitten by three species of snakes, daboia russeli ... | 2019 | 31052189 |
| incidence and treatment of snakebites in west bengal, india. | snake envenomation is a major cause of death and disability in the developing countries. in india and neighboring countries, the four venomous snakes of concern include - indian cobra(naja naja), common krait (bungarus caeruleus); russell's viper (daboia russelli); saw scaled viper (echis carinatus). we describe the management protocol for snakebite treatment in a tertiary care hospital of paschim medinipur district, west bengal based on case reports of subjects admitted and treated in ghatal su ... | 2019 | 30899676 |
| binding of a naja naja venom acidic phospholipase a2 cognate complex to membrane-bound vimentin of rat l6 cells: implications in cobra venom-induced cytotoxicity. | an acidic phospholipase a2 enzyme (nnpla2-i) interacts with three finger toxins (cytotoxin and neurotoxin) from naja naja venom to form cognate complexes to enhance its cytotoxicity towards rat l6 myogenic cells. the cytotoxicity was further enhanced in presence of trace quantity of venom nerve growth factor. the purified rat myoblast cell membrane protein showing interaction with nnpla2-i was identified as vimentin by lc-ms/ms analysis. the elisa, immunoblot and spectrofluorometric analyses sho ... | 2019 | 30776333 |
| distinctive distribution of secretory phospholipases a₂ in the venoms of afro-asian cobras (subgenus: naja, afronaja, boulengerina and uraeus). | the protein abundances of phospholipases a₂ in cobra venom proteomes appear to vary among cobra species. to determine the unique distribution of snake venom phospholipases a₂ (svpla₂) in the cobras, the svpla₂ activities for 15 cobra species were examined with an acidimetric and a colorimetric assay, using egg yolk suspension and 4-nitro-3-octanoyloxy benzoic acid (noba) as the substrate. the colorimetric assay showed significant correlation between svpla₂ enzymatic activities with the svpla₂ pr ... | 2019 | 30769779 |
| inhibitory potential of important phytochemicals from pergularia daemia (forsk.) chiov., on snake venom (naja naja). | pergularia daemia (forsk.) chiov., is a milk weed of asclepiadaceae family. in the present study β-sitosterol, β-amyrin, α-amyrin and lupeol were identified in the leaf by gc-ms. molecular docking studies were performed to evaluate their activities on phospholipase a2 (pla2) and l-amino acid oxidase enzymes which constituted a rich source in snake venoms (naja naja). snake venom phospholipase a2 with pdb code 1a3d devoid of co-crystallized ligand was extracted from protein data bank. using moleg ... | 2016 | 30647617 |
| next-generation sequencing analysis reveals high bacterial diversity in wild venomous and non-venomous snakes from india. | the oral cavities of snakes are replete with various types of bacterial flora. culture-dependent studies suggest that some of the bacterial species are responsible for secondary bacterial infection associated with snakebite. a complete profile of the ophidian oral bacterial community has been unreported until now. therefore, in the present study, we determined the complete bacterial compositions in the oral cavity of some snakes from india. | 2018 | 30598660 |
| oral bacterial flora of indian cobra (naja naja) and their antibiotic susceptibilities. | the objective of the present work was to examine the bacterial flora associated with the oral cavity of indian cobra and to study their antibiogram. | 2018 | 30582036 |
| proteomic analysis and antivenomics study of western india naja naja venom: correlation between venom composition and clinical manifestations of cobra bite in this region. | background: snakebite is a severe problem in the tropical countries including indian subcontinent. premier cases of cobra bites are being reported from western india (wi). research design and methods: the proteome of wi n. naja venom (nnv) was deciphered by high resolution mass spectrometry analysis of venom, further fractionated by gel filtration (gf) or rp-hplc followed by sds-page and then tandem mass spectrometric analysis of protein bands. the efficacy of commercial polyantivenom (pav) towa ... | 2019 | 30556786 |
| snakebite mitigation project of the madras crocodile bank/centre for herpetology, india: background and a brief summary of activities. | snakebite is a serious problem in rural india where several highly venomous species are commonly found in and around agricultural areas where prey such as rodents and amphibians are abundant. four snake species, referred to as the big four, are responsible for the most serious and fatal bites: spectacled cobra (naja naja), russell's viper (daboia russelii), common krait (bungarus caeruleus) and saw-scaled viper (echis carinatus). a polyvalent antivenom is made to treat these bites but public awa ... | 2019 | 30551144 |
| metabolomic study of natrin-induced apoptosis in smmc-7721 hepatocellular carcinoma cells by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. | natrin, a new member of the cysteine-rich secretory protein (crisp) family purified from the snake venom of naja naja atra, has been demonstrated to have anticancer activity. however, the underlying molecular mechanisms need further elucidation. in this study, mtt was used to evaluate cell viability. apoptotic cells were analyzed by employing a transmission electron microscope (tem). metabolomic study of the metabolic perturbations caused by natrin-induced apoptosis in differentiated smmc-7721 c ... | 2019 | 30508545 |
| the venom of spectacled cobra (elapidae: naja naja): in vitro study from distinct geographical origins in sri lanka. | several countries residing envenomation due to naja naja had revealed a disparity in the venom composition according to their geographic location and sri lankan cobra still lacks the evidence to support this. therefore, the current study was focused on addressing relationship between the histopathological changes according to geographic variation of sri lankan n. naja venom. the histopathological changes in vital organs and muscle tissues following intramuscular administration of venom of n. naj ... | 2018 | 30363742 |
| proteomics analysis to compare the venom composition between naja naja and naja kaouthia from the same geographical location of eastern india: correlation with pathophysiology of envenomation and immunological cross-reactivity towards commercial polyantivenom. | cobra bite is frequently reported across the indian subcontinent and is associated with a high rate of death and morbidity. in eastern india (ei) naja naja and naja kaouthia are reported to be the two most abundant species of cobra. | 2018 | 30345852 |
| characterization of chicken-derived single chain antibody fragments against venom of naja naja atra. | traditional, horse-derived antivenin is currently the most efficient treatment against snake bites. however, it is costly and has unpredictable side effects. thus, alternative, cost-effective strategies for producing antivenin are needed. in this study, we immunized hens with inactivated nna venom proteins from the cobra naja naja atra (nna). purified yolk igy antibodies showed specific anti-nna binding activity comparable to that of the equine-derived antivenin. we used phage display technology ... | 2018 | 30248928 |
| studies on the annual reproductive cycle of the female cobra, naja naja. iv. ovarian histology. | morphological changes of the ovary of the chinese cobra, naja naja, throughout the annual reproductive cycle are described. a single clutch of between 6 and 22 eggs is produced in late june. from july to the following april the ovary remains quiescent and contains small previtellogenic, hydration stage follicles. the growth of an ovarian follicle from a primary oocyte to maturation and ovulation is estimated to take three years. the histology of the germinal epithelium and the follicular granulo ... | 1978 | 30231603 |
| an in vitro potency assay using nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding works well with antivenoms against bungarus candidus and naja naja. | in order to facilitate/expedite the production of effective and affordable snake antivenoms, a novel in vitro potency assay was previously developed. the assay is based on an antiserum's ability to bind to postsynaptic neurotoxin (psnt) and thereby inhibit the psnt binding to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nachr). the assay was shown to work well with antiserum against thai naja kaouthia which produces predominantly the lethal psnts. in this work, the assay is demonstrated to work well wi ... | 2018 | 29946111 |
| the ex vivo eye irritation test (eveit) model as a mean of improving venom ophthalmia understanding. | snakes belonging to the genus naja (elapid family), also known as "spitting cobras", can spit venom towards the eyes of the predator as a defensive strategy, causing painful and potentially blinding ocular envenoming. venom ophthalmia is characterized by pain, hyperemia, blepharitis, blepharospasm and corneal erosions. elapid venom ophthalmia is not well documented and no specific treatment exists. furthermore, accidental ejection of venom by non-spitting vipers, as bothrops, also occurs. the ex ... | 2018 | 29890230 |
| ultrastructure of the tongue and anterior process of the sublingual plica in four species of venomous snakes. | the general histology and ultrastructure of the tongue and anterior process of the sublingual plica of four taiwanese venomous snakes, the chinese cobra (naja naja atra), banded krait (bungarus multicinctus), taiwan habu (trimeresurus mucrosquamatus), and bamboo snake (trimeresurus stejnegeri stejnegeri) are described. the tongue fork exhibits a mid-dorsal invagination that broadens gradually toward its base. no mid-ventral invagination is observed. the epithelial cells on both dorsal and ventra ... | 1991 | 29865528 |
| ethnozoological study of traditional medicinal appreciation of animals and their products among the indigenous people of metema woreda, north-western ethiopia. | using animals for different purposes goes back to the dawn of mankind. animals served as a source of food, medicine, and clothing for humans and provided other services. this study was designed to undertake a cross-sectional ethnozoological field survey among the residents of metema woreda from november 2015 to may 2016. | 2018 | 29792196 |
| lethal toxic dose (i.p ld50), total protein contents and comparative hemolytic potential of (99mtc labeled & non-labeled) naja naja karachiensis venom. | recent recognition about snake bite envenomation on june, 2017 as neglected tropical disease under category-a by world health organization advocated again its undeniable importance. present circumstances reasoned to work on a neglected subspecies of naja naja, i.e., naja naja karachiensis (n. n. karachensis) has been documented for frequent deaths in pakistan. in this study median lethal toxic dose (ld50) was determined intraperitoneally in swiss albino mice and was found to be 2.0µg/g (2.0mg/kg ... | 2018 | 29625942 |
| anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory actions of naja naja atra venom. | naja naja atra venom (nnav) is composed of various proteins, peptides, and enzymes with different biological and pharmacological functions. a number of previous studies have reported that nnav exerts potent analgesic effects on various animal models of pain. the clinical studies using whole venom or active components have confirmed that nnav is an effective and safe medicine for treatment of chronic pain. furthermore, recent studies have demonstrated that nnav has anti-inflammatory and immune re ... | 2018 | 29495566 |
| a turn-on fluorescence sensor for heparin detection based on a release of taiwan cobra cardiotoxin from a dna aptamer or adenosine-based molecular beacon. | this study presents two sensitive fluorescent assays for sensing heparin on the basis of the electrostatic interaction between heparin and naja naja atra cardiotoxin 3 (ctx3). owing to ctx3-induced folded structure of an adenosine-based molecular beacon (mb) or a dna aptamer against ctx3, a reduction in the fluorescent signal of the aptamer or mb 5'-end labeled with carboxyfluorescein (fam) and 3'-end labeled with 4-([4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]azo)-benzoic acid (dabcyl) was observed upon the addit ... | 2018 | 29463054 |
| tumescent contravenom: murine model for prehospital treatment of naja naja neurotoxic snake envenomation. | snake envenomation is a neglected global health problem. there is a need for a prehospital treatment of neurotoxic snakebite that prolongs survival and allows time for a victim to reach a hospital for antivenom therapy. tumescent epinephrine consists of a large volume of dilute epinephrine (2 mg/l) injected subcutaneously. it functions as "contravenom" by causing capillary vasoconstriction and delaying venom absorption. | 2018 | 29460967 |
| antitoxin activity of aqueous extract ofcyclea peltataroot againstnaja najavenom. | snakebites are a significant and severe global health problem. till date, anti-snake venom serum is the only beneficial remedy existing on treating the snakebite victims. as antivenom was reported to induce early or late adverse reactions to human beings, snake venom neutralizing potential forcyclea peltataroot extract was tested for the present research byex vivoandin vivoapproaches onnaja najatoxin. | 2018 | 29326487 |
| elucidating the biogeographical variation of the venom of naja naja (spectacled cobra) from pakistan through a venom-decomplexing proteomic study. | naja naja is a medically important species that is distributed widely in south asia. its venom lethality and neutralization profile have been reported to vary markedly, but the understanding of this phenomenon has been limited without a comprehensive venom profile for the pakistani n. naja. this study set to investigate the venom proteome of pakistani n. naja applying reverse-phase hplc, sds-page, mass spectrometry and data-mining approaches. the venom enzymatics and antigen binding activities w ... | 2017 | 29278784 |
| neutralization ofnaja najavenom induced lethality, edema and myonecrosis by ethanolic root extract ofcoix lacryma-jobi. | coix lacryma-jobi, commonly known as job's tear, is a tall grain-bearing tropical plant of the familypoaceae. the ethanolic root extract (ere) of the plant was investigated for the first time for anti-venom activity against indian cobranaja najavenom.in-vitrostudies were conducted to determine neutralization of phospholipase a2(pla2) activity of thenaja najavenom by the ere. ere showed significant inhibition of pla2activity, which was further confirmed from effective neutralization of human red ... | 2017 | 29234602 |
| use of split-free nano-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/high resolution mass spectrometry interface to improve the detection of α-cobratoxin in equine plasma for doping control. | cobra (naja naja kaouthia) venom contains a toxin called α-cobratoxin (α-cbtx) containing 71 amino acids (mw 7821 da) with a reported analgesic power greater than morphine. in 2013, the first analytical method for the detection of α-cbtx in equine plasma was developed by bailly-chouriberry et al, allowing the confirmation of the presence of α-cbtx at low concentrations (1-5 ng/ml or 130-640 fmol/ml) in plasma samples. to increase the method sensitivity and therefore to improve the detection of α ... | 2017 | 29232492 |
| cytotoxic activity of nn-32 toxin from indian spectacled cobra venom on human breast cancer cell lines. | breast cancer is the most common cancer which causes significant morbidity and mortality among women worldwide. lack of medical facilities for early detection, therapeutic strategies for treatment and side effects due to pharmacological compounds have encompassed the need for new therapies mostly from natural sources. a lot of components have been identified from different snake venoms as therapeutic agents. a group of polypeptides (60-70 amino acid residues) called cytotoxins or cardiotoxins pr ... | 2017 | 29183371 |
| computational and in vitro insights on snake venom phospholipase a2inhibitor of phytocompound ikshusterol3-o-glucoside of clematis gouriana roxb. ex dc. | ikshusterol3-o-glucoside was isolated from clematis gouriana roxb. ex dc. root. a structure of the isolated compound was determined on the basis of various spectroscopic interpretations (uv, nmr, ftir, and gc-ms-ei). this structure was submitted in the pubchem compound database (sid 249494133). sid 249494133 was carried out by density functional theory calculation to observe the chemical stability and electrostatic potential of this compound. the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excreti ... | 2017 | 29171346 |
| prevalence ofamblyomma gervaisiticks on captive snakes in tamil nadu. | ticks are the important ectoparasites that occur on snakes and transmit rickettsiosis, anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis. a total of 62 snakes (reticulated python, indian rock python, rat snakes and spectacled cobra) were examined for tick infestation at chennai snake park trust (guindy), arignar anna zoological park (vandalur) and rescue centre (velachery) in tamil nadu from september, 2015 to june, 2016. ticks from infested snakes were collected and were identified asamblyomma gervaisi(previously ... | 2017 | 29114125 |
| purification and characterization of an anti-hemorrhagic protein from naja naja (indian cobra) venom. | snake venom kunitz-type proteins are well known to inhibit serine proteases but a few studies have also shown matrix metalloproteases (mmps) inhibition. in view of the fact that mmps and snake venom metalloproteases (svmps) have similar catalytic site, inhibition of svmp activity by kunitz-type proteins remains to be studied. recent proteomic studies of naja naja (n. naja) venom revealed the abundance of kunitz-type proteins. in this regard, present study aimed at purification of a protease inhi ... | 2017 | 29107082 |
| australian elapid snake envenomation in cats: clinical priorities and approach. | practical relevance: no fewer than 140 species of terrestrial snakes reside in australia, 92 of which possess venom glands. with the exception of the brown tree snake, the venom-producing snakes belong to the family elapidae. the venom of a number of elapid species is more toxic than that of the indian cobra and eastern diamondback rattle snake, which has earned australia its reputation for being home to the world's most venomous snakes. clinical challenges: the diagnosis of elapid snake envenom ... | 2017 | 29068247 |
| development of dot-elisa for the detection of venoms of major indian venomous snakes. | india remained an epicenter for the snakebite-related mortality and morbidities due to widespread agricultural activities across the country and a considerable number of snakebites offended by indian cobra (naja naja), common krait (bungarus caeruleus), russell's viper (daboia russelii), and saw-scaled viper (echis carinatus). presently, there is no selective test available for the detection of snake envenomation in india before the administration of snake antivenin. therefore, the present study ... | 2017 | 29024771 |
| the venom of indian cobra (naja naja) in certain painful conditions. | 1940 | 29013886 | |
| a contribution to the study of the action of indian cobra poison. | 1904 | 29003910 | |
| inhibition ofnaja najavenom enzymes by the methanolic extract ofleucas asperaand its chemical profile by gc-ms. | the present investigation was aimed at evaluating the anti-ophidian properties of ethnomedicinal herbleucas asperaagainst indian cobra,naja najavenom enzymes. | 2014 | 28962280 |
| naja naja oxiana venom fraction selectively induces ros-mediated apoptosis in human colorectal tumor cells by directly targeting mitochondria | objective: to investigate the selective effect of naja naja oxiana crude venom and its fractions on human colorectal cancer mitochondria to activate apoptosis signaling. methods: cells and mitochondria isolated from human cancerous and normal colorectal tissues exposed to n. oxiana crude venom and its fractions obtained from size-exclusion chromatography and then mitochondrial parameters related to up-stream cell death signalling such as reactive oxygen species formation, mmp, mitochondrial swel ... | 2017 | 28843256 |
| isolation, identification and characterization of morganella morganii from naja naja atra in beijing, china. | morganella morganii is an important opportunistic human pathogen and belongs to the family of enterobacteriaceae. although it is widely distribution, it only be considered a rare cause of human infections. we report the isolate of m. morganii from naja naja atra following infections of heart, lung and liver. seven strains were confirmed using 16s rdna amplified and sequences. antimicrobial susceptibility testing of m. morganii isolates demonstrated ubiquitous resistance to ampicillin, amoxicilli ... | 2017 | 28838340 |
| cobra neurotoxin produces central analgesic and hyperalgesic actions via adenosine a1and a2areceptors. | cobra neurotoxin, a short-chain peptide isolated from snake venom of naja naja atra, showed both a central analgesic effect and a hyperalgesic effect in mice tests. in order to explore mechanisms, a hypothesis is put forward that cobra neurotoxin takes effect through adenosine receptor pathway. the central effects of cobra neurotoxin were evaluated using the hot plate test (a model of acute pain) and the spinal cord injury (a model of central pain) in mice and using a1receptor antagonist (dpcpx) ... | 2017 | 28758541 |
| assessment of cultivable oral bacterial flora from important venomous snakes of india and their antibiotic susceptibilities. | snakebite is a common, frequently devastating, occupational, socio-economic hazard, and it has a great impact on the rural population of india. snakebite is a major cause of the human morbidity and mortality since ancient times, as it not only affects the victim by systemic envenomation but also by wound infections originating from deadly pathogenic microorganisms from the oral cavity of the offending snake. the pathogens from the oral cavity of the snake tend to initiate an infection, resulting ... | 2017 | 28733908 |
| comparison of proteomic profiles of the venoms of two of the 'big four' snakes of india, the indian cobra (naja naja) and the common krait (bungarus caeruleus), and analyses of their toxins. | snake venoms are mixtures of biologically-active proteins and peptides, and several studies have described the characteristics of some of these toxins. however, complete proteomic profiling of the venoms of many snake species has not yet been done. the indian cobra (naja naja) and common krait (bungarus caeruleus) are elapid snake species that are among the 'big four' responsible for the majority of human snake envenomation cases in india. as understanding the composition and complexity of venom ... | 2017 | 28602829 |
| neutralization of inflammation by inhibitingin vitroandin vivosecretory phospholipase a2by ethanol extract ofboerhaavia diffusal. | inflammation is a normal and necessary prerequisite to healing of the injured tissues. inflammation contributes to all disease process including immunity, vascular pathology, trauma, sepsis, chemical, and metabolic injuries. the secretory phospholipase a2(spla2) is a key enzyme in the production of pro-inflammatory mediators in chronic inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, coronary heart disease, diabetes, and asthma. the spla2also contribute to neuroinflammatory disorders such as ... | 2017 | 28539742 |
| antibacterial activity of isolated immunodominant proteins of naja naja (oxiana) venom. | the aim of this study is to investigate antibacterial effects of immunodominant proteins isolated from the venom of naja naja oxiana snake against staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, bacillus subtilis and pseudomonas aeruginosa. the innate immune system is an important line of defense against bacterial diseases. antibacterial peptides and proteins produced by snake venoms have recently attracted significant attention due to their relevance to bacterial diseases and the potential of being co ... | 2017 | 28496483 |
| photoresponsive nanocapsulation of cobra neurotoxin and enhancement of its central analgesic effects under red light. | cobra neurotoxin (cnt), a peptide isolated from snake venom ofnaja naja atra, shows central analgesic effects in our previous research. in order to help cnt pass through blood-brain barrier (bbb) and improve its central analgesic effects, a new kind of cnt nanocapsules were prepared by double emulsification with soybean lecithin and cholesterol as the shell, and pheophorbide as the photosensitizer added to make it photoresponsive. the analgesic effects were evaluated by hot plate test and acetic ... | 2017 | 28496322 |
| characterization of daboia russelii and naja naja venom neutralizing ability of an undocumented indigenous medication in sri lanka. | indigenous medicinal practice in sri lanka talks about powerful compounds extracted from native plants for treating venomous snake bites which are hardly documented in literature but are used by the indigenous doctors for thousand years. | 2017 | 28302413 |
| hematological and plasma biochemical parameters in a wild population ofnaja naja(linnaeus, 1758) in sri lanka. | hematological studies of any animal species comprise an important diagnostic method in veterinary medicine and an essential tool for the conservation of species. in sri lanka, this essential technique has been ignored in studies of many species including reptiles. the aim of the present work was to establish a reference range of hematological values and morphological characterization of wild spectacled cobras (naja naja) in sri lanka in order to provide a diagnostic tool in the assessment of hea ... | 2017 | 28289429 |
| anticancer activity a of caspian cobra (naja naja oxiana) snake venom in human cancer cell lines via induction of apoptosis. | cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide. current anticancer drugs involve various toxic side effects; efforts are ongoing to develop new anticancer agents especially from the screening of natural compounds. present study investigated cytotoxic effects and mode of cell death induced by the caspian cobra venom in some human cancer cell lines. cytotoxic effects of snake venom toxins (svt) were investigated via monitoring of morphological changes, mtt, trypan blue exclusion and ldh release as ... | 2016 | 28228809 |
| thermal stabilization of anti-α-cobratoxin single domain antibodies. | there is an unmet need for snake antivenoms that can be stored ready to use near the point of care. to address that need we have taken two anti-α-cobratoxin single domain antibodies and increased their thermal stability to improve their ambient temperature shelf-life. the anti-α-cobratoxin single domain antibodies c2 and c20 were first isolated, and demonstrated to be toxin neutralizing by richard et al., 2013 (richard, g., meyers, a.j., mclean, m.d., arbabi-ghahroudi, m., mackenzie, r., hall, j ... | 2017 | 28209480 |
| contributing factors for complications and outcomes in patients with snakebite: experience in a medical center in southern taiwan. | snakebite usually results in various complications, such as significant soft tissue damage, infection, hematological, and neurological deficit. surgical intervention, usually, is indicated in patients with tissue necrosis, infection, and compartment syndrome. to identify the contributing factors for complications and outcomes in different patients with snakebite so that outcomes can be evaluated and treatment of such patients can be initiated at the earliest. | 2017 | 28195896 |
| proteomic analysis to unravel the complex venom proteome of eastern india naja naja: correlation of venom composition with its biochemical and pharmacological properties. | the complex venom proteome of the eastern india (ei) spectacled cobra (naja naja) was analyzed using tandem mass spectrometry of cation-exchange venom fractions. about 75% of ei n. naja venom proteins were <18kda and cationic at physiological ph of blood. sds-page (non-reduced) analysis indicated that in the native state venom proteins either interacted with each-other or self-aggregated resulting in the formation of higher molecular mass complexes. proteomic analysis revealed that 43 enzymatic ... | 2017 | 28062377 |
| ultracytochemical observations on intracytoplasmic lipids by enzymic digestive methods: histochemical trials1. | the penetration of rbizopus arrhizus lipase into ethioine fatty livers was examined histochemically. a free-floating, 30 μm thick vibratome section of the livers perfused with aldehydes was shown to be suitable for ultracytochemical analysis by the lipase digestive method. accessibility of phospholipids in the outer membrane of erythrocytes to naja naja phospholipase a2was observed under a light microscope, and intact red cells were used for the ultracytochemical analysis by the phospholipase di ... | 1983 | 28054839 |
| delineating residues for haemolytic activities of snake venom cardiotoxin 1 from naja naja as probed by molecular dynamics simulations and in vitro validations. | cardiotoxins (ctxs) are single polypeptide chain consisting of 59-62 amino acids with four disulfide bridges and globular proteins of simple β-sheet folds. the ctxs are one of principal toxic components causing haemolysis and damaging various cells and belong to three-finger toxin (tft) superfamily of snake venoms. however, there is no natural or synthetic small molecular inhibitor to the protein toxins to date. in the present study, modes of interaction of cardiotoxin 1 (ctx1) from indian cobra ... | 2017 | 27984143 |
| development of a new polyspecific antivenom for snakebite envenoming in sri lanka: analysis of its preclinical efficacy as compared to a currently available antivenom. | a new whole igg, freeze-dried, polyspecific antivenom was prepared from the plasma of horses immunized with the venoms of the snakes daboia russelii, echis carinatus, hypnale hypnale, and naja naja from sri lanka. the preclinical neutralizing ability of this antivenom against several toxic and enzymatic activities of these four venoms was analyzed, and compared with that of a batch of vins antivenom (india) being currently used in sri lanka. the activities tested were: lethality, hemorrhagic, in ... | 2016 | 27720977 |
| hematology and serum biochemistry of indian spectacled cobra (naja naja) and indian rat snake (ptyas mucosa). | to study the hematology and serum biochemistry parameters of indian spectacled cobra (naja naja) and indian rat snake (ptyas mucosa) and to evaluate the differences in the same between captive and wild populations. | 2016 | 27651683 |
| putative membrane lytic sites of p-type and s-type cardiotoxins from snake venoms as probed by all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. | cardiotoxins (ctxs) belonging to the three-finger toxin superfamily of snake venoms are one of principal toxic components and the protein toxins exhibit membrane lytic activities when the venoms are injected into victims. in the present study, complex formations between ctx vi (a p-type ctx from naja atra) and ctx1 (an s-type ctx from naja naja) on zwitterionic popc bilayers (a major lipid component of cell membranes) have been studied in near physiological conditions for a total dynamic time sc ... | 2016 | 27628673 |
| decreased snake venom metalloproteinase effects via inhibition of enzyme and modification of fibrinogen. | since the introduction of antivenom administration 120 years ago to treat venomous snake bit, it has been the gold standard for saving life and limb. however, this therapeutic approach is not always effective and not without potential life-threatening side effects. we tested a new paradigm to abrogate the plasmatic anticoagulant effects of fibrinogenolytic snake venom metalloproteinases by modification of fibrinogen with iron and carbon monoxide and by inhibiting these zn(2+) dependent metallopr ... | 2016 | 27492573 |
| 5'-nucleotidases of naja naja karachiensis snake venom: their determination, toxicities and remedial approach by natural inhibitors (medicinal plants). | present study was carried out regarding enzymatic assay for 5'-nucleotidase enzymes present in snake venom naja naja karachiensis and to evaluate twenty eight medicinal plants as their antidotes. elevated enzymatic activities i.e., 119, 183, 262 and 335 u/ml were observed in 10, 20, 30 and 40 µg of crude venom, respectively, in dose dependent manner. among various plant extracts only two (bauhinia vaiiegate l. and citms linion (l.) burm. f.) were found 94% effective at 160 µg to neutralize 112 u ... | 2017 | 27476285 |
| rapid and selective detection of experimental snake envenomation - use of gold nanoparticle based lateral flow assay. | in this study, we have developed a gold nanoparticle based simple, rapid lateral flow assay (lfa) for detection of indian cobra venom (cv) and russell's viper venom (rv). presently, there is no rapid, reliable, and field diagnostic test available in india, where snake bite cases are rampant. therefore, this test has an immense potential from the public health point of view. the test is based on the principle of the paper immunochromatography assay for detection of two snake venom species using p ... | 2016 | 27377230 |
| isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds of clematis gouriana roxb. ex dc against snake venom phospholipase a2(pla2) computational and in vitro insights. | bioactive compounds were isolated from clematis gouriana roxb. ex dc. the compounds were separated, characterized, the structures elucidated and submitted to the pubchem database. the pubchem ids sid 249494134 and sid 249494135 were tested against phospholipases a2(pla2) of naja naja (indian cobra) venom for pla2activity. both the compounds showed promising inhibitory activity; computational data also substantiated the results. the two compounds underwent density functional theory calculation to ... | 2017 | 27355444 |
| the standard aqueous stem bark extract of mangifera indica l. inhibits toxic pla2 - nn-xib-pla2 of indian cobra venom. | the aqueous extract of mangifera indica is known to possess diverse medicinal properties, which also includes anti-snake venom activities. however, its inhibitory potency and mechanism of action on multi-toxic snake venom phospholipases a2s are still unknown. therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the modulatory effect of standard aqueous bark extract of m. indica on nn-xib-pla2 of indian cobra venom. the in vitro spla2, in situ hemolytic and in vivo edema inhibition effect were ... | 2016 | 27275129 |
| screening for target toxins of the antiophidic protein dm64 through a gel-based interactomics approach. | dm64 is a glycosylated protein with antivenom activity isolated from the serum of the opossum didelphis aurita. it binds non-covalently to myotoxins i (asp49) and ii (lys49) from bothrops asper venom and inhibits their myotoxic effect. in this study, an affinity column with immobilized dm64 as bait was used to fish potential target toxins. all ten isolated myotoxins tested were able to effectively bind to the dm64 column. to better access the specificity of the inhibitor, crude venoms from bothr ... | 2017 | 27216643 |
| a single-label fluorescent derivatization method for quantitative determination of neurotoxin in vivo by capillary electrophoresis coupled with laser-induced fluorescence detection. | neurotoxin (nt), a short-chain α-neurotoxin, is the main neurotoxic protein identified from the venom of naja naja atra. as an effective drug for the analgesis of advanced cancer patients, nt lasts longer than morphine and does not cause addiction. however, achieving a sensitive and high-resolution measurement of nt is difficult because of the extra-low content of nt in vivo. therefore, developing a novel method to quantify nt is essential to study its pharmacokinetics in vivo. although nt conta ... | 2016 | 27175860 |
| use of molecular diagnostic tools for the identification of species responsible for snakebite in nepal: a pilot study. | snakebite is an important medical emergency in rural nepal. correct identification of the biting species is crucial for clinicians to choose appropriate treatment and anticipate complications. this is particularly important for neurotoxic envenoming which, depending on the snake species involved, may not respond to available antivenoms. adequate species identification tools are lacking. this study used a combination of morphological and molecular approaches (pcr-aided dna sequencing from swabs o ... | 2016 | 27105074 |
| snakebite by the shore pit viper (trimeresurus purpureomaculatus) treated with polyvalent antivenom. | although snakebites are uncommon, there are several species of medically important venomous snakes native to singapore. we present a case of envenoming by the shore pit viper (trimeresurus purpureomaculatus) that showed clinical improvement when treated with the indian (haffkine) polyvalent antivenom. a 40-year-old man was bitten on his right hand by a snake, which was identified through photos and his description to be a shore pit viper, which is native to the local mangrove area. severe swelli ... | 2016 | 27061038 |
| quercetin-3-o-rhamnoside from euphorbia hirta protects against snake venom induced toxicity. | the plant euphorbia hirta is widely used against snake envenomations in rural areas and it was proved to be effective in animal models. therefore, the scientific validation of its phytoconstituents for their antiophidian activity is aimed in the present study. | 2016 | 27033089 |
| venom and purified toxins of the spectacled cobra (naja naja) from pakistan: insights into toxicity and antivenom neutralization. | geographical variations of snake venoms can result in suboptimal effectiveness of indian antivenoms that are currently used in most south asian countries. this study investigated the toxicity and neutralization profile of the venom and toxins from pakistani spectacled cobra, naja naja, using vins polyvalent antivenom (vpav, india), naja kaouthia monovalent antivenom (nkmav, thailand), and neuro bivalent antivenom (nbav, taiwan). cation-exchange and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatog ... | 2016 | 27022154 |
| antibacterial activity of an acidic phospholipase a2 (nn-xib-pla2) from the venom of naja naja (indian cobra). | the resistance of bacteria against the use of conventional antibiotics has become a serious threat to public health and considering the associated side effect with antibiotics; new strategies to find and develop new molecules with novel modes of action has received grate attention in recent years. in this study, when the antibacterial potential of an acidic protein-nn-xib-pla2 (naja naja venom phospholipase a2 fraction-xib) of naja naja venom was evaluated, it showed significant bactericidal act ... | 2016 | 26885465 |
| taiwan cobra cardiotoxin iii suppresses egf/egfr-mediated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and invasion of human breast cancer mda-mb-231 cells. | breast cancer is a highly malignant carcinoma and most deaths of breast cancer are caused by metastasis. the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (emt) has emerged as a pivotal event in the development of the invasive and metastatic potentials of cancer progression. epidermal growth factor (egf) and its receptor, egfr, play roles in cancer metastasis. ctx iii, a basic polypeptide isolated from naja naja atra venom, has been shown to exhibit anticancer activity; however, the effect of ctx iii on ... | 2016 | 26774845 |