Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| unfolding processes of small globular proteins: the two-state vs multi-state model. | 1. the alcohol-induced unfolding of two homologous proteins, neurotoxin and cardiotoxin from taiwan cobra (naja naja atra) venom has been analysed. 2. it is postulated that the unfolding process for both proteins is a multi-state conformational transition. 3. it has been hypothesized that between the compact native state of the protein and its fully unfolded state there exists a quasi-continuous spectrum of conformational metastates of protein species. 4. the population distribution of these met ... | 1983 | 6862085 |
| effects of iodipamide on human c3 and factor b in vitro. | the effects of iodipamide on c3 and factor b in normal human serum and in purified form have been examined by immunoelectrophoresis and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page). temperature-dependent changes in immunoelectrophoretic profiles have been observed; however, these are not the same as those obtained after treatment of normal human serum (nhs) with cobra venom factor naja naja. analyses of iodipamide-treated nhs and purified c3 and factor b by reducing sds-p ... | 1982 | 6922882 |
| three-dimensional structure of the "long" neurotoxin from cobra venom. | the three-dimensional structure of alpha-cobra-toxin, the "long" neurotoxin from the venom of naja naja siamensis, has been determined at 2.8-a resolution. crystals grown as hexagonal needles have space group p6522 with unit cell parameters a = b = 74.59 a, c = 42.89 a; one molecule per asymmetric unit. phases were determined with a single isomorphous derivative with hgi2 by using the anomalous scattering of the single-site hgi2 molecule to resolve the phase ambiguity. the polypeptide chain fold ... | 1980 | 6930640 |
| cholesterol solubilization by short-chain lecithins: characterization of mixed micelles and cholesterol oxidase activity. | the synthetic short-chain lecithins diheptanoylphosphatidylcholine and dioctanoylphosphatidylcholine solubilize cholesterol up to 10 and 18 mol %, respectively. the half-time for diheptanoylphosphatidylcholine solubilization of solid cholesterol is 80 (+/- 30) min. this is much faster than triton x-100 micelle or egg lecithin vesicle solubilization of solid cholesterol. both the broadening of lecithin and [4-13c]cholesterol carbon resonances by mn2+ and the observation of surface dilution kineti ... | 1981 | 6947824 |
| electron microscopy of complexes of isolated acetylcholine receptor, biotinyl-toxin, and avidin. | the principal curarimimetic toxin of naja naja siamensis derivatized with biotinyl groups binds specifically both to acetylcholine receptor, isolated from torpedo californica electric tissue, and to avidin. isolated complexes of receptor monomer or dimer, biotinyl-toxin, and avidin were negatively stained and examined in the scanning transmission electron microscope. we measured the angle made by the radius of each avidin bound at the periphery of a monomeric unit in dimer to the axis connecting ... | 1982 | 6952187 |
| complement-independence of the acute-phase production of serum amyloijd p-component (sap) in mice. | mice depleted of circulating c3 by injection of cobra factor (cof), the c3-activating protein of cobra (naja naja) venom, mounted the same acute-phase responses of serum amyloid p-component (sap) to subsequent injection of casein, bacterial lipopolysaccharide or croton oil as did normal control mice. there was also evidence for accelerated synthesis of c3 itself in response to injection of these acute-phase stimulants in cof-treated mice. on the other hand complement activation produced by injec ... | 1980 | 7000131 |
| mapping trna structure in solution using double-strand-specific ribonuclease v1 from cobra venom. | a method for mapping all base-paired stems in both elongation and initiator trnas is described using double-stranded-specific ribonuclease v1 from the venom of the cobra naja naja oxiana. 32p-end-labeled rna is first partially digested with double-strand-specific v1 nuclease under near physiological conditions, and the resultant fragments are than electrophoretically fractionated by size in adjacent lanes of a polyacrylamide gel run in 90% formamide. after autoradiography, the base-paired nucleo ... | 1981 | 7031604 |
| local conformational transition of toxin b from naja naja as studied by nuclear magnetic resonance and circular dichroism. | the 270-mhz proton nmr spectra of toxin b, a long neurotoxin from naja naja, in 2h2o solution were analyzed. from the analysis of the discontinuous ph dependence of his-21 c-2 proton chemical shift a 23 degrees c, toxin b is found to exhibit a slow-exchange conformational transition between the states a and b with the transition midpoint at ph 5.75. separate peaks due to the states a and b were also observed for his-21 c-4 proton, tyr-25 ring protons, phenylalanine ring protons and two c-alpha p ... | 1982 | 7060589 |
| specific binding to isolated acetylcholine receptor of a synthetic peptide duplicating the sequence of the presumed active center of a lethal toxin from snake venom. | to verify the existence of a lethal "active center" in snake venom neurotoxins and to assess its delineation within their polypeptide sequences, a tritriacontapeptide matching residues 16-48 of the natural "major" toxin of naja naja philippinensis (hauert, j., maire, m., sussmann, a., and bargetzi, j. p. (1974) int. j. pept. protein research 6, 201-222) has been synthesized by solid-phase technology (juillerat, m. a., and bargetzi, j. p. (1980), results presented at the 16th european peptide sym ... | 1982 | 7061455 |
| purification and partial characterization of a bacterial phospholipid: cholesterol acyltransferase. | a glycerophospholipid:cholesterol acyltransferase has been purified to near homogeneity from cell-free culture supernatants of aeromonas salmonicida. the characteristics of the enzyme distinguish it from bacterial phospholipases; however, it shares several properties with the lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase of mammalian plasma. thus, the enzyme inhibits 2-positional specificity as an acyltransferase and it will act as a phospholipase a2 in the absence of cholesterol. furthermore, it has no ... | 1982 | 7061477 |
| some parameters of affinity chromatography in the purification of antibody against naja naja siamensis toxin 3. | some parameters in the purification of antibodies against naja naja siamensis toxin 3 by affinity chromatography were studied on toxin sepharose, toxin-succinylaminoethyl sepharose, toxin-albumin sepharose and toxin succinylaminoethyl biogel adsorbents. immunologically pure antibody with 10-12-fold increase in potency was obtained by chromatography of horse refined globulin on all these adsorbents. the maximum antibody binding capacities were higher for adsorbents containing linear spacers but r ... | 1982 | 7061874 |
| the trna-like structure at the 3' terminus of turnip yellow mosaic virus rna. differences and similarities with canonical trna. | the 3' terminus of tymv rna, which possesses trna-like properties, has been studied. a 3' terminal fragment of 112 nucleotides was obtained by cleavage with rnase h after hybridization of a synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide to the viral rna. the accessibility of cytidine and adenosine residues was probed with chemical modification. enzymatic digestion studies were performed with rnase t1, nuclease s1 and the double-strand specific rnase from the venom of the cobra naja naja oxiana. a model is propo ... | 1982 | 7079175 |
| biochemical and pharmacological properties of cardiotoxins isolated from cobra venom. | it has been established that cardiotoxins isolated from elapidae snakes tend to be contaminated with phospholipase. after a thorough comparison of the methods available for the separation of these two components, both hydrophobic and immunoaffinity chromatography have been found to be convenient and effective methods. with cardiotoxins isolated from naja naja siamensis we observed that as the contaminating phospholipase was removed, the cardiotoxins were converted from relatively powerful haemol ... | 1982 | 7080031 |
| interaction surfaces of neurotoxins and acetylcholine receptor. | binding of neurotoxin ii naja naja oxiana derivatives containing one spin label at various positions (leu 1, glu 2, lys 15, lys 25, lys 26, his 31, lys 44 and lys 46) to purified solubilized acetylcholine receptor protein (achr) from torpedo marmorata was studied by epr techniques. achr interaction with several dansylated neurotoxin ii derivatives was followed by difference fluorescence spectroscopy. a series of neurotoxin ii p-azidobenzoyl derivatives were prepared and in three of them modified ... | 1982 | 7080049 |
| effects of purified cardiotoxins from the thailand cobra (naja naja siamensis) on isolated skeletal and cardiac muscle preparations. | four polypeptides were isolated by non-exchange chromatography from the crude cardiotoxin fraction of thailand cobra (naja naja siamensis) venom. fraction i and 71 amino acid residues including 1 tryptophan, while fractions, ii, iii and iv had 60 amino acids and no tryptophan. when tested on isolated skeletal muscle (chick biventer cervicis, chick embryo muscle in culture, guinea pig hemidiaphragm) and cardiac muscle (guinea pig and cat left atria, cat papillary muscle) preparations, fractions i ... | 1982 | 7080050 |
| use of erythrocyte hemolysis kinetics in the purification of complex cardiotoxin mixtures. | a human erythrocyte hemolysis kinetic method provides a useful way to follow the purification of cobra venom cardiotoxins or other hemolytic factors. initial rates of hemolysis, measured as hemoglobin released with time for the separated cardiotoxins from the venom of the thailand cobra naja naja siamensis, vary over a greater range than do other commonly used measures of their biological activity. recovery of the hemolytic activity of the gross cardiotoxin fraction in the subsequently separated ... | 1982 | 7080058 |
| role of monomeric activators in cobra venom phospholipase a2 action. | phospholipase a2 from cobra venom (naja naja naja), which acts poorly on phosphatidylethanolamine (pe) in mixed micelles, is activated toward pe by the monomeric phospholipid dibutyrylphosphatidylcholine (dibutyryl-pc) which is an, even poorer substrate. phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was employed to show that only pe is hydrolyzed in mixtures of pe and dibutyryl-pc of various concentrations. the activation shows saturation behavior, and the fully activated enzyme hydrolyz ... | 1982 | 7082644 |
| chain structure of cobra venom factor from naja naja and naja haje venom. | the chain structure of cobra venom factor, whether isolated from naja naja venom (cvfn) or from naja haje (cvfh) is similar. both homologous proteins are composed of three disulphide-linked chains (a, b, and c) with apparent molecular weights of 72,000, 54,000, and 27,000-35,000 for cvfn and 68,000, 51,000 and 30,000-32,000 cvfh. that all three polypeptides are integral parts of cvf was demonstrated by investigation of the chain pattern after partial reduction. reduction with 1-2 mm dithiothreit ... | 1982 | 7100817 |
| mammalian muscle acetylcholine receptor purification and characterization. | nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (acchr) was purified from fetal calf muscle by an affinity chromatographic method utilizing alpha-neurotoxin from naja naja siamensis as an immobilized ligand. preparations of acchr with an average specific activity of 5 nmol of alpha-toxin bound/mg of protein were obtained, i.e., 75% of the theoretical specific activity assuming identity with torpedo acchr. sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified acchr consistently showed the pr ... | 1982 | 7104316 |
| partial characterization of four toxins from venom of the indian cobra (naja naja). | 1982 | 7106818 | |
| cardiotoxins from the venom of malayan cobra (naja naja sputatrix). | 1982 | 7149742 | |
| isolation and preliminary characterisation of two toxic phospholipases a2 from the venom of the malayan cobra (naja naja sputatrix). | two toxic phospholipases a have been isolated from the venom of the malayan cobra (naja naja sputatrix). the phospholipases a were purified by successive ion-exchange chromatography on sp-sephadex c-25, sephadex g-75 gel filtration chromatography and successive bio-rex 70 ion-exchange chromatography. the purified toxic phospholipases a were homogeneous electrophoretically. they were designated as sputatrix phospholipase a-i and sputatrix phospholipase a-ii. positional specificity studies showed ... | 1982 | 7150663 |
| effects on muscle of a toxin from indian cobra (naja naja naja) venom. | the mode of action of a purified toxin from naja naja naja (indian cobra) venom was investigated in frog rectus abdominis muscle, chick biventer cervicis muscle, cat tibialis anterior muscle (close-arterial) and in both innervated and denervated rat diaphragm muscle preparations. the toxin inhibited the acetylcholine responses of rectus abdominis muscle. the inhibition was antagonized by neostigmine and increasing concentrations of acetylcholine, suggesting a competitive binding of the toxin to ... | 1982 | 7164106 |
| action of naja naja venom on erythrocytes of laboratory animals. | 1982 | 7169244 | |
| subunit composition of bovine muscle acetylcholine receptor. | acetylcholine receptors from fetal calf muscle were purified to homogeneity (specific activity up to 7500 nmol/g of protein), in reasonable yields (20-50%), and near-milligram quantity. purification was by affinity chromatography on naja naja siamensis toxin coupled to agarose by using methods similar to those for receptors from fish electric organs, but with modifications to account for the low concentration of receptor in muscle and the high probability of proteolysis. immunochemical methods a ... | 1982 | 7171558 |
| cobra venom acetylcholinesterase: nature of charge isoforms. | charge isoforms of cobra (naja naja oxiana) venom acetylcholinesterase, separated by isoelectric focusing, differ only by the number of free carboxyl groups of glutamic and/or aspartic acid side-chains in the enzyme molecule. the isoforms appear to be produced by a post-translational deamidation of accessible glutamin and/or asparagine residues. the isoforms have identical catalytic specificities towards characteristic acetylcholinesterase substrates. | 1982 | 7173192 |
| enhancement of naja naja atra antivenin production in horses. | as the conventional hyperimmunization schedule in horses introduced by tanaka could not produce enough neutralizing antibody against naja naja atra venom, the mixture of carboxymethyl cellulose (cmc)-cobra venom incorporated with adjuvant was used for immunization. the neutralizing antibody produced (30 ld50) seemed to be increased but still not to reach the satisfactory level. by using cmc-cobratoxin adjuvant mixture as an immunizing agent, highly potent antivenin (220 ld50) was obtained. | 1982 | 7183425 |
| hemolytic properties of membrane-active polypeptides from the venom of central asian cobra (naja naja oxiana eichwald). | 1982 | 7184846 | |
| purification of two phospholipase a isoenzymes with anticoagulant activity from the venom of the cobra naja naja siamensis. | 1980 | 7210026 | |
| the complete primary structures of three cytotoxins (cm-6, cm-7 and cm-7a) from naja naja kaouthia (siamese cobra) snake venom. | 1980 | 7210030 | |
| comparative study of three basic polypeptides from snake venoms in relation to their effects on the cell membrane of normal and tumor cells. | basic polypeptides producing a variety of effects on animals and cells have been isolated from snake venoms. many possess common structural features and also produce similar pharmacological effects. this has led to doubt as to the specificity of each polypeptide. study of toxin gamma (cardiotoxin from naja nigricollis), cytotoxin p6 (from naja naja, preferentially cytotoxic to certain cells) and neurotoxin alpha (naja nigricollis) under identical conditions shows that they are separate entities ... | 1980 | 7214315 |
| complete amino acid sequence of a phospholipase a2 from the venom of naja naja atra (taiwan cobra). | 1981 | 7222082 | |
| first aid for cobra (naja naja) bites. | 1981 | 7239610 | |
| cobra venom phospholipase a2: a review of its action toward lipid/water interfaces. | this review focuses on the mechanism of action of phospholipase a2 from cobra venom (naja naja naja) toward the lipid/water interface. particular points of interest include dramatic changes in the enzyme activity if the physical state of its substrate is altered and the activation of the enzyme by phosphorylcholine containing lipids. the experimental findings include the following: micellar substrates are hydrolyzed faster by the enzyme than various bilayer forms of substrate aggregation. the ac ... | 1981 | 7242529 |
| source of carbohydrate in a toxic protein from indian cobra (naja naja naja) venom. | 1981 | 7245223 | |
| peripheral versus central action of a toxin from indian cobra (naja naja naja) venom. | 1981 | 7268800 | |
| contamination of commercially obtained agkistrodon contortrix mokasen snake venom with bungarus multicinctus and naja naja atra snake venoms. | 1981 | 7268802 | |
| phospholipase a2 from cobra venom (naja naja naja). | 1981 | 7278679 | |
| [effect of phospholipase a2 from the venoms of bee and middle asian cobra on choline uptake by synaptosomes]. | the effect of purified phospholipase a2 from venom of the bee apis mellifica and from venom of the cobra naja naja oxiana on the na+-dependent high affinity choline transport into the synaptosomes of rabbit corpus striatum (active uptake) was studied. both phospholipases a2 were shown to inhibit the active choline uptake by the synaptosomes. the bee venom phospholipase at a concentration of 10(-8) m and the cobra venom phospholipase at a concentration of 10(-6) m produced a 50% inhibition of cho ... | 1981 | 7295818 |
| the 1h nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectra and spatial structure of the naja mossambica mossambica neurotoxin iii. | the proton nmr spectra at 300 mhz of neurotoxin iii from venom of naja mossambica mossambica are reported. by the use of double resonance techniques, ph dependence chemical shifts, isotope labeling technique, and comparison with homologous neurotoxins all proton signals in the aromatic and methyl regions as well as epsilon-ch2 proton signals of some lysine residues have been assigned to individual amino acid residues and their spatial microenvironment has been determined. the results deduced on ... | 1981 | 7297555 |
| effects of arginine modification of naja nigricollis and naja naja atra snake venom phospholipases a2 on enzymatic activity, lethality and anticoagulant action. | 1981 | 7302958 | |
| six polymorphic crystal forms of alpha-cobratoxin. | six different crystal forms of the long neurotoxin alpha-cobratoxin isolated from the venom of naja naja siamensis have been obtained and the conditions for their crystallisation are described. heavy atom derivatives for two of these forms have been prepared and have proven suitable for high-resolution x-ray studies and, with one of them, a 0.28-nm resolution structure has been determined. all but one of the crystal forms were grown between ph 2 and ph 3. two novel suggestions are made which may ... | 1981 | 7308208 |
| proton-nuclear-magnetic-resonance study on molecular conformations of long neurotoxins. alpha-bungarotoxin from bungarus multicinctus and toxin b from naja naja. | the 270-mhz proton nmr spectra were analyzed of the long neurotoxins alpha-bungarotoxin from bungarus multicinctus and toxin b from naja naja. the aromatic proton resonances were completely assigned to individual nuclei for alpha-bungarotoxin and in part for toxin b. the ph dependences of proton chemical shifts were analyzed by the nonlinear least-square method, for obtaining pka values and protonation shifts. the pka values of tyr-25, an invariant residue of neurotoxins, are 12.1 for alpha-bung ... | 1981 | 7308209 |
| a proton-magnetic-resonance study on the molecular conformation and structure-function relationship of a long neurotoxin, laticauda semifasciata iii from laticauda semifasciata. | the 300-mhz and 500-mhz nmr spectra of a long neurotoxin laticauda semifasciata iii (ls iii) from laticauda semifasciata have ben analysed. comparison with the nmr spectra of alpha-cobratoxin from naja naja siamensis, a homologous long neurotoxin to laticauda semifasciata iii, allowed the assignment of all the aromatic protein resonances to specific amino acid residues. all the methyl proton resonances have been assigned to specific types of amino acid residues. the ph dependences of the aromati ... | 1981 | 7318828 |
| the amino acid sequence of toxin d isolated from the venom of indian cobra (naja naja). | a neurotoxin, designated toxin d, was isolated from the venom of naja naja by gel-filtration on sephadex g-50 followed by cm-cellulose chromatography. the amino acid sequence of toxin d was determined by analyzing tryptic and chymotryptic peptides of the reduced and s-carboxymethyl derivative. the venom contains at least four long (toxins a, b, c and d) and two short neurotoxins (toxins i and ii) that account for about 16% of the lyophilized crude venom by weight. toxin d consists of 71 amino ac ... | 1981 | 7326259 |
| 19f nmr determination of intramolecular distances in spin- and fluorine-labelled proteins: neurotoxin ii naja naja oxiana. | 1981 | 7327263 | |
| a passive hemagglutination test for antibody to naja naja siamensis toxin 3. | 1981 | 7336448 | |
| interaction of spin-labeled naja naja siamensis alpha-neurotoxin with acetylcholine receptor from torpedo californica. | 1980 | 7371834 | |
| binding of naja naja siamensis alpha-toxin to the chick ciliary ganglion: a light-microscopy autoradiographic study. | 1980 | 7374944 | |
| snake venoms. the amino acid sequences of two melanoleuca-type toxins. | toxins cm-10 from naja nivea and cm-9a from naja naja kaouthia venoms were purified by gel filtration followed by ion-exchange chromatography. whereas toxin cm-10 contains 65 amino acids, toxin cm-9a contains only 64 but they each include ten half-cystine residues. the complete primary structures of the toxins have been established. the sequences and the invariant amino acids of toxins cm-10 from n. nivea and cm-9a from n.n. kaouthia venoms resemble those of the melanoleuca-type toxins. in the t ... | 1980 | 7380387 |
| cytotoxicity of cobra (naja naja kaouthia) venom on rabbit red blood cells and s-180 tumor cells in the presence of tetracaine, lidocaine and procaine. | the cytocidal action of naja naja kaouthia venom on rabbit red blood cells and s-180 tumor cells treated with local anesthetics (tetracaine, lidocaine and procaine) were studied. the s-180 cells were more sensitive to the venom than the red blood cells which required albumin for efficient hemolysis in the 10 minute assay. all three local anesthetics at lower concentrations protected both cell types against venom hemolysis. at higher concentrations the local anesthetics enhanced the cell lysis to ... | 1980 | 7385945 |
| purification and characterization of anti-cholinesterase factor from the venom of naja naja atra. | the anti-cholinesterase factor from naja naja atra venom was purified by means of successive column chromatography on sephadex g-75, carboxymethyl-cellulose and hydroxyapatite. the purified anti-cholinesterase factor was homogeneous by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the molecular weight was estimated to be approx. 50 000. the isoelectric point was determined to be 6.8. this factor was found to be the first cholinesterase inhibitor protein. we have called this anti-cho ... | 1980 | 7397218 |
| [reactions between 3h-monoacetylcobratoxin and membrane preparations from denervated muscles and caudate nuclei]. | 3h-monoacetyl derivative of the major neurotoxin of venom obtained from naja naja oxiana was used as a marker of the nicotinic cholinoreceptor (n-chr). it was shown that binding of neurotoxin with the membranes of bovine caudate nuclei unlike binding with the membranes of the rabbit gastrocnemius muscles is less strong and cannot be blocked completely with high concentrations of neurotoxin and d-tubocurarine. serum of the rabbits immmunized with the protein preparation isolated from the membrane ... | 1980 | 7397340 |
| [phospholipase spin-labeled phospholipids interactions]. | enzyme-substrate interaction of phospholipase a2 (naja naja oxiana) with phospholipids has been studied. spin-labeled palmitic and stearic acids, 1-o-spin-labeled acyl-, 2-o-spin-labeled acylphosphatidyl choline and spin-labeled phosphatidyl-myo-inositol were used for this purpose. this method did not reveal hydrofobic fat-protein interaction. phospholipase interacts only with the near lipid monolayer of liposomes and vesicles. being formed lysophosphatidyl choline and fat acids lead to destruct ... | 2017 | 7402203 |
| a single-step separation procedure for several protein constituents of venom of the indian cobra (naja naja). | 1980 | 7450809 | |
| [observations on cytolysis by cobra venom. effect of sucrose loading]. | ls cells cultivated for 4 days in sucrose-containing medium (su) are more fragile than cells cultivated in medium devoid of this sugar (tn) when they are incubated with naja-naja venom; in fact the 51cr radioactivity released into the medium by previously labelled cells is increased for the sucrose ones. phospholipase does not seem to contribute to the lytic activity of the venom, which is dependent on the direct lytic factor: neither varying the temperature of incubation nor adding edta to the ... | 1980 | 7459127 |
| further characterization and n-terminal sequence of cobra venom phospholipase a2. | n-terminal amino acid sequence data on cobra venom phospholipase a2 (naja naja naja) demonstrate the absence of histidine at positions 10 and 20, in contrast to most other naja enzymes. the presence of three tryptophans was demonstrated by p-toluenesulfonic acid hydrolysis, and the location of two of these at positions 18 and 19 parallels other naja phospholipase a2 sequences. based on the amino acid composition of the enzyme, the theoretical e278 0.1% should be 2.2, which is consistent with dry ... | 1980 | 7459378 |
| purification, some properties and amino-acid sequences of two phospholipases a (cm-ii and cm-iii) from naja naja kaouthia venom. | two phospholipases a, cm-ii and cm-iii, were purified from the siamese cobra (naja naja kaouthia) venom, from thailand, by gel filtration on sephadex g-50 followed by ion-exchange chromatography on cm-cellulose. they each comprise 119 amino acid residues including 14 half-cystine residues. the complete primary structures of the two phospholipases a have been elucidated and their sequences are 96% identical. the sequences, the invariant amino acid residues and the sequences around the active cent ... | 1980 | 7460933 |
| annual cycles in levels of pituitary and plasma gonadotropin, gonadal steroids, and thyroid activity in the chinese cobra (naja naja). | 1980 | 7461439 | |
| immunochemical cross-reactivity of neurotoxic phospholipase a2 enzymes from indian cobra (naja naja naja) venom using polyclonal antibodies. | rabbit antibodies were prepared against purified phospholipase a2 (nn-xia-pla2) from indian cobra (naja naja naja) venom. the pla2 has haemolytic, neurotoxic, myotoxic, cytotoxic and oedema-inducing activities apart from the catalytic activity. the immunological cross-reactivity of structurally similar neurotoxic pla2s was investigated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and immunodiffusion. anti-nn-xia-pla2 igg cross-reacted with other purified neurotoxic pla2s from the same venom. ... | 1993 | 7505490 |
| cdna and protein sequences coding for the precursor of phospholipase a2 from taiwan cobra, naja naja atra. | the cdna sequence encoding phospholipase a2 (pla2) was determined by analysis of polymerase-chain-reaction (pcr) product amplified from total cdna mixture which had been constructed from the poly(a)+rna of venom glands obtained from taiwan cobras. two oligonucleotide segments corresponding to the 5'- and 3'-noncoding regions of sea-snake pla2 gene were used as primers for pcr-amplified reaction. plasmids of transformed e. coli strain jm109 containing amplified pla2 cdna were purified and prepare ... | 1994 | 7521702 |
| effect of nonapeptide fragments of uteroglobin and lipocortin i on oedema and mast cell degranulation. | the anti-inflammatory action of nonapeptide fragments of uteroglobin or lipocortin i known as antiflammins, was tested in the carrageenan or phospholipase a2 rat paw oedema model. the development of carrageenan-induced oedema in rats was significantly inhibited during the early and late phases of the oedema by the local administration of antiflammins 1 and 2. however, the peptides were not able to inhibit phospholipase a2-induced oedema. the time course of the anti-oedematous activity of nonapep ... | 1994 | 7535228 |
| photolabeling reveals the proximity of the alpha-neurotoxin binding site to the m2 helix of the ion channel in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. | a photoactivatable derivative of neurotoxin ii from naja naja oxiana containing a 125i-labeled p-azidosalicylamidoethyl-1,3'-dithiopropyl label at lys-25 forms a photo-induced cross-link with the delta subunit of the membrane-bound torpedo californica nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (achr). the cross-linked radioactive receptor peptide was isolated by reverse-phase hplc after tryptic digestion of the labeled delta subunit. the sequence of this peptide, delta-(260-277), and the position of the l ... | 1995 | 7543679 |
| inhibition of protein kinase c by snake venom toxins: comparison of enzyme inhibition, lethality and hemolysis among different cardiotoxin isoforms. | cardiotoxins, neurotoxins and phospholipase a2 (pla2) are three major classes of toxic components present in the taiwan cobra, naja naja atra of the elapidae family. cardiotoxins (or called cytotoxins), a group of major polypeptides of around 60 amino-acid residues present abundantly in the elapid family of snakes, comprise about 45-55% of the crude venom of taiwan cobra. in contrast to another prominent group of structurally similar neurotoxins with well-established acetylcholine receptors and ... | 1995 | 7549929 |
| primary structure of a cytotoxin-like basic protein from naja naja naja (indian cobra) venom. | the complete amino acid sequence of a cytotoxin-like basic protein (clbp) from the venom of naja naja naja (indian cobra) was determined by manual degradation using a 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene-4'-isothiocyanate double-coupling method. peptide fragments obtained by chemical cleavage with cyanogen bromide and enzymic cleavages with trypsin and staphylococcus aureus proteases for sequence analysis were purified by reversed-phase chromatography. the total number of amino acid residues was 61, with l ... | 1995 | 7558599 |
| phospholipase a2 as a mechanosensor. | osmotic swelling of large unilamellar vesicles (luvs) causes membrane stretching and thus reduces the lateral packing of lipids. this is demonstrated to modulate strongly the catalytic activity of phospholipase a2 (pla2) toward a fluorescent phospholipid, 1-palmitoyl-2-[(6-pyren-1-yl)]decanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (ppdpc) residing in luvs composed of different unsaturated and saturated phosphatidylcholines. the magnitude of the osmotic pressure gradient delta omega required for maximal pl ... | 1995 | 7612831 |
| highly efficient immobilization of phospholipase a2 and its biomedical applications. | a new method for the immobilization of phospholipase a2 (pla2) has been developed to enhance the activity retention of immobilized pla2. when pla2 from the venom of agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus was pretreated with 4-nitro-3-octanoyl-oxybenzoic acid to acylate epsilon-amino groups of two lysines (lys-7 and lys-10) and the resulting acylated enzyme was covalently coupled onto carbonyldiimidazole-activated cross-linked agarose beads, the immobilized acylated enzyme showed high retention of act ... | 1995 | 7658163 |
| synthesis of nitrodiazirinyl derivatives of neurotoxin ii from naja naja oxiana and their interaction with the torpedo californica nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. | five singly modified nitrodiazirine derivatives of neurotoxin ii (nt-ii) from naja naja oxiana were obtained after nt-ii reaction with n-hydroxysuccinimide ester of (2-nitro-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-3h-diazirin-3yl]phenoxy)acet ic acid followed by chromatographic separation of the products. to localize the label positions, each derivative was first uv-irradiated and then subjected to reduction, carboxymethylation, and trypsinolysis. tryptic digests were separated by reversed phase-hplc, the labele ... | 1995 | 7662107 |
| beta-bungarotoxin blocks phorbol ester-stimulated phosphorylation of marcks, gap-43 and synapsin i in rat brain synaptosomes. | the phospholipase a2 neurotoxin, beta-bungarotoxin, presynaptically blocks acetylcholine release. its mechanism of action is unknown; however, our previous studies suggest that it inhibits phosphorylation of synaptosomal proteins, which might be expected to decrease neurotransmitter release. in our present study, we found that 1 nm beta-butx blocked phorbol ester-stimulated phosphorylation of gap-43, marcks and synapsin i without affecting their basal phosphorylation. in contrast, a 1 nm concent ... | 1995 | 7676466 |
| monoclonal antibody epitope mapping of plasmodium falciparum rhoptry proteins. | plasmodium falciparum rhoptry proteins of the 140/130/110-kda high molecular weight complex (hmwc) are secreted into the erythrocyte membrane during merozoite invasion. epitopes of membrane-associated hmwc proteins can be detected using rhoptry-specific antibodies by immunofluorescence assays. phospholipase treatment of ring-infected intact human erythrocytes, membrane ghosts, and inside-out vesicles results in the release of the hmwc as demonstrated by immunoblotting. we characterized the membr ... | 1993 | 7682186 |
| primary structure of hemoglobin from cobra naja naja naja. | cobra snake naja naja naja hemoglobin shows four bands on triton electrophoresis. we present the primary structure of one alpha and one beta chain. the separation of polypeptide chains was achieved by ion exchange chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose column. the amino acid sequence was established by automatic edman degradation of the native chains and tryptic and hydrolytic peptides in a gas-phase sequencer. the structural data are compared with those of human and other reptile hemoglobins ... | 1994 | 7710658 |
| effects of inorganic phosphorus compounds on the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine liposomes by phospholipid-deacylating enzymes. | structural requirements of inorganic phosphorus compounds as specific activators or inhibitors for phospholipase a2 and phospholipase b were investigated using orthophosphate, pyrophosphate and polyphosphate. it was observed that orthophosphate and pyrophosphate stimulated the activities of phospholipase a2 from bee venom, snake (naja naja) venom and pig pancreas, and also phospholipase b from the yeast torulaspora delbrueckii. however, polyphosphate was found to act as an inhibitor for phosphol ... | 1995 | 7710702 |
| expression of glutathione s-transferase-cardiotoxin fusion protein in escherichia coli. | we report here the construction of cardiotoxin v gene, from cobra snake venom (naja naja atra), by chemically synthesized oligonucleotides and its expression as a glutathione s-transferase-cardiotoxin fusion protein in the inclusion bodies of escherichia coli. the expression of cardiotoxin fusion protein in protein with a yield of about 35 mg/liter culture was confirmed by highly specific anti-peptide antibodies generated against the unique amino acid residues located at the tip of loop ii of ca ... | 1994 | 7725337 |
| a new class of photoactivatable and cleavable derivatives of neurotoxin ii from naja naja oxiana. synthesis, characterisation, and application for affinity labelling of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from torpedo californica. | a new series of photoactivatable and cleavable derivatives of neurotoxin ii from the cobra naja naja oxiana is investigated which can be used for mapping the surface topology of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from torpedo electric tissue. the preparation and characterisation of five toxin derivatives, each with a radioactive 125i-azidosalicylamidoethyl-1,3'-dithiopropyl group in a defined position within the primary structure, are described. the photoinduced cross-linking reaction of the t ... | 1995 | 7737199 |
| [fragments 183-198 and 125-145 of the alpha-subunits of the torpedo californica nicotinic acetylcholinergic receptor binds alpha-bungarotoxin and neurotoxin ii from naja naja oxiana]. | interaction of the mono[125i]iodinated alpha-bungarotoxin and neurotoxin ii naja naja oxiana with the synthetic peptides corresponding to the fragments of the alpha-subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from torpedo californica was studied. it was found that both toxins bind to the fragments alpha 186-198, alpha 183-198 and alpha 125-145 adsorbed to the 96-well p.e.t.g. assay plates (costar). acm-groups on cys residues did not prevent toxin binding by the peptides studied. determination of ... | 1995 | 7748208 |
| chemical modification and inactivation of phospholipases a2 by a manoalide analogue. | chemical modification and inactivation of bovine pancreatic, porcine pancreatic, naja naja atra and pseudechis australis phospholipases a2 (pla2s), belonging to group i, and of trimeresurus flavoviridis, vipera russelli russelli and agkistrodon halys blomhoffii pla2s, belonging to group ii, were investigated by the use of a manoalide (mld)-analogue, 1-(2,5-dihydro-hydroxy-5-oxo-3-furanyl)-8,12-dimethyl-4-formyl-3,7, 11-tridecatrienol. at appropriate time intervals, residual pla2 activities towar ... | 1995 | 7755577 |
| phospholipase a2 domain formation in hydrolyzed asymmetric phospholipid monolayers at the air/water interface. | phospholipase a2 (pla2) catalyzed hydrolysis of asymmetric 1-caproyl-2-palmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine (6,16-pc) and 1-palmitoyl-2-caproyl-phosphatidylcholine (16,6-pc) lipid monolayers at the air/water interface was investigated. surface pressure isotherms, surface potential and fluorescence microscopy at the air/water interface were used to characterize the asymmetric monolayer systems. cobra (n. naja naja) and bee venom pla2 exhibit hydrolytic activity towards 16,6-pc monolayers at all surface ... | 1995 | 7756350 |
| binding mode of phospholipase a2 with a new type of phospholipid analog having an oxazolidinone ring. | inhibition of phospholipases a2 (pla2s) by a new type of monodispersed phospholipid analog, 3-dodecanoyl-4-phosphatidylcholinohydroxymethyl-2-oxazolidinone (oxazolidinone-pc), was investigated by the ph stat assay method using monodispersed 1,2-dihexanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (dic6pc) as the substrate. the pla2s used were those from bovine pancreas and cobra (naja naja atra) venom (group i) and from japanese mamushi (agkistrodon halys blomhoffii) venom (group ii). this new-type substra ... | 1995 | 7775386 |
| the use of fluoresceinphosphatidylethanolamine (fpe) as a real-time probe for peptide-membrane interactions. | the characterization of fluoresceinphosphatidylethanolamine (fpe) as a real-time indicator of the electrostatic nature of a membrane surface is described. the conditions appropriate for the labelling of membranes and the implementation of fpe as a tool to monitor the interactions of various peptides with model membranes are outlined. it is shown that of the membrane-active peptides studied, naja naja kaouthia cardiotoxin and pyrularia thionin bind to certain model membranes without insertion. wh ... | 1995 | 7795709 |
| relationship between the binding sites for an alpha-conotoxin and snake venom neurotoxins in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from torpedo californica. | photoinduced cross-links between the iodinated lys26-p-azidobenzoyl derivative of neurotoxin ii from naja naja oxiana cobra venom and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from torpedo californica (achr) have been studied in the presence of alpha-conotoxin gi from the marine snail c. geographus. preincubation of the achr-enriched membranes with increasing concentrations of alpha-conotoxin gi protects first the gamma subunit from photolabelling and then the delta subunit, the ic50 values being 0.76 an ... | 1994 | 7801351 |
| chemical modification of lys-6 in taiwan cobra phospholipase a2 with 4-chloro-3,5-dinitrobenzoate. | phospholipase a2 (pla2) from naja naja atra snake venom was modified with 4-chloro-3,5-dinitrobenzoate, and one major carboxydinitrophenylated (cdnp) pla2 was separated by high performance liquid chromato-graphy. cdnp-pla2 contained only one cdnp group on lys-6 and showed a 93% drop in enzymatic activity. however, carboxydinitrophenylation did not significantly affect the secondary structure of the enzyme molecule as revealed by the cd spectra, and ca2+ binding and antigenicity of cdnp-pla2 were ... | 1994 | 7804147 |
| sequence comparison and computer modelling of cardiotoxins and cobrotoxin isolated from taiwan cobra. | six cardiotoxins and one neurotoxin isolated and purified from the taiwan cobra venom (naja naja atra) possess distinct pharmacological and biochemical properties despite the existence of a grossly similar tertiary structure among these toxins, i. e., a core consisting of a series of short loops and four disulfide bridges. a systematic structure comparison of these major toxin isoforms was made by the secondary-structure predictions together with computer model-building based on the primary sequ ... | 1995 | 7818523 |
| [ansa analysis. vi. activation, inhibition and interaction of proteases in enzyme mixtures]. | a new accurate method (ansa-analysis) is used for studying the interactions of proteases with their inhibitors or other proteases. the method is based on the cleavage by proteases of mixtures of competing chromogenic substrates containing aminonaphthalenesulfonamide (ansa) detectable groups. each substrate contained a specifically substituted ansa group which showed its specific retention time during chromatographic separation. for the analysis of blood coagulation, mixtures of blood-clotting fa ... | 1994 | 7819398 |
| [structure of peptide fragments of the complex (lys(abz)26) neurotoxin ii from naja naja oxiana cross-linked with the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from torpedo californica]. | after irradiating the acetylcholine receptor complex with the title neurotoxin derivative, the labeled delta-subunit was separated by preparative sds-page, reduced-carboxymethylated and cleaved with lysc endoproteinase. one of the radioactive peptides isolated by hplc was further purified by electrophoresis in a tricin gel. edman degradation of the radioactive fractions yielded the sequence of the delta-subunit fragment starting from phe148. the aspn-cleavage of the radioactive peptide from the ... | 1994 | 7826405 |
| the three-dimensional nmr solution structure of alpha-cobratoxin at ph 7.5 and conformational differences with the nmr solution structure at ph 3.2. | the 3d solution structure of alpha-cobratoxin, a neurotoxin purified from the naja naja siamensis snake venom, has been determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, in conjunction with distance geometry and restrained molecular dynamics, at ph 7.5. a total of 490 distance restraints were obtained from noe intensities and 25 phi dihedral angle restraints deduced from j-coupling data. the generated structures are well defined with root mean square deviations from a geometrical mean struc ... | 1994 | 7848557 |
| [the characteristics of the binding of m-cholinergic blockers and beta-adrenoblockers by the brain synaptosomes of 15-day-old and adult rats]. | significant difference in values of basic parameters, bmax and kd which characterize binding of 3h-quinuclidynylbenzylate and 3h-dihydroalprenolol, specific blockers of m-cholino- and beta-adrenoreceptors, has been established for brain synaptosomes from 15-day and adult rats. it was shown that phospholipase a2 (1 microgram/ml), a membrane active component from the venom of the cobra naja naja oxiana, reduced bmax and kd for binding 3h-quinuclidynylbenzylate and 3h-dihydroalprenolol by synaptoso ... | 1994 | 7863744 |
| identification of 'molten globule'-like state in all beta-sheet protein. | the cardiotoxin analogue iii (ctx iii), isolated from the taiwan cobra venom (naja naja atra), is a sixty amino acid, all beta-sheet protein. the 2,2,2-trifluoro ethanol (tfe) induced unfolding of ctx iii is studied under acidic conditions (ph 2.5). using circular dichroism, 1-anilino-8-napthalene sulphonic acid binding and nmr experiments, it is shown that stable, partially structured state(s) ['molten globule'-like state] is formed between 50 and 80% tfe concentrations. the protein was found t ... | 1995 | 7864840 |
| protective effect of cobra venom factor on pulmonary injury induced by oleic acid. | the protective effect of cobra venom factor (cvf), separated from the venom of naja naja atra, on pulmonary injury induced by oleic acid was reported. the blood gas tensions, tidal volume, transthoracic pressure and pulmonary arterial pressure in anaesthetized dogs were continually monitored. the experimental results showed that cvf, given 20 h before the dosage depleting complements exceed 95%, significantly attenuated oleic acid-induced pulmonary dysfunction, including hypoxemia, increasing ve ... | 1994 | 7868302 |
| role of ca2+ in the binding of phospholipase a2 with a monomeric substrate and with its amide-type analog. | effects of ca2+ on the kinetic parameters for the hydrolysis of monodispersed 1,2-dihexanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (dic6pc), catalyzed by group i phospholipases a2 (pla2s) from pseudechis australis, naja naja atra, and bovine pancreas and by group ii enzymes from vipera russelli russelli, agkistrodon halys blomhoffii, and trimeresurus flavoviridis, were studied by the ph-stat assay method at 25 degrees c, ph 7.5-8.2, and an ionic strength of 0.1 or 0.2 in the absence or presence of an a ... | 1994 | 7883763 |
| the amino acid sequences of two postsynaptic neurotoxins isolated from malayan cobra (naja naja sputatrix) venom. | the complete amino acid sequences of two postsynaptic neurotoxins (toxin-3 and toxin-5) isolated from malayan cobra (naja naja sputatrix) venom were determined by direct automated edman degradation of peptides obtained from digests with various proteases. toxin-3 and toxin-5 are both short-chain neurotoxins and their amino acid sequences are highly homologous to naja naja atra and naja naja philippinensis neurotoxin, respectively. toxin-3 is unique in possessing aspartic acid (d) as the fifth re ... | 1994 | 7886703 |
| exposure of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol in plasma membranes from rat brain synaptosomes treated with phospholipase a2 toxins (beta-bungarotoxin, notexin) and enzymes (naja nigricollis, naja naja atra). | phospholipase a2 (pla2) toxins act presynaptically to block acetylcholine release and are much more potent and specific in their actions than pla2 enzymes even though they have lower enzymatic activity. since their mechanism of action is not completely understood, it was of interest to examine the toxins' effects on phospholipid asymmetry as changes in asymmetry are associated with changes in membrane functioning. rat brain synaptosomes were treated with the pla2 toxins beta-bungarotoxin (beta-b ... | 1994 | 7940575 |
| characterization of monoclonal antibodies against naja naja oxiana neurotoxin i. | seven monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were developed against neurotoxin i (nt-1), a protein from central asian cobra (naja naja oxiana) venom which binds specifically to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (achr). all of the mabs cross-reacted with another long-chain post-synaptic neurotoxin, bungarus multicinctus alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-bt), but not naja naja kaouthia alpha-cobratoxin, in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (e.l.i.s.a.). short-chain post-synaptic neurotoxins like naja naja atra co ... | 1994 | 7945236 |
| a study on the functional subunits of phospholipases a2 by enzyme immobilization. | pancreatic and venom phospholipases a2 have complex and distinct oligomerization behaviour. pancreatic enzymes are monomeric in solution, but their quaternary structure at interfaces is unknown. on the other hand, certain crotalid venom phospholipases a2 are dimeric in solution, and different reports have proposed either the monomer or the dimer as the catalytically functional subunit. in this study, enzyme immobilization was used as a tool for determining the functional subunits of these enzyme ... | 1994 | 7980413 |
| the two subunits of a phospholipase a2 inhibitor from the plasma of thailand cobra having structural similarity to urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor and ly-6 related proteins. | amino acid sequences of the two subunits (31-kda and 25-kda subunits) of a phospholipase a2 (pla2) inhibitory protein, purified from the blood plasma of thailand cobra naja naja kaouthia, were determined by alignment of peptides obtained by lysyl endopeptidase, staphylococcal v8 protease and endoproteinase asp-n digestions. the respective subunits were composed of 188 and 185 amino acid residues, and the former contained one asparagine-linked sugar chain at the position 157. there was 29% identi ... | 1994 | 7980598 |
| effects of direct lytic factors from southern chinese cobra venom on ca2+ movement in rabbit aorta strip. | the purified direct lytic factors (dlf) from southern chinese cobra (naja naja atra) venom induced a contractile response in ca(2+)-free krebs' solution and a further increase in the tension following a subsequent addition of ca2+ into bath. after depletion of intracellular ca2+ pool by phenylephrine, dlf failed to induce any contractile response. in 45ca2+ experiments, dlf increased both 45ca2+ release and 45ca2+ influx. procaine 2 mmol.l-1 decreased the dlf induced 45ca2+ release and 45ca2+ in ... | 1993 | 8010046 |
| [distribution of 131i-cytotoxin 14 from naja naja atra venom in rats]. | cytotoxin 14 (ct14) from naja naja atra venom was labelled with 131i by chloramine-t method and its tissue distribution was studied in rats. the highest concentration of the cytotoxin was found in kidney, 5979 dpm per mg weight, 14 times more than that of the control animals, at 0.5 h after i.v. injection and high concentrations were found in liver, spleen, pancreas, and adrenal. ct14 was also found in brain at 2 h after injection, 50 dpm per mg weight, 3 times more than that of the control. | 1994 | 8010097 |
| screening of snake venoms for neurotoxic and myotoxic effects using simple in vitro preparations from rodents and chicks. | eight snake venoms designated by the who as international reference venoms, and one additional venom were assessed for neurotoxic and myotoxic effects in vitro using the chick biventer cervicis and the rat and mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations. the objective was to determine whether any of the preparations could be used to detect evidence of neurotoxic or myotoxic activity prior to a more detailed examination. bungarus multicinctus venom at concentrations above 1 microgram ml-1 selectiv ... | 1994 | 8016848 |
| the use of the chick biventer cervicis preparation to assess the protective activity of six international reference antivenoms on the neuromuscular effects of snake venoms in vitro. | the protective activity of some antivenoms on the neuromuscular activity in vitro of six snake venoms was established in order to test the feasibility of using a simple isolated nerve-muscle preparation to compare different antivenoms. six venoms designated as international reference venoms by the world health organization (who) were used: echis carinatus (iran), echis carinatus (mali), naja naja kaouthia, notechis scutatus, trimeresurus flavoviridis, and vipera russelli (thailand). the chick bi ... | 1994 | 8016849 |
| zinc and barium inhibit the phospholipase a2 from naja naja atra by different mechanisms. | the mode of inhibition of the phospholipase a2 (pla2) enzyme from the chinese cobra (naja naja atra) by zn2+ is qualitatively different from inhibition by ba2+. inhibition by ba2+ shows the kinetic characteristics of a conventional competitive inhibitor acting to displace ca2+ from a single essential site, but zn2+ has the paradoxical property of being more inhibitory at high than at low ca2+ concentration. kinetic analysis of the ca(2+)-dependence of enzymic activity shows a bimodal response, i ... | 1994 | 8042995 |
| structure of cobra cardiotoxin ctx i as derived from nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and distance geometry calculations. | the structure of cardiotoxin ctx i from naja naja atra has been investigated by nmr spectroscopy. sequence specific resonance assignments have been obtained for all backbone protons as well as for most side-chain protons. distance geometry calculations were carried out using a metric matrix dg program. a total of 715 noe constraints, 27 phi angle constraints and a list of the hydrogen bond donors were used for the metric matrix dg calculations and refinement. the average pairwise r.m.s.d. of the ... | 1994 | 8046750 |