Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted ascending) Filter |
|---|
| anti-inflammatory effects of neurotoxin-nna, a peptide separated from the venom of naja naja atra. | neurotoxin-nna (nt), an analgesic peptide separated from the venom of naja naja atra, has reported to have an exceptional specificity to block transmission of the nerve impulse by binding to the α- subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in the membrane. however, little information is available on the anti-inflammatory effects of nt. therefore, the anti-inflammatory activity of neurotoxin-nna was investigated in this study. | 2013 | 23587180 |
| antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of orally administrated denatured naja naja atra venom on murine rheumatoid arthritis models. | to investigate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the denatured naja naja atra venom (nnav) in rheumatoid arthritis-associated models, the denatured nnav (heat treated; 30, 90, 270 μ g/kg), the native nnav (untreated with heat; 90 μ g/kg), and tripterygium wilfordii polyglycoside (twp, 15 mg/kg) were administrated orally either prophylactically or therapeutically. we measured time of licking the affected paw in formaldehyde-induced inflammatory model, paw volume in egg-whi ... | 2013 | 23634171 |
| effect of naja naja laurenti shed skin extract on estrous cycle, hormone - cytokine profiles, histopathology of ovary and uterus of swiss albino mice. | the snake shed skin though considered as biological waste products have been mentioned in folk and traditional medicine for treatment of ailments like skin disorders, parturition problems etc. shedded skin extract (5 mg.kg-1, sc) did not produce any change in the estrous cycle of normal cycling female mice. however in 10 mg.kg-1, sc dose, the extract caused a temporary cessation of the estrous cycle at diestrous phase in normal cycling female mice for 10 days. ssae (10 mg.kg-1, sc) caused a sign ... | 2013 | 23678544 |
| cardiotoxin iii inhibits proliferation and migration of oral cancer cells through mapk and mmp signaling. | cardiotoxin iii (ctxiii), isolated from the snake venom of formosan cobra naja naja atra, has previously been found to induce apoptosis in many types of cancer. early metastasis is typical for the progression of oral cancer. to modulate the cell migration behavior of oral cancer is one of the oral cancer therapies. in this study, the possible modulating effect of ctxiii on oral cancer migration is addressed. in the example of oral squamous carcinoma ca9-22 cells, the cell viability was decreased ... | 2013 | 23710144 |
| venom proteomic characterization and relative antivenom neutralization of two medically important pakistani elapid snakes (bungarus sindanus and naja naja). | intra- and interspecific variation in venom composition has been shown to have a major effect upon the efficacy of antivenoms. due to the absence of domestically produced antivenoms, pakistan is wholly reliant upon antivenoms produced in other countries, such as india. however, the efficacy of these antivenoms in neutralising the venoms of pakistani snakes has not been ascertained. this is symptomatic of the general state of toxicological research in this country, which has a myriad of highly to ... | 2013 | 23714137 |
| unfolding stabilities of two paralogous proteins from naja naja naja (indian cobra) as probed by molecular dynamics simulations. | structurally similar but functionally different two paralogous proteins, ctx1 (a cardiotoxin) and lntx2 (an alpha-neurotoxin), from venom of naja naja naja have been homology modeled and subjected to molecular dynamics (md) simulations at four different temperatures (298 k, 310 k, 373 k & 473 k) under close quarters of physiological conditions. each md simulation was performed for 25 ns and trajectory structures stored at every 25 ps were used to probe various structural events occurring in the ... | 2013 | 23791667 |
| antivenom activity of triterpenoid (c34h68o2) from leucas aspera linn. against naja naja naja venom induced toxicity: antioxidant and histological study in mice. | the isolated and identified triterpenoid, 1-hydroxytetratriacontane-4-one (c34h68o2), obtained from the methanolic leaf extract of leucas aspera linn. was explored for the first time for antisnake venom activity. the plant (l. aspera linn.) extract significantly antagonized the spectacled cobra (naja naja naja) venom induced lethal activity in a mouse model. it was compared with commercial antiserum obtained from king institute of preventive medicine (chennai, tamil nadu, india). n. naja naja ve ... | 2014 | 23857030 |
| nmr solution structure of a chymotrypsin inhibitor from the taiwan cobra naja naja atra. | the taiwan cobra (naja naja atra) chymotrypsin inhibitor (naci) consists of 57 amino acids and is related to other kunitz-type inhibitors such as bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (bpti) and bungarus fasciatus fraction ix (bf9), another chymotrypsin inhibitor. here we present the solution structure of naci. we determined the nmr structure of naci with a root-mean-square deviation of 0.37 å for the backbone atoms and 0.73 å for the heavy atoms on the basis of 1,075 upper distance limits derived ... | 2013 | 23896616 |
| crystal structure of a novel phospholipase a2 from crude venom of indian cobra sub-species naja naja sagittifera at 1.48 angstoms resolution. | secretory phospholipase a2s (pla2s), the structurally-homologous enzymes share a common qualitative catalytic site, but differ greatly in their pharmacological properties and toxicities. there has been a recognizable pattern of mutations in the primary sequence of pla2s that alter their catalytic properties significantly. in the present study, the amino acid sequence and the three-dimensional structure of a new isoform of pla2 from crude venom of indian cobra sub-species naja naja sagittifera (n ... | 2005 | 23923535 |
| inhibition of src activation with cardiotoxin iii blocks migration and invasion of mda-mb-231 cells. | cardiotoxin iii (ctx iii), a basic polypeptide isolated from naja naja atra venom, has been demonstrated to display anticancer activity. breast cancer is a highly malignant carcinoma and most deaths of breast cancer are caused by metastasis. in this study, we show that ctx iii blocks migration and invasion of mda-mb-231 breast cancer cells without affecting apoptosis or cell cycle arrest. ctx iii caused significant block of src kinase activity in mda-mb-231 cells. moreover, ctx iii treatment was ... | 2013 | 23933586 |
| the protective effects of cobra venom from naja naja atra on acute and chronic nephropathy. | this study investigated the effects of naja naja atra venom (nnav) on acute and chronic nephropathy in rats. rats received 6 mg/kg adriamycin (adr) once to evoke the chronic nephropathy or 8 ml/kg 50% v/v glycerol to produce acute renal failure (arf). the nnav was given orally once a day starting five days prior to adr or glycerol injection and continued to the end of experiments. the animals were placed in metabolic cages for 24 h for urine collection for urinary protein determination. the kidn ... | 2013 | 23983784 |
| cross-reactivity against naja sumatrana (black spitting cobra) envenoming from the haffkine antivenom in a mouse model. | naja sumatrana is the dominant cobra species in malaysia, singapore, borneo, and sumatra, and it does not have specific antivenom. the haffkine antivenom has been advocated instead. this study aims to determine the efficacy of this antivenom against naja sumatrana envenoming using a mouse model. methods. male swiss albino mice were used. intravenous ld50 was first determined separately for naja naja and naja sumatrana venom. ed50 was determined by preincubating antivenom with each venom at 2.5 l ... | 2013 | 23997967 |
| scanning electron microscope study of a snake tick, amblyomma gervaisi (acari: ixodidae). | the scanning electron microscope (sem) studies on both male and female tick, amblyomma gervaisi (lucas 1847) inhabiting the snake naja naja were made. detail of the surface structures as seen under sem exhibit sexual dimorphism and were compared with other tick species as reported. sem observations show characteristic alloscutal ornamentation, inornate festoons, triangular licking organ, size of the hypostome, round haller's organ, genital plate oval in male and slit-like in female, and prominen ... | 2012 | 24082536 |
| brain pharmacokinetics of neurotoxin-loaded pla nanoparticles modified with chitosan after intranasal administration in awake rats. | neurotoxin (nt), an analgesic peptide which was separated from the venom of naja naja atra, is endowed an exceptional specificity of action that blocks transmission of the nerve impulse by binding to the acetylcholine receptor in the membrane. however, it has limited permeability across the blood-brain barrier (bbb). | 2013 | 24087853 |
| [cytotoxicity of naja naja actra venom component combined with activated immune cells on leukemia cell line kg1a]. | this study was aimed to investigate the cytotoxic effect of the naja naja actra venom component (nnavc) combined with activated immune cells on human acute myeloblastic leukemia line kg1a cells. the cytotoxic effects of nnavc at different concentrations on kg1a cells were measured by cck-8 method. ldh releasing assay was used to detect the cytotoxic effects of activated immune cells, nnavc combined with activated immune cells on kg1a cells and the sensitivity of kg1a treated with nnavc to activa ... | 2013 | 24156420 |
| neutralization of cobra venom by cocktail antiserum against venom proteins of cobra (naja naja naja). | naja naja venom was characterized by its immunochemical properties and electrophoretic pattern which revealed eight protein bands (14 kda, 24 kda, 29 kda, 45 kda, 48 kda, 65 kda, 72 kda and 99 kda) by sds-page in reducing condition after staining with coomassie brilliant blue. the results showed that naja venom presented high lethal activity. whole venom antiserum or individual venom protein antiserum (14 kda, 29 kda, 65 kda, 72 kda and 99 kda) of venom could recognize n. naja venom by western b ... | 2014 | 24176716 |
| anti-platelet activity of a three-finger toxin (3ftx) from indian monocled cobra (naja kaouthia) venom. | a low molecular weight anti-platelet peptide (6.9 kda) has been purified from naja kaouthia venom and was named kt-6.9. maldi-tof/tof mass spectrometry analysis revealed the homology of kt-6.9 peptide sequence with many three finger toxin family members. kt-6.9 inhibited human platelet aggregation process in a dose dependent manner. it has inhibited adp, thrombin and arachidonic acid induced platelet aggregation process in dose dependent manner, but did not inhibit collagen and ristocetin induce ... | 2013 | 24183721 |
| detection and neutralization of cobra venom using rabbit antiserum in experimental envenomated mice. | a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed to detect the venom of indian cobra (naja naja naja) in various tissues (brain, heart, lungs, liver, spleen, blood, kidneys, and tissue at the site of injection) of mice after cobra venom injected at different time intervals (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 h intervals up to 24 h). whole venom antiserum or individual venom protein antiserum (14, 29, 65, 72, and 99 kda) could recognize n. n. naja venom by western blotting and elisa, and ant ... | 2014 | 24299908 |
| sarcocystis nesbitti infection in human skeletal muscle: possible transmission from snakes. | sarcocystis nesbitti is an intracellular protozoan parasite found as sarcocysts within muscle fibers of intermediate hosts (monkey and baboon). the definitive host is suspected to be the snake. we report two cases from a larger cohort of 89 patients who had fever, headache, and generalized myalgia after a trip to pangkor island, malaysia. sarcocysts were detected in skeletal muscle biopsy specimens by light and electron microscopy from these two patients. dna sequencing based on the 18s ribosoma ... | 2014 | 24420776 |
| structure of n-terminal sequence asp-ala-glu-phe-arg-his-asp-ser of aβ-peptide with phospholipase a2 from venom of andaman cobra sub-species naja naja sagittifera at 2.0 å resolution. | alzheimer's disease (ad) is one of the most significant social and health burdens of the present century. plaques formed by extracellular deposits of amyloid β (aβ) are the prime player of ad's neuropathology. studies have implicated the varied role of phospholipase a2 (pla2) in brain where it contributes to neuronal growth and inflammatory response. overall contour and chemical nature of the substrate-binding channel in the low molecular weight pla2s are similar. this study involves the reducti ... | 2014 | 24619194 |
| black cobra (naja naja karachiensis) lysates exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities. | it is hypothesized that animals living in polluted environments possess antimicrobials to counter pathogenic microbes. the fact that snakes feed on germ-infested rodents suggests that they encounter pathogenic microbes and likely possess antimicrobials. the venom is used only to paralyze the rodent, but the ability of snakes to counter potential infections in the gut due to disease-ridden rodents requires robust action of the immune system against a broad range of pathogens. to test this hypothe ... | 2014 | 24625321 |
| study on camel igg purification: a new approach to prepare naja naja oxiana antivenom as passive immunization for therapy. | a combined process of ammonium sulfate precipitation (salting out) and ion-exchange chromatography on deae-sepharose cl-6b was used to prepare camel antivenom (igg) against naja naja oxiana for therapy. in the ammonium sulfate precipitation, the best condition for fractionation of igg from the other proteins in camel serum was 55% precipitate. the camel igg presented as 2 bands with molecular masses of 250 and 100 kda, the latter corresponding to heavy chain igg, on 10% gel electrophoresis. a tr ... | 2014 | 24642472 |
| in silico molecular interaction analysis of ltnf peptide-lt10 with snake venom enzymes. | lethal toxin neutralizing factor (ltnf) isolated from opossum (didephis virginiana) has been shown to exhibit anti-venom and anti-allergic property. the small synthetic peptide- lt10 derived from n-terminal of ltnf also showed this property in vivo. we applied molecular modeling, docking and molecular dynamic (md) simulation techniques to compute the interaction of lt10 peptide with few snake venom enzymes, namely pla2 from naja naja and atrolysin -c from crotalus atrox. our in silico interactio ... | 2014 | 24654849 |
| identification of novel inhibitors of daboia russelli phospholipase a2 using the combined pharmacophore modeling approach. | crystal structures available for daboia russelli venom pla(2) confirm that it undergoes dimerization with asymmetry and hence difference in the conformation of active site of the two subunits. the active site of subunit a is open and that of subunit b is closed. pharmacophore models were generated based on the interaction of different types of inhibitors with their preferred subsites in the active site of subunit a. particularly, the features responsible for recognizing subsites 1-3 and those of ... | 2014 | 24703201 |
| hematology and plasma biochemistry of wild-caught indian cobra naja naja (linnaeus, 1758). | hematology and plasma biochemistry parameters are useful in the assessment and management of snake physiological status. although reference ranges are readily available for many snake species, they are lacking for most venomous ophidians. we determined hematology and plasma biochemistry reference ranges for the wild-caught indian cobra, naja naja. | 2014 | 24735569 |
| indian common krait envenomation presenting as coma and hypertension: a case report and literature review. | neuroparalytic snake bite is a common emergency situation encountered in india. common krait (bungarus caeruleus) and cobra (naja naja) are important snakes causing neuroparalysis in north india. despite severe neuroparalysis, patients who receive antivenin and ventilator support in time recover completely. autonomic disturbances resulting in resting tachycardia, labile hypertension and sweating have been described in common krait envenomation. we present a case of common krait (b. caeruleus) en ... | 2014 | 24812460 |
| ameliorating adriamycin-induced chronic kidney disease in rats by orally administrated cardiotoxin from naja naja atra venom. | previous studies reported the oral administration of naja naja atra venom (nnav) reduced adriamycin-induced chronic kidney damage. this study investigated the effects of intragastric administrated cardiotoxin from naja naja atra venom on chronic kidney disease in rats. wistar rats were injected with adriamycin (adr; 6 mg/kg body weight) via the tail vein to induce chronic kidney disease. the cardiotoxin was administrated daily by intragastric injection at doses of 45, 90, and 180 μ g/kg body we ... | 2014 | 24876873 |
| naja naja karachiensis envenomation: biochemical parameters for cardiac, liver, and renal damage along with their neutralization by medicinal plants. | naja naja karachiensis envenomation was found to hit more drastically heart, liver, and kidneys. 400 μg/kg of venom-raised moderate serum levels of alt (72 ± 4.70 u/l, 0.1 > p > 0.05), ast (157 ± 24.24 u/l, 0.1 > p > 0.05), urea (42 ± 3.08 mg/dl, 0.05 > p > 0.02), creatinine (1.74 ± 0.03 mg/dl, 0.01 > p > 0.001), ck-mb (21 ± 1.5 u/l, 0.05 > p > 0.02), and ldh (2064 ± 15.98 u/l, p < 0.001) were injected in experimental rabbits. however, lethality was enhanced with 800 μg/kg of venom in terms of s ... | 2014 | 24877153 |
| first molecular characterization of enteric protozoa and the human pathogenic microsporidian, enterocytozoon bieneusi, in captive snakes in china. | enteric protozoa are frequently found in snakes. nevertheless, few studies regarding genetic characterization of these parasites have been carried out. we describe here the first molecular survey of protozoan pathogens from snakes in china and the first report on enterocytozoon bieneusi genotyping in snakes in the world. here, 240 fecal specimens were collected from two species of captive snakes, naja naja (indian cobra) and ptyas mucosus (oriental rat snake), in guangxi province, china, and exa ... | 2014 | 24906991 |
| early treatment with intranasal neostigmine reduces mortality in a mouse model of naja naja (indian cobra) envenomation. | objective. most snakebite deaths occur prior to hospital arrival; yet inexpensive, effective, and easy to administer out-of-hospital treatments do not exist. acetylcholinesterase inhibitors can be therapeutic in neurotoxic envenomations when administered intravenously, but nasally delivered drugs could facilitate prehospital therapy for these patients. we tested the feasibility of this idea in experimentally envenomed mice. methods. mice received intraperitoneal injections of naja naja venom 2.5 ... | 2014 | 24955095 |
| cardiotoxin iii suppresses hepatocyte growth factor-stimulated migration and invasion of mda-mb-231 cells. | the hepatocyte growth factor (hgf)/c-met signalling pathway is deregulated in most cancers and associated with a poor prognosis in breast cancer. cardiotoxin iii (ctx iii), a basic polypeptide isolated from naja naja atra venom, has been shown to exhibit anticancer activity. in this study, we use hgf as an invasive inducer to investigate the effect of ctx iii on mda-mb-231 cells. when cells were treated with non-toxic doses of ctx iii, ctx iii inhibited the hgf-promoted cell migration and invasi ... | 2014 | 24964901 |
| a comparative in silico characterization of functional and physicochemical properties of 3ftx (three finger toxin) proteins from four venomous snakes. | snake venom is an abundant resource of diverse pharmacologically bioactive proteins and peptides and a good natural source of drug lead compounds and used as important research tools in the field of toxicology, pharmacology and neuroscience. three finger toxins (3ftx) is an important super-family of snake venom proteins which has a conserved three finger like appearance in three dimensional structures. members of 3ftx family show a wide array of pharmacological effects by targeting different rec ... | 2014 | 24966535 |
| culturable aerobic and facultative anaerobic intestinal bacterial flora of black cobra (naja naja karachiensis) in southern pakistan. | using morphological analysis and biochemical testing, here for the first time, we determined the culturable gut bacterial flora (aerobes and facultative anaerobes) in the venomous black cobra (naja naja karachiensis) from south asia. the findings revealed that these snakes inhabit potentially pathogenic bacteria including serratia marcescens, pseudomonas aeruginosa, shewanella putrefaciens, aeromonas hydrophila, salmonella sp., moraxella sp., bacillus sp., ochrobactrum anthropi, and providencia ... | 2014 | 25002979 |
| differential effects of naja naja atra venom on immune activity. | previous studies reported that naja naja atra venom (nnav) inhibited inflammation and adjuvant arthritis. here we investigated the role of nnav in regulation of immune responses in mice. oral administration of nnav to normal mice showed significant increase in natural killer cell activity, b lymphocyte proliferation stimulated by lipopolysaccharides, and antibody production in response to sheep red blood cells. meanwhile, nnav markedly decreased t lymphocyte proliferation stimulated by concanava ... | 2014 | 25024726 |
| anti arthritic and anti inflammatory activity of a cytotoxic protein nn-32 from indian spectacle cobra (naja naja) venom in male albino rats. | the anti arthritic and anti inflammatory activity of nn-32, a cytotoxic protein from indian spectacle cobra snake (naja naja) venom has been studied in freund's complete adjuvant (fca) induced arthritis and carrageenan induced anti inflammatory model. nn-32 treatment showed significant decrease in physical and urinary parameters, serum enzymes, serum cytokines levels as compared to arthritic control group of rats. nn-32 treatment recovered carrageenan induced inflammation as compared to control ... | 2014 | 25026566 |
| pid15, a novel 6 kda secreted peptide, mediates naja naja venom phospholipase a₂ induced apoptosis in isolated human peripheral lymphocytes. | snake venoms are a complex mixture of active principles mainly peptides and proteins also including amino acids, nucleotides, free lipids, carbohydrates and metallic elements bound to proteins that interfere in several biological systems. in this study, we aimed to understand the mode of action of the apoptosis inducing ability of naja naja venom phospholipase a2 (nv-pla2) using isolated human peripheral lymphocytes. | 2014 | 25030355 |
| vanillin analog--vanillyl mandelic acid, a novel specific inhibitor of snake venom 5'-nucleotidase. | snake venom 5'-nucleotidase (5'nuc) plays a very important role in envenomation strategies; however, apart from its modulation of hemostatic functions, its other pharmacological effects are not yet well characterized. several studies have used specific inhibitors of enzyme toxins as a biochemical or pharmacological tool to characterize or establish its mechanism of action. we report here for the first time vanillin mandelic acid (vma), an analog of vanillin, to potentially, selectively, and spec ... | 2014 | 25042467 |
| a study of snake bite among children presenting to a paediatric ward in the main teaching hospital of north central province of sri lanka. | snake bite is a common problem in the north central province of sri lanka. common krait (bungarus careuleus), ceylon krait (bungarus ceylonicus), cobra (naja naja), russell's viper (daboia russelii), saw-scaled viper (echis carinatus) and hump-nosed pit viper (hypnale hypnale) are the six species of venomous land snakes in sri lanka. a significant number of adults and children are bitten by snakes every year. however, the majority of research studies done in sri lanka and other countries show ad ... | 2014 | 25073710 |
| naja naja atra venom protects against manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus in mrl/lpr mice. | systemic lupus erythematosus (sle) is an autoimmune disease and effective therapy for this pathology is currently unavailable. we previously reported that oral administration of naja naja atra venom (nnav) had anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory actions. we speculated that nnav may have therapeutic effects in mrl/lpr sle mice. twelve-week-old mrl/lpr mice received oral administration of nnav (20, 40, and 80 μg/kg) or tripterygium wilfordii polyglycosidium (10 mg/kg) daily for 16 weeks. the e ... | 2014 | 25093033 |
| nano gold conjugation, anti-arthritic potential and toxicity studies of snake naja kaouthia (lesson, 1831) venom protein toxin nkct1 in male albino rats and mice. | nanoscience and nanotechnology have found their way in the fields of pharmacology and medicine. the conjugation of drug to nanoparticles combines the properties of both. in this study, gold nanoparticle (gnp) was conjugated with nkct1, a cytotoxic protein toxin from indian cobra venom for evaluation of anti-arthritic activity and toxicity in experimental animal models. gnp conjugated nkct1 (gnp-nkct1) synthesized by nabh4 reduction method was stable at room temperature (25 +/- 2 degrees c), ph 7 ... | 2014 | 25141538 |
| ten years of snakebites in iran. | many species of venomous snakes are found in iran. the most medically important species which are responsible for the most snakebite incidents in iran belong to the viperidae family, including vipera lebetina, echis carinatus, pseudocerastes persicus, vipera albicornuta and the elapidae family, especially naja naja oxiana. at least one kind of venomous snake is found in each of the 31 provinces, and many provinces have more than one venomous species. as a result, snakebite is a considerable heal ... | 2014 | 25193748 |
| protein interactions between the c-terminus of aβ-peptide and phospholipase a2--a structure biology based approach to identify novel alzheimer's therapeutics. | amyloid β (aβ) polypeptide plays a key role in determining the state of protein aggregation in alzheimer's disease. the hydrophobic c-terminal part of the aβ peptide is critical in triggering the transformation from α-helical to β- sheet structure. we hypothesized that phospholipase a2 (pla2) may inhibit the aggregation of aβ peptide by interacting with the peptide and keeping the two peptide chains apart. in order to examine the nature of interactions between pla2 and aβ peptide, we prepared an ... | 2014 | 25230229 |
| phospholipases a2: enzymatic assay for snake venom (naja naja karachiensis) with their neutralization by medicinal plants of pakistan. | phospholipases a2 (pla2) are the most lethal and noxious component of naja naja karachiensis venom. they are engaged to induce severe toxicities after their penetration in victims. present study was designed to highlight hydrolytic actions of pla. in an egg yolk mixture and to encounter their deleterious effects via medicinal plants of pakistan. pla2 were found to produce free fatty acids in a dose dependent manner. venom at concentration of 0.1 mg was found to liberate 26.6 pmoles of fatty acid ... | 2014 | 25272888 |
| nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α7 subunit is involved in the cobratoxin-induced antinociception in an animal model of neuropathic pain. | in this study we report that cobratoxin (cbtx), a long-chain postsynaptic α-neurotoxin isolated from the thailand cobra, naja naja kaouthia, has antinociceptive effect in rats with neuropathic pain. the neuropathic pain model was established in rats with partial sciatic nerve ligature (psnl) method. the pain response was examined behaviorally with mechanical paw withdrawal and thermal paw withdrawal method. different doses (0.56, 1.12 and 4.50 μg/kg) of cbtx were injected intrathecally. injectio ... | 2015 | 25447771 |
| modulated mechanism of phosphatidylserine on the catalytic activity of naja naja atra phospholipase a2 and notechis scutatus scutatus notexin. | phosphatidylserine (ps) externalization is a hallmark for apoptotic death of cells. previous studies showed that naja naja atra phospholipase a2 (nnapla2) and notechis scutatus scutatus notexin induced apoptosis of human cancer cells. however, nnapla2 and notexin did not markedly disrupt the integrity of cellular membrane as evidenced by membrane permeability of propidium iodide. these findings reflected that the ability of nnapla2 and notexin to hydrolyze membrane phospholipids may be affected ... | 2014 | 25449100 |
| naja naja atra venom ameliorates pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting inflammatory response and oxidative stress. | naja naja atra venom (nnav) displays diverse pharmacological actions including analgesia, anti-inflammation and immune regulation.in this study, we investigated the effects of nnav on pulmonary fibrosis and its mechanisms of action. | 2014 | 25465226 |
| anticoagulant mechanism and platelet deaggregation property of a non-cytotoxic, acidic phospholipase a2 purified from indian cobra (naja naja) venom: inhibition of anticoagulant activity by low molecular weight heparin. | in the present study, anticoagulant and platelet modulating activities of an acidic phospholipase a2 (nnpla2-i) purified from indian cobra naja naja venom was investigated. the nnpla2-i displayed a mass of 15.2 kda and 14,186.0 da when analyzed by sds-page and maldi-tof-ms, respectively. peptide mass fingerprinting analysis of the nnpla2-i showed its significant similarity with phospholipase a2 enzymes purified from cobra venom. blast analysis of one tryptic peptide sequence of nnpla2-i demonstr ... | 2015 | 25576831 |
| protective effect of euphorbia hirta and its components against snake venom induced lethality. | despite the use of snake anti-venom therapy, herbal medicine is still in practice to treat snakebites. euphorbia hirta is traditionally used as antidote for snakebites and also for numerous other ailments. however, the scientific evidence for its anti-snake venom property is still lacking. | 2015 | 25727964 |
| suppression of inflammation and arthritis by orally administrated cardiotoxin from naja naja atra. | cardiotoxin (ctx) from naja naja atra venom (nnav) reportedly had analgesic effect in animal models but its role in inflammation and arthritis was unknown. in this study, we investigated the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antiarthritic actions of orally administered ctx-iv isolated from nnav on rodent models of inflammation and adjuvant arthritis. ctx had significant anti-inflammatory effects in models of egg white induced nonspecific inflammation, filter paper induced rat granuloma formation ... | 2015 | 25767552 |
| erratum to "ameliorating adriamycin-induced chronic kidney disease in rats by orally administrated cardiotoxin from naja naja atra venom". | [this corrects the article doi: 10.1155/2014/621756.]. | 2015 | 25852765 |
| antileukemic potential of pegylated gold nanoparticle conjugated with protein toxin (nkct1) isolated from indian cobra (naja kaouthia) venom. | limited efficacy of current first-line treatment for leukemia calls attention for further development of efficient strategies. recently, much attention has been given to nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems loaded with dual drugs to improve current disease therapies by overcoming toxicity. in the present study, we document to explore an approach to conjugate gold nanoparticles (gnps) with protein toxin (nkct1), a protein toxin from the indian cobra (naja kaouthia) venom, and to establish its ... | 2017 | 26069500 |
| neurotoxin from naja naja atra venom inhibits skin allograft rejection in rats. | recent studies reported that naja naja atra venom (nnav) regulated immune function and had a therapeutic effect on adjunctive arthritis and nephropathy. we hypothesized that nnav and its active component, neurotoxin (ntx), might inhibit skin allograft rejection. | 2015 | 26071222 |
| naja naja oxiana cobra venom cytotoxins cti and ctii disrupt mitochondrial membrane integrity: implications for basic three-fingered cytotoxins. | cobra venom cytotoxins are basic three-fingered, amphipathic, non-enzymatic proteins that constitute a major fraction of cobra venom. while cytotoxins cause mitochondrial dysfunction in different cell types, the mechanisms by which cytotoxins bind to mitochondria remain unknown. we analyzed the abilities of cti and ctii, s-type and p-type cytotoxins from naja naja oxiana respectively, to associate with isolated mitochondrial fractions or with model membranes that simulate the mitochondrial lipid ... | 2015 | 26091109 |
| oxidative stress-induced methemoglobinemia is the silent killer during snakebite: a novel and strategic neutralization by melatonin. | oxidative stress-induced methemoglobinemia remained an untouched area in venom pharmacology till date. this study for the first time explored the potential of animal venoms to oxidize hemoglobin to methemoglobin. in in vitro whole-blood assay, methemoglobin forming ability of venoms varied as naja naja > ophiophagus hannah > echis carinatus > daboia russellii > apis mellifera > mesobuthus tamulus > hippasa partita. being highly potential, n. naja venom was further studied to observe methemoglobi ... | 2015 | 26103459 |
| the antimicrobial activity of an acidic phospholipase a₂ (nn-xia-pla₂) from the venom of naja naja naja (indian cobra). | microbial resistance against antibiotics is considered as a potentially serious threat to public health. therefore, there is much interest in developing new molecules with novel modes of action. in this study, when antimicrobial potential of an acidic protein-nn-xia-pla2 (naja naja venom phospholipase a2 fraction-xia) of n. naja venom was evaluated, it demonstrated potent bactericidal action against the human pathogenic strains. it inhibited more significantly, the gram-positive bacteria, when c ... | 2015 | 26109249 |
| biodistribution and kinetic studies of technetium-99m labeled naja naja karachiensis venom via gamma scintigraphic and spect images. | naja naja karachiensis have been responsible for plentiful deaths in pakistan. to investigate bio distribution and blood kinetics, venom was labeled with the radiotracer (technetium-99m) by following the method of direct labeling technique. its maximum labeling percentage was 97.7% (ph 6, 100 µg stannous chloride dihydrate) which was higher than some other reported venom. radio labeled venom was stable for more than 4 hours both in vivo (96%) and in vitro (serum 94.1%, saline 94.3%) experimentat ... | 2015 | 26142502 |
| pre-clinical assessment of the effectiveness of modified polyvalent antivenom in the neutralization of naja naja venom toxicity. | the potency of conventional antivenom (av) conjugated to soy protein nanoparticles (nps) (c-av) was compared with the free av in neutralizing the systemic toxicity of naja naja venom. the effective dose (ed50) of av and c-av to neutralize the venom-induced toxicity in mice was found to be 19.89 and 9.50 mg, respectively. the histopathological examination of heart, liver, and kidney indicated that the systemic toxicity induced by the venom was effectively neutralized by lower concentrations of c- ... | 2016 | 26300538 |
| antinociceptive effect of najanalgesin from naja naja atra in a neuropathic pain model via inhibition of c-jun nh2-terminal kinase. | najanalgesin, a toxin isolated from the venom of naja naja atra, has been shown to exert significant analgesic effects in a neuropathic pain model in rats. however, the molecular mechanism underlying this protective effect of najanalgesin is poorly understood. the present study sought to evaluate the intracellular signaling pathways that are involved in the antinociceptive effect of najanalgesin on neuropathic pain. | 2015 | 26315082 |
| rare cardiac sequelae of a hump-nosed viper bite. | the hump-nosed pit viper (hypnale hypnale) is the commonest cause for venomous snakebites in sri lanka. previously, it was thought to cause only local envenomation. however recently, several systemic effects and even mortality has been reported. along with other snakes, such as the indian cobra (naja naja), the common krait (bungarus caeruleus), the russell's viper (daboia russelii) and the saw-scaled viper (echis carinatus), the hump-nosed viper is now also considered capable of causing lethal ... | 2015 | 26369415 |
| comparison of the primary structures, cytotoxicities, and affinities to phospholipids of five kinds of cytotoxins from the venom of indian cobra, naja naja. | the molecular mechanism underlying the hemolytic and cytolytic processes of cobra cytotoxins (ctxs) is not yet fully elucidated. to examine this, we analyzed the amino acid sequences, hemolytic and cytotoxic activities, and affinities to phospholipids of the five major ctxs purified from the venom of indian cobra, naja naja. ctx2, ctx7, and ctx8 belonged to s-type, and ctx9 and ctx10 to p-type. comparisons of ctx7 with ctx8 and ctx9 with ctx10 revealed similar primary structures and hemolytic an ... | 2016 | 26456928 |
| a comparative study of venomics of naja naja from india and sri lanka, clinical manifestations and antivenomics of an indian polyspecific antivenom. | naja naja (indian cobra) from sri lanka and india is the who category 1 medically important snakes in both countries. some antivenom produced against indian n. naja (nni) were less effective against sri lankan n. naja (nnsl). proteomes of nni and nnsl venoms were studied by rp-hplc, sds-page and lc/ms/ms. six protein families were identified in both venoms with the most abundant were the 3 finger toxins (3fts) where cytotoxins (ctx) subtype predominated, followed by phospholipase a2, cysteine-ri ... | 2016 | 26506536 |
| differential action of medically important indian big four snake venoms on rodent blood coagulation. | snakebite is a global health problem affecting millions of people. according to who, india has the highest mortality and/or morbidity due to snakebite. in spite of commendable research on indian big four venomous species; naja naja and bungarus caeruleus (elapid); daboia russelii and echis carinatus (viperid), no significant progress has been achieved in terms of diagnosis and management of biting species with appropriate anti-snake venom. major hurdle is identification of offending species. pre ... | 2016 | 26592458 |
| cobrotoxin from naja naja atra venom ameliorates adriamycin nephropathy in rats. | chronic kidney disease (ckd) becomes a global health problem with high morbidity and mortality. adriamycin- (adr-) induced rodent chronic nephropathy is a classic experimental model of human minimal lesion nephrotic syndrome. the present study investigated the effect of cobrotoxin (ctx) on adr-induced nephropathy. rats were given 6 mg/kg adr once through the tail vein to replicate adr nephropathy model. ctx was administered to rats daily by placing a fast dissolving ctx membrane strip under the ... | 2015 | 26640497 |
| evaluating the inhibitory potential of withania somnifera on platelet aggregation and inflammation enzymes: an in vitro and in silico study. | context withania somnifera (l.) dunal is traditionally used for treating various ailments, but lacks scientific evaluation. objective this study evaluates withania somnifera (ws) for its effect on platelet activity and inflammatory enzymes. materials and methods aqueous and ethanolic (1:1) leaf extracts were subjected to in vitro indirect haemolytic activity using naja naja venom, human platelet aggregation was quantified for lipid peroxidation using arachidonic acid (aa) as agonist and 5-lipoxy ... | 2016 | 26704448 |
| taiwan cobra cardiotoxin iii suppresses egf/egfr-mediated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and invasion of human breast cancer mda-mb-231 cells. | breast cancer is a highly malignant carcinoma and most deaths of breast cancer are caused by metastasis. the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (emt) has emerged as a pivotal event in the development of the invasive and metastatic potentials of cancer progression. epidermal growth factor (egf) and its receptor, egfr, play roles in cancer metastasis. ctx iii, a basic polypeptide isolated from naja naja atra venom, has been shown to exhibit anticancer activity; however, the effect of ctx iii on ... | 2016 | 26774845 |
| antibacterial activity of an acidic phospholipase a2 (nn-xib-pla2) from the venom of naja naja (indian cobra). | the resistance of bacteria against the use of conventional antibiotics has become a serious threat to public health and considering the associated side effect with antibiotics; new strategies to find and develop new molecules with novel modes of action has received grate attention in recent years. in this study, when the antibacterial potential of an acidic protein-nn-xib-pla2 (naja naja venom phospholipase a2 fraction-xib) of naja naja venom was evaluated, it showed significant bactericidal act ... | 2016 | 26885465 |
| venom and purified toxins of the spectacled cobra (naja naja) from pakistan: insights into toxicity and antivenom neutralization. | geographical variations of snake venoms can result in suboptimal effectiveness of indian antivenoms that are currently used in most south asian countries. this study investigated the toxicity and neutralization profile of the venom and toxins from pakistani spectacled cobra, naja naja, using vins polyvalent antivenom (vpav, india), naja kaouthia monovalent antivenom (nkmav, thailand), and neuro bivalent antivenom (nbav, taiwan). cation-exchange and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatog ... | 2016 | 27022154 |
| quercetin-3-o-rhamnoside from euphorbia hirta protects against snake venom induced toxicity. | the plant euphorbia hirta is widely used against snake envenomations in rural areas and it was proved to be effective in animal models. therefore, the scientific validation of its phytoconstituents for their antiophidian activity is aimed in the present study. | 2016 | 27033089 |
| snakebite by the shore pit viper (trimeresurus purpureomaculatus) treated with polyvalent antivenom. | although snakebites are uncommon, there are several species of medically important venomous snakes native to singapore. we present a case of envenoming by the shore pit viper (trimeresurus purpureomaculatus) that showed clinical improvement when treated with the indian (haffkine) polyvalent antivenom. a 40-year-old man was bitten on his right hand by a snake, which was identified through photos and his description to be a shore pit viper, which is native to the local mangrove area. severe swelli ... | 2016 | 27061038 |
| use of molecular diagnostic tools for the identification of species responsible for snakebite in nepal: a pilot study. | snakebite is an important medical emergency in rural nepal. correct identification of the biting species is crucial for clinicians to choose appropriate treatment and anticipate complications. this is particularly important for neurotoxic envenoming which, depending on the snake species involved, may not respond to available antivenoms. adequate species identification tools are lacking. this study used a combination of morphological and molecular approaches (pcr-aided dna sequencing from swabs o ... | 2016 | 27105074 |
| a single-label fluorescent derivatization method for quantitative determination of neurotoxin in vivo by capillary electrophoresis coupled with laser-induced fluorescence detection. | neurotoxin (nt), a short-chain α-neurotoxin, is the main neurotoxic protein identified from the venom of naja naja atra. as an effective drug for the analgesis of advanced cancer patients, nt lasts longer than morphine and does not cause addiction. however, achieving a sensitive and high-resolution measurement of nt is difficult because of the extra-low content of nt in vivo. therefore, developing a novel method to quantify nt is essential to study its pharmacokinetics in vivo. although nt conta ... | 2016 | 27175860 |
| screening for target toxins of the antiophidic protein dm64 through a gel-based interactomics approach. | dm64 is a glycosylated protein with antivenom activity isolated from the serum of the opossum didelphis aurita. it binds non-covalently to myotoxins i (asp49) and ii (lys49) from bothrops asper venom and inhibits their myotoxic effect. in this study, an affinity column with immobilized dm64 as bait was used to fish potential target toxins. all ten isolated myotoxins tested were able to effectively bind to the dm64 column. to better access the specificity of the inhibitor, crude venoms from bothr ... | 2017 | 27216643 |
| the standard aqueous stem bark extract of mangifera indica l. inhibits toxic pla2 - nn-xib-pla2 of indian cobra venom. | the aqueous extract of mangifera indica is known to possess diverse medicinal properties, which also includes anti-snake venom activities. however, its inhibitory potency and mechanism of action on multi-toxic snake venom phospholipases a2s are still unknown. therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the modulatory effect of standard aqueous bark extract of m. indica on nn-xib-pla2 of indian cobra venom. the in vitro spla2, in situ hemolytic and in vivo edema inhibition effect were ... | 2016 | 27275129 |
| isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds of clematis gouriana roxb. ex dc against snake venom phospholipase a2(pla2) computational and in vitro insights. | bioactive compounds were isolated from clematis gouriana roxb. ex dc. the compounds were separated, characterized, the structures elucidated and submitted to the pubchem database. the pubchem ids sid 249494134 and sid 249494135 were tested against phospholipases a2(pla2) of naja naja (indian cobra) venom for pla2activity. both the compounds showed promising inhibitory activity; computational data also substantiated the results. the two compounds underwent density functional theory calculation to ... | 2017 | 27355444 |
| rapid and selective detection of experimental snake envenomation - use of gold nanoparticle based lateral flow assay. | in this study, we have developed a gold nanoparticle based simple, rapid lateral flow assay (lfa) for detection of indian cobra venom (cv) and russell's viper venom (rv). presently, there is no rapid, reliable, and field diagnostic test available in india, where snake bite cases are rampant. therefore, this test has an immense potential from the public health point of view. the test is based on the principle of the paper immunochromatography assay for detection of two snake venom species using p ... | 2016 | 27377230 |
| 5'-nucleotidases of naja naja karachiensis snake venom: their determination, toxicities and remedial approach by natural inhibitors (medicinal plants). | present study was carried out regarding enzymatic assay for 5'-nucleotidase enzymes present in snake venom naja naja karachiensis and to evaluate twenty eight medicinal plants as their antidotes. elevated enzymatic activities i.e., 119, 183, 262 and 335 u/ml were observed in 10, 20, 30 and 40 µg of crude venom, respectively, in dose dependent manner. among various plant extracts only two (bauhinia vaiiegate l. and citms linion (l.) burm. f.) were found 94% effective at 160 µg to neutralize 112 u ... | 2017 | 27476285 |
| decreased snake venom metalloproteinase effects via inhibition of enzyme and modification of fibrinogen. | since the introduction of antivenom administration 120 years ago to treat venomous snake bit, it has been the gold standard for saving life and limb. however, this therapeutic approach is not always effective and not without potential life-threatening side effects. we tested a new paradigm to abrogate the plasmatic anticoagulant effects of fibrinogenolytic snake venom metalloproteinases by modification of fibrinogen with iron and carbon monoxide and by inhibiting these zn(2+) dependent metallopr ... | 2016 | 27492573 |
| putative membrane lytic sites of p-type and s-type cardiotoxins from snake venoms as probed by all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. | cardiotoxins (ctxs) belonging to the three-finger toxin superfamily of snake venoms are one of principal toxic components and the protein toxins exhibit membrane lytic activities when the venoms are injected into victims. in the present study, complex formations between ctx vi (a p-type ctx from naja atra) and ctx1 (an s-type ctx from naja naja) on zwitterionic popc bilayers (a major lipid component of cell membranes) have been studied in near physiological conditions for a total dynamic time sc ... | 2016 | 27628673 |
| hematology and serum biochemistry of indian spectacled cobra (naja naja) and indian rat snake (ptyas mucosa). | to study the hematology and serum biochemistry parameters of indian spectacled cobra (naja naja) and indian rat snake (ptyas mucosa) and to evaluate the differences in the same between captive and wild populations. | 2016 | 27651683 |
| development of a new polyspecific antivenom for snakebite envenoming in sri lanka: analysis of its preclinical efficacy as compared to a currently available antivenom. | a new whole igg, freeze-dried, polyspecific antivenom was prepared from the plasma of horses immunized with the venoms of the snakes daboia russelii, echis carinatus, hypnale hypnale, and naja naja from sri lanka. the preclinical neutralizing ability of this antivenom against several toxic and enzymatic activities of these four venoms was analyzed, and compared with that of a batch of vins antivenom (india) being currently used in sri lanka. the activities tested were: lethality, hemorrhagic, in ... | 2016 | 27720977 |
| delineating residues for haemolytic activities of snake venom cardiotoxin 1 from naja naja as probed by molecular dynamics simulations and in vitro validations. | cardiotoxins (ctxs) are single polypeptide chain consisting of 59-62 amino acids with four disulfide bridges and globular proteins of simple β-sheet folds. the ctxs are one of principal toxic components causing haemolysis and damaging various cells and belong to three-finger toxin (tft) superfamily of snake venoms. however, there is no natural or synthetic small molecular inhibitor to the protein toxins to date. in the present study, modes of interaction of cardiotoxin 1 (ctx1) from indian cobra ... | 2017 | 27984143 |
| ultracytochemical observations on intracytoplasmic lipids by enzymic digestive methods: histochemical trials1. | the penetration of rbizopus arrhizus lipase into ethioine fatty livers was examined histochemically. a free-floating, 30 μm thick vibratome section of the livers perfused with aldehydes was shown to be suitable for ultracytochemical analysis by the lipase digestive method. accessibility of phospholipids in the outer membrane of erythrocytes to naja naja phospholipase a2was observed under a light microscope, and intact red cells were used for the ultracytochemical analysis by the phospholipase di ... | 1983 | 28054839 |
| proteomic analysis to unravel the complex venom proteome of eastern india naja naja: correlation of venom composition with its biochemical and pharmacological properties. | the complex venom proteome of the eastern india (ei) spectacled cobra (naja naja) was analyzed using tandem mass spectrometry of cation-exchange venom fractions. about 75% of ei n. naja venom proteins were <18kda and cationic at physiological ph of blood. sds-page (non-reduced) analysis indicated that in the native state venom proteins either interacted with each-other or self-aggregated resulting in the formation of higher molecular mass complexes. proteomic analysis revealed that 43 enzymatic ... | 2017 | 28062377 |
| contributing factors for complications and outcomes in patients with snakebite: experience in a medical center in southern taiwan. | snakebite usually results in various complications, such as significant soft tissue damage, infection, hematological, and neurological deficit. surgical intervention, usually, is indicated in patients with tissue necrosis, infection, and compartment syndrome. to identify the contributing factors for complications and outcomes in different patients with snakebite so that outcomes can be evaluated and treatment of such patients can be initiated at the earliest. | 2017 | 28195896 |
| thermal stabilization of anti-α-cobratoxin single domain antibodies. | there is an unmet need for snake antivenoms that can be stored ready to use near the point of care. to address that need we have taken two anti-α-cobratoxin single domain antibodies and increased their thermal stability to improve their ambient temperature shelf-life. the anti-α-cobratoxin single domain antibodies c2 and c20 were first isolated, and demonstrated to be toxin neutralizing by richard et al., 2013 (richard, g., meyers, a.j., mclean, m.d., arbabi-ghahroudi, m., mackenzie, r., hall, j ... | 2017 | 28209480 |
| anticancer activity a of caspian cobra (naja naja oxiana) snake venom in human cancer cell lines via induction of apoptosis. | cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide. current anticancer drugs involve various toxic side effects; efforts are ongoing to develop new anticancer agents especially from the screening of natural compounds. present study investigated cytotoxic effects and mode of cell death induced by the caspian cobra venom in some human cancer cell lines. cytotoxic effects of snake venom toxins (svt) were investigated via monitoring of morphological changes, mtt, trypan blue exclusion and ldh release as ... | 2016 | 28228809 |
| hematological and plasma biochemical parameters in a wild population ofnaja naja(linnaeus, 1758) in sri lanka. | hematological studies of any animal species comprise an important diagnostic method in veterinary medicine and an essential tool for the conservation of species. in sri lanka, this essential technique has been ignored in studies of many species including reptiles. the aim of the present work was to establish a reference range of hematological values and morphological characterization of wild spectacled cobras (naja naja) in sri lanka in order to provide a diagnostic tool in the assessment of hea ... | 2017 | 28289429 |
| characterization of daboia russelii and naja naja venom neutralizing ability of an undocumented indigenous medication in sri lanka. | indigenous medicinal practice in sri lanka talks about powerful compounds extracted from native plants for treating venomous snake bites which are hardly documented in literature but are used by the indigenous doctors for thousand years. | 2017 | 28302413 |
| photoresponsive nanocapsulation of cobra neurotoxin and enhancement of its central analgesic effects under red light. | cobra neurotoxin (cnt), a peptide isolated from snake venom ofnaja naja atra, shows central analgesic effects in our previous research. in order to help cnt pass through blood-brain barrier (bbb) and improve its central analgesic effects, a new kind of cnt nanocapsules were prepared by double emulsification with soybean lecithin and cholesterol as the shell, and pheophorbide as the photosensitizer added to make it photoresponsive. the analgesic effects were evaluated by hot plate test and acetic ... | 2017 | 28496322 |
| antibacterial activity of isolated immunodominant proteins of naja naja (oxiana) venom. | the aim of this study is to investigate antibacterial effects of immunodominant proteins isolated from the venom of naja naja oxiana snake against staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, bacillus subtilis and pseudomonas aeruginosa. the innate immune system is an important line of defense against bacterial diseases. antibacterial peptides and proteins produced by snake venoms have recently attracted significant attention due to their relevance to bacterial diseases and the potential of being co ... | 2017 | 28496483 |
| neutralization of inflammation by inhibitingin vitroandin vivosecretory phospholipase a2by ethanol extract ofboerhaavia diffusal. | inflammation is a normal and necessary prerequisite to healing of the injured tissues. inflammation contributes to all disease process including immunity, vascular pathology, trauma, sepsis, chemical, and metabolic injuries. the secretory phospholipase a2(spla2) is a key enzyme in the production of pro-inflammatory mediators in chronic inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, coronary heart disease, diabetes, and asthma. the spla2also contribute to neuroinflammatory disorders such as ... | 2017 | 28539742 |
| comparison of proteomic profiles of the venoms of two of the 'big four' snakes of india, the indian cobra (naja naja) and the common krait (bungarus caeruleus), and analyses of their toxins. | snake venoms are mixtures of biologically-active proteins and peptides, and several studies have described the characteristics of some of these toxins. however, complete proteomic profiling of the venoms of many snake species has not yet been done. the indian cobra (naja naja) and common krait (bungarus caeruleus) are elapid snake species that are among the 'big four' responsible for the majority of human snake envenomation cases in india. as understanding the composition and complexity of venom ... | 2017 | 28602829 |
| assessment of cultivable oral bacterial flora from important venomous snakes of india and their antibiotic susceptibilities. | snakebite is a common, frequently devastating, occupational, socio-economic hazard, and it has a great impact on the rural population of india. snakebite is a major cause of the human morbidity and mortality since ancient times, as it not only affects the victim by systemic envenomation but also by wound infections originating from deadly pathogenic microorganisms from the oral cavity of the offending snake. the pathogens from the oral cavity of the snake tend to initiate an infection, resulting ... | 2017 | 28733908 |
| cobra neurotoxin produces central analgesic and hyperalgesic actions via adenosine a1and a2areceptors. | cobra neurotoxin, a short-chain peptide isolated from snake venom of naja naja atra, showed both a central analgesic effect and a hyperalgesic effect in mice tests. in order to explore mechanisms, a hypothesis is put forward that cobra neurotoxin takes effect through adenosine receptor pathway. the central effects of cobra neurotoxin were evaluated using the hot plate test (a model of acute pain) and the spinal cord injury (a model of central pain) in mice and using a1receptor antagonist (dpcpx) ... | 2017 | 28758541 |
| isolation, identification and characterization of morganella morganii from naja naja atra in beijing, china. | morganella morganii is an important opportunistic human pathogen and belongs to the family of enterobacteriaceae. although it is widely distribution, it only be considered a rare cause of human infections. we report the isolate of m. morganii from naja naja atra following infections of heart, lung and liver. seven strains were confirmed using 16s rdna amplified and sequences. antimicrobial susceptibility testing of m. morganii isolates demonstrated ubiquitous resistance to ampicillin, amoxicilli ... | 2017 | 28838340 |
| naja naja oxiana venom fraction selectively induces ros-mediated apoptosis in human colorectal tumor cells by directly targeting mitochondria | objective: to investigate the selective effect of naja naja oxiana crude venom and its fractions on human colorectal cancer mitochondria to activate apoptosis signaling. methods: cells and mitochondria isolated from human cancerous and normal colorectal tissues exposed to n. oxiana crude venom and its fractions obtained from size-exclusion chromatography and then mitochondrial parameters related to up-stream cell death signalling such as reactive oxygen species formation, mmp, mitochondrial swel ... | 2017 | 28843256 |
| inhibition ofnaja najavenom enzymes by the methanolic extract ofleucas asperaand its chemical profile by gc-ms. | the present investigation was aimed at evaluating the anti-ophidian properties of ethnomedicinal herbleucas asperaagainst indian cobra,naja najavenom enzymes. | 2014 | 28962280 |
| a contribution to the study of the action of indian cobra poison. | 1904 | 29003910 | |
| the venom of indian cobra (naja naja) in certain painful conditions. | 1940 | 29013886 | |
| development of dot-elisa for the detection of venoms of major indian venomous snakes. | india remained an epicenter for the snakebite-related mortality and morbidities due to widespread agricultural activities across the country and a considerable number of snakebites offended by indian cobra (naja naja), common krait (bungarus caeruleus), russell's viper (daboia russelii), and saw-scaled viper (echis carinatus). presently, there is no selective test available for the detection of snake envenomation in india before the administration of snake antivenin. therefore, the present study ... | 2017 | 29024771 |