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molecular survey on kobuviruses in domestic and wild ungulates from northwestern italian alps.since the first identification in 1989 in humans, kobuviruses (kovs) have been identified from a wide range of animal species including carnivores, rodents, birds, ungulates, rabbits, and bats. several studies have described the identification of genetically related kovs in the fecal virome of domestic and wild animals suggesting a mutual exchange of viruses. by screening a total of 231 fecal samples from wild and domestic ungulates, kovs rna was detected in wild boars (3.2%; 2/63), chamois (4.6 ...202134195249
mammalian orthoreovirus (mrv) is widespread in wild ungulates of northern italy.mammalian orthoreoviruses (mrvs) are emerging infectious agents that may affect wild animals. mrvs are usually associated with asymptomatic or mild respiratory and enteric infections. however, severe clinical manifestations have been occasionally reported in human and animal hosts. an insight into their circulation is essential to minimize the risk of diffusion to farmed animals and possibly to humans. the aim of this study was to investigate the presence of likely zoonotic mrvs in wild ungulate ...202133546342
prevalence and genomic characteristics of a novel reassortment mammalian orthoreovirus type 2 in diarrhea piglets in sichuan, china.mammalian orthoreovirus (mrv), which can infect almost all mammals, is a zoonotic virus. in this study, six strains of type 2 mrv (mrv2) were isolated from 7 diarrhea piglets from a farm that had an outbreak of diarrhea in piglets in 2018, which tested negative for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov), and porcine group a rotavirus (rav). the mrv2 isolate infected neonatal piglets, in which it induced severe ...202032544614
identification and genetic characterization of a novel respirovirus in alpine chamois (rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra).the respirovirus genus, family paramamixoviridae, includes respiratory viral pathogens. here we report the identification and genetic characterization of a respirovirus in an alpine chamois showing interstitial pneumonia associated with catarrhal bronchopneumonia. the full-genome characterization of this respirovirus, named chamoisrv/it2014, revealed low similarities to caprine respirovirus (77.1%), bovine respirovirus (74.5%) and human respirovirus (72.0%). the phylogenetic analyses based on th ...202032316522
a negative association between horn length and survival in a weakly dimorphic ungulate.while all models of sexual selection assume that the development and expression of enlarged secondary sexual traits are costly, males with larger ornaments or weapons generally show greater survival or longevity. these studies have mostly been performed in species with high sexual size dimorphism, subject to intense sexual selection. here, we examined the relationships between horn growth and several survival metrics in the weakly dimorphic pyrenean chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica). in this unhunte ...202032211156
multi-event capture-recapture analysis in alpine chamois reveals contrasting responses to interspecific competition, within and between populations.understanding components of interspecific competition has long been a major goal in ecological studies. classical models of competition typically consider equal responses of all individuals to the density of competitors, however responses may differ both among individuals from the same population, and between populations. based on individual long-term monitoring of two chamois populations in sympatry with red deer, we built a multi-event capture-recapture model to assess how vital rates of the s ...202032654115
microsatellite based assignment reveals history of extirpated mountain ungulate.during the early 1900s, northern chamois (rupicapra rupicapra) populations in the northern dinaric mountains were extirpated. during the 1960s and 1970s there were several reintroductions of individuals from two northern chamois subspecies (alpine chamois, r. r. rupicapra and balkan chamois, r. r. balcanica) from neighbouring areas in the attempt to re-establish the population. accurate taxonomic classification, at subspecies level, of the autochthonous extirpated population was not known. to cl ...202031983008
ecological niche modeling of babesia sp infection in wildlife experimentally evaluated in questing ixodes ricinus.tick-borne diseases and especially protozoa of the genus babesia, are gaining increasing attention as emerging zoonotic pathogens. zoonotic species like b. venatorum and b. microti have wild animals as main reservoir hosts. we propose a habitat suitability model for babesia spp., as tool for institutions and policy makes to better understand the entity of babesia presence, to improve diagnostic awareness and to optimize screening and preventive actions. the probability of presence of babesia spp ...202032575961
epitheliotropic infections in wildlife ruminants from the central alps and stelvio national park.the mountain chain of the alps, represents the habitat of alpine fauna where the red deer (cervus elaphus) population is the outmost numerous, followed by the chamois (rupicapra rupicapra) and the alpine ibex (capra ibex) at higher altitudes. previous reports showed the circulation of epitheliotropic viruses, belonging to the families papillomaviridae and poxviridae, causing skin and mucosal lesions in wild ruminants of the stelvio national park, situated in the area. to deepen our knowledge on ...202032426384
post-epidemic investigation of schmallenberg virus in wild ruminants in slovenia.schmallenberg virus (sbv) is a vector-borne virus belonging to the genus orthobunyavirus within the bunyaviridae family. sbv emerged in europe in 2011 and was characterized by epidemics of abortions, stillbirths and congenital malformations in domestic ruminants. the first evidence of sbv infection in slovenia was from an elisa-positive sample from a cow collected in august 2012; clinical manifestations of sbv disease in sheep and cattle were observed in 2013, with sbv rna detected in samples co ...202031991522
anonymous fecal sampling and nirs studies of diet quality: problem or opportunity?investigating the drivers of diet quality is a key issue in wildlife ecology and conservation. fecal near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (f-nirs) is widely used to assess dietary quality since it allows for noninvasive, rapid, and low-cost analysis of nutrients. samples for f-nirs can be collected and analyzed with or without knowledge of animal identities. while anonymous sampling allows to reduce the costs of individual identification, as it neither requires physical captures nor dna genoty ...202032607215
low serologic prevalences suggest sporadic infections of hepatitis e virus in chamois (rupicapra rupicapra) and red deer (cervus elaphus) in the italian alps.hepatitis e virus (hev) is a worldwide public health concern, with an increase in human autochthonous cases in europe. although domestic pigs and wild boar (sus scrofa) are the main reservoirs of hev, the constant expansion of wild ruminants increases the potential for hev transmission. we investigated hev infection in chamois (rupicapra rupicapra) and red deer (cervus elaphus) in the italian alps using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). we detected hev antibodies from 2013 to 2015 in ...202031658433
endemic occurrence of fasciola hepatica in an alpine ecosystem, pyrenees, northeastern spain.fasciola hepatica is a liver parasite of ruminants whose distribution is determined by its intermediate host, the freshwater snail galba truncatula. in europe, f. hepatica is mostly associated with lowlands. infection from sympatric domestic reservoirs is rarely reported in wild mountain ungulates. this study explores f. hepatica in a multi-host system in a european alpine area. serum samples (n = 1,209) from pyrenean chamois (rupicapra p. pyrenaica), european mouflon (ovis aries musimon), domes ...202033012085
identifying maintenance hosts for infection with dichelobacter nodosus in free-ranging wild ruminants in switzerland: a prevalence study.footrot is a worldwide economically important, painful, contagious bacterial foot disease of domestic and wild ungulates caused by dichelobacter nodosus. benign and virulent strains have been identified in sheep presenting with mild and severe lesions, respectively. however, in alpine ibex (capra ibex ibex), both strains have been associated with severe lesions. because the disease is widespread throughout sheep flocks in switzerland, a nationwide footrot control program for sheep focusing on vi ...202031917824
distribution of pestivirus exposure in wild ruminants in spain.a large-scale study was carried out to determine the prevalence of antibodies against pestivirus species in wild ruminants and describe their spatial variation in mainland spain. serum samples of 1,874 wild ruminants from different regions of this country were collected between the years 2000 and 2017. a total of 6.6% (123/1,874) animals showed antibodies against pestivirus by both blocking elisa (belisa) and virus neutralization tests (vnt). the prevalence of antibodies against pestiviruses was ...202032920992
stable body size of alpine ungulates.in many species, decreasing body size has been associated with increasing temperatures. although climate-induced phenotypic shifts, and evolutionary impacts, can affect the structure and functioning of marine and terrestrial ecosystems through biological and metabolic rules, evidence for shrinking body size is often challenged by (i) relatively short intervals of observation, (ii) a limited number of individuals, and (iii) confinement to small and isolated populations. to overcome these issues a ...202032874622
serosurveillance of schmallenberg virus in wild ruminants in spain.schmallenberg disease (sbd) is an emerging vector-borne disease that affects domestic and wild ruminants. a long-term serosurvey was conducted to assess exposure to schmallenberg virus (sbv) in all the wild ruminant species present in mainland spain. between 2010 and 2016, sera from 1,216 animals were tested for antibodies against sbv using a commercial blocking elisa. the overall prevalence of antibodies was 27.1% (95%ci: 24.7-29.7). statistically significant differences among species were obse ...202032530115
immunohistochemical assessment of immune response in the dermis of sarcoptes scabiei-infested wild carnivores (wolf and fox) and ruminants (chamois and red deer).sarcoptic mange is caused by the mite sarcoptes scabiei and has been described in several species of domestic and wild mammals. macroscopic lesions are predominantly hyperkeratotic (type i hypersensitivity) in fox, chamois and deer, but alopecic (type iv hypersensitivity) in wolf and some fox populations. to begin to understand the immune processes underlying these species differences in lesions, we examined skin biopsies from wolves (canis lupus), foxes (vulpes vulpes), chamois (rupicapra rupic ...202032640758
deer keds on wild ungulates in northern italy, with a taxonomic key for the identification of lipoptena spp. of europe.deer keds (lipoptena spp.) are blood-sucking ectoparasites of domestic and wild animals, and also accidentally of humans. in europe, five lipoptena spp. have been recorded, although the lack of specific taxonomic keys has often led to mistaken identification or to missing data. the present study aimed to develop an identification key of the european species and also to identify lipoptena spp. found on wild ungulates in northern italy. in total, 390 hippoboscids were collected from rupicapra rupi ...202031674696
a molecular survey, whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of astroviruses from roe deer.although astroviruses (astv) have been detected in a variety of host species, there are only limited records of their occurrence in deer. one of the most important game species in europe, due to its meat and antlers, is roe deer. infected game animals can pose a threat to the health of other animals and of humans, so more attention needs to be focused on understanding the diversity of viruses in wildlife. the complete genome and organization of the roe deer astv genome have not so far been descr ...202032085761
genetic characterisation of wild ungulates: successful isolation and analysis of dna from widely available bones can be cheap, fast and easy.genetic characterisation of wild ungulates can be a useful tool in wildlife management and in obtaining a greater understanding of their biological and ecological roles in a wider spatiotemporal context. different ways of optimising methodologies and reducing the costs of genetic analyses using widely available bone tissues collected within regular hunting allocations were examined. successful isolation and analysis of dna from widely available bones can be cheap, fast and easy. in particular, t ...202032973384
lack of evidence on the susceptibility of ticks and wild rodent species to pcv3 infection.porcine circovirus 3 (pcv3) is an emerging virus, first detected in 2016 and widespread in the swine industry. although not considered a primary pathogen, pcv3 is potentially linked to several clinical conditions that threaten swine farming. wild boars are considered the main reservoir species for pcv3 infection in the wild, but recent detection in roe deer, chamois and associated ticks has complicated our understanding of its epidemiology. much emphasis has been placed on ticks, as competent ve ...202032825701
on the behavioural biology of the mainland serow: a comparative study.comparative behavioural studies help reconstruct the phylogeny of closely related species. in that respect, the serows capricornis spp. occupy an important position as they have been assumed to be the closest forms to the ancestors of caprinae. in spite of that, information on the behavioural repertoire of the mainland serow capricornis sumatraensis is exceedingly poor. in this paper, we report data on the activity rhythms and social behaviour of rutting mainland serows in captivity (central tha ...202032948037
diversity of eimeria species in wild chamois rupicapra spp.: a statistical approach in morphological taxonomy.wildlife is frequently infected by intestinal protozoa, which may threaten their fitness and health. a diverse community of eimeria species is known to occur in the digestive tract of mountain-dwelling ungulates, including chamois (genus rupicapra). however, available data on eimeria diversity in these taxa is at times inconsistent and mostly dated. in the present study, we aimed to revisit the occurrence of eimeria spp. in the alpine subspecies of the northern chamois (rupicapra rupicapra rupic ...202033173795
mhc genotyping by sscp and amplicon-based ngs approach in chamois.genes of the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) code for cell surface proteins essential for adaptive immunity. they show the most outstanding genetic diversity in vertebrates, which has been connected with various fitness traits and thus with the long-term persistence of populations. in this study, polymorphism of the mhc class ii drb locus was investigated in chamois with single-strand conformation polymorphism (sscp)/sanger genotyping and ion torrent s5 next-generation sequencing (ngs). f ...202032962183
detection of porcine circovirus 3 in wildlife species in spain.porcine circovirus 3 (pcv-3) is the third member of the family circoviridae, genus circovirus, able to infect swine. a high prevalence of viral dna has been recorded in wild boars. recently, pcv-3 dna was identified in italian wild ruminants. based on these previous results, this study assessed the frequency of pcv-3 dna detection in free-ranging ruminants and lagomorpha species in spain. in addition, the genetic characterization of the pcv-3 pcr-positive samples was performed. a total of 801 se ...202032369945
validation of roebuck 1518 synthetic chamois as a skin simulant when backed by 10% gelatin.synthetic skin simulants are used both in wound ballistics and forensic investigations and should display similar mechanical properties to human tissue and therefore need to be validated. it is recognised that skin simulants may have a significantly different performance when different backing combinations are used; therefore, it is essential to specify and control the backing material. roebuck 1518 synthetic chamois (rbk) backed by 20% ballistic gelatin has been validated as a suitable skin sim ...202032845356
quality parameters of hunted game meat: sensory analysis and ph monitoring.the aim of the present research is to propose a new, quick and objective method for the certification of hunted and/or culled wild game meat quality and to monitor its origin and the hunting practices adopted by hunters. the expected deliverable is a new labelling scheme for italian hunted wild game meat that will guarantee high quality and safety standards for consumers and will decrease transaction costs of the supply chains. during the 2015, 2016 and 2017 hunting seasons, 1,056 hunted wild un ...201931008084
reservoirs of porcine circoviruses: a mini review.porcine circovirus (pcv) is one of the smallest known dna viruses in mammals. at present, pcvs are divided into three species, pcv1, pcv2, and pcv3. pcv1 and pcv2 were found in the 1970s and the 1990s, respectively, whereas pcv3 was discovered recently in 2016. pcv1 does not cause diseases in pigs. however, pcv3, similar to pcv2, is reported to be associated with several swine diseases, including porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (pdns) and reproductive failure. pcvs are very common in ...201931616677
comparing the accuracy of pcr-capillary electrophoresis and cuticle microhistological analysis for assessing diet composition in ungulates: a case study with pyrenean chamois.the study of diet composition is required to understand the interactions between animal and plant ecosystems. different non-invasive techniques applied on faecal samples have commonly been used for such purposes, with cuticle microhistological analysis (cma) and emerging dna-based methods being the most relevant. in this work, we refined and optimized a qualitative dna-based approach combining pcr amplification of long trnl(uaa) and its2 fragments and capillary electrophoresis (pcr-ce), instead ...201931116750
detection of tick-borne pathogens in questing ixodes ricinus in the french pyrenees and first identification of rickettsia monacensis in france.ticks are important vectors of several human and animal pathogens. in this study, we estimated the prevalence of important tick-borne infections in questing ticks from an area in southwestern france (hautes-pyrénées) inhabited by pyrenean chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica) experiencing high tick burden. we examined adult and nymph ticks collected by the flag dragging method from 8 to 15 sites in the pic de bazès during the years 2009, 2011, 2013 and 2015. pcr assays were conducted on select ...201930943150
human-induced environmental changes influence habitat use by an ungulate over the long term.habitat use and preferences may be subject to spatial and temporal changes. however, long-term studies of species-habitat relationships are the exception. in the present research, long-term trends in habitat use by an alpine ungulate, the tatra chamois rupicapra rupicapra tatrica, were analyzed. we examined how environmental changes attributable to climate change, removal of sheep, and habituation to hikers, which took place over the last half-century have changed the spatial distribution of ani ...201930936901
seasonal diet composition of pyrenean chamois is mainly shaped by primary production waves.in alpine habitats, the seasonally marked climatic conditions generate seasonal and spatial differences in forage availability for herbivores. vegetation availability and quality during the growing season are known to drive life history traits of mountain ungulates. however, little effort has been made to understand the association between plant phenology and changes in the foraging strategies of these mountain dwellers. furthermore, this link can be affected by the seasonal presence of livestoc ...201930673757
extender osmolality, glycerol and egg yolk on the cryopreservation of epididymal spermatozoa for gamete banking of the cantabric chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica parva).germplasm banking is a key technology enabling the ex-situ conservation of wild species. however, cryopreservation protocols must be tested to assure the applicability of the banked material. the objective of this study was defining a range of parameters for the composition of a semen extender for cantabrian chamois epididymal spermatozoa (post-mortem collection). the freezing extender was based in a tes-tris-fructose buffer, modifying its composition in three experiments: osmolality of the buff ...201930408702
screening of wild ruminants from the kaunertal and other alpine regions of tyrol (austria) for vector-borne pathogens.knowledge about vector-borne pathogens important for human and veterinary medicine in wild ruminants in tyrol (austria) is scarce. blood samples from alpine ibex (capra ibex; n = 44), alpine chamois (rupicapra rupicapra; n = 21), roe deer (capreolus capreolus; n = 18) and red deer (cervus elaphus; n = 6) were collected over a period of 4 years (2015-2018) in four regions in north tyrol, with a primary focus on the kaunertal. blood spots on filter paper were tested for the presence of dna of vect ...201931375956
histological and virological findings in severe meningoencephalitis associated with border disease virus in alpine chamois (rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra) in aosta valley, italy.in 2015, a young female alpine chamois (rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra), originated from the aosta valley region, northernwestern italy, was conferred to the national reference centre for wild animal diseases for pathologic examinations. histological analysis revealed a severe meningoencephalitis characterized by lymphocytic and plasmacellular infiltration, gliosis, perivascular cuffs, and leptomeningitis at the level of brain and brain stem. laboratory investigations included polymerase chain re ...201931086771
experimental infection with high- and low-virulence strains of border disease virus (bdv) in pyrenean chamois (rupicapra p. pyrenaica) sheds light on the epidemiological diversity of the disease.since 2001, pyrenean chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica) populations have been affected by border disease virus (bdv) causing mortalities of more than 80% in some areas. field studies carried out in france, andorra, and spain have shown different epidemiological scenarios in chamois populations. this study was designed to confirm the presence of bdv strains of a high and low virulence in free-ranging chamois populations from pyrenees and to understand the implications of these findings to th ...201930963719
mycoplasma conjunctivae in insect vectors and anatomic locations related to transmission and persistence.mycoplasma conjunctivae is an obligate microparasite that causes infectious keratoconjunctivitis (ikc) in caprinae species. ikc is a long-recognised disease, but little attention has been paid to the mechanisms of transmission of the mycoplasma and its occurrence in locations other than the eyes. in this study, the presence of m. conjunctivae is assessed in the eyes, external ear canals (eec), nasal cavity, and vagina of host species as well as in potential vectors, which may be involved in the ...201930593383
a wild circulation: high presence of porcine circovirus 3 in different mammalian wild hosts and ticks.porcine circovirus 3 (pcv-3) has emerged as a potential threat for swine industry, being consistently reported in the presence of several clinical signs all around the world. recently, its presence in wild boar has been demonstrated at high prevalence. this evidence is surprising since the lower density of wild populations might not be expected to sustain such efficient viral transmission. porcine circoviruses were proven to exhibit a certain plasticity in the host tropism and were detected in u ...201930901142
temporal variation in foraging activity and grouping patterns in a mountain-dwelling herbivore: environmental and endogenous drivers.in temperate ecosystems, seasonality influences animal behaviour. food availability, weather, photoperiod and endogenous factors relevant to the biological cycle of individuals have been shown as major drivers of temporal changes in activity rhythms and group size/structure of herbivorous species. we evaluated how diurnal female foraging activity and grouping patterns of a mountain herbivore, the apennine chamois rupicapra pyrenaica ornata, varied during a decreasing gradient of pasture availabi ...201931330169
presence of organic halogenated compounds, organophosphorus insecticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in meat of different game animal species from an italian subalpine area.the exposure to several compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), organochlorine pesticides (ocps), organophosphorus pesticides (ops), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (pahs), perfluoroalkyl substances (pfass) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) is a public health issue. the european union (eu) recommended that its member states monitor the presence of emerging contaminants, like pbdes and pfass, in food and in the environment to obtain an accurate estimation of exposure. the tis ...201931192775
genotyping of pestivirus a (bovine viral diarrhea virus 1) detected in faeces and in other specimens of domestic and wild ruminants at the wildlife-livestock interface.pestiviruses are widespread in the world among ungulates and infect both domestic and wild animals causing severe economic losses in livestock. bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (bvdv-1), now re-designated as pestivirus a, causes diseases mainly in cattle, while few data are available about infection in wild ruminants and about the role of these animals in viral maintenance and spread. in order to investigate bvdv-1 infection in domestic and wild ruminants, especially at the wildlife/livestock ...201931383300
parasitism and alternative reproductive tactics in northern chamois.alternative reproductive tactics (arts), discrete phenotypic variations evolved to maximize fitness, may entail different cost-benefit trade-offs. in large mammals, differences in costs associated with arts-including energy expenditure and parasite infection-are typically greatest during the breeding season. nonetheless, physiological and behavioral differences between arts can manifest throughout the year, possibly involving costs that may contribute to maintain arts within populations. using t ...201931410277
joint effects of weather and interspecific competition on foraging behavior and survival of a mountain herbivore.weather variations have the potential to influence species interactions, although effects on competitive interactions between species are poorly known. both weather and competition can influence foraging behavior and survival of herbivores during nursing/weaning, a critical period in the herbivore life cycle. we evaluated the joint effects of weather and competition with red deer cervus elaphus on the foraging behavior of adult female apennine chamois rupicapra pyrenaica ornata in summer, and on ...201930936905
sanitary emergencies at the wild/domestic caprines interface in europe.population density and distribution of the four native european wild caprines (rupicapra rupicapra, rupicapra pyrenaica, capra ibex, capra pyrenaica) have increased in recent decades. the improved conservation status of this valuable wildlife, while a welcome event in general terms, is at the same time a matter of concern since, intuitively, frequent and tighter contacts with sympatric livestock imply a greater risk of cross-transmission of emerging and re-emerging pathogens, and offer unexpecte ...201931694211
pathology and distribution of trombiculosis in northern chamois ( rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra) in the italian alps.trombiculosis has been reported in some wild ruminant species. we investigated the occurrence of trombiculosis in the northern chamois ( rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra) in the western italian alps, and we describe the related histopathologic changes. superficial scrapes and skin samples were taken from 191 chamois from the lombardy and piedmont regions during the hunting season in september-december 2015. numbers of eosinophils, mast cells, cluster of differentiation (cd)3-, cd79α-, cd68-positive ...201930161018
immunoglobulin g content and colostrum composition of different goat and sheep breeds in switzerland and germany.colostrum represents the sole source to acquire humoral immunity and is an important energy source for newborn lambs and goat kids. however, colostrum composition (i.e., the contents of igg, fat, protein, and lactose) is affected by various factors such as parity and litter size and, potentially, by breed. in the present study, we examined the colostrum composition of different goat and sheep breeds raised for milk and meat production in switzerland and germany. ten goat breeds (anglo-nubian, ap ...201930904298
host range of mammalian orthoreovirus type 3 widening to alpine chamois.mammalian orthoreoviruses (mrv) type 3 have been recently identified in human and several animal hosts, highlighting the apparent lack of species barriers. here we report the identification and genetic characterization of mrvs strains in alpine chamois, one of the most abundant wild ungulate in the alps. serological survey was also performed by mrv neutralization test in chamois population during five consecutive years (2008-2012). three novel mrvs were isolated on cell culture from chamois lung ...201930827408
the genome of border disease virus genotype 8 from chamois by next generation sequencing.border disease virus (bdv) is widespread both in domestic small ruminants and wildlife. here we report the genome of bdv genotype 8 from chamois, strain italy‑58987, obtained by next generation sequencing and the comparison with other pestiviruses. the sequence of 12,245 bp long was aligned to 22 pestivirus genomes and it showed a nt/aa similarity of 81.3/89.4% with bdv genotypes, and 65.9/67.8% with the other  pestiviruses. the genome showed a mean nt/aa similarity of 91.2/95.0% with three swis ...201930794320
different effects of alpine woody plant expansion on domestic and wild ungulates.changes in land-use and climate affect the distribution and diversity of plant and animal species at different spatiotemporal scales. the extent to which species-specific phenotypic plasticity and biotic interactions mediate organismal adaptation to changing environments, however, remains poorly understood. woody plant expansion is threatening the extent of alpine grasslands worldwide, and evaluating and predicting its effects on herbivores is of crucial importance. here, we explore the impact o ...201930737872
polishing sequence for titanium using dental armamentarium: a pilot study.with the increasing use of titanium in dentistry, the methods for maintenance, particularly the polishing sequence, have become especially important. thirty test samples of commercially pure grade 2 titanium were sandblasted with 110 microns aluminum oxide at 60 psi to establish a baseline surface roughness. two samples were exposed to each of 15 different polishing sequences. scanning electron photomicrographs of the polished samples were taken at x100 and randomly assigned identification numbe ...20198242014
colloidal lignin particles as adhesives for soft materials.lignin has interesting functionalities to be exploited in adhesives for medicine, foods and textiles. nanoparticles (nps) < 100 nm coated with poly (l-lysine), pl and poly(l-glutamic acid) pga were prepared from the laccase treated lignin to coat nanocellulose fibrils (cnf) with heat. nps ca. 300 nm were prepared, β-casein coated and cross-linked with transglutaminase (tgase) to agglutinate chamois. size exclusion chromatography (sec) and fourier-transform infrared (ftir) spectroscopy were used ...201830513957
demographic stochasticity drives epidemiological patterns in wildlife with implications for diseases and population management.infectious diseases raise many concerns for wildlife and new insights must be gained to manage infected populations. wild ungulates provide opportunities to gain such insights as they host many pathogens. using modelling and data collected from an intensively monitored population of pyrenean chamois, we investigated the role of stochastic processes in governing epidemiological patterns of pestivirus spread in both protected and hunted populations. we showed that demographic stochasticity led to ...201830442961
predicting the impact of selection for scrapie resistance on prnp genotype frequencies in goats.the european union has implemented breeding programmes to increase scrapie resistance in sheep. a similar approach can be applied also in goats since the k222 allele provides a level of resistance equivalent to that of arr in sheep. the european food safety authority stated that breeding for resistance could be offered as an option for member states to control classical scrapie in goats. we assessed the impact of different breeding strategies on prnp genotype frequencies using a mathematical mod ...201829510738
low sequence diversity of the prion protein gene (prnp) in wild deer and goat species from spain.the first european cases of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in free-ranging reindeer and wild elk were confirmed in norway in 2016 highlighting the urgent need to understand transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) in the context of european deer species and the many individual populations throughout the european continent. the genetics of the prion protein gene (prnp) are crucial in determining the relative susceptibility to tses. to establish prnp gene sequence diversity for free-ranging ...201829631620
transmission of helminths between species of ruminants in austria appears more likely to occur than generally assumed.helminth infections of the gastrointestinal tract and lungs can lead to devastating economical losses to the pastoral based animal production. farm animals can suffer from malnutrition, tissue damage, and blood loss resulting in impaired production traits and reproduction parameters. in austria, pastures grazed by sheep, goats, and cattle overlap with the habitats of several species of wild cervids (roe deer, red deer, sika deer, and fallow deer) and bovids (mouflon, chamois, and ibex), and tran ...201829662884
impact of climate on the population dynamics of an alpine ungulate: a long-term study of the tatra chamois rupicapra rupicapra tatrica.global warming is considered as a phenomenon having a negative effect on animals living in cold climate. however, herbivorous species inhabiting cold zones may potentially benefit from increase of temperature as this influence duration of vegetation period and increase food resources. in this study, we analyze the impact of climate factors on the long-term dynamics of an isolated and unhunted population of the tatra chamois rupicapra rupicapra tatrica. the population growth rate, based on autumn ...201830276475
accelerated biogas production from lignocellulosic biomass after pre-treatment with neocallimastix frontalis.two neocallimastix frontalis strains, isolated from rumen fluid of a cow and of a chamois, were assessed for their ability to degrade lignocellulosic biomass. two independent batch experiments were performed. each experiment was split into two phases: hydrolysis phase and batch fermentation phase. the hydrolysis process during the n. frontalis incubation led to an initial increase of biogas production, an accelerated degradation of dry matter and an increased concentration of volatile fatty acid ...201829807329
a new hybrid approach for mhc genotyping: high-throughput ngs and long read minion nanopore sequencing, with application to the non-model vertebrate alpine chamois (rupicapra rupicapra).the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) acts as an interface between the immune system and infectious diseases. accurate characterization and genotyping of the extremely variable mhc loci are challenging especially without a reference sequence. we designed a combination of long-range pcr, illumina short-reads, and oxford nanopore minion long-reads approaches to capture the genetic variation of the mhc ii drb locus in an italian population of the alpine chamois (rupicapra rupicapra). we utiliz ...201829572469
effect of length of time post-mortem on quality and freezing capacity of cantabric chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica parva) epididymal spermatozoa.genome resource banks are keystones in the ex-situ conservation of wild species. post-mortem (pm) collection of epididymal spermatozoa is an opportunistic and valuable source of germplasm, the time from the death of the animal limits its use. seeking to improve germplasm preservation strategies for the chamois (rupicapra sp.), the effect of pm time on epididymal sperm quality and freezability was studied using the cantabrian chamois. samples were classified according to pm collection time, up to ...201830301620
caseous lymphadenitis caused by corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in alpine chamois (rupicapra r. rupicapra): a review of 98 cases.corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is the causative agent of caseous lymphadenitis (cla) in domestic and wild ruminants. here we describe cla in alpine chamois (rupicapra r. rupicapra) based on a series of 98 cases of c. pseudotuberculosis infection confirmed by bacteriology and gene sequence analysis. the population included 53 males and 45 females distributed within three age groups: up to 18 months (n = 14), 18 months to 4 years (n = 11) and over 4 years (n = 73). four different gross lesion ...201830173853
tear production, intraocular pressure and conjunctival bacterial flora in selected captive wild ruminants.evaluation of tear production (schirmer's tear test, stt) and measurement of intraocular pressure (iop) were performed in a population of captive wild ungulates in a slovenian zoo during routine annual health check.201828493440
wolf predation on wild ungulates: how slope and habitat cover influence the localization of kill sites.based on data collected along the ligurian apennines and alps (n-w italy), we analysed the main environmental and human-related factors influencing the distribution of kill sites of the wolf canis lupus. we mapped and digitized 62 kill sites collected during 2007-2016. around each kill site, we defined a buffer corresponding to the potential hunting area of wolves. we compared kill site plots and an equal number of random plots. we formulated a model of kill site distribution following an approa ...201830403201
new insights on pestivirus infections in transhumant sheep and sympatric pyrenean chamois (rupicapra p. pyrenaica).border disease virus (bdv) causes health and economic impact on livestock and is also of importance in wildlife conservation as it causes high mortality outbreaks in pyrenean chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica). pastoral practices are known as a main interspecies pathogen transmission. hence, the presence of pestivirus in transhumant sheep flocks and sympatric chamois was assessed in areas with different epidemiological scenarios of chamois bdv infections. moreover, the present study had als ...201829615262
predicting herbivore faecal nitrogen using a multispecies near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy calibration.optimal management of free-ranging herbivores requires the accurate assessment of an animal's nutritional status. for this purpose 'near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy' (nirs) is very useful, especially when nutritional assessment is done through faecal indicators such as faecal nitrogen (fn). in order to perform an nirs calibration, the default protocol recommends starting by generating an initial equation based on at least 50-75 samples from the given species. although this protocol optimis ...201728453544
long-term dynamics of mycoplasma conjunctivae at the wildlife-livestock interface in the pyrenees.functional roles of domestic and wild host populations in infectious keratoconjunctivitis (ikc) epidemiology have been extensively discussed claiming a domestic reservoir for the more susceptible wild hosts, however, based on limited data. with the aim to better assess ikc epidemiology in complex host-pathogen alpine systems, the long-term infectious dynamics and molecular epidemiology of mycoplasma conjunctivae was investigated in all host populations from six study areas in the pyrenees and on ...201729016676
self-clearance of pestivirus in a pyrenean chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica) population.understanding the dynamics of host-pathogen interaction is key to the management of epidemics. a pestivirus belonging to the border disease virus group 4 emerged around 2001 in pyrenean chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica) in spain and france. the virus had significant demographic impact in some populations, but it was less harmful and more endemic in other places. the determinants of these local variations are still unclear. here, we documented empirical evidence of self-clearance of the virus in a ch ...201729148885
infectious keratoconjunctivitis in wild caprinae: merging field observations and molecular analyses sheds light on factors shaping outbreak dynamics.infectious keratoconjunctivitis (ikc) is an ocular infectious disease caused by mycoplasma conjunctivae which affects small domestic and wild mountain ruminants. domestic sheep maintain the pathogen but the detection of healthy carriers in wildlife has raised the question as to whether m. conjunctivae may also persist in the wild. furthermore, the factors shaping the dynamics of ikc outbreaks in wildlife have remained largely unknown. the aims of this study were (1) to verify the etiological rol ...201728259139
cattle-derived salmonella enterica serovar dublin infections in red foxes ( vulpes vulpes ) in tyrol, austria.salmonella enterica serovar dublin is endemic in the cattle population in some areas of the austrian province tyrol, and each year single dairy farms have experienced clinical infections. to ascertain if tyrolean red foxes ( vulpes vulpes ) act as a reservoir for salmonella spp., we tested hepatic tissue and intestinal content from foxes hunted in the years 2015-16 by using microbiological methods. in addition, we included several fox fecal samples collected on a mountain pasture near chamois ca ...201728139955
evidence of circulation of the novel border disease virus genotype 8 in chamois.evidence of association between the novel putative border disease virus genotype 8 (bdv-8) and fatal disease in an alpine chamois (rupicapra rupicapra) is reported. diagnostically, we also demonstrated, as already previously reported, the failure of bdv-specific primers (pdb1 and pdb2) to detect bdv-8.201727761745
exposure of wildlife to the schmallenberg virus in france (2011-2014): higher, faster, stronger (than bluetongue)!the schmallenberg virus (sbv) has recently emerged in europe, causing losses to the domestic livestock. a retrospective analysis of serodata was conducted in france for estimating seroprevalence of sbv among six wildlife species from 2011-2012 to 2013-2014, that is during the three vector seasons after the emergence of the sbv in france. our objective was to quantify the exposure of wildlife to sbv and the potential protective effect of elevation such as previously observed for bluetongue. we al ...201725958882
characterization of immune system cell subsets in fixed tissues from alpine chamois (rupicapra rupicapra).immune system cell subsets in lymph nodes and spleen from alpine chamois (rupicapra rupicapra subspecies rupicapra) living in the italian alps were characterized immunohistochemically. seven primary antibodies (against human cd3, cd79αcy, cd68, or ovine cd4, cd8, cd21 and γδ t-cell receptor [tcr] epitopes) were tested on tissues fixed either in formalin or in zinc salts (zs) and cross-reactivity with chamois immune cell epitopes was shown. zs fixation allowed wider identification of immune cells ...201727476109
energy-dependent expansion of .177 caliber hollow-point air gun projectiles.amongst hundreds of different projectiles for air guns available on the market, hollow-point air gun pellets are of special interest. these pellets are characterized by a tip or a hollowed-out shape in their tip which, when fired, makes the projectiles expand to an increased diameter upon entering the target medium. this results in an increase in release of energy which, in turn, has the potential to cause more serious injuries than non-hollow-point projectiles. to the best of the authors' knowl ...201728078445
from gestation to weaning: combining robust design and multi-event models unveils cost of lactation in a large herbivore.the cost of current reproduction on survival or future reproduction is one of the most studied trade-offs governing resource distribution between fitness components. results have often been clouded, however, by the existence of individual heterogeneity, with high-quality individuals able to allocate energy to several functions simultaneously, at no apparent cost. surprisingly, it has also rarely been assessed within a breeding season by breaking down the various reproductive efforts of females f ...201728772345
ancient mitochondrial pseudogenes reveal hybridization between distant lineages in the evolution of the rupicapra genus.mitochondrial pseudogenes (numts) inserted in the nuclear genome are frequently found in population studies. its presence is commonly connected with problems and errors when they are confounded with true mitochondrial sequences. in the opposite side, numts can provide valuable phylogenetic information when they are copies of ancient mitochondrial lineages. we show that rupicapra individuals of different geographic origin from the cantabrian mountains to the apennines and the caucasus share a nuc ...201728711665
effects of season and postmortem changes on blood analytes in pyrenean chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica).our objectives were to evaluate the effects of the 1) season, and 2) postmortem changes on serum biochemistries related with metabolism in pyrenean chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica). serum samples from 98 animals obtained from 2009 to 2012 were included. to investigate seasonal influences on blood parameters, the pyrenean chamois were captured in drive-nets during the feed abundant (fa; n=32) and food deficient (fd; n=35) seasons. to evaluate the possible differences in biochemistry analyt ...201728640711
does selection on horn length of males and females differ in protected and hunted populations of a weakly dimorphic ungulate?weaponry in ungulates may be costly to grow and maintain, and different selective pressures in males and females may lead to sex-biased natural survival. sexual differences in the relationship between weapon growth and survival may increase under anthropogenic selection through culling, for example because of trophy hunting. selection on weaponry growth under different scenarios has been largely investigated in males of highly dimorphic ungulates, for which survival costs (either natural or hunt ...201728616168
the physiological cost of male-biased parasitism in a nearly monomorphic mammal.even though male-biased parasitism is common in mammals, little effort has been made to evaluate whether higher parasitic burden in males results in an extra biological cost, and thus a decrease in fitness. body condition impairment and the augmentation of oxidative stress can be used as indicators of the cost of parasite infections. here, we examined relationships between gastrointestinal and respiratory helminths, body condition and oxidative stress markers (glutathione peroxidase, paraoxonase ...201728431550
multilocus intron trees reveal extensive male-biased homogenization of ancient populations of chamois (rupicapra spp.) across europe during late pleistocene.the inferred phylogenetic relationships between organisms often depend on the molecular marker studied due to the diverse evolutionary mode and unlike evolutionary histories of different parts of the genome. previous studies have shown conflicting patterns of differentiation of mtdna and several nuclear markers in chamois (genus rupicapra) that indicate a complex evolutionary picture. chamois are mountain caprine that inhabit most of the medium to high altitude mountain ranges of southern eurasi ...201728146581
a common new species of inocybe in the pacific northwest with a diagnostic pdab reaction.a species of inocybe common in washington, oregon and british columbia is documented and described as new. the species, i. chondroderma, is characterized by these features: pileus with a fulvous disk and ochraceous to chamois margin, presence of a cortina, densely mycelioid stipe base, smooth spores and fall phenology. the most reliable and distinctive feature of the species is a blue-green or turquoise reaction in response to application of a solution of p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (pdab), indi ...201722962356
onset of autumn shapes the timing of birth in pyrenean chamois more than onset of spring.in seasonal environments, birth dates are a central component for a species' life history, with potential long-term fitness consequences. yet our understanding of selective pressures of environmental changes on birth dates is limited in wild mammals due to the difficulty of data collection. in a context of rapid climate change, the question of a possible mismatch between plant phenology and birth phenology also remains unanswered for most species. we assessed whether and how the timing of birth ...201626503480
demodicosis in chamois ( rupicapra rupicapra subsp. rupicapra) in the italian alps, 2013-14.we report demodicosis in five alpine chamois ( rupicapra rupicapra subsp. rupicapra) from the italian alps that showed moderate crusts on the head and dorsal aspect of the trunk. we detected intramural folliculitis, moderate dermatitis, and t-lymphocytes and macrophages associated with demodex spp. in follicles and sebaceous glands.201626981687
histological lesions and cellular response in the skin of alpine chamois (rupicapra r. rupicapra) spontaneously affected by sarcoptic mange.population dynamics of chamois (genus rupicapra, subfamily caprinae) can be influenced by infectious diseases epizootics, of which sarcoptic mange is probably the most severe in the alpine chamois (rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra). in this study, skin lesions and cellular inflammatory infiltrates were characterized in 44 alpine chamois affected by sarcoptic mange. dermal cellular responses were evaluated in comparison with chamois affected by trombiculosis and controls. in both sarcoptic mange and ...201627403422
nocturnal activity of a "diurnal" species, the northern chamois, in a predator-free alpine area.the reduction of predation risk is widely considered a major factor affecting the nocturnal activity of mammals. furthermore, on precipitous mountain terrain, moving in very poor light conditions should be avoided by animals with no special eyesight adaptation to darkness. the northern chamois rupicapra rupicapra has been for long considered as a diurnal species, with occasional nocturnal movements. for the first time, we have quantified the nocturnal activity of 21 radiotagged female chamois fr ...201627012888
comments regarding marco et al., 2015, 'the two sides of border disease in pyrenean chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica): silent persistence and population collapse'. 201627534435
spontaneous aorta and coronary lesions in mountain mammals. ii. the chamois (rupicapra rupicapra).the study of the aorta and coronary arteries from 25 chamois shot in their mountain natural habitat allowed the observation that this animal is more exposed to liposclerotic lesions than other wild herbivorous mammals which live in the plain or at low altitudes. this observation is supported by both the frequency of the lesions (found in the coronary arteries of 14 animals and in the aorta of 10) and their morphologic and histochemical features. the author discusses the possible role of the rela ...2016996427
the european hare (lepus europaeus) as a potential wild reservoir for ruminant pestiviruses.ruminant pestiviruses cause important economic losses in livestock and the epidemiological role of free-ranging sympatric wildlife is of special interest for the implementation of pestivirus eradication plans. moreover, the emergence of high mortality outbreaks of pestivirus in pyrenean chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica) since 2001 in the border between spain and france has increased the value of knowing the hosts that role pestivirus infection. in the present study, pestivirus infection wa ...201627544252
serological survey of coxiella burnetii at the wildlife-livestock interface in the eastern pyrenees, spain.coxiella burnetii is a zoonotic bacterium that infects a wide range of animal species and causes the disease q fever. both wild and domestic ruminants may be relevant in the epidemiology of c. burnetii infection. in order to investigate the significance of the ruminant host community in the alpine and subalpine ecosystems of the eastern pyrenees, northeastern spain, in the epidemiology of q fever, a serological survey was performed on samples from 599 wild and 353 sympatric domestic ruminants.201627121001
spatial and temporal phylogeny of border disease virus in pyrenean chamois (rupicapra p. pyrenaica).border disease virus (bdv) affects a wide range of ruminants worldwide, mainly domestic sheep and goat. since 2001 several outbreaks of disease associated to bdv infection have been described in pyrenean chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica) in spain, france and andorra. in order to reconstruct the most probable places of origin and pathways of dispersion of bdv among pyrenean chamois, a phylogenetic analysis of 95 bdv 5'untranslated sequences has been performed on chamois and domestic ungulat ...201628033381
effect of different ecosystems and management practices on toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum infections in wild ruminants in spain.toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum are two major abortifacient protozoans in domestic small ruminants and cattle, respectively, and they also parasitize a wide range of wildlife. numerous serosurveys have been conducted in wild ruminants worldwide. however, the potential effect of different ecosystems and management practices on these infections has not been investigated. we studied the prevalence of antibodies to t. gondii and n. caninum in wild ruminants between 2007 and 2012 from four nat ...201626967135
detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum genotypes that are potentially virulent for human in wild ruminants and ixodes ricinus in central italy.human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga) is an emerging tick-borne zoonosis worldwide. as is the case for many tick-borne diseases, the epidemiological cycle is associated to the environmental conditions, including the presence of wild vertebrate reservoir hosts, vectors, climate and vegetation. in this study a total number of 87 spleen samples of wild ruminants carcasses from central italy, and 77 ixodes ricinus collected from the same dead animals were screened for anaplasma phagocytophilum by us ...201627020736
ashworthius sidemi schulz, 1933 and haemonchus contortus (rudolphi, 1803) in cervids in france: integrative approach for species identification.among gastro-intestinal nematodes, the blood-sucking worms belonging to the subfamily of haemonchinae are considered to be of pathogenic and economic great importance, particularly in small ruminants. haemonchus contortus, primary found in domestic ruminants and wild bovines (mouflon, chamois), is probably the most studied, but occurrence of ashworthius sidemi has gradually increased over recent years, especially in cervids and free roaming wild bovid as the european bison in eastern europe, and ...201627810500
the role of wild ruminants as reservoirs of besnoitia besnoiti infection in cattle.bovine besnoitiosis, a parasitic disease caused by besnoitia besnoiti, has been reported mainly in beef cattle raised under extensive pastoral systems and is considered to be re-emerging in western europe. horizontal transmission probably occurs either by means of blood sucking arthropods or as a consequence of direct contact between infected and non-infected cattle. however, the role that wild ruminants (e.g., red deer (cervus elaphus) and roe deer (capreolus capreolus)) may play in the parasit ...201627198769
elemental composition of game meat from austria.concentrations of 26 elements (b, na, mg, p, s, k, ca, v, cr, mn, fe, co, ni, cu, zn, as, se, rb, sr, mo, cd, sb, ba, hg, pb, u) in wild game meat from austria were analysed using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. all investigated animals were culled during the hunting season 2012/2013, including 10 chamois (rupicapra rupicapra), 9 hare (lepus europaeus), 10 pheasant (phasianus colchicus), 10 red deer (cervus elaphus), 12 roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and 10 wild boar (sus scrofa ...201626886253
heterogeneity in primary productivity influences competitive interactions between red deer and alpine chamois.habitat heterogeneity can promote coexistence between herbivores of different body size limited to different extents by resource quantity and quality. red deer (cervus elaphus) are known as superior competitors to smaller species with similar diets. we compared competitive interactions and habitat use between red deer and alpine chamois (rupicapra rupicapra) in two adjacent valleys in a strictly protected area in the central alps. red deer density was higher in the valley with higher primary pro ...201626824867
first description of onchocerca jakutensis (nematoda: filarioidea) in red deer (cervus elaphus) in switzerland.twenty-seven species of the genus onchocerca (nematoda; filarioidea) can cause a vector-borne parasitic disease called onchocercosis. most onchocerca species infect wild and domestic ungulates or the dog, and one species causes river blindness in humans mainly in tropical africa. the european red deer (cervus e. elaphus) is host to four species, which are transmitted by blackflies (simuliids) or biting midges (ceratopogonids). two species, onchocerca flexuosa and onchocerca jakutensis, produce s ...201627617204
spread and genotype of toxoplasma gondii in naturally infected alpine chamois (rupicapra r. rupicapra).the complex life cycle of toxoplasma gondii involves many animal species, raising zoonotic, economic, and conservation issues. this complexity is reflected in the molecular structure of t. gondii, whose different genotypes differ in pathogenicity. among the intermediate hosts of t. gondii, wild ungulates may be a source of human infection. despite intense hunting activity and the consumption of raw or undercooked meat, little information is available on the spread of t. gondii and the distributi ...201626960960
identification of a gammaherpesvirus belonging to the malignant catarrhal fever group of viruses in pyrenean chamois (rupicapra p. pyrenaica).high prevalence (46 %) of a gammaherpesvirus was confirmed by molecular detection in the lungs of hunted pyrenean chamois. the partial glycoprotein b sequence up to the dna polymerase gene showed 96.6 % nucleotide sequence identity to the rupicapra rupicapra gammaherpesvirus 1 and 81.5 % to ovine herpesvirus 2. this novel sequence clusters within sequences derived from the malignant catarrhal fever group of viruses, and the corresponding virus is tentatively named rupicapra pyrenaica gammaherpes ...201627535412
evaluation of three enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for sarcoptic mange diagnosis and assessment in the iberian ibex, capra pyrenaica.sarcoptic mange is a contagious skin disease caused by the mite sarcoptes scabiei, affecting different mammalian species worldwide including the iberian ibex (capra pyrenaica), in which mortalities over 90 % of the population have been reported. no efficient diagnostic methods are available for this disease, particularly when there are low mite numbers and mild or no clinical signs. in this study, three enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) developed for dog (elisa a), cantabrian chamois (r ...201627769278
the first detection and whole genome characterization of the g6p[15] group a rotavirus strain from roe deer.although rotaviruses have been detected in a variety of host species, there are only limited records of their occurrence in deer, where their role is unknown. in this study, group a rotavirus was identified in roe deer during a study of enteric viruses in game animals. 102 samples of intestinal content were collected from roe deer (56), wild boars (29), chamois (10), red deer (6) and mouflon (1), but only one sample from roe deer was positive. following whole genome sequence analysis, the rotavi ...201627374907
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