Publications

an update on the ecological distribution of the ixodidae ticks in zimbabwe.	in total 7657 ticks were collected from 121 dip tanks in 12 districts representative of zimbabwe's five ecological regions between september 2013 and may 2014. based on morphological traits four genera and 13 species of ticks were identified. amblyomma hebraeum (60.3 %), rhipicephalus microplus (58.7 %), rhipicephalus decoloratus (47.1 %), rhipicephalus appendiculatus (56.2 %), rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (67.8 %), rhipicephalus (near) punctatus (13.2 %), hyalomma truncatum (38 %) and hyalomma ...	2015	25721256
comparative efficacy of two oral treatments for dogs containing either afoxolaner or fluralaner against rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato and dermacentor reticulatus.	the present study compares the efficacy of two recent oral ectoparasiticides containing isoxazolines (nexgard(®), containing afoxolaner and administered at a monthly regimen, and bravecto™ containing fluralaner and administered at a tri-monthly regimen) against rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato and dermacentor reticulatus ticks on dogs. 24 dogs were randomly allocated to untreated control, nexgard(®) treated, and bravecto™ treated groups. the treatments were administered on days 0, 28 and 56 f ...	2015	25716658
prevalence of ixodid ticks on cattle, sheep and goats in ilam county, ilam province, iran.	this survey was performed to find out the infestation rate of ixodidae ticks in domestic ruminants in ilam county during 21 march 2009 to 23 august 2009. sampling was performed in 25 villages and 15 animal farm from different areas of this county. a total of 1,316 ticks were collected from 416 cattle, 208 sheep and 147 goats. the overall prevalence of ticks was recorded: 43, 23.5, and 49/6 % in cattle, sheep, and goats respectively. the number of ticks that collected from cattle, sheep, and goat ...	2013	25698857
rocky mountain spotted fever characterization and comparison to similar illnesses in a highly endemic area-arizona, 2002-2011.	rocky mountain spotted fever (rmsf) has emerged as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality since 2002 on tribal lands in arizona. the explosive nature of this outbreak and the recognition of an unexpected tick vector, rhipicephalus sanguineus, prompted an investigation to characterize rmsf in this unique setting and compare rmsf cases to similar illnesses.	2015	25697743
risk factors for fatal outcome from rocky mountain spotted fever in a highly endemic area-arizona, 2002-2011.	rocky mountain spotted fever (rmsf) is a disease that now causes significant morbidity and mortality on several american indian reservations in arizona. although the disease is treatable, reported rmsf case fatality rates from this region are high (7%) compared to the rest of the nation (<1%), suggesting a need to identify clinical points for intervention.	2015	25697742
histoarchitecture of the ovary of rhipicephalus (boophilus) annulatus during pre- and postengorgement period.	the present communication describes the detailed day wise study of histological changes of the ovary of rhipicephalus (boophilus) annulatus in the postengorgement period together with the systematic classification of their oocytes. the ovary of r. (b.) annulatus is panoistic type with an asynchronous development of oocytes. all the stages (ii, iii, iv, and v) of oocytes except stage i were similar to r. (b.) microplus. the stage i oocytes showed basophilia, which was not reported earlier in othe ...	2015	25664337
detection of rickettsia spp in ticks by maldi-tof ms.	matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) has been shown to be an effective tool for the rapid identification of arthropods, including tick vectors of human diseases.	2015	25659152
one-month comparative efficacy of three topical ectoparasiticides against adult brown dog ticks (rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato) on mixed-bred dogs in controlled environment.	this study was designed to compare the therapeutic and residual efficacy for 1 month of three topical ectoparasiticides on mixed-bred dogs against the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus. adult dogs (n = 32, 10.8-18.4 kg bw) were allocated to 4 groups (n = 8) and infested with 50 adult ticks on days -8, -2, 7, 14, 21, and 28. within each group, dogs were treated topically on day 0 with a control solution (cs), vectra 3d (dpp), frontline plus (fm), or k9 advantix (ip). ticks were enumerated ...	2015	25656465
native strains of beauveria bassiana for the control of rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato.	rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato ticks are widespread worldwide due to their adaptability to survive under different environmental conditions. they may act as vectors of a wide range of pathogens to humans and animals and their control is based on the use of chemical products on dogs and in the environment. alternative control strategies, such as the use of entomopathogenic fungi as bio-control agents have also been investigated. the ability of native strains of beauveria bassiana sensu lato ...	2015	25651851
rickettsia parkeri infecting free-living amblyomma triste ticks in the brazilian pantanal.	the present study evaluated the infection of rickettsiae in 151 rhipicephalus sanguineus, 59 amblyomma ovale, 166 amblyomma triste, one amblyomma dissimile and four amblyomma dubitatum ticks collected in the municipality of poconé, state of mato grosso, within the pantanal biome of brazil. ticks were individually processed by the hemolymph test with gimenez staining, isolation of rickettsia in vero cell culture by the shell vial technique, and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) targeting the citrat ...	2015	25650348
guideline for veterinary practitioners on canine ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis in europe.	canine ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are important tick-borne diseases with a worldwide distribution. information has been continuously collected on these infections in europe, and publications have increased in recent years. prevalence rates are high for ehrlichia and anaplasma spp. infections in dogs from different european countries. the goal of this article was to provide a practical guideline for veterinary practitioners on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of ehrlichiosis and anapla ...	2015	25649069
brown dog tick infestation of a home in england.		2015	25634925
efficacy of a new combination of fipronil and permethrin against ctenocephalides felis flea infestation in dogs.	five studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of a new combination of fipronil and permethrin on cat fleas, ctenocephalides felis, when applied to dogs, including dogs that underwent water exposure or shampooing.	2015	25630582
high prevalence of rickettsia spp. infections in small mammals in taiwan.	surveillance for rickettsia spp. is urgently needed due to the recent emergence of many novel rickettsioses around the globe, but previous studies in taiwan have been limited to small areas and no investigation of infections in vertebrate hosts has ever been attempted. we surveyed rickettsial infections systematically in small-mammal hosts trapped between 2006 and 2010 throughout taiwan. fragments of ompb and glta genes in the liver, spleen, and kidney of mammals were targeted by nested polymera ...	0	25629776
hard tick species of livestock and their bioecology in golestan province, north of iran.	a survey on tick species composition was carried out in golestan province iran during year 2010-2011.the aim was to determine tick species parasitizing domestic ruminants and their seasonal population dynamics.	2013	25629071
repellency, prevention of attachment and acaricidal efficacy of a new combination of fipronil and permethrin against the main vector of canine babesiosis in europe, dermacentor reticulatus ticks.	dermacentor reticulatus is a european hard tick of major veterinary importance because it is the vector of canine babesiosis due to babesia canis. the efficacy against this particular tick species is therefore a key characteristic for an acaricidal solution for dogs. the repellency, prevention of attachment and acaricidal efficacy of frontline tri- act/frontect, a new combination of fipronil and permethrin against induced infestations of dermacentor reticulatus ticks on dogs were evaluated after ...	2015	25622802
acaricidal efficacy of a new combination of fipronil and permethrin against ixodes ricinus and rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks.	two blinded, controlled laboratory studies were conducted to assess the acaricidal efficacy of a new combination of fipronil and permethrin (frontline tri-act/frontect) against two tick species. study a evaluated the efficacy of the product against both ixodes ricinus and rhipicephalus sanguineus and study b evaluated the efficacy against r. sanguineus only.	2015	25622698
fipronil and permethrin combination: a novel ectoparasiticide for dogs.		2015	25622552
identification and characterization of micrornas by deep-sequencing in hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (acari: ixodidae) ticks.	hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (h.a. anatolicum) (acari: ixodidae) ticks are globally distributed ectoparasites with veterinary and medical importance. these ticks not only weaken animals by sucking their blood but also transmit different species of parasitic protozoans. multiple factors influence these parasitic infections including mirnas, which are non-coding, small regulatory rna molecules essential for the complex life cycle of parasites. to identify and characterize mirnas in h.a. anatolic ...	2015	25592818
immunosuppressive effects of amblyomma cajennense tick saliva on murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells.	dendritic cells (dcs) are professional antigen-presenting cells with vital roles in the activation of host immunity. ticks are bloodsucking arthropods that secrete bioactive compounds with immunomodulatory properties via their saliva. it is known that some tick species modulate the biology of dcs with different intensities; however, studies on amblyomma cajennense, the cayenne tick, have not yet been performed, although this species is considered one of the most capable of modulating immune resp ...	2015	25586117
molecular detection of anaplasma platys and ehrlichia canis in dogs from kabylie, algeria.	ehrlichia canis and anaplasma platys are bacteria belonging to the anaplasmataceae family that cause acute, self-limiting and sometimes fatal vector-borne infections in dogs. these bacteria have been reported worldwide and are transmitted mainly by rhipicephalus sanguineus. aside from a report on e. canis once in 1935, no other anaplasmataceae bacteria have been reported in algeria to date. the aim of this study was to identify the microbial species implicated in ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis by ...	2015	25583345
further thoughts on the taxonomy and vector role of rhipicephalus sanguineus group ticks.	rhipicephalus sanguineus is a tick species described in 1806 by latreille, based on specimens probably collected in france. however, this is a taxon with uncertain morphological definition and recent studies have gathered irrefutable evidence supporting the existence of a cryptic species-complex under the name 'r. sanguineus', whose number of sibling species around the world has yet to be ascertained. this fact is of great medical and veterinary concern, also considering that ticks currently ide ...	2015	25579394
intravascular hemolysis associated with candidatus mycoplasma hematoparvum in a non-splenectomized dog in the south region of iran.	a 2-year-old male pekingese dog was referred to shiraz university's veterinary teaching hospital for anorexia and depression. the case had no history of surgery. physical examination revealed no abnormalities except mild depression and fever. small, coccoid, epicellular bacteria were detected on erythrocytes by microscopic examination of the giemsa-stained blood smears. abnormalities noted in the complete blood count included regenerative anemia characterized by a marked reticulocytosis. examina ...	0	25568726
rickettsial infection caused by accidental conjunctival inoculation.	the most common transmission route of tick-borne rickettsia is through tick bite; nevertheless, other transmission routes should also be considered. we report a case of rickettsial infection in a 15-year-old boy caused by accidental contamination of the conjunctiva through the infected fluid of a crushed engorged tick removed from a dog. right eye pain, conjunctival hyperaemia with mucopurulent exudate, chemosis and eyelid oedema were the first signs and symptoms. two days later, the boy develop ...	2015	25568272
diagnosis and incidence risk of clinical canine monocytic ehrlichiosis under field conditions in southern europe.	canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (cme), due to the bacterium ehrlichia canis and transmitted by the brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus, is a major tick-borne disease in southern europe. in this area, infections with other vector-borne pathogens (vbp) are also described and result in similar clinical expression. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the incidence risk of clinical cme in those endemic areas and to assess the potential involvement of other vbp in the occurrence of clinical ...	2015	25561342
the taxonomic status of rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806).	the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu stricto, is a species with considerable public health and economic importance. however, the taxonomic status of this species is far from resolved. after more than 110 years of scientific work on r. sanguineus s.s., the situation is that there is no type, no solid description, nor is there a consensus about the range of morphological variability within the species. recent findings based on laboratory crosses and molecular genetics strongly sugges ...	2015	25560924
canine vector-borne co-infections: ehrlichia canis and hepatozoon canis in the same host monocytes.	the protozoon hepatozoon canis and the rickettsia ehrlichia canis are tick-borne pathogens, transmitted by rhipicephalus sanguineus, which cause canine hepatozoonosis and canine monocytic ehrlichiosis, respectively. co-infection of the same host monocytes with h. canis and e. canis confirmed by molecular characterization of the infecting agents and quantitative assessment of co-infected cells is described for the first time in three naturally-infected dogs. blood smear evaluation indicated that ...	2015	25560923
rickettsial diseases and ectoparasites from military bases in japan.	ectoparasitic arthropods are often vectors of rickettsiosis. we conducted a survey of ectoparasites on u.s. military facilities throughout japan with the use of specimens submitted by pest control, public health, and veterinary personnel. over 1,600 individual ectoparasites were collected. fifteen species were identified, including several significant vectors of human diseases such as scrub typhus and rickettsial spotted fevers. these ectoparasites included ctenocephalides felis , haemaphysalis ...	2015	25548900
five-month comparative efficacy evaluation of three ectoparasiticides against adult cat fleas (ctenocephalides felis), flea egg hatch and emergence, and adult brown dog ticks (rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato) on dogs housed outdoors.	this study was designed to compare the efficacy of three topical combinations on dogs in outdoor conditions against adult cat fleas (ctenocephalides felis), flea egg hatch and emergence, and against adult brown dog ticks (rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato). treatment was performed on day 0 with a placebo; dinotefuran, pyriproxifen and permethrin (dpp); fipronil and (s)-methoprene (fm) or imidacloprid and permethrin (ip). dogs (n = 32), housed outdoors for 7 months, were treated monthly for fou ...	2014	25547077
effects of sex and reproductive state on interactions between free-roaming domestic dogs.	free-roaming dogs (canis familiaris) are common worldwide, often maintaining diseases of domestic pets and wildlife. management of these dogs is difficult and often involves capture, treatment, neutering and release. information on the effects of sex and reproductive state on intraspecific contacts and disease transmission is currently lacking, but is vital to improving strategic management of their populations. we assessed the effects of sex and reproductive state on short-term activity pattern ...	2014	25541983
potential role of atp-binding cassette transporters against acaricides in the brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato.	atp-binding cassette (abc) transporters have been shown to be involved in pesticide detoxification in arthropod vectors and are thought to contribute to the development of drug resistance. little is currently known about the role they play in ticks, which are among the more important vectors of human and animal pathogens. here, the role of abc transporters in the transport of fipronil and ivermectin acaricides in the tick rhipicephalus sanguineus (ixodida: ixodidae) was investigated. larvae were ...	2015	25530472
ixodes ricinus and its transmitted pathogens in urban and peri-urban areas in europe: new hazards and relevance for public health.	tick-borne diseases represent major public and animal health issues worldwide. ixodes ricinus, primarily associated with deciduous and mixed forests, is the principal vector of causative agents of viral, bacterial, and protozoan zoonotic diseases in europe. recently, abundant tick populations have been observed in european urban green areas, which are of public health relevance due to the exposure of humans and domesticated animals to potentially infected ticks. in urban habitats, small and medi ...	2014	25520947
first report of rickettsia felis in china.	rickettsia felis is a recently described flea-borne spotted fever group rickettsia that is an emerging human pathogen. although there is information on the organism from around the world, there is no information on the organism in china.	2014	25510419
transmission-blocking vaccines: focus on anti-vector vaccines against tick-borne diseases.	tick-borne diseases are a potential threat that account for significant morbidity and mortality in human population worldwide. vaccines are not available to treat several of the tick-borne diseases. with the emergence and resurgence of several tick-borne diseases, emphasis on the development of transmission-blocking vaccines remains increasing. in this review, we provide a snap shot on some of the potential candidates for the development of anti-vector vaccines (a form of transmission-blocking v ...	2014	25503555
[molecular detection of rickettsia massiliae and anaplasma platys infecting rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks and dogs, bahía blanca (argentina)].	rickettsioses, ehrlichioses and anaplasmoses are caused by gram negative obligate intracellular bacteria and transmitted mainly by arthropods.	2014	25491455
community-based control of the brown dog tick in a region with high rates of rocky mountain spotted fever, 2012-2013.	rocky mountain spotted fever (rmsf) transmitted by the brown dog tick (rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato) has emerged as a significant public health risk on american indian reservations in eastern arizona. during 2003-2012, more than 250 rmsf cases and 19 deaths were documented among arizona's american indian population. the high case fatality rate makes community-level interventions aimed at rapid and sustained reduction of ticks urgent. beginning in 2012, a two year pilot integrated tick pre ...	2014	25479289
pathogenic landscape of transboundary zoonotic diseases in the mexico-us border along the rio grande.	transboundary zoonotic diseases, several of which are vector borne, can maintain a dynamic focus and have pathogens circulating in geographic regions encircling multiple geopolitical boundaries. global change is intensifying transboundary problems, including the spatial variation of the risk and incidence of zoonotic diseases. the complexity of these challenges can be greater in areas where rivers delineate international boundaries and encompass transitions between ecozones. the rio grande serve ...	2014	25453027
ticks infesting wild and domestic animals and humans of sri lanka with new host records.	an island-wide collection of tick species infesting humans, domesticated and wild animals and questing ticks in domestic and peridomestic environments was carried out during 2009-2011. a total of 30,461 ticks were collected from 30 different hosts and free living stages from the ground. the collection consisted of 22 tick species from 30 different hosts recording 12 tick species from humans, 19 from domesticated animals and 21 from wild animals, with a total of 97 new host records. the most comm ...	2015	25445744
fox on the run--molecular surveillance of fox blood and tissue for the occurrence of tick-borne pathogens in austria.	the red fox (vulpes vulpes) is a widespread species, harbouring many pathogens relevant for humans and pets. indeed, anaplasma spp., ehrlichia canis and rickettsia spp. among the bacteria and hepatozoon canis as well as babesia sp. among the parasites have been the focus of several studies.	2014	25413694
the speed of kill of fluralaner (bravecto™) against ixodes ricinus ticks on dogs.	pathogens that are transmitted by ticks to dogs, such as anaplasma phagocytophilum, babesia spp., borrelia burgdorferi sensu latu, and ehrlichia canis, are an increasing problem in the world. one method to prevent pathogen transmission to dogs is to kill the ticks before transmission occurs. fluralaner (bravecto™) is a novel isoxazoline insecticide and acaricide that provides long persistent antiparasitic activity following systemic administration. this study investigated the speed of kill of fl ...	2014	25406442
molecular detection of tick-borne pathogens in captive wild felids, zimbabwe.	the populations of wild felids in africa, of especially lions (panthera leo) and cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus), are declining and the species are classified as vulnerable to extinction by the international union for conservation of nature. as infections with tick-borne pathogens (tbp) can become more of a problem in wild felids, there are relatively few studies on tbp in wild felids in africa and on how these infections might influence population numbers.	2014	25404084
morphological effects of neem (azadirachta indica a. juss) seed oil with known azadirachtin concentrations on the oocytes of semi-engorged rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks (acari: ixodidae).	the concern about the harmful effects caused by synthetic pesticides has led to the search for safe and ecological alternatives for pest control. in this context, the neem tree (azadirachta indica) stands out due to its repellent properties and effects on various arthropods, including ticks. for this reason, this study aimed to demonstrate the potential of neem as a control method for rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks, important vectors of diseases in the veterinary point of view. for this, r. sang ...	2015	25346198
molecular epizootiology and diagnosis of porcine babesiosis in sardinia, italy.	the recent characterization of the 18s ribosomal rna (rrna) of a pathogenic babesia species in a domestic sow paved the way for establishing diagnostic and epidemiological tools for porcine babesiosis. here, we developed the first specific babesia sp. suis pcr, and we applied this test to a panel of samples collected from animals living in a typical mediterranean environment (sardinia, italy), including domestic pigs, wild boars, and ticks. in domestic pigs, pcr coupled with sequencing revealed ...	2014	25325315
high prevalence of rickettsia africae variants in amblyomma variegatum ticks from domestic mammals in rural western kenya: implications for human health.	tick-borne spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsioses are emerging human diseases caused by obligate intracellular gram-negative bacteria of the genus rickettsia. despite being important causes of systemic febrile illnesses in travelers returning from sub-saharan africa, little is known about the reservoir hosts of these pathogens. we conducted surveys for rickettsiae in domestic animals and ticks in a rural setting in western kenya. of the 100 serum specimens tested from each species of domestic r ...	0	25325312
babesia infection in naturally exposed pet dogs from a north-eastern state (assam) of india: detection by microscopy and polymerase chain reaction.	the objective of the study was to detect babesia infections in pet dogs of a north-eastern state of india. the diagnostic efficacy of babesia infection by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique has been compared with microscopy examination. for this, a total of 111 blood samples of pet dogs presented at clinical complex of the college of veterinary science, guwahati, assam with clinical signs suspected for babesia infection subjected to the study. a total of 44 (39.63 %) dogs were diagnosed a ...	2013	25320489
bilateral mandibular pyogranulomatous lymphadenitis and pulmonary nodules in a dog with bartonella henselae bacteremia.	this report describes a 2-year-old collie dog with pulmonary nodules, visualized by computed tomographic (ct) scan, with evidence of bartonella henselae bacteremia and pyogranulomatous lymphadenitis. clinical signs resolved with antimicrobial therapy.	2014	25320386
rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus aquaporin as an effective vaccine antigen to protect against cattle tick infestations.	vaccination as a control method against the cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus has been practiced since the introduction of two products in the mid-1990s. there is a need for a vaccine that could provide effective control of r. microplus in a more consistent fashion than existing products. during our transcriptome studies of r. microplus, several gene coding regions were discovered to encode proteins with significant amino acid similarity to aquaporins.	2014	25306139
the first german map of georeferenced ixodid tick locations.	georeferenced locations of ixodid ticks are required to depict the observed distribution of species. further, they are used as input data for species distribution models also known as niche models. the latter were applied to describe current and future (projected) tick distributions. beside model assumptions and selected climate parameters, the number of georeferenced tick locations available as a digital dataset is of fundamental importance for the reliability of such models. for germany, howev ...	2014	25301245
histopathological study of ovaries of rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae) exposed to different thymol concentrations.	thymol is a monoterpene with proven acaricide action for several tick species. in addition to killing these ectoparasites, thymol can also reduce oviposition and egg hatch rate. however, the effects of thymol on the morphophysiology of tick ovaries are still unknown. thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the morphophysiological changes caused by this active principle in ovaries of rhipicephalus sanguineus after a 6-day feeding period, through the application of morphohistochemical techniqu ...	2014	25300417
intraoperative bleeding in dogs from grenada seroreactive to anaplasma platys and ehrlichia canis.	frequent exposure of grenadian dogs to rhipicephalus sanguineus results in anaplasma platys, and ehrlichia canis seroreactivity. during elective surgeries, substantial intraoperative hemorrhage occurs in some seroreactive dogs.	2014	25274547
borrelia garinii and rickettsia monacensis in ixodes ricinus ticks, algeria.		2014	25272139
identification of the pharmacophore of the cc chemokine-binding proteins evasin-1 and -4 using phage display.	to elucidate the ligand-binding surface of the cc chemokine-binding proteins evasin-1 and evasin-4, produced by the tick rhipicephalus sanguineus, we sought to identify the key determinants responsible for their different chemokine selectivities by expressing evasin mutants using phage display. we first designed alanine mutants based on the evasin-1·ccl3 complex structure and an in silico model of evasin-4 bound to ccl3. the mutants were displayed on m13 phage particles, and binding to chemokine ...	2014	25266725
case report: molecular evidence of anaplasma platys infection in two women from venezuela.	this article presents two case reports of anaplasma platys detection in two women from venezuela. both patients were exposed to rhipicephalus sanguineus, the presumed tick vector, and experienced chronic, nonspecific clinical signs including headaches and muscle pains. intra-platelet inclusion bodies resembling a. platys were observed in buffy coat smears and a. platys dna was amplified and sequenced from whole blood; however, treatment with doxycycline did not alleviate their symptoms. these ca ...	2014	25266347
effects of andiroba (carapa guianensis) oil in ticks: ultrastructural analysis of the synganglion of rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae).	the present study performed an analysis of the ultrastructural changes induced by andiroba seed oil in the synganglion of rhipicephalus sanguineus female ticks, aiming to provide scientific grounds to help in the creation of more specific and efficient methods of control. the synganglion consists of a mass of fused nerves externally covered by the neural lamella, a uniform and acellular layer. just below, the perineurium is found, formed by glial cells. internally, the synganglion is subdivided ...	2015	25261600
immediate efficacy and persistent speed of kill of a novel oral formulation of afoxolaner (nexgardtm) against induced infestations with ixodes ricinus ticks.	ticks are hematophageous arthropods that transmit a wide spectrum of pathogens to human and animals. the ability of an acaricidal product to kill ticks quickly provides an important added benefit, especially as protecting dogs from tick bites remains the best preventive measure against tick-borne diseases. the speed of kill of afoxolaner in a novel soft chewable formulation (nexgardtm) against induced infestations with ixodes ricinus adult ticks was evaluated during a full-month negative control ...	2014	25261196
molecular identification of theileria and babesia in ticks collected from sheep and goats in the black sea region of turkey.	a molecular survey was undertaken in the black sea region of turkey to determine the presence of theileria and babesia species of medical and veterinary importance. the ticks were removed from sheep and goats, pooled according to species and locations, and analyzed by pcr-based reverse line blot (rlb) and sequencing. a total of 2241 ixodid ticks belonging to 5 genus and 12 species were collected and divided into 310 pools. infection rates were calculated as the maximum likelihood estimation (mle ...	2015	25260692
detection of ehrlichia canis in domestic cats in the central-western region of brazil.	ehrlichiosis is a worldwide distributed disease caused by different bacteria of the ehrlichia genus that are transmitted by arthropod vectors. its occurrence in dogs is considered endemic in several regions of brazil. regarding cats, however, few studies have been done and, consequently, there is not enough data available. in order to detect ehrlichia spp. in cats from the central-western region of brazil, blood and serum samples were collected from a regional population of 212 individuals origi ...	2014	25242952
a new multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis reveals different clusters for anaplasma phagocytophilum circulating in domestic and wild ruminants.	anaplasma phagocytophilum is a tick-borne intragranulocytic alpha-proteobacterium. it is the causative agent of tick-borne fever in ruminants, and of human granulocytic anaplasmosis in humans, two diseases which are becoming increasingly recognized in europe and the usa. however, while several molecular typing tools have been developed over the last years, few of them are appropriate for in-depth exploration of the epidemiological cycle of this bacterium. therefore we have developed a multiple-l ...	2014	25228371
impact of humidity on clustered tick eggs.	eclosion of larvae from clustered tick eggs (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, and ±1,000 eggs) of rhipicephalus sanguineus (rs), rhipicephalus microplus (rm), amblyomma cajennense (ac), and dermacentor nitens (dn) was investigated at 43, 75, and > 98% relative humidity (rh) and 25 °c. susceptibility of eggs to dehydration varied among tick species (rs < rm < ac and dn) and the number of clustered eggs but even singularized eggs of all tested species matured, and larvae eclosed at rh > 98%. a minimum of ...	2014	25199556
dual silencing of long and short amblyomma americanum acidic chitinase forms weakens the tick cement cone stability.	this study demonstrates that amblyomma americanum (aam) constitutively and ubiquitously expresses the long (l) and short (s) putative acidic chitinases (ach) that are distinguished by a 210 base pair (bp) deletion in aamach-s. full-length aamach-l and aamach-s cdna are 1959 and 1718 bp long, containing 1332 and 1104 bp open reading frames that code for 443 and 367 amino acid residues proteins with the former predicted to be extracellular and the latter intracellular. both aamach-l and aamach-s m ...	2014	25189365
distribution of ticks (acari: ixodidae) infesting domestic ruminants in mountainous areas of golestan province, iran.	to determine the prevalence of ticks on cattle in the mountainous areas of golestan province and their geographical distribution.	0	25183090
survey on cattle ticks in nur, north of iran.	to survey the prevalence of cattle ticks in nur county and prepare a list of tick fauna in this district.	2014	25182439
identification of rickettsiae from wild rats and cat fleas in malaysia.	rickettsioses are emerging zoonotic diseases reported worldwide. in spite of the serological evidence of spotted fever group rickettsioses in febrile patients in malaysia, limited studies have been conducted to identify the animal reservoirs and vectors of rickettsioses. this study investigated the presence of rickettsiae in the tissue homogenates of 95 wild rats and 589 animal ectoparasites. using pcr assays targeting the citrate synthase gene (glta), rickettsial dna was detected in the tissue ...	2014	25171613
population-based passive tick surveillance and detection of expanding foci of blacklegged ticks ixodes scapularis and the lyme disease agent borrelia burgdorferi in ontario, canada.	we identified ticks submitted by the public from 2008 through 2012 in ontario, canada, and tested blacklegged ticks ixodes scapularis for borrelia burgdorferi and anaplasma phagocytophilum. among the 18 species of ticks identified, i. scapularis, dermacentor variabilis, ixodes cookei and amblyomma americanum represented 98.1% of the 14,369 ticks submitted. rates of blacklegged tick submission per 100,000 population were highest in ontario's eastern region; d. variabilis in central west and easte ...	2014	25171252
a nationwide survey of ixodid tick species recovered from domestic dogs and cats in japan in 2011.	a nationwide survey of ixodid ticks was performed in 2011, during which a total of 4237 and 298 ticks were recovered from 1162 dogs and 136 cats, respectively. haemaphysalis longicornis was the most frequently found tick species on canine hosts (739 dogs), followed by h. flava (166), ixodes ovatus (139), and rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (70). h. hystricis, h. japonica, h. megaspinosa, h. formosensis, h. campanulata, h. ias, i. nipponensis, i. persulcatus, and amblyomma testudinarium were ...	2014	25155339
feeding period required by amblyomma aureolatum ticks for transmission of rickettsia rickettsii to vertebrate hosts.	rocky mountain spotted fever is endemic to the são paulo metropolitan area, brazil, where the etiologic agent, rickettsia rickettsii, is transmitted to humans by adult amblyomma aureolatum ticks. we determined the minimal feeding period required by a. aureolatum nymphs and adults to transmit r. rickettsii to guinea pigs. unfed nymphs and unfed adult ticks had to be attached to the host for >10 hours to transmit r. rickettsii. in contrast, fed ticks needed a minimum of 10 minutes of attachment to ...	0	25148391
morphological alterations in the synganglion and integument of rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks exposed to aqueous extracts of neem leaves (azadirachta indica a. juss).	currently, the necessity of controlling infestation by ticks, especially by rhipicephalus sanguineus, has led researchers and public health managers around the world to search for new and more efficient control methods. this way, we can highlight neem (azadirachta indica a. juss) leaf, bark, and seed extracts, which have been very effective on tick control, and moreover causing less damage to the environment and to the host. this study showed the potential of neem as a control method for r. sang ...	2014	25130979
high-throughput screening of tick-borne pathogens in europe.	due to increased travel, climatic, and environmental changes, the incidence of tick-borne disease in both humans and animals is increasing throughout europe. therefore, extended surveillance tools are desirable. to accurately screen tick-borne pathogens (tbps), a large scale epidemiological study was conducted on 7050 ixodes ricinus nymphs collected from france, denmark, and the netherlands using a powerful new high-throughput approach. this advanced methodology permitted the simultaneous detect ...	2014	25120960
molecular detection of tick-borne pathogens in rhipicephalus sanguineus group ticks.	the rhipicephalus sanguineus group includes some of the most widespread dog ticks, whose identification currently represents a difficult task due to the morphological similarities of these ixodid species. recently, following the morphological and molecular characterization of tick specimens collected from dogs in all continents, rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.), rhipicephalus turanicus and three different operational taxonomic units (namely rhipicephalus sp. i-iii) have been identified ...	2014	25113982
epidemiology of rickettsia sp. strain atlantic rainforest in a spotted fever-endemic area of southern brazil.	the present study was performed in vila itoupava, an area of the state of santa catarina, southern brazil, in which a tick-borne spotted fever illness has been endemic since 2003. notably, both the etiological agent and the vector of these spotted fever cases remain unknown. during january 2011, humans, domestic dogs, and their ticks were sampled in households that are typically surrounded by highly preserved atlantic rainforest fragments. ticks collected from dogs were amblyomma ovale (34% prev ...	2014	25108786
detection of francisella-like endosymbiont in hyalomma rufipes from ethiopia.	the expanding family of francisellaceae includes the genus francisella, where several pathogen bacteria, e.g. the zoonotic f. tularensis, and different francisella-like agents belong to. francisella-like endosymbionts (fles) are widespread in hard and soft ticks and their pathogenicity is unknown. the examination of 296 ticks collected in ethiopia was performed for the detection of f. tularensis and fles using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays based on the amplification of 16s rrna, sdha an ...	2014	25108781
quantitative study of rickettsia massiliae in rhipicephalus sanguineus organs.	rickettsia massiliae, belonging to the spotted fever group of rickettsia, is a human pathogen causing a similar course of disease to that caused by r. conorii, the originally recognized etiologic agent of mediterranean spotted fever. in view of this similarity, we performed an ultrastructural study of r. massiliae in organs of rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks, in order to advance knowledge of the complex dynamics at the tick-pathogen interface in rickettsioses. adult r. massiliae-infected rh. sang ...	2014	25108779
ixodes pacificus ticks maintain embryogenesis and egg hatching after antibiotic treatment of rickettsia endosymbiont.	rickettsia is a genus of intracellular bacteria that causes a variety of diseases in humans and other mammals and associates with a diverse group of arthropods. although rickettsia appears to be common in ticks, most rickettsia-tick relationships remain generally uncharacterized. the most intimate of these associations is rickettsia species phylotype g021, a maternally and transstadially transmitted endosymbiont that resides in 100% of i. pacificus in california. we investigated the effects of t ...	2014	25105893
identification of tick-borne pathogens in ticks feeding on humans in turkey.	the importance of tick-borne diseases is increasing all over the world, including turkey. the tick-borne disease outbreaks reported in recent years and the abundance of tick species and the existence of suitable habitats increase the importance of studies related to the epidemiology of ticks and tick-borne pathogens in turkey. the aim of this study was to investigate the presence of and to determine the infection rates of some tick-borne pathogens, including babesia spp., borrelia burgdorferi se ...	2014	25101999
inadequacy of igm antibody tests for diagnosis of rocky mountain spotted fever.	among 13 suspected rocky mountain spotted fever (rmsf) cases identified through an enhanced surveillance program in tennessee, antibodies to rickettsia rickettsii were detected in 10 (77%) patients using a standard indirect immunofluorescent antibody (ifa) assay. immunoglobulin m (igm) antibodies were observed for 6 of 13 patients (46%) without a corresponding development of igg, and for 3 of 10 patients (30%) at least 1 year post-onset. however, recent infection with a spotted fever group ricke ...	2014	25092818
the role of cats in the eco-epidemiology of spotted fever group diseases.	mediterranean spotted fever (msf), whose etiological agent is r. conorii, is one of the oldest described vector-borne infectious diseases. although it is endemic in the mediterranean area, clinical cases have also been reported in other regions. r. massiliae-bar29 is related to msf cases. this strain is distributed worldwide. r. conorii and r. massiliae-bar29 are transmitted by ticks. dogs are considered the sentinel of r. conorii infection. cats could also be involved in their transmission. ric ...	2014	25084969
genetic identification of rickettsial isolates from fatal cases of brazilian spotted fever and comparison with rickettsia rickettsii isolates from the american continents.	fifteen bacterial isolates from spotted fever group rickettsiosis in brazil were genetically identified as rickettsia rickettsii. in a phylogenetic analysis with other r. rickettsii isolates from genbank, the central/south american isolates showed low polymorphism and formed a clade distinct from two north american clades, with the north american clades having greater in-branch polymorphism.	2014	25078908
abstracts of the 1st conference on neglected vectors and vector-borne diseases (eurnegvec): with management committee and working group meetings of the cost action td1303, april 8-11, 2014, cluj-napoca, romania.		2014	25078468
participation of ticks in the infectious cycle of canine visceral leishmaniasis, in teresina, piauí, brazil.	in this study, we detected leishmania spp. infection in r. sanguineus collected from dogs that were naturally infected with l. (l.) infantum. we examined 35 dogs of both sexes and unknown ages. the infected dogs were serologically positive by the immunofluorescence antibody test (ifat), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), and quick test-dpp (dual path platform), as well as parasitological examination of a positive skin biopsy or sternal bone marrow aspiration. ten negative dogs were inclu ...	0	25076429
transcriptome of the female synganglion of the black-legged tick ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) with comparison between illumina and 454 systems.	illumina and 454 pyrosequencing were used to characterize genes from the synganglion of female ixodes scapularis. go term searching success for biological processes was similar for samples sequenced by both methods. however, for molecular processes, it was more successful for the illumina samples than for 454 samples. functional assignments of transcripts predicting neuropeptides, neuropeptide receptors, neurotransmitter receptors and other genes of interest was done, supported by strong e-value ...	2014	25075967
tick-borne pathogen - reversed and conventional discovery of disease.	molecular methods have increased the number of known microorganisms associated with ticks significantly. some of these newly identified microorganisms are readily linked to human disease while others are yet unknown to cause human disease. the face of tick-borne disease discovery has changed with more diseases now being discovered in a "reversed way," detecting disease cases only years after the tick-borne microorganism was first discovered. compared to the conventional discovery of infectious d ...	2014	25072045
rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (ixodidae) in synantropic rodents in rio grande do sul, brazil.	rhipicephalus sanguineus, the brown dog tick, is responsible for maintaining and transmitting various pathogens, both in animals and human beings, and it is of great sanitary importance. this communication reports the first occurrence of rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato parasitizing rattus norvegicus in the state of rio grande do sul, brazil, and it is also the first record of this tick species parasitizing rattus rattus in brazil. the rodents were captured from the port area, located in the ...	2014	25054514
detection of anaplasma platys in dogs and rhipicephalus sanguineus group ticks by a quantitative real-time pcr.	anaplasma platys is an obligate intracellular, tick-borne pathogen of dogs, which causes canine infectious cyclic thrombocytopenia (cict). the vector role of rhipicephalus sanguineus group ticks has been only suggested, but definitive evidence is lacking. this study aimed to detect and quantify a. platys dna in infected dogs and in their respective ticks through a quantitative real-time pcr assay. from march to may 2009, blood and tick samples from dogs residing in a cict-endemic area were colle ...	2014	25027609
rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (acari: ixodidae) nymphs: an ultrastructural study of the integument and midgut.	this is an ultrastructural study of two important organs of ticks: the integument, covering the body and involved in the molting process, and the midgut, the first organ to have contact with the ingested host blood. the integument of rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato freshly engorged nymphs consists of a layer of epidermal cells rich in organelles and a cuticle, subdivided in epicuticle and procuticle. the latter presents two distinct regions: the exocuticle (with several pore canals) and the ...	2014	25027233
ticks infesting humans in italy and associated pathogens.	ticks may transmit a large variety of pathogens, which cause illnesses in animals and humans, commonly referred to as to tick-borne diseases (tbds). the incidence of human tbds in italy is underestimated because of poor surveillance and the scant amount of studies available.	2014	25023709
canine babesiosis in northwestern india: molecular detection and assessment of risk factors.	in the current study, a total of 214 blood samples from dogs in and around ludhiana, punjab (india), suspected for canine babesiosis were examined with conventional and molecular assays. examination of giemsa-stained peripheral thin blood smears revealed an overall prevalence of 7.47% (16/214) for canine babesiosis encompassing 0.93% (2/214) of large babesia and 6.54% (14/214) of babesia gibsoni. however, molecular diagnosis revealed 15.42% (33/214) samples positive for b. gibsoni infection as e ...	2014	25013798
are ticks venomous animals?	as an ecological adaptation venoms have evolved independently in several species of metazoa. as haematophagous arthropods ticks are mainly considered as ectoparasites due to directly feeding on the skin of animal hosts. ticks are of major importance since they serve as vectors for several diseases affecting humans and livestock animals. ticks are rarely considered as venomous animals despite that tick saliva contains several protein families present in venomous taxa and that many ixodida genera ...	2014	25006341
characterisation of ecto- and endoparasites in domestic cats from tirana, albania.	during 2008 to 2011, faecal samples, ear swabs, and ectoparasites obtained by full body search and total body comb were collected from 252 cats originating from the greater tirana area. faecal samples were examined using the mcmaster and baermann techniques, and a subset of 58 samples was tested for giardia-specific antigen using a coproantigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). the ear swabs were examined for the presence of parasitic mites. overall, almost 93% of the cats were identifi ...	2014	24994454
first molecular evidence of hepatozoon canis infection in red foxes and golden jackals from hungary.	recently, hepatozoon canis infection has been detected among shepherd, hunting and stray dogs in the southern part of hungary, which is considered to be free of rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato and close to the border with croatia. the aim of this study was to acquire information on the possibility that red foxes and/or golden jackals could play a role in the appearance and spread of h. canis in hungary.	2014	24985073
intravascular persistence of anaplasma platys, ehrlichia chaffeensis, and ehrlichia ewingii dna in the blood of a dog and two family members.	anaplasmosis, caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum and anaplasma platys, and ehrlichiosis, caused by ehrlichia chaffeensis, ehrlichia ewingii, the "panola mountain ehrlichia" and ehrlichia muris-like pathogens have been identified as emerging tick borne infectious diseases in dogs and human patients. persistent intravascular infection with these bacteria is well documented in dogs, but is less well documented in human beings.	2014	24984562
spotted fever group rickettsiae in multiple hard tick species from fairfax county, virginia.	spotted fever group rickettsiosis (sfgr) is a potentially fatal disease that has displayed increasing incidence in the united states in recent years. the most well-known and severe type of this disease is rocky mountain spotted fever, but there are other mild forms that occur. recently, human infection with rickettsia parkeri has been reported and linked with the tick amblyomma maculatum. in 2010, a population of r. parkeri-infected a. maculatum was discovered in fairfax county, virginia, leadin ...	2014	24978651
serological detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum, borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and ehrlichia canis antibodies and dirofilaria immitis antigen in a countrywide survey in dogs in poland.	canine vector-borne diseases (cvbds) have increasingly become a focus of attention in the past few years. nevertheless, in many parts of europe information on their occurrence is still scarce. in a large study in poland 3,094 serum samples taken from dogs throughout all 16 polish provinces were tested using a commercial kit for the detection of circulating antibodies against anaplasma phagocytophilum, borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and ehrlichia canis and of dirofilaria immitis antigen. a total ...	2014	24974092
a 24-48 h fed amblyomma americanum tick saliva immuno-proteome.	multiple tick saliva proteins, the majority of which are unknown, confer tick resistance in repeatedly infested animals. the objective of this study was to identify the 24-48 h fed amblyomma americanum tick saliva immuno-proteome. the 24-48 h tick-feeding phase is critical to tick parasitism as it precedes important events in tick biology, blood meal feeding and disease agent transmission. fed male, 24 and 96 h fed female phage display cdna expression libraries were biopanned using rabbit antibo ...	2014	24962723
phylogeography of rickettsia rickettsii genotypes associated with fatal rocky mountain spotted fever.	rocky mountain spotted fever (rmsf), a tick-borne zoonosis caused by rickettsia rickettsii, is among the deadliest of all infectious diseases. to identify the distribution of various genotypes of r. rickettsii associated with fatal rmsf, we applied molecular typing methods to samples of dna extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue specimens obtained at autopsy from 103 case-patients from seven countries who died of rmsf. complete sequences of one or more intergenic regions were am ...	2014	24957541
survey of selected tick-borne diseases in dogs in finland.	due to climate changes during the last decades, ticks have progressively spread into higher latitudes in northern europe. although some tick borne diseases are known to be endemic in finland, to date there is limited information with regard to the prevalence of these infections in companion animals. we determined the antibody and dna prevalence of the following organisms in randomly selected client-owned and clinically healthy hunting dogs living in finland: ehrlichia canis (ec), anaplasma phago ...	2014	24957468
the salivary secretome of the biting midge, culicoides sonorensis.	culicoides biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae) are hematophagous insects with over 1400 species distributed throughout the world. many of these species are of particular agricultural importance as primary vectors of bluetongue and schmallenberg viruses, yet little is known about culicoides genomics and proteomics. detailed studies of members from other blood-feeding dipteran families, including those of mosquito (culicidae) and black fly (simuliidae), have shown that protein components with ...	2014	24949243
ticks of australia. the species that infest domestic animals and humans.	the book australian ticks by f.h.s. roberts (1970) is a land-mark in australian tick biology. but it is time for a new and improved book on the ticks of australia. the present book has identification guides and accounts of the biology and diseases associated with the 16 species of ticks that may feed on domestic animals and humans in australia. these comprise five argasid (soft) ticks: argas persicus (poultry tick), argas robertsi (robert's bird tick), ornithodoros capensis (seabird soft tick), ...	2014	24943801
a biological/medical review of alien tick species (acari: ixodida) accidentally transferred to poland.	alien tick species of the genera ixodes, amblyomma, hyalomma and rhipicephalus are sporadically transferred to the territories of the central european countries. a biological-medical review of the following alien tick species transferred to poland is presented: ixodes eldaricus, ixodes festai, amblyomma sphenodonti, amblyomma exornatumn, amblyomma flavomaculatum, amblyomma latum, amblyomma nuttalli, amblyomma quadricavum, amblyomma transversale, amblyomma varanense, hyalomma aegyptium, hyalomma ...	2014	24930246
chronic coinfections in patients diagnosed with chronic lyme disease: a systematic review.	often, the controversial diagnosis of chronic lyme disease is given to patients with prolonged, medically unexplained physical symptoms. many such patients also are treated for chronic coinfections with babesia, anaplasma, or bartonella in the absence of typical presentations, objective clinical findings, or laboratory confirmation of active infection. we have undertaken a systematic review of the literature to evaluate several aspects of this practice.	2014	24929022
molecular survey of babesia gibsoni using haemaphysalis longicornis collected from dogs and cats in japan.	a nationwide survey of babesia gibsoni using haemaphysalis longicornis collected from dogs and cats in japan was conducted using molecular methods. a total of 1,341 h. longicornis, including 305 females, 14 males, 332 nymphs and 690 larvae (153 pools) from 44 prefectures, were examined by b. gibsoni-targeted pcr. partial sequence analysis revealed that 12 of 13 positive samples sequenced, including samples from tottori, hiroshima, yamaguchi, tokushima, ehime and oita prefectures (all in western ...	2014	24920547