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ecology, biology and distribution of spotted-fever tick vectors in brazil.spotted-fever-caused rickettsia rickettsii infection is in brazil the major tick-borne zoonotic disease. recently, a second and milder human rickettsiosis caused by an agent genetically related to r. parkeri was discovered in the country (atlantic rainforest strain). both diseases clearly have an ecological background linked to a few tick species and their environment. capybaras (hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) and amblyomma cajennense ticks in urban and rural areas close to water sources are the mai ...201323875178
morphological and genetic diversity of rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato from the new and old worlds.the taxonomic status of the brown dog tick (rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu stricto), which has long been regarded as the most widespread tick worldwide and a vector of many pathogens to dogs and humans, is currently under dispute.201323880226
molecular epidemiology of the emerging zoonosis agent anaplasma phagocytophilum (foggie, 1949) in dogs and ixodid ticks in brazil.anaplasma phagocytophilum is an emerging pathogen of humans, dogs and other animals, and it is transmitted by ixodid ticks. the objective of the current study was a) detect a. phagocytophilum in dogs and ixodid ticks using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qpcr); and b) determine important variables associated to host, environment and potential tick vectors that are related to the presence of a. phagocytophilum in dogs domiciled in rio de janeiro, brazil.201324330631
vector-borne helminths of dogs and humans in europe.presently, 45% of the total human population of europe, as well as their domestic and companion animals, are exposed to the risk of vector-borne helminths (vbh) causing diseases. a plethora of intrinsic biological and extrinsic factors affect the relationship among helminths, vectors and animal hosts, in a constantly changing environment. although canine dirofilarioses by dirofilaria immitis and dirofilaria repens are key examples of the success of vbh spreading into non-endemic areas, another e ...201323324440
mediterranean spotted fever in southeastern romania.although cases of mediterranean spotted fever (msf) have been reported for decades in southeastern romania, there are few published data. we retrospectively studied 339 patients, diagnosed with msf at the national institute of infectious diseases "prof. dr. matei bals" between 2000 and 2011, in order to raise awareness about msf in certain regions of romania. according to the raoult diagnostic criteria 171 (50.4%) had a score >25 points. mean age was 52.5 years. one hundred and fifty-five (90.6% ...201324024190
endogenous tick viruses and modulation of tick-borne pathogen growth.ticks transmit a wide range of viral, bacterial and protozoan pathogens, many of which can establish persistent infections of lifelong duration in the vector tick and in some cases are transmitted transovarially to the next generation. in addition many ixodid and argasid tick cell lines and, by inference the parent ticks from which they were derived, harbor endogenous viruses (etv) of which almost nothing is known. in general, low level persistent infections with viral pathogens (arboviruses) ar ...201323875176
characterization of haemaphysalis flava (acari: ixodidae) from qingling subspecies of giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis) in qinling mountains (central china) by morphology and molecular markers.tick is one of important ectoparasites capable of causing direct damage to their hosts and also acts as vectors of relevant infectious agents. in the present study, the taxa of 10 ticks, collected from qinling giant pandas (ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis) in qinling mountains of china in april 2010, were determined using morphology and molecular markers (nucleotide its2 rdna and mitochondrial 16s). microscopic observation demonstrated that the morphological features of these ticks were simi ...201323894541
complete mitochondrial genome sequence data provides genetic evidence that the brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae) represents a species complex.ticks are blood-sucking ectoparasites of great medical and veterinary significance that can transmit bacteria, protozoa, fungi and viruses, and cause a variety of human and animal diseases worldwide. in the present study, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of rhipicephalus sanguineus from china (rsc) and compared with that of r. sanguineus from usa (rsu). nucleotide sequence difference in the full mt genome was 11.23% between rsc and rsu. for the 13 protein-coding genes, compari ...201323630448
international union of basic and clinical pharmacology. [corrected]. lxxxix. update on the extended family of chemokine receptors and introducing a new nomenclature for atypical chemokine receptors.sixteen years ago, the nomenclature committee of the international union of pharmacology approved a system for naming human seven-transmembrane (7tm) g protein-coupled chemokine receptors, the large family of leukocyte chemoattractant receptors that regulates immune system development and function, in large part by mediating leukocyte trafficking. this was announced in pharmacological reviews in a major overview of the first decade of research in this field [murphy pm, baggiolini m, charo if, hé ...201324218476
diversity of bacterial endosymbionts associated with macrosteles leafhoppers vectoring phytopathogenic phytoplasmas.here, we investigate the endosymbiotic microbiota of the macrosteles leafhoppers m. striifrons and m. sexnotatus, known as vectors of phytopathogenic phytoplasmas. pcr, cloning, sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses of bacterial 16s rrna genes identified two obligate endosymbionts, "candidatus sulcia muelleri" and "candidatus nasuia deltocephalinicola," and five facultative endosymbionts, wolbachia, rickettsia, burkholderia, diplorickettsia, and a novel bacterium belonging to the rickettsiaceae, ...201323770905
ticks and associated pathogens collected from dogs and cats in belgium.although ixodes spp. are the most common ticks in north-western europe, recent reports indicated an expanding geographical distribution of dermacentor reticulatus in western europe. recently, the establishment of a d. reticulatus population in belgium was described. d. reticulatus is an important vector of canine and equine babesiosis and can transmit several rickettsia species, coxiella burnetii and tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev), whilst ixodes spp. are vectors of pathogens causing babesi ...201323777784
prevalence of francisella tularensis and francisella-like endosymbionts in the tick population of hungary and the genetic variability of francisella-like agents.several new taxa belonging to the genus francisella have been described recently. the present study describes the prevalence of francisella tularensis and francisella-like endosymbionts (fle) in ticks collected from hungary from 2007 to 2009 and characterizes the genetic variability of fles. a total of 5402 ixodid ticks (ixodes ricinus, i. acuminatus, dermacentor marginatus, d. reticulatus, haemaphysalis inermis, h. concinna, h. punctata) were collected from vegetation and animal hosts and teste ...201323421891
spatial disaggregation of tick occurrence and ecology at a local scale as a preliminary step for spatial surveillance of tick-borne diseases: general framework and health implications in belgium.the incidence of tick-borne diseases is increasing in europe. sub national information on tick distribution, ecology and vector status is often lacking. however, precise location of infection risk can lead to better targeted prevention measures, surveillance and control.201323800283
proteome of rhipicephalus sanguineus tick saliva induced by the secretagogues pilocarpine and dopamine.one dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to separate proteins from the saliva of rhipicephalus sanguineus female ticks fed on rabbits. gel slices were subjected to tryptic digestion and analyzed by reversed-phase hplc followed by ms/ms analysis. the data were compared to a database of salivary proteins of the same tick and to the predicted proteins of the host. saliva was obtained by either pilocarpine or dopamine stimulation of partially fed ticks. electrophoretic separations of both yielde ...201324029695
retrospective study of clinical and hematological aspects associated with dogs naturally infected by hepatozoon canis in ludhiana, punjab, india.to evaluate clinical and hematological aspects of dogs naturally infected with hepatozoon canis (h. canis) presented at the small animal clinics of guru angad dev veterinary and animal sciences university, ludhiana.201323730562
histopathology of the tegument of rabbits infested by rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae) ticks and exposed to selamectin (active principle of acaricide revolution, pfizer).ticks are hematophagous ectoparasites which can transmit several diseases to the host during their feeding process. when ticks mechanically damage the tissue, they eventually induce inflammatory responses on the skin spot where they are fixed. one of the alternatives to control these ectoparasites is the use of chemical substances like selamectin-the active principle of pfizer's antiparasitic revolution-a macrocyclic lactone capable of doing neurotoxic damage to the tick and eventually eliminati ...201323613180
acaricidal efficacy of topical formulation of fipronil in naturally infested dogs in amazonic region, brazil.this study was conducted to show the effectiveness of a novel formulation of fipronil in a spot-on formulation for the therapeutic and preventive control of rhipicephalus sanguineus in naturally infested dogs. ticks on all dogs were counted at the moment of treatment and weekly after treatment (therapeutic efficacy) or infestation (preventive efficacy). the profile of the therapeutic efficacy for rhipicephalus sanguineus suggested that the formulation was able to control the ixodid species for a ...201324252969
action of the insect growth regulator fluazuron, the active ingredient of the acaricide acatak®, in rhipicephalus sanguineus nymphs (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae).the present study evaluated the efficacy of fluazuron (active ingredient of the acaricide acatak®) and its effects on rhipicephalus sanguineus nymphs fed on rabbits exposed to different doses of this insect growth regulator. three different doses of fluazuron (20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, and 80 mg/kg) were applied on the back of hosts (via "pour on"), while distilled water was applied to the control group. on the first day of treatment with fluazuron (24 h), hosts were artificially infested with r. sang ...201324000046
morphology of the midgut of rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae) adult ticks in different feeding stages.the intestinal epithelial cells of ticks are fundamental for their full feeding and reproductive success, besides being considered important sites for the development of pathogens. rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks are known for their great medical and veterinary importance, and for this reason, the knowledge of their intestinal morphology may provide relevant subsidies for the control of these animals, either by direct acaricidal action over these cells or by the production of vaccines. therefore, ...201323052783
off-host aggregation in the non-fed, female brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille), is induced by tick excreta and enhanced by low relative humidity.we report that rhipicephalus sanguineus (ixodida: ixodidae) faeces and its main component, guanine, act as assembly pheromones in short-range petri plate bioassays. arrestment activity in response to guanine was lower than that in response to natural excreta, indicating the presence of other active ingredients in natural excreta. the selective removal of appendages was used to establish the important roles played by the palps and the front pair of legs in the detection of the pheromone. reaction ...201322928633
systematics and ecology of the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus.rhipicephalus sanguineus, the brown dog tick, kennel tick, or pan-tropical dog tick, is probably the most widespread ixodid tick, colonising both human and canine dwellings. it is of great significance in both human and veterinary medicine as a vector of several important pathogens and can also cause clinical illness in heavy infestations of dogs. however, there are still significant taxonomic uncertainties, and it is probable that some records of this tick refer to other species. most past revi ...201323415851
study on cheliceral sensilla of the brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae) involved in taste perception of phagostimulants.phagostimulants are chemical compounds that stimulate feeding. some tick species are known to have pores in their inner cheliceral digits, called pit sensillum (ps), which are involved in taste perception. this study investigated the existence of ps in chelicerae of rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks by scanning electron microscopy (sem) and their involvement in the perception of phagostimulatory substances, such as the salts potassium chloride and sodium chloride (kcl and nacl), sugars (glucose, su ...201323352572
effect of egg clustering on the fitness of rhipicephalus sanguineus larvae.several biological aspects of rhipicephalus sanguineus have been studied, but scant information is available on the effect of egg clustering on incubation period and larval survival. herein, r. sanguineus eggs were separated in groups composed by 1 (gi), 10 (gii), 50 (giii), 100 (giv), 500 (gv) and 1,000 (gvi) eggs (10 replicates), and incubation and larval survival period were recorded. no correlation was observed between the amount of egg batches and hatching percentage. larvae from gi hatched ...201323254589
inoculation of salivary gland extracts obtained from female of rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari, ixodidae) with 2, 4, and 6 days of feeding in rabbit: i--histopathology of the feeding lesion.this study analyzed the histopathology of rabbit skin, previously immunized with sge2, sge4, and sge6 gland extracts prepared from salivary glands of rhipicephalus sanguineus female with 2, 4, and 6 days of feeding, at the region of the r. sanguineus female feeding lesion 2, 4, and 6 days after tick attachment. in this work, infestation-naïve new zealand white rabbits were inoculated either with the extracts (test group (tg)) or with phosphate buffer and complete freund's adjuvant mixture (contr ...201323229316
prevalence of tick infestation (rhipicephalus sanguineus and hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum) in dogs in punjab, pakistan.this study was conducted to identify ticks that infest dogs in the rawalpindi region of punjab, pakistan. a total of 525 dogs were examined between june and september 2010. of these, 60 (11.42%) were infested with ticks. the morphological features of the ticks were identified by using a stereomicroscope to confirm their identity using morphological keys. two species were observed, namely: rhipicephalus sanguineus and hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum. the prevalence rate of these species was 98.33% ...201322485006
on-host control of the brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus latreille (acari: ixodidae) by metarhizium brunneum (hypocreales: clavicipitaceae).ticks are obligatory blood-sucking arthropods. their life cycle includes a relatively short period of feeding on a vertebrate host and a long off-host period spent in the upper layer of the soil. entomopathogenic fungi are known to be highly effective tick pathogens and the on-host application of these fungi may be a promising economic approach for tick control. in this study, we evaluated the tick control provided by spraying metarhizium brunneum onto the tick's vertebrate host, specifically ge ...201323267821
tick vectors of cercopithifilaria bainae in dogs: rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato versus ixodes ricinus.recently, dermal microfilariae of a cercopithifilaria species (spirurida, onchocercidae), namely cercopithifilaria bainae , were detected in dogs from several geographical areas of the mediterranean basin. evidence from both laboratory and field studies support the role of the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato, as an intermediate host of this nematode. in the present study, we investigated the competence of ixodes ricinus nymphs as vectors of c. bainae. on november 2012, fully ...201323771741
comparative analysis of mitochondrial markers from four species of rhipicephalus (acari: ixodidae).mitochondrial sequences of four mitochondrial markers: 12s rrna, 16s rrna, cytochrome c oxidase subunit i (cox1) and cytochrome b (cytb) from four rhipicephalus species were analyzed to establish genetic relationships and enable molecular identification. field-collected samples from the species rhipicephalus annulatus, rhipicephalus bursa, rhipicephalus sanguineus and rhipicephalus turanicus were amplified by pcr and compared with genbank™ annotated sequences. pcr products were obtained using pr ...201324091196
comparative analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear genetic markers for the molecular identification of rhipicephalus spp.the genus rhipicephalus (acari: ixodidae) comprises a large number of vectors of pathogens of substantial medical and veterinary concern; however, species identification based solely on morphological features is often challenging. in the present study, genetic distance within selected rhipicephalus species (i.e., rhipicephalus bursa, rhipicephalus guilhoni, rhipicephalus muhsamae, rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato and rhipicephalus turanicus), were investigated based on molecular and phylogene ...201324103336
fluazuron-induced morphophysiological changes in the cuticle formation and midgut of rhipicephalus sanguineus latreille, 1806 (acari: ixodidae) nymphs.the present study demonstrated the effects of the arthropod growth regulator, fluazuron (acatak®), in the formation of the integument and digestive processes of rhipicephalus sanguineus nymphs fed on rabbits treated with different doses of this chemical acaricide. for this, three different doses of fluazuron (20, 40, or 80 mg/kg) were applied "pour on" to the hosts (groups ii, iii, and iv), as well as distilled water to the control group. on the first day after treatment (24 h), the hosts were a ...201322992894
the occurrence of autophagic cell death in the tegument of rabbits pre-infested with rhipicephalus sanguineus and exposed to selamectin (active principle of acaricide pfizer revolution®).ticks of rhipicephalus sanguineus species have great medical and veterinary importance for being a vector of various diseases. in an attempt to minimize their action on the host, people have resorted to chemical control by using various acaricides, such as selamectin. although previous studies have demonstrated its toxic action in domestic animals, no studies focused on the detection of cell death when exposed to selamectin. for this reason, the technique for detecting autophagic cell death was ...201323983162
action of andiroba oil and permethrin on the central nervous and reproductive systems of rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae) ticks females. a confocal study.research for acaricides with lower toxicity and impact on the environment has been intensified. an alternative would be the use of natural compounds or of synthetic products in lower concentrations than the ones sold commercially. thus, this study describes the action of andiroba seed oil on the nuclei of the ovary and synganglion cells of rhipicephalus sanguineus, and presents an analysis of the nuclear morphology of the nervous system cells of this tick species when exposed to permethrin. the ...201323823663
neurotoxic action of permethrin in rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae) female ticks. morphological and cytochemical evaluation of the central nervous system.studies on the molecular bases of the neurotoxic action of acaricides are found in the literature; but there are no studies of this action on the nervous system of ticks at the cellular level. the present study describes the morphological and cytochemical changes in the synganglion of rhipicephalus sanguineus semi-engorged females exposed to different concentrations of permethrin, a pyrethroid with recognized neurotoxic action. permethrin induced the degeneration of the synganglion through a pro ...201323578999
survey of coxiella burnetii in ticks collected from dogs in japan.for a survey of coxiella burnetii, the q fever agent, ticks infesting companion dogs were collected in aomori, tochigi, gifu and okinawa prefectures, japan. a total of 261 ticks were collected, and their species were identified morphologically. five tick species were identified: ixodes ovatus, haemaphysalis concinna, h. flava, h. longicornis and rhipicephalus sanguineus. total dna was extracted from them individually followed by real-time pcr to detect a c. burnetii-specific gene. the results of ...201323558956
transmission of ehrlichia canis by rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks feeding on dogs and on artificial membranes.a south african strain of ehrlichia canis was isolated and used to infect a laboratory-bred beagle dog. rhipicephalus sanguineus nymphs, which fed on this dog, moulted to adult ticks which carried infection rates of e. canis between 12% and 19% and were used in a series of in vivo and in vitro experiments. five groups of 6 dogs were challenged with the infected r. sanguineus ticks, which were removed 24h, 12h, 6h or 3h after the ticks had been released onto the dogs. the animals were monitored f ...201323962826
imidacloprid 10 % / flumethrin 4.5 % collars (seresto®, bayer) successfully prevent long-term transmission of ehrlichia canis by infected rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks to dogs.the objective of this study was to determine the empirical efficacy of imidacloprid 10 %/flumethrin 4.5 % (seresto®) collars in preventing long-term transmission of ehrlichia canis by infected rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks to dogs. the study was a parallel group design, single centre, randomised, non-blinded, controlled, long-term efficacy study. the treatment group of 8 dogs was fitted with seresto® collars, the untreated control group of 8 dogs received no collars. ehrlichia canis-infected ti ...201323774841
prevention of transmission of ehrlichia canis by rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks to dogs treated with a combination of fipronil, amitraz and (s)-methoprene (certifect®).the ability of certifect(®) (a combination of fipronil, amitraz and (s)-methoprene) to prevent transmission of ehrlichia canis was studied in two groups of eight dogs. one group was treated with certifect while the other group remained untreated. all dogs were exposed to e. canis-infected rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks on days 7, 14, 21 and again on day 28 post-treatment by releasing ticks into the kennels of the dogs to simulate the natural way of infestation. animals were examined in situ for ...201323298566
serological survey on ehrlichia sp. among dogs in the central region of rio grande do sul.a serological survey on ehrlichia canis was conducted among dogs in the central area of the state of rio grande do sul, where the tick rhipicephalus sanguineus is a common parasite of dogs. out of a total of 316 dogs attended at the veterinary teaching hospital in the municipality of santa maria, only 14 (4.43%) reacted positively to e. canis antigens in the indirect immunofluorescence assay, with the following endpoint titers: 80 (three dogs), 160 (five), 320 (four), 640 (one) and 1280 (one). l ...201323184320
isolation, in vitro propagation, genetic analysis, and immunogenic characterization of an ehrlichia canis strain from southeastern brazil.amplification of the 16s rrna gene from a blood sample obtained from a dog in southeastern brazil was used to confirm a naturally acquired ehrlichia (e.) canis infection. following isolation and culturing of the new bacterial strain called uberlandia, partial sequences of the dsb and p28 genes were obtained. the dsb partial sequence of the novel strain was 100% similar to dsb gene sequences of e. canis obtained from different geographic areas around the world. conversely, the p28 partial sequenc ...201324136211
chemical characterization and acaricide potential of essential oil from aerial parts of tagetes patula l. (asteraceae) against engorged adult females of rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806).rhipicephalus sanguineus, commonly known as the brown dog tick, is one of the most widely distributed species of tick. in dogs, it can cause anemia and provide the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms such as babesia canis, ehrlichia canis, hepatozoon canis, anaplasma platys, and mycoplasma haemocanis. to man, it can transmit the intracellular parasites rickettsia rickettsii and rickettsia conorii, the causative agents of the rocky mountain spotted fever in the americas and mediterranean an ...201323508761
tick-borne pathogens and disease in dogs on st. kitts, west indies.between 2009 and 2011, we conducted a case-control study of ticks and tick-associated pathogens affecting dogs on the island of st. kitts, eastern caribbean, including 55 cases of clinically suspected tick-borne disease (tbd) and 110 presumably healthy animals presented for elective surgeries. rhipicephalus sanguineus caused year-round infestations of dogs, and 36% of the dogs in the study were infested at the time of examination. overall, 62% of suspected tbd cases and 24% of presumably healthy ...201323481028
molecular detection of anaplasma platys and babesia gibsoni in dogs in malaysia.this study reports for the first time molecular detection of anaplasma platys infection in 4 (13.3%) of 30 malaysian dogs investigated. a low occurrence (3.3%) of babesia gibsoni was also noted, being detected in one of the 30 dogs. rickettsia, bartonella, orientia tsutsugamushi, and ehrlichia dna were not detected in the dog blood samples. the role of a. platys as an agent of canine anaplasmosis and its transmission through rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks merits further investigation.201323959500
molecular evidence of ehrlichia canis and rickettsia massiliae in ixodid ticks of carnivores from south hungary.to monitor the emergence of thermophilic, mediterranean ixodid tick species and tick-borne pathogens in southern hungary, 348 ticks were collected from shepherd dogs, red foxes and golden jackals during the summer of 2011. golden jackals shared tick species with both the dog and the red fox in the region. dermacentor nymphs were collected exclusively from dogs, and the sequence identification of these ticks indicated that dogs are preferred hosts of both d. reticulatus and d. marginatus nymphs, ...201323439290
distribution of ixodid ticks on dogs in nuevo león, mexico, and their association with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato.this study aimed to document the geographic distribution of ixodes tick species in dogs and the prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi s.l. in adult ticks and blood samples by amplification of the ospa region of the b. burgdorferi genome. the study area included nine localities in nuevo león state. dna amplification was performed on pools of ticks to calculate the maximum likelihood estimation (mle), and the community composition (prevalence, abundance, and intensity of infestation) was recorded. a ...201323749032
molecular evidence for bacterial and protozoan pathogens in hard ticks from romania.the aim of the present study was to provide a preliminary insight into the diversity of tick-borne pathogens circulating at the domestic host-tick interface in romania. for this, feeding and questing ticks were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the presence of anaplasma phagocytophilum, anaplasma platys, ehrlichia canis, borrelia burgdorferi sensu latu, and by pcr and subsequent sequencing for rickettsia spp., babesia spp. and theileria spp. a total of 382 ticks, encompas ...201323428204
detection of rickettsia in rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks and ctenocephalides felis fleas from southeastern tunisia by reverse line blot assay.ticks (n = 663) and fleas (n = 470) collected from domestic animals from southeastern tunisia were screened for rickettsia infection using reverse line blot assay. evidence of spotted fever group rickettsia was obtained. we detected rickettsia felis in fleas, rickettsia massiliae bar 29 and the rickettsia conorii israeli spotted fever strain in ticks, and rickettsia conorii subsp. conorii and rickettsia spp. in both arthropods. the sensitivity of the adopted technique allowed the identification ...201324226919
first assessment for the presence of phlebotomine vectors in bavaria, southern germany, by combined distribution modeling and field surveys.leishmaniasis is caused by protozoa of the genus leishmania and transmitted by sand flies from mammalian reservoirs to humans. in recent years, a northward spread of l. infantum from highly endemic mediterranean countries into previously non-endemic central european areas has been suspected based on presumed sporadic cases of autochthonous leishmaniasis. here, we investigated whether sand flies are prevalent in bavaria in southern germany, a federal state in which autochthonous cases have previo ...201324260539
the efficacy of advantix® to prevent transmission of ehrlichia canis to dogs by rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks.the capacity of a topical combination of imidacloprid and permethrin (advantix(®)) to prevent transmission of ehrlichia canis was studied in two groups of six dogs. one group served as controls, whereas the other group was treated. all dogs were exposed to e. canis-infected rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks on days 7, 14, 21 and day 28 post acaricidal treatment. the adult r. sanguineus ticks were released into the individual kennels of the dogs to simulate natural tick exposure. in situ tick counts ...201324135158
infection with hemotropic mycoplasma species in patients with or without extensive arthropod or animal contact.pcr amplification targeting the 16s rrna gene was used to test individuals with and without extensive arthropod and animal contact for the possibility of hemotropic mycoplasma infection. the prevalence of hemotropic mycoplasma infection (4.7%) was significantly greater in previously reported cohorts of veterinarians, veterinary technicians, spouses of veterinary professionals, and others with extensive arthropod exposure and/or frequent animal contact than in a previously reported cohort of pati ...201323863574
morphological and cytochemical changes in synganglion of rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae) female ticks from exposure of andiroba oil (carapa guianensis).actually, the most used method to control ticks is synthetic acaricides with neurotoxic action. however, the use of these methods presents inconveniences, such as the contamination of the environment and risks to the host's health due to the residual effects. thus, several studies have been developed aiming to find alternative ways to control these ectoparasites, such as the use of natural compounds with active ingredients, which act controlling some species of plagues in addition to presenting ...201323625505
effect of ricinoleic acid esters from castor oil (ricinus communis) on the oocyte yolk components of the tick rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae).rhipicephalus sanguineus are bloodsucking ectoparasites, whose main host is the domestic dog, thus being present in urban areas and closely located to people. eventually, this tick species parasitize humans and can become a potential vector of infectious diseases. methods to control this type of pest have been the focus of many research groups worldwide. the use of natural products is increasingly considered nowadays, due to the low toxicity levels to the host and low waste generation to the env ...201323040769
preferences of different tick species for human hosts in turkey.the ticks removed from the patients who applied to the hospitals in istanbul and neighboring cities, turkey, with the complaint of tick bite were examined in this study, on account of their species, biological stages, attachment sites on the body, and the age of the affected patients. a total of 16,969 ticks were identified. encountered species were as follows: 33.6 % ixodes spp. immature, 25.3 % hyalomma spp. immature, 24.3 % i. ricinus, 9.5 % rhipicephalus sanguineus gr., 3.2 % r. bursa, 2.2 % ...201323620419
molecular survey of hard ticks in endemic areas of tick-borne diseases in china.over the past several years, there was a substantial increase in the number of cases of known and novel tick-borne infections in humans in china. to better understand the ticks associated with these infections, we collected hard ticks from animals or around livestock shelters in 29 localities in 5 provinces (beijing, henan, hubei, inner mongolia, and zhejiang) where cases of tick-borne illness were reported. we collected 2950 hard ticks representing 7 species of 4 genera (dermacentor sinicus, ha ...201323538111
ectoparasites and anti-leishmania antibodies: association in an observational case-control study of dogs from a brazilian endemic area.it has been proposed that the transmission of canine visceral leishmaniasis might involve the participation of mechanical vectors, including ticks of the family ixodidae, in particular the brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus, and the cat flea ctenocephalides felis felis. here, the association between the infestation by r. sanguineus and c. felis felis and the occurrence of anti-leishmania antibodies was evaluated in an observational case-control study of dogs living in a brazilian endemic ar ...201323932895
ticks on birds in a savanna (cerrado) reserve on the outskirts of uberlândia, minas gerais, brazil.we report tick infestations on birds, in the environment and on domestic animals in a non-forested phytophysiognomy, the savanna-like cerrado sensu stricto, in a natural reserve on the outskirts of the urban area of uberlândia, minas gerais, brazil. overall, 238 birds within 50 species, 15 families and six orders were caught. passeriformes were the most numerous, with 216 birds (90.75%), among which 22 had ticks (n = 31). within this order, the prevalence of tick infestation was 10.2%, and the a ...201323471429
a survey of ectoparasites infesting urban and rural dogs of maranhão state, brazil.this study evaluated for the first time, ectoparasite infestations on dogs from urban and rural areas of the continental land of the state of maranhão, northeastern brazil. in total, 622 dogs were examined for ectoparasite infestations. overall, 392 (63.0%) were infested with ectoparasites, 154 (51.3%) of 300 urban dogs and 238 (73.9%) of 322 rural dogs. five species of ectoparasites were found, three ticks [rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille), amblyomma ovale koch, and amblyomma cajennense (f. ...201323802466
immunoproteomic identification of antigenic salivary biomarkers detected by ixodes ricinus-exposed rabbit sera.ixodes ricinus, the primary vector of tick-borne disease in europe, is currently expanding its distribution area and its activity in many countries. antibody responses to tick salivary antigens have been proposed as an alternative marker of exposure to tick bites. however, the identification of the i. ricinus corresponding antigens remains elusive. using rabbits artificially exposed to i. ricinus and 2 other european tick species (rhipicephalus sanguineus and dermacentor reticulatus) as controls ...201323890749
identification of salivary antigenic markers discriminating host exposition between two european ticks: rhipicephalus sanguineus and dermacentor reticulatus.to succeed blood meal, ticks inject salivary proteins to mammalian hosts, eliciting an antibody response against these foreign antigens. although this immune response has been proposed as a surrogate marker of exposure to tick bites, identification of the corresponding antigens remains elusive. for this aim, a comparison by immunoblots of the kinetic igg responses to protein salivary gland extracts from two european tick species, rhipicephalus sanguineus or dermacentor reticulatus, in rabbits wa ...201323040662
investigation of activity of monoterpenes and phenylpropanoids against immature stages of amblyomma cajennense and rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae).the objective of this study was to assess the acaricidal activity of carvacrol, thymol, eugenol, and (e)-cinnamaldehyde on unengorged larvae and nymphs of amblyomma cajennense and rhipicephalus sanguineus, using the modified larval packet test. carvacrol, eugenol, and (e)-cinnamaldehyde were tested at concentrations of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, and 20.0 μl/ml, while thymol was tested at concentrations of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, and 20.0 mg/ml, in all cases with 10 repetitions per treatment. for the a. ...201323842886
rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae) female ticks exposed to castor oil (ricinus communis): an ultrastructural overview.tick control has been accomplished through the use of synthetic acaricides, which has created resistant individuals, as well as contaminating the environment and nontarget organisms. substances of plant origin, such as oils and extracts of eucalyptus and neem leaves, have been researched as an alternative to replace the synthetic acaricides. ricinoleic acid esters from castor oil have recently been shown as a promising alternative in eliminating bacterial contamination during ethanol fermentatio ...201323086445
chemical identification of tagetes minuta linnaeus (asteraceae) essential oil and its acaricidal effect on ticks.the control of tick species that affect animal production is vital for the economic welfare of the cattle industry. this study focused on testing the acaricidal activity of the essential oil from the leaves and stems of tagetes minuta against several brazilian tick species, including rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, rhipicephalus sanguineus, amblyomma cajennense and argas miniatus. the chemical composition of the essential oil was determined by chromatography and spectroscopy analyses, which ...201323295821
transstadial transmission of hepatozoon canis from larvae to nymphs of rhipicephalus sanguineus.hepatozoon canis is an apicomplexan parasite of dogs, which is known to become infected by ingesting rhipicephalus sanguineus adult ticks. to investigate the possibility of h. canis transovarial and transstadial transmission from larvae to nymphs, engorged adult female ticks were collected from a private animal shelter in southern italy, where h. canis infection is highly prevalent. female ticks (n=35) and egg batches were tested by pcr for h. canis. all eggs examined were pcr-negative whereas 8 ...201323537949
molecular investigations of hepatozoon species in dogs and developmental stages of rhipicephalus sanguineus.the occurrence and distribution of hepatozoon species in stray dogs, and the developmental stages of rhipicephalus sanguineus detached from the same dogs in diyarbakır province, turkey is reported. a total of 328 ticks, including 133 adults (55 males and 75 females consist of 63 partially engorged and 15 fully engorged) and 195 nymphs (91 partially engorged and 104 fully engorged) were detached from the dogs. fully engorged nymphs and females were incubated at 27 °c and relative humidity of 85 % ...201323535887
high prevalence of hepatozoon-infection among shepherd dogs in a region considered to be free of rhipicephalus sanguineus.blood samples and ticks were collected from 100 shepherd dogs, 12 hunting dogs and 14 stray dogs in southern hungary, in order to screen them for the presence of hepatozoon spp. by pcr. out of 126 blood samples, 33 were positive (26%). significantly more shepherd dogs (31%) were infected, than hunting (8%) and stray dogs (7%). three genotypes of hepatozoon canis were identified by sequencing, differing from each other in up to six nucleotides in the amplified portion of their 18s rrna gene. in d ...201323499483
a golden jackal (canis aureus) from austria bearing hepatozoon canis--import due to immigration into a non-endemic area?the protozoan hepatozoon canis, which is transmitted via ingestion of infected ticks by canine hosts, is not endemic to mid-latitude regions in europe. its distribution is supposed to be linked to the occurrence of its primary tick vector rhipicephalus sanguineus. a young male golden jackal (canis aureus) found as road kill close to vienna, austria, was infected by this pathogen. cloning and sequencing of the pcr product revealed 6 different haplotypes of h. canis. based on the sequences, no cle ...201323306030
ixodid fauna and zoonotic agents in ticks from dogs: first report of rickettsia rickettsii in rhipicephalus sanguineus in the state of mato grosso do sul, mid-western brazil.ticks from 148 dogs from the urban area of the municipality of campo grande, state of mato grosso do sul, brazil, were collected, classified and analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the identification of rickettsia spp., trypanosoma cruzi and leishmania spp. a total of 2015 ticks were collected. the species rhipicephalus sanguineus (98.9 %) and amblyomma cajennense (1.1 %) were identified. molecular analysis revealed that no tick samples were infected by t. cruzi. regarding leishma ...201323229491
ectoparasites of dogs in home environments on the caribbean slope of costa rica.reports on ectoparasites on dogs in central america are scarce. the aim of this study was to identify flea, louse and tick species infesting dogs in home environments on the caribbean slope of costa rica, and determine their frequency and coexistence. ectoparasites were collected from dogs in 83 rural homes at five study sites. specimens were identified and separated according to species. fleas were the most common ectoparasite (g = 22,217, df = 8, p = 0.004). ctenocephalides felis and pulex sim ...201322832763
[detection of rickettsia andeanae in two regions of chile].candidatus 'rickettsia andeanae' is recently recognized specie, with no attributed pathogenic role so far. it has been reported in amblyomma ticks from peru, usa and argentina, and recently in chile, in one specimen of amblyomma triste from a rural locality in arica.201324248107
rickettsia felis in rhipicephalus sanguineus from two distant chilean cities.rickettsia felis is an emerging agent considered a human threat; although its natural reservoir and agent of transmission is the cat flea, it has been also found in other vectors. r. felis has been identified in chile in cat fleas and in one specimen of rhipicephalus sanguineus collected in the metropolitan region. the objective of this study was to detect the presence of rickettsia spp. in r. sanguineus from dogs of two different and distant geographical areas in chile.201323659352
investigation of tick vectors of hepatozoon canis in brazil.hepatozoon canis is a common apicomplexan parasite of dogs. in brazil, in addition to rhipicephalus sanguineus, amblyomma ovale, amblyomma cajennense, and rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus have been suggested to act as vectors. the present study aimed to evaluate, under controlled conditions, the acquisition of h. canis by a. ovale, r. sanguineus, and a. cajennense after feeding on naturally infected dogs. cytological and histophatological examinations were performed to recover oocysts and oth ...201324209494
experimental evidence against transmission of hepatozoon canis by ixodes ricinus.hepatozoon canis is among the most widespread tick-borne protozoa infecting domestic and wild carnivores. its distribution is related to the occurrence of its major vector, the brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus. however, the role of ixodes ricinus as a vector of h. canis has been hypothesized. in the present study, the development of h. canis was investigated in i. ricinus and r. sanguineus nymphs collected from a naturally infested dog. all i. ricinus ticks examined (n=133) were negative ...201323727151
characterisation of ecto- and endoparasites in domestic cats from tirana, albania.during 2008 to 2011, faecal samples, ear swabs, and ectoparasites obtained by full body search and total body comb were collected from 252 cats originating from the greater tirana area. faecal samples were examined using the mcmaster and baermann techniques, and a subset of 58 samples was tested for giardia-specific antigen using a coproantigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). the ear swabs were examined for the presence of parasitic mites. overall, almost 93% of the cats were identifi ...201424994454
occurrence and county-level distribution of ticks (acari: ixodoidea) in nebraska using passive surveillance.a 100 yr (1911-2011) examination of tick submissions was compiled from the u.s. national tick collection and three state databases to determine tick species occurrence in nebraska sixteen tick species were identified including amblyomma americanum (l.), dermacentor variabilis (say), dermacentor albipictus (packard), dermacentor andersoni stiles, haemaphysalis leporispalustris (packard), rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille), and otobius megrini (dughs). amblyomma maculatum koch and ixodes scapula ...201424724283
activity of the plant-based repellent, tt-4302 against the ticks amblyomma americanum, dermacentor variabilis, ixodes scapularis and rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae).the plant-based repellent tt-4302 (5 % geraniol) was compared to deet (15 %) in laboratory two-choice bioassays against the ticks amblyomma americanum, dermacentor variabilis, ixodes scapularis, and rhipicephalus sanguineus. at 2.5 and 3.5 h after treatment of filter paper with tt-4302, 100 % repellency was observed for all species at both time points with the exception of i. scapularis at the 3.5 h evaluation where repellency was 95.8 %. deet was 100 % repellent at both time points for d. varia ...201423907554
effects of homologous and heterologous immunization on the reservoir competence of domestic dogs for rickettsia conorii (israelensis).a number of spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae cause serious infections in humans. several antigenically related rickettsial agents may coexist within the same geographical area, and humans or vertebrate hosts may be sequentially exposed to multiple sfg agents. we assessed whether exposure of a vertebrate reservoir to one sfg rickettsia will affect the host's immune response to a related pathogen and the efficiency of transmission to uninfected ticks. two pairs of dogs were each infected with ...201424201056
the novel isoxazoline ectoparasiticide fluralaner: selective inhibition of arthropod γ-aminobutyric acid- and l-glutamate-gated chloride channels and insecticidal/acaricidal activity.isoxazolines are a novel class of parasiticides that are potent inhibitors of γ-aminobutyric acid (gaba)-gated chloride channels (gabacls) and l-glutamate-gated chloride channels (glucls). in this study, the effects of the isoxazoline drug fluralaner on insect and acarid gabacl (rdl) and glucl and its parasiticidal potency were investigated. we report the identification and cdna cloning of rhipicephalus (r.) microplus rdl and glucl genes, and their functional expression in xenopus laevis oocytes ...201424365472
efficacy of chemical repellents against otobius megnini (acari: argasidae) and three species of ixodid ticks.otobius megnini (dugès), often referred to as the ear tick or spinose ear tick, is a one-host tick native to the southwestern united states and mexico. infestations of this species can cause severe irritation and may affect breeding behavior in the host. although chemical repellents are commonly used as an alternative approach to conventional arthropod vector control, information on repellency against o. megnini is lacking. this study compared repellency of ammonia, bioud(®), 98.25% deet, garlic ...201424659519
a biological/medical review of alien tick species (acari: ixodida) accidentally transferred to poland.alien tick species of the genera ixodes, amblyomma, hyalomma and rhipicephalus are sporadically transferred to the territories of the central european countries. a biological-medical review of the following alien tick species transferred to poland is presented: ixodes eldaricus, ixodes festai, amblyomma sphenodonti, amblyomma exornatumn, amblyomma flavomaculatum, amblyomma latum, amblyomma nuttalli, amblyomma quadricavum, amblyomma transversale, amblyomma varanense, hyalomma aegyptium, hyalomma ...201424930246
acaricidal activity of essential oil from lippia sidoides on unengorged larvae and nymphs of rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae) and amblyomma cajennense (acari: ixodidae).the aims of this work were to identify the compounds and to investigate the acaricidal activity of the essential oil of lippia sidoides for unengorged larvae and nymphs of rhipicephalus sanguineus and amblyomma cajennense. the oil was analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. in total, 22 compounds comprising 98.5% of the total peak area were identified. the major constituent of the essential oil was thymol (69.9%). the acaricidal activity against larvae and nymphs ...201424333789
impact of humidity on clustered tick eggs.eclosion of larvae from clustered tick eggs (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, and ±1,000 eggs) of rhipicephalus sanguineus (rs), rhipicephalus microplus (rm), amblyomma cajennense (ac), and dermacentor nitens (dn) was investigated at 43, 75, and > 98% relative humidity (rh) and 25 °c. susceptibility of eggs to dehydration varied among tick species (rs < rm < ac and dn) and the number of clustered eggs but even singularized eggs of all tested species matured, and larvae eclosed at rh > 98%. a minimum of ...201425199556
morphological alterations in the synganglion and integument of rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks exposed to aqueous extracts of neem leaves (azadirachta indica a. juss).currently, the necessity of controlling infestation by ticks, especially by rhipicephalus sanguineus, has led researchers and public health managers around the world to search for new and more efficient control methods. this way, we can highlight neem (azadirachta indica a. juss) leaf, bark, and seed extracts, which have been very effective on tick control, and moreover causing less damage to the environment and to the host. this study showed the potential of neem as a control method for r. sang ...201425130979
epidemiology of rickettsia sp. strain atlantic rainforest in a spotted fever-endemic area of southern brazil.the present study was performed in vila itoupava, an area of the state of santa catarina, southern brazil, in which a tick-borne spotted fever illness has been endemic since 2003. notably, both the etiological agent and the vector of these spotted fever cases remain unknown. during january 2011, humans, domestic dogs, and their ticks were sampled in households that are typically surrounded by highly preserved atlantic rainforest fragments. ticks collected from dogs were amblyomma ovale (34% prev ...201425108786
prospects of using dna barcoding for species identification and evaluation of the accuracy of sequence databases for ticks (acari: ixodida).ticks are important vectors of disease and parasites of livestock. species identification of ticks has been traditionally based on morphological characters, which is usually limited by the condition of samples and little variation among specimens, so a rapid and reliable identification method is needed. dna barcoding uses a standard fragment of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase c subunit i (coi) to identify species and has been successfully used in many taxa. in this study, we applied dn ...201424656809
quantitative study of rickettsia massiliae in rhipicephalus sanguineus organs.rickettsia massiliae, belonging to the spotted fever group of rickettsia, is a human pathogen causing a similar course of disease to that caused by r. conorii, the originally recognized etiologic agent of mediterranean spotted fever. in view of this similarity, we performed an ultrastructural study of r. massiliae in organs of rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks, in order to advance knowledge of the complex dynamics at the tick-pathogen interface in rickettsioses. adult r. massiliae-infected rh. sang ...201425108779
detection and genetic characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) derived from ticks removed from red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and isolated from spleen samples of red deer (cervus elaphus) in croatia.tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is a growing public health concern in central and northern european countries. even though tbe is a notifiable disease in croatia, there is a significant lack of information in regard to vector tick identification, distribution as well as tbe virus prevalence in ticks or animals. the aim of our study was to identify and to investigate the viral prevalence of tbe virus in ticks removed from red fox (vulpes vulpes) carcasses hunted in endemic areas in northern croatia ...201424035586
occurrence of ectoparasitic arthropods associated with rodents in hail region northern saudi arabia.ectoparasitic arthropods are a diverse element of the saudi fauna. due to this, a survey of ectoparasites associated with rodents was conducted as a preliminary study in five districts of hail region of northern saudi arabia for the first time. ectoparasites extracted from 750 rodents were sampled and identified by recording their frequency of appearance. results revealed that 1,287 ectoparasites infested 316 of the captured rodent hosts. these ectoparasites parasitized on four species of rodent ...201424838257
a nationwide survey of ixodid tick species recovered from domestic dogs and cats in japan in 2011.a nationwide survey of ixodid ticks was performed in 2011, during which a total of 4237 and 298 ticks were recovered from 1162 dogs and 136 cats, respectively. haemaphysalis longicornis was the most frequently found tick species on canine hosts (739 dogs), followed by h. flava (166), ixodes ovatus (139), and rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (70). h. hystricis, h. japonica, h. megaspinosa, h. formosensis, h. campanulata, h. ias, i. nipponensis, i. persulcatus, and amblyomma testudinarium were ...201425155339
ticks of australia. the species that infest domestic animals and humans.the book australian ticks by f.h.s. roberts (1970) is a land-mark in australian tick biology. but it is time for a new and improved book on the ticks of australia. the present book has identification guides and accounts of the biology and diseases associated with the 16 species of ticks that may feed on domestic animals and humans in australia. these comprise five argasid (soft) ticks: argas persicus (poultry tick), argas robertsi (robert's bird tick), ornithodoros capensis (seabird soft tick), ...201424943801
tick pests and vectors (acari: ixodoidea) in european towns: introduction, persistence and management.ticks have always been a part of fauna in and around human settlements, and their significance changed concurrently with the enlargement of settlements and their transformation into towns. the increased rate of urbanization during the last decades has created a new reality for tick existence. two groups of ticks are of major concern for modern towns: those living under natural conditions of urban surroundings and those well-adapted to urban conditions. during the process of urbanization, encroac ...201424183576
the intravenous and oral pharmacokinetics of afoxolaner used as a monthly chewable antiparasitic for dogs.the pharmacokinetics of afoxolaner in dogs was evaluated following either intravenous or after oral administration of nexgard(®), a soft chewable formulation. afoxolaner is a member of one of the newest classes of antiparasitic agents, known as antiparasitic isoxazolines. the soft chewable formulation underwent rapid dissolution, and afoxolaner was absorbed quickly following oral administration of the minimum effective dose of 2.5mg/kg, with maximum plasma concentrations (cmax) of 1,655 ± 332 ng ...201424685320
ixodidae ticks in cattle and sheep in sistan and baluchestan province (iran).this survey was conducted to investigate the presence and abundance of hard tick species (acari: ixodidae) on cattle and sheep in sistan and baluchestan province (iran). between 2010 and 2011, a total of 1,403 ticks was collected from 332 infested cattle and 1,480 ticks were collected from 602 infested sheep during the seasons of tick activity. the species collected from cattle were hyalomma marginatum (46.04%), hyalomma excavatum (25.51%), hyalomma anatolicum (10.33%), hyalomma asiaticum (6.34% ...201424715595
ectoparasites in urban stray cats in jerusalem, israel: differences in infestation patterns of fleas, ticks and permanent ectoparasites.in a period cross-sectional study performed to examine ectoparasites on 340 stray cats in jerusalem, israel, 186 (54.7%) were infested with the cat flea, ctenocephalides felis (siphonaptera: pulicidae), 49 (14.4%) with the cat louse, felicola subrostratus (phthiraptera: trichodectidae), 41 (12.0%) with the ear mite, otodectes cynotis (astigmata: psoroptidae), three (0.9%) with the fur mite, cheyletiella blakei (trobidiformes: cheyletidae), two (0.6%) with the itch mite notoedres cati (astigmata: ...201424191942
tick infestation and prophylaxis of dogs in northeastern germany: a prospective study.ticks transmit various important pathogens to humans and animals, and dogs are frequently exposed to tick infestation. the objective of this study was to examine tick infestation and the characteristics of tick prophylaxis of dogs in the berlin/brandenburg area. a total of 441 dogs (392 owners) was examined from march 2010 to april 2011. the dog owners participated in the study for a period of 1-13 months (10.33±2.85; median 11.00). the prevalences of a total of 1728 ticks collected from 251 (57 ...201424629616
rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (acari: ixodidae) nymphs: an ultrastructural study of the integument and midgut.this is an ultrastructural study of two important organs of ticks: the integument, covering the body and involved in the molting process, and the midgut, the first organ to have contact with the ingested host blood. the integument of rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato freshly engorged nymphs consists of a layer of epidermal cells rich in organelles and a cuticle, subdivided in epicuticle and procuticle. the latter presents two distinct regions: the exocuticle (with several pore canals) and the ...201425027233
changes in the synganglion of rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae) female ticks exposed to permethrin: an ultrastructural overview.this study performed the ultra-structural analysis of the changes caused by permethrin in the synganglion of semi-engorged rhipicephalus sanguineus females, aiming to understand the toxic action of this substance at cellular level. the results showed that the neural lamella had its structure changed, allowing the influx of the toxic agent into the nervous tissue. the glial cells of the perineurium, as well as the neural cells of the cortex showed great changes, such as: irregular nuclei with chr ...201424742902
fluazuron-induced morphological changes in rhipicephalus sanguineus latreille, 1806 (acari: ixodidae) nymphs: an ultra-structural evaluation of the cuticle formation and digestive processes.rhipicephalus sanguineus is a species of tick which is widely distributed in america, africa and australia and is probably the most prevalent among all the other ixodid tick species. the present study demonstrated the effects of the arthropod growth regulator fluazuron (acatak(®)), in the formation of the integument and the digestive processes of r. sanguineus nymphs fed on rabbits treated with different doses of this chemical acaricide. for this, three different doses of fluazuron (20mg/kg, 40m ...201424508101
morphological alterations of epidermis of rabbits infested by r. sanguineus ticks and exposed to selamectin (active principle of pfizer revolution(®) acaricide): a confocal microscopy study.the present study analyzed, by means of confocal laser scanning microscopy, the epidermis of rabbits infested by the brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus and exposed to concentrations of 50%, 80% and 100% of a selamectin-based commercial acaricide (pfizer's revolution(®)). the results demonstrated that rabbits exposed to concentrations of 80% and 100% of the revolution acaricide, which contains 12% selamectin, showed thinning of epithelial tissue of the epidermis with associated cellular diso ...201424369880
cercopithifilaria spp. in dogs in sardinia island (italy).a survey on cercopithifilaria spp. was carried out on owned and kennelled dogs in sardinia, italy. a total of 180 dogs were sampled and tested by microscopic detection or pcr of dermal microfilariae in skin snip sediments. the overall prevalence for cercopithifilaria spp. at both microscopy and molecular tests was 9.4 % (17/180), while 8.3 % (15/180) of dogs scored positive at microscopic detection of sediments only. of the 225 microfilariae measured, 212 were identified as cercopithifilaria bai ...201424271152
identification of rickettsiae from wild rats and cat fleas in malaysia.rickettsioses are emerging zoonotic diseases reported worldwide. in spite of the serological evidence of spotted fever group rickettsioses in febrile patients in malaysia, limited studies have been conducted to identify the animal reservoirs and vectors of rickettsioses. this study investigated the presence of rickettsiae in the tissue homogenates of 95 wild rats and 589 animal ectoparasites. using pcr assays targeting the citrate synthase gene (glta), rickettsial dna was detected in the tissue ...201425171613
molecular epizootiology and diagnosis of porcine babesiosis in sardinia, italy.the recent characterization of the 18s ribosomal rna (rrna) of a pathogenic babesia species in a domestic sow paved the way for establishing diagnostic and epidemiological tools for porcine babesiosis. here, we developed the first specific babesia sp. suis pcr, and we applied this test to a panel of samples collected from animals living in a typical mediterranean environment (sardinia, italy), including domestic pigs, wild boars, and ticks. in domestic pigs, pcr coupled with sequencing revealed ...201425325315
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