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experimental primary and secondary infections of domestic dogs with ehrlichia ewingii.in this study, the infection dynamics of ehrlichia ewingii, causative agent of granulocytotropic ehrlichiosis in dogs and humans, was examined in experimentally infected dogs by using a combination of physical examination, hematologic and biochemical analyses, and molecular and serologic assays. for the experimental trials, blood from an e. ewingii-infected dog was inoculated intravenously into two na+»ve dogs and two dogs with prior experimental exposure to e. ewingii (both were negative for e. ...201121397411
eschar-associated spotted fever rickettsiosis, bahia, brazil.in brazil, brazilian spotted fever was once considered the only tick-borne rickettsial disease. we report eschar-associated rickettsial disease that occurred after a tick bite. the etiologic agent is most related to rickettsia parkeri, r. africae, and r. sibirica and probably widely distributed from sao paulo to bahia in the atlantic forest.201121291605
Molecular detection of rickettsial agents in ticks and fleas collected from a European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) in Marseilles, France.The European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) is a synanthropic nocturnal insectivore commonly found in the countryside and in the parks and gardens. Because hedgehogs are already involved in the transmission of a number of zoonoses, including salmonellosis and ringworm, we decided to study their possible role in the epidemiology of the spotted fever group of Rickettsia. We collected ticks and fleas from a hedgehog that was captured in the city of Marseilles in France. Using a genus-specific quant ...201122169021
ticks collected from selected mammalian hosts surveyed in the republic of korea during 2008-2009.a tick survey was conducted to determine the relative abundance and distribution of ticks associated with selected mammals in the republic of korea (rok) during 2008-2009. a total of 918 ticks were collected from 76 mammals (6 families, 9 species) captured at 6 provinces and 3 metropolitan cities in rok. haemaphysalis longicornis (54.4%) was the most frequently collected tick, followed by haemaphysalis flava (28.5%), ixodes nipponensis (7.6%), ixodes pomerantzevi (4.8%), ixodes persulcatus (4.6% ...201122072840
bartonella and rickettsia in arthropods from the lao pdr and from borneo, malaysia.rickettsioses and bartonelloses are arthropod-borne diseases of mammals with widespread geographical distributions. yet their occurrence in specific regions, their association with different vectors and hosts and the infection rate of arthropod-vectors with these agents remain poorly studied in south-east asia. we conducted entomological field surveys in the lao pdr (laos) and borneo, malaysia by surveying fleas, ticks, and lice from domestic dogs and collected additional samples from domestic c ...201122153360
ticks' response to feeding on host immunized with glandular extracts of rhipicephalus sanguineus females fed for 2, 4, and 6 days. i. inactivity or early degeneration of salivary glands?the present study histologically analyzed the salivary glands of rhipicephalus sanguineus females fed for 2, 4, and 6 days in hosts which had been previously immunized with glandular extracts obtained from females from this same species in different periods of feeding, having as main objective verify the action of these extracts in the secretor cycle of these glands. for this, glandular extract of females fed for 2 days (sge2), glandular extract of females fed for 4 days (sge4), and glandular ex ...201121221641
rickettsia rickettsii transmission by a lone star tick, north carolina.only indirect or circumstantial evidence has been published to support transmission of rickettsia rickettsii by amblyomma americanum (lone star) ticks in north america. this study provides molecular evidence that a. americanum ticks can function, although most likely infrequently, as vectors of rocky mountain spotted fever for humans.201121529399
effect of water flooding on the oviposition capacity of engorged adult females and hatchability of eggs of dog ticks: rhipicephalus sanguineus and haemaphysalis leachi leachi.effects of water flooding on the oviposition capacity of engorged adult females and hatchability of eggs of rhipicephalus sanguineus and haemaphysalis leachi leachi under laboratory conditions were investigated. the durations of time of water flooding were 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours. engorged females of r. sanguineus and h. leachi leachi did not oviposit after being flooded for more than 48 and 6 hours, respectively. the preoviposition periods of both species were longer than ...201121584237
a survey of canine tick-borne diseases in india.abstract: background: there are few published reports on canine babesia, ehrlichia, anaplasma, hepatozoon and haemotropic mycoplasma infections in india and most describe clinical disease in individual dogs, diagnosed by morphological observation of the microorganisms in stained blood smears. this study investigated the occurrence and distribution of canine tick-borne disease (tbd) pathogens using a combination of conventional and molecular diagnostic techniques in four cities in india. results: ...201121771313
rickettsia, ehrlichia, anaplasma, and bartonella in ticks and fleas from dogs and cats in bangkok.abstract flea and tick specimens (5-10 fleas or ticks) on dogs and cats from various sites in bangkok were tested by polymerase chain reaction and dna sequencing to detect dna of bacteria rickettsia (glta and 17 kda genes), anaplasmataceae (16s rrna gene), and bartonella (pap31 and its genes). we confirmed that rickettsia sp. related to rickettsia felis was detected in 66 of 98 (67.4%) flea specimens from dogs, whereas 8 bartonella henselae and 2 bartonella clarridgeiae were detected in 10 of 54 ...201121612535
perspectives on canine and feline hepatozoonosis.two species of hepatozoon are currently known to infect dogs and cause distinct diseases. hepatozoon canis prevalent in africa, asia, southern europe, south america and recently shown to be present also in the usa causes infection mainly of hemolymphoid organs, whereas hepatozoon americanum prevalent in the southeastern usa causes myositis and severe lameness. h. americanum is transmitted by ingestion of the gulf coast tick amblyomma maculatum and also by predation on infected prey. h. canis is ...201121620568
babesiosis in an egyptian boy aquired from pet dog, and a general review.human babesiosis has been documented in many countries. it is a zoonotic protozoan disease of medical, veterinary and economic importance. in this study, a twelve years old boy was referred to the hospital with intermittent fever of unknown origin. on clinical, parasitological and serological bases the case proved to be babesiosis. the boy acquired the infection from his pet dog which was heavily infested with rhipicephalus sanguineus and suffered a mild feature of animal babesiosis. the patient ...201121634246
acariasis on pet burmese python, python molurus bivittatus in malaysia.to identify the acari present on pet burmese pythons in malaysia and to determine whether there is any potential public health risk related to handling of the snakes.201121771459
crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever: a molecular survey on hard ticks (ixodidae) in yazd province, iran.to determine the rate of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) infection in hard ticks (ixodidae) in yazd province of iran.201121771418
[tick-borne diseases in the republic of croatia].this study analyses occurence, trendline, occurence by months and geographical distribution of tick-transmitted diseases: lyme borreliosis, tick-borne meningoencephalitis (tbm) and mediterranean spotted fever in the republic of croatia in the period between 1999 and 2008. the vector for lyme borreliosis and tick-borne meningoencephalitis is ixodes ricinus, while mediterranean spotted fever is transmitted by the rhipicephalus sanguineus. lyme disease is endemic in entire continental croatia and c ...201121612103
efficacy of a novel topical combination of fipronil, amitraz and (s)-methoprene for treatment and control of induced infestations of brown dog ticks (rhipicephalus sanguineus) on dogs.four laboratory studies were conducted to demonstrate that a single topical dose of a novel spot-on combination containing fipronil, amitraz and (s)-methoprene (certifect™, merial limited, ga, usa) is efficacious against the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus. in each study, 6-8 male and 6-8 female purpose-bred, laboratory mongrels, terrier cross or beagles were randomly assigned to one of two study groups (treated and untreated), based on pre-treatment parasite counts. starting on the day ...201121777733
experimental infection of amblyomma aureolatum ticks with rickettsia rickettsii.we experimentally infected amblyomma aureolatum ticks with the bacterium rickettsia rickettsii, the etiologic agent of rocky mountain spotted fever (rmsf). these ticks are a vector for rmsf in brazil. r. rickettsii was efficiently conserved by both transstadial maintenance and vertical (transovarial) transmission to 100% of the ticks through 4 laboratory generations. however, lower reproductive performance and survival of infected females was attributed to r. rickettsii infection. therefore, bec ...201121529391
israeli spotted fever, tunisia.to the editor: mediterranean spotted fever (msf) caused by rickettsia conorii was the first rickettsiosis described in tunisia. r. conorii was thought to be the only species existing in this country. however, authors reported other rickettsioses either from spotted fever group or typhus group (1,2). in sfax, a town in southern tunisia, physicians noted patients with severe forms of msf and suspected the presence of other species or a virulent r. conorii strain. we report 2 cases of israeli spott ...201121762610
tick infestation and spotted-fever group rickettsia in shelter dogs, california, 2009.in response to an outbreak of rocky mountain spotted fever (rmsf) in baja california in early 2009, dogs at two shelters in neighbouring imperial county, california, were evaluated for ectoparasites. brown dog ticks (rhipicephalus sanguineus), a recognized vector for rmsf, were found on 35 (30%) of 116 dogs but all ticks tested negative for rickettsia rickettsii by pcr.201121824367
the prevention of attachment and the detachment effects of a novel combination of fipronil, amitraz and (s)-methoprene for rhipicephalus sanguineus and dermacentor variabilis on dogs.a novel combination of fipronil, amitraz and (s)-methoprene (certifect™, merial limited, ga, usa) was evaluated for the prevention of attachment of ticks and its ability to cause detachment of ticks. for the two prevention of attachment studies, 20 purpose-bred beagles were allocated each to two equal groups based on pretreatment tick counts (treated and untreated). each dog was exposed to 50 adult rhipicephalus sanguineus and dermacentor variabilis weekly starting 24h after treatment. in study ...201121777732
temporal characterisation of the organ-specific rhipicephalusmicroplus transcriptional response to anaplasma marginale infection.arthropods transmit important infectious diseases of humans and animals. importantly, replication and the development of pathogen infectivity are tightly linked to vector feeding on the mammalian host; thus analysis of the transcriptomes of both vector and pathogen during feeding is fundamental to understanding transmission. using anaplasma marginale infection of rhipicephalusmicroplus as the experimental model, we tested three hypotheses exploring the temporal and organ-specific nature of the t ...201121514300
mathematical modelling of the impact of climatic conditions in france on rhipicephalus sanguineus tick activity and density since 1960.rhipicephalus sanguineus, the brown dog tick, has a worldwide distribution in areas with a relatively warm climate, including mild winters. this tick plays an important role as vector for various animal and human pathogens, including bacteria and protozoa. based on precise daily meteorological data from the past 40 years, combined with mathematical modelling designed to predict tick activity, two modelling approaches were developed. the first examined the evolution of the number of weeks with fa ...201121590676
hepatozoon canis infection in ticks during spring and summer in italy.hepatozoon canis is a common protozoan of dogs, being among the most prevalent tick-borne pathogens infecting dogs around the world. it is primarily transmitted by rhipicephalus sanguineus, the brown dog tick. in this study we tested ticks collected from dogs and from the environment in order to track the origin of an outbreak of h. canis infection detected in october 2009 in a private dog shelter in southern italy. ticks from dogs (n?=?267) were collected during the spring of 2009, whereas tick ...201121769649
tick cell lines for study of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus and other arboviruses.abstract continuous cell lines derived from many of the vectors of tick-borne arboviruses of medical and veterinary importance are now available. their role as tools in arbovirus research to date is reviewed and their potential application in studies of tick cell responses to virus infection is explored, by comparison with recent progress in understanding mosquito immunity to arbovirus infection. a preliminary study of propagation of the human pathogen crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cc ...201121955214
spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks in cyprus.in two surveys conducted from march 1999 to march 2001 and from january 2004 to december 2006, a total of 3,950 ticks (belonging to ten different species) were collected from seven domestic and wild animals (goat, sheep, cattle, dog, fox, hare, and mouflon) from different localities throughout cyprus. in order to establish their infection rate with spotted fever rickettsiae (sfg), ticks were pooled and tested by polymerase chain reaction targeting glta and ompa genes, followed by sequencing anal ...201121833539
mechanisms of obligatory intracellular infection with anaplasma phagocytophilum.anaplasma phagocytophilum persists in nature by cycling between mammals and ticks. human infection by the bite of an infected tick leads to a potentially fatal emerging disease called human granulocytic anaplasmosis. a. phagocytophilum is an obligatory intracellular bacterium that replicates inside mammalian granulocytes and the salivary gland and midgut cells of ticks. a. phagocytophilum evolved the remarkable ability to hijack the regulatory system of host cells. a. phagocytophilum alters vesi ...201121734244
Mediterranean spotted fever and encephalitis: a case report and review of the literature.Mediterranean spotted fever (MSF) is a disease caused by Rickettsia conorii and transmitted by the brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. It is widely distributed through southern Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. It is an emerging or a reemerging disease in some regions. Countries of the Mediterranean basin, such as Portugal, have noticed an increased incidence of MSF over the past 10 years. It was believed that MSF was a benign disease associated with a mortality rate of 1-3% before the a ...201121879306
diagnosis of imported canine filarial infections in germany 2008 - 2010.filarial infections of dogs are attracting attention across europe because of the risk of spread into previously non-endemic areas (e.g. dirofilaria repens with culicidae as vectors) and as emerging zoonotic agents. the occurrence of filarial infections in german dogs has been analysed based on 8,545 samples collected either from imported animals or following travel into endemic regions. all samples were tested by means of modified knott's test and heartworm antigen assay within the period 2008 ...201121739376
distribution of rickettsia rickettsii in ovary cells of rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille1806) (acari: ixodidae).abstract:201122117572
aquaporin water channel agaqp1 in the malaria vector mosquito anopheles gambiae during blood feeding and humidity adaptation.altered patterns of malaria endemicity reflect, in part, changes in feeding behavior and climate adaptation of mosquito vectors. aquaporin (aqp) water channels are found throughout nature and confer high-capacity water flow through cell membranes. the genome of the major malaria vector mosquito anopheles gambiae contains at least seven putative aqp sequences. anticipating that transmembrane water movements are important during the life cycle of a. gambiae, we identified and characterized the a. ...201121444767
rickettsia rickettsii in rhipicephalus ticks, mexicali, mexico.circulation of a unique genetic type of rickettsia rickettsii in ticks of the rhipicephalus sanguineus complex was detected in mexicali, baja california, mexico. the mexican r. rickettsii differed from all isolates previously characterized from the endemic regions of rocky mountain spotted fever in northern, central, and southern americas. rhipicephalus ticks in mexicali are genetically different from rh. sanguineus found in the united states.201121485383
deconstructing tick saliva: non-protein molecules with potent immunomodulatory properties.dendritic cells (dcs) are powerful initiators of innate and adaptive immune responses. ticks are blood-sucking ectoparasite arthropods that suppress host immunity by secreting immunomodulatory molecules in their saliva. here, compounds present in rhipicephalus sanguineus tick saliva with immunomodulatory effects on dc differentiation, cytokine production, and costimulatory molecule expression were identified. r. sanguineus tick saliva inhibited il-12p40 and tnf-a while potentiating il-10 cytokin ...201121270122
species diversity of ixodid ticks feeding on humans in amasya, turkey: seasonal abundance and presence of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus.ticks (acari:ixodidae) are important pests transmitting tick-borne diseases such as crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) to humans. between 2002 and 2009, numerous cchf cases were reported in turkey, including amasya province. in the current study, species diversity, seasonal abundance of ticks, and presence of cchf virus (cchfv) in ticks infesting humans in several districts of amasya province were determined. in the survey, a total of 2,528 ixodid ticks were collected from humans with tick b ...201121337953
rnai screen reveals host cell kinases specifically involved in listeria monocytogenes spread from cell to cell.intracellular bacterial pathogens, such as listeria monocytogenes and rickettsia conorii display actin-based motility in the cytosol of infected cells and spread from cell to cell through the formation of membrane protrusions at the cell cortex. whereas the mechanisms supporting cytosolic actin-based motility are fairly well understood, it is unclear whether specific host factors may be required for supporting the formation and resolution of membrane protrusions. to address this gap in knowledge ...201121853127
the combined mode of action of fipronil and amitraz on the motility of rhipicephalus sanguineus.the motility of adult rhipicephalus sanguineus was evaluated subsequent to treatments of amitraz, fipronil and the combination of fipronil plus amitraz against a vehicle control in a petri dish assay using the lemnatec scanalyzer imaging system. the assay was run using a fixed dilution of amitraz (0.32µg/cm(2)); serial dilutions of fipronil (1.3, 0.33, 0.08, 0.02, or 0.005µg/cm(2)); and the same serial dilutions of fipronil in combination with the fixed dilution of amitraz. measurement of motili ...201121777731
infection by spotted fever rickettsiae in people, dogs, horses and ticks in londrina, parana state, brazil.spotted fever is a disease caused by bacteria from the genus rickettsia of the spotted fever group (sfg). rickettsia rickettsii is likely the main agent of brazilian spotted fever (bsf). with the objective of gathering information on the circulation of sfg rickettsiae in londrina, parana state, ticks from dogs and horses and also blood from dogs, horses and humans were collected in a neighbourhood of the city which presented potential for circulation of rickettsiae between hosts and vectors. amb ...201121824336
experimental infection by capillary tube feeding of rhipicephalus sanguineus with bartonella vinsonii subspecies berkhoffii.it has been speculated that ticks may serve as vectors of bartonella species. circumstantial, clinical, epidemiological and serological evidence suggest that b. vinsonii subspecies berkhoffii (b. v. berkhoffii) might be transmitted by rhipicephalus sanguineus. the purpose of the present study was to determine whether adult r. sanguineus ticks can be infected with a b. v. berkhoffii genotype ii isolate via capillary tube feeding and whether the infection can then be transmitted from adult females ...201122062313
rhipicephalus sanguineus (ixodida, ixodidae) as intermediate host of a canine neglected filarial species with dermal microfilariae.the life cycles of filarioids of dogs presenting dermal microfilariae have been little studied. following the recent retrieval of dermal microfilariae identified as cercopithifilaria sp. in a dog from sicily (italy), this study was designed to assess the role of the brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus as an intermediate host of this filarial species. an experimental tick infestation was performed on an infected dog using 300 nymphs of r. sanguineus. engorged nymphs were collected and examine ...201121831524
detection of new francisella-like tick endosymbionts in hyalomma spp. and rhipicephalus spp. (acari: ixodidae) from bulgaria.we report on the identification of two new francisella-like endosymbionts (fles) found in three different tick species from bulgaria. the fles were characterized by 16s rrna and tul4 gene sequencing and seem to lack the molecular marker rd1. these two new taxa seem to be facultative secondary endosymbionts of ticks.201121705542
effects of aggregation on the reproductive biology of rhipicephalus sanguineus females.the brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus is one of the most important tick species in both veterinary and human medicine. studies on the biology of this tick are pivotal in order to develop improved control strategies. the brown dog tick is a gregarious species, tending to form large clusters in highly infested environments. this is the case of engorged females of r. sanguineus that often tend to aggregate in the environment. in the present study, we assessed whether aggregation affects r. sa ...201121909821
bartonellae in animals and vectors in new caledonia.bartonellae are gram-negative facultative intracellular alpha-proteobacteria from the family bartonellaceae. the natural history of bartonellae consists of a reservoir/host, which is a vertebrate with chronic intravascular infection with sustained bacteremia, and a vector (usually an arthropod) that transfers the bacteria from the reservoir to a susceptible yet uninfected host. in order to reveal the sources and reservoirs of bartonella infection in animals and vectors in new caledonia, we colle ...201122018646
spotted fever group rickettsia infecting ticks (acari: ixodidae) in the state of santa catarina, brazil.during 2006-2008, a total of 260 adult ticks were collected from domestic and wild animals in different regions of the state of santa catarina (sc), brazil, including areas where human cases of brazilian spotted fever have been reported. collected ticks belonging to nine species (amblyomma aureolatum, amblyomma cajennense, amblyomma dubitatum, amblyomma longirostre, amblyomma ovale, amblyomma tigrinum, dermacentor nitens, rhipicephalus microplus and rhipicephalus sanguineus) were tested by polym ...201122241112
an assessment of genetic variability in the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene of cercopithifilaria sp. (spirurida, onchocercidae) from dog and rhipicephalus sanguineus populations.this study investigates sequence variation in mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene within cercopithifilaria sp. recorded recently in italy. fourteen sequence types (haplotypes) were characterized for 163 (7.7%) amplicons from 2111 genomic dna samples prepared from skin samples from dogs and from rhipicephalus sanguineus (ticks) from different geographical areas of the mediterranean basin (i.e., italy, spain and greece). the most prevalent sequence types represented haplotypes i (70. ...201122227114
a survey on endoparasites and ectoparasites of stray cats from mashhad (iran) and association with risk factors.as there appeared to be no data available on parasite infection of stray cats in the region and considering the potential threat of stray cats for animal and public health, the present study was carried out using biological samples and necropsy finding collected from cats captured in mashhad city in the northeast of iran. from a total 52 stray cats examined, 18 (34.6%) were male and 34 (65.4%) were female. ten species of endoparasites including helminthes and protozoa and two species of ectopara ...201123024505
serodetection of ehrlichia canis infection in dogs from ludhiana district of punjab, india.dot-elisa (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) immunocomb(®) assay was conducted to detect the presence of antibodies against ehrlichia canis in blood samples of 60 privately owned dogs suspected to be infected with e. canis from the small animal clinics, college of veterinary science, guru angad dev veterinary and animal sciences university, ludhiana, punjab (india). antibodies reactive to e. canis were detected in plasma in 48 samples out of 60 samples by immunocomb(®) dot-elisa. out of these 3 ...201123024503
evidence of exposure to spotted fever group rickettsiae among arizona dogs outside a previously documented outbreak area.since 2003, two communities in eastern arizona have experienced a sustained outbreak of rocky mountain spotted fever (rmsf), caused by rickettsia rickettsii, associated with transmission by rhipicephalus sanguineus, the brown dog tick; 70 human cases, including eight deaths, were reported from these communities during 2003 through 2008. in both of the affected communities, antibodies to spotted fever group rickettsiae (sfgr) were present in dogs before the notice of the first human cases, sugges ...201120042069
molecular detection of rickettsia massiliae, rickettsia sibirica mongolitimonae and rickettsia conorii israelensis in ticks from israel.rickettsioses are recognized as important emerging vector-borne infections of humans worldwide. previous reports documented the presence of two spotted fever group rickettsiae in israel, rickettsia conorii israelensis and rickettsia felis. the aim of this study was to characterize the diversity of rickettsiae in ticks collected from vegetation and the ground, from different parts of israel. non-engorged questing adult ticks were collected from 13 localities. a total of 131 tick pools, 83 of rhip ...201120331680
experimental infection of rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks with the bacterium rickettsia rickettsii, using experimentally infected dogs.we evaluated if rickettsia rickettsii-experimentally infected dogs could serve as amplifier hosts for hipicephalus sanguineus ticks. in addition, we checked if rh. sanguineus ticks that acquired ri. rickettsii from dogs could transmit the bacterium to susceptible hosts (vector competence), and if these ticks could maintain the bacterium by transstadial and transovarial transmissions. uninfected larvae, nymphs, and adults of rh. sanguineus were allowed to feed upon three groups of dogs: groups 1 ...201120569011
molecular detection of ehrlichia canis, anaplasma bovis, anaplasma platys, candidatus midichloria mitochondrii and babesia canis vogeli in ticks from israel.: ticks are vectors of important pathogens of human and animals. therefore, their microbial carriage capacity is constantly being investigated. the aim of this study was to characterize the diversity of domestic animal pathogens in ticks collected from vegetation and the ground, from different parts of israel. non-engorged questing adult ticks were collected from 13 localities. a total of 1196 ticks in 131 pools-83 pools of rhipicephalus turanicus and 48 of rhipicephalus sanguineus (with two to ...201120636417
genetic analysis of ticks belonging to the rhipicephalus sanguineus group in latin america.phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial 16s rdna sequences were generated from rhipicephalus sanguineus group specimens collected in 29 localities among 9 latin-american countries, plus ticks collected in south africa, spain, and italy. sequences from latin america generated six different haplotypes (a, b, c, d, e, and f). phylogenetic analyses generated trees that segregated our tick sequences into two distinct clades: one is represented by haplotypes a-c, and south african r. sanguineus a ...201120858451
susceptibility of four tick species, amblyomma americanum, dermacentor variabilis, ixodes scapularis, and rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae), to nootkatone from essential oil of grapefruit.toxicity of nootkatone was determined in laboratory assays against unfed nymphs of amblyomma americanum l., dermacentor variabilis (say), ixodes scapularis say, and rhipicephalus sanguineus latreille. we determined the 50% lethal concentration (lc50) and 90% lethal concentration (lc90) of nootkatone by recording tick mortality 24 h after exposure in treated glass vials. nymphs were susceptible to nootkatone with lc50 values of 0.352, 0.233, 0.169, and 0.197 microg/cm2, and lc90 values of 1.001, ...201121485368
synergy between fipronil and amitraz in a rhipicephalus sanguineus tick residual contact test.amitraz, a formamidine acaricide, has been reported to act as a synergist of contact insecticides and acaricides in both agriculture and animal health. a laboratory contact test was therefore conducted to determine whether amitraz at 12.5 ppm could improve the contact potency of fipronil on ticks. a controlled glass vial bioassay was used to assess the efficacy of fipronil alone, amitraz alone, and fipronil plus amitraz on unfed adult rhipicephalus sanguineus. assessments of lethality were made ...201121243407
a focus of dogs and rickettsia massiliae-infected rhipicephalus sanguineus in california.a recurrent focus of rhipicephalus sanguineus infestation was investigated in a suburban area of southern california after reports of suspected rocky mountain spotted fever in two dogs on the same property. abundant quantities of rh. sanguineus were collected on the property and repeatedly from each dog, and rickettsia massiliae dna was detected by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). whole blood and serum samples from four dogs were tested by using pcr and microimmunofluorescent assay for antibodie ...201121292893
rna interference in ticks.ticks are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites of wild and domestic animals and humans, and are considered to be second worldwide to mosquitoes as vectors of human diseases(1) and the most important vectors affecting cattle industry worldwide(2). ticks are classified in the subclass acari, order parasitiformes, suborder ixodida and are distributed worldwide from arctic to tropical regions(3). despite efforts to control tick infestations, these ectoparasites remain a serious problem for human and ...201121304465
cold-stress response of engorged females of rhipicephalus sanguineus.we investigated the effect of prolonged exposure to low temperature on engorged females of rhipicephalus sanguineus. five groups of two females (f1-f5) were maintained at 8 ± 2°c, 70 ± 10% rh, and 24 h scotophase, for 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 days. one group was maintained in the incubator (26 ± 1°c, 70 ± 10% rh, and 24 h scotophase) as control. the results show that egg hatch rate, longevity and reproductive fitness of engorged females of r. sanguineus are negatively correlated with the duration o ...201121431929
tick-borne bacteria in mouflons and their ectoparasites in cyprus.the cypriot mouflon (ovis orientalis ophion), a once almost extirpated species of wild sheep, is under strict surveillance because it can be threatened by likely transmission of pathogenic bacteria, such as anaplasma spp., rickettsia spp., and coxiella burnetii, primarily from domestic ungulates. we collected 77 blood samples from cypriot mouflons and 663 of their ectoparasites (rhipicephalus turanicus, rhipicephalus sanguineus, rhipicephalus bursa, hyalomma anatolicum excavatum, hyalomma margin ...201121441182
short report: new spotted fever group rickettsia in a rhipicephalus turanicus tick removed from a child in eastern sicily, italy.a new genotype of spotted fever group rickettsia (sfgr) was identified in rhipicephalus turanicus from eastern sicily. on the basis of current molecular criteria, the genetic characteristics obtained from multiple locus sequence typing satisfy the requirements for candidatus status of this sfgr. further detection and identification of this sfgr during entomological and clinical surveys will be required to establish the prevalence of this rickettsia and its potential pathogenicity for humans.201121212209
babesiosis due to the canine babesia microti-like small piroplasm in dogs - first report from portugal and possible vertical transmission.abstract:201121489238
cytotoxic effects of permethrin in salivary glands of rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae) semi-engorged females.because of the medical and veterinary importance of ticks and the wide use of synthetic chemical substances such as permethrin (active ingredient of advantage® max3 - bayer)for their control, this study evaluated the effects of different concentrations (206, 1031 and 2062 ppm) of the acaricide on the salivary glands of rhipicephalus sanguineus semi-engorged females. results showed that permethrin is a potent substance that acts morpho-physiologically in the tick glandular tissue, causing changes ...201121352824
why is southern african canine babesiosis so virulent? an evolutionary perspective.abstract: canine babesiosis is a common, highly virulent disease in southern africa with even pups and juveniles being severely affected. this contrasts with bovine babesiosis, for example, where host, parasite and vector co-evolved and young animals develop immunity after infection without showing clinical signs. babesia rossi, the main causative organism of canine babesiosis in sub-saharan africa, was first described from a side-striped jackal (canis adustus) in kenya. although data are meagre ...201121489239
tick paralysis in australia caused by ixodes holocyclus neumann.ticks are obligate haematophagous ectoparasites of various animals, including humans, and are abundant in temperate and tropical zones around the world. they are the most important vectors for the pathogens causing disease in livestock and second only to mosquitoes as vectors of pathogens causing human disease. ticks are formidable arachnids, capable of not only transmitting the pathogens involved in some infectious diseases but also of inducing allergies and causing toxicoses and paralysis, wit ...201121396246
the hard-tick fauna of mainland portugal (acari: ixodidae): an update on geographical distribution and known associations with hosts and pathogens.this work is an updated revision of the available information on portuguese ixodid tick species. it includes data on tick biology, ecology, taxonomy and host/pathogen-associations. the current list of portuguese ixodid ticks comprises twenty species: dermacentor marginatus (sulzer, 1776), dermacentor reticulatus (fabricius, 1794), haemaphysalis hispanica gil collado, 1938, haemaphysalis inermis birula, 1895, haemaphysalis punctata canestrini & fanzago, 1878, hyalomma lusitanicum koch, 1844, hyal ...201121452063
risk factors for african tick-bite fever in rural central africa.african tick-bite fever is an emerging infectious disease caused by the spotted fever group rickettsia, rickettsia africae, and is transmitted by ticks of the genus amblyomma. to determine the seroprevalence of exposure to r. africae and risk factors associated with infection, we conducted a cross-sectional study of persons in seven rural villages in distinct ecological habitats of cameroon. we examined 903 plasma samples by using an indirect immunofluorescence assay for antibodies to r. africae ...201121460018
ticks as vectors of leishmania parasites.sand flies are the only accepted biological vectors of leishmania parasites. however, secondary modes of transmission have been extensively discussed and speculated about in recent years. in particular, the hypothesis of ticks as vectors of leishmania infantum was studied in the 20th century and today is being revisited using modern molecular biology techniques. recent studies have shed new light on the discussion, but have also led to misleading conclusions on the role of ticks as leishmania ve ...201121227752
one health: the importance of companion animal vector-borne diseases.abstract: the international prominence accorded the 'one health' concept of co-ordinated activity of those involved in human and animal health is a modern incarnation of a long tradition of comparative medicine, with roots in the ancient civilizations and a golden era during the 19th century explosion of knowledge in the field of infectious disease research. modern one health tends to focus on zoonotic pathogens emerging from wildlife and production animal species, but one of the most significan ...201121489237
the immunopathology of canine vector-borne diseases.abstract: the canine vector-borne infectious diseases (cvbds) are an emerging problem in veterinary medicine and the zoonotic potential of many of these agents is a significant consideration for human health. the successful diagnosis, treatment and prevention of these infections is dependent upon firm understanding of the underlying immunopathology of the diseases in which there are unique tripartite interactions between the microorganism, the vector and the host immune system. although signific ...201121489234
species diversity and geographic distribution of hard ticks (acari: ixodoidea: ixodidae) infesting domestic ruminants, in qazvin province, iran.this report presents the results of the first faunistic study of hard ticks in qazvin province of iran. the primary objective was to determine the species diversity and geographic distribution of hard ticks that parasitize domestic ruminants. information about the abiotic preferences of these species has been provided. a total of 286 cattle, 1,053 goats, and 2,050 sheep were examined in 13 villages in 28 flocks distributed throughout the studied areas. total direct body collections of ticks were ...201121805220
efficacy of a novel combination of fipronil, amitraz and (s)-methoprene for treatment and control of tick species infesting dogs in europe.four studies were conducted to show the effectiveness of a novel combination of fipronil, amitraz and (s)-methoprene in a spot-on formulation (certifect™, merial limited, ga, usa) for the therapeutic and preventive control of ixodid tick species affecting dogs in europe: ixodes ricinus, dermacentor reticulatus and rhipicephalus sanguineus. in each, untreated control dogs were compared to others treated with the novel combination. all dogs were infested with 50 adult, unfed ticks prior to treatme ...201121777735
a further insight into the sialome of the tropical bont tick, amblyomma variegatum.ticks--vectors of medical and veterinary importance--are themselves also significant pests. tick salivary proteins are the result of adaptation to blood feeding and contain inhibitors of blood clotting, platelet aggregation, and angiogenesis, as well as vasodilators and immunomodulators. a previous analysis of the sialotranscriptome (from the greek sialo, saliva) of amblyomma variegatum is revisited in light of recent advances in tick sialomes and provides a database to perform a proteomic study ...201121362191
diagnosis of hepatozoon canis in young dogs by cytology and pcr.abstract:201121489247
quantification of leishmania infantum dna in females, eggs and larvae of rhipicephalus sanguineus.:201121489252
tick-borne encephalitis virus in dogs - is this an issue?abstract: the last review on tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) in dogs was published almost ten years ago. since then, this zoonotic tick-borne arbovirus has been geographically spreading and emerging in many regions in eurasia and continues to do so. dogs become readily infected with tbe virus but they are accidental hosts not capable to further spread the virus. they seroconvert upon infection but they seem to be much more resistant to the clinical disease than humans. apart from their use as sent ...201121489255
cloning of the major outer membrane protein expression locus in anaplasma platys and seroreactivity of a species-specific antigen.anaplasma platys infects peripheral blood platelets and causes infectious cyclic thrombocytopenia in canines. the genes, proteins, and antigens of a. platys are largely unknown, and an antigen for serodiagnosis of a. platys has not yet been identified. in this study, we cloned the a. platys major outer membrane protein cluster, including the p44/msp2 expression locus (p44es/msp2es) and outer membrane protein (omp), using dna isolated from the blood of four naturally infected dogs from venezuela ...201121498646
vector databank in the indian armed forces.medical intelligence of disease vectors deals with understanding vector distribution and control.201127408077
migratory birds, ticks, and bartonella.bartonella spp. infections are considered to be vector-borne zoonoses; ticks are suspected vectors of bartonellae. migratory birds can disperse ticks infected with zoonotic pathogens such as rickettsia and tick-borne encephalitis virus and possibly also bartonella. thus, in the present study 386 tick specimens collected in spring 2009 from migratory birds on the mediterranean islands capri and antikythera were screened for bartonella spp. rna. one or more ticks were found on 2.7% of the birds. m ...201122957116
rickettsia felis, an emerging flea-transmitted human pathogen.rickettsia felis was first recognised two decades ago and has now been described as endemic to all continents except antarctica. the rickettsiosis caused by r. felis is known as flea-borne spotted fever or cat-flea typhus. the large number of arthropod species found to harbour r. felis and that may act as potential vectors support the view that it is a pan-global microbe. the main arthropod reservoir and vector is the cat flea, ctenocephalides felis, yet more than 20 other species of fleas, tick ...201124149035
hard ticks on domestic ruminants and their seasonal population dynamics in yazd province, iran.ticks are the main vectors for transmission of different pathogens to human and animals. this survey was performed to find out distribution of ticks, which infested the domestic ruminants in yazd province, central iran during year 2008-2009.201022808391
ecological approaches to informing public health policy and risk assessments on emerging vector-borne zoonoses.pathogens associated with vector-borne zoonoses occur in enzootic cycles within nature. they are driven by a combination of vertebrate host and invertebrate vector population dynamics, which in turn respond to changes in environmental stimuli. human involvement in these cycles, and hence the occurrence of human disease, is often to act as incidental host. from a public health perspective our ability to better predict human outbreaks of these diseases and prepare intervention and mitigation strat ...201022460391
insights into shell deposition in the antarctic bivalve laternula elliptica: gene discovery in the mantle transcriptome using 454 pyrosequencing.the antarctic clam, laternula elliptica, is an infaunal stenothermal bivalve mollusc with a circumpolar distribution. it plays a significant role in bentho-pelagic coupling and hence has been proposed as a sentinel species for climate change monitoring. previous studies have shown that this mollusc displays a high level of plasticity with regard to shell deposition and damage repair against a background of genetic homogeneity. the southern ocean has amongst the lowest present-day caco3 saturatio ...201020529341
molecular detection of anaplasma platys in a naturally-infected cat in brazil.following the accidental finding of inclusion bodies similar to anaplasma platys in a stained blood smear from a cat, dna analysis of the 16s rrna gene was performed and 100% identity was found with different strains of a. platys. these data confirm that cats are susceptible to parasitism by a. platys.201024031508
evidence of new pathogenic theileria species in dogs.babesiosis, caused by tick-borne haematozoan organisms of the genus babesia, is a parasitic disease of domestic and wild mammals. canine babesidae have historically been classified as "large babesia" (babesia canis) and "small babesia" (babesia gibsoni) based on the size of their intraerythrocytic forms. recent publications, however, suggest that the diversity of piroplasm species infecting dogs might be greater than previously appreciated. sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the ssrrna gene ...201021526030
prevalence, associated determinants, and in vivo chemotherapeutic control of hard ticks (acari: ixodidae) infesting domestic goats (capra hircus) of lower punjab, pakistan.a total of 800 goats of various breeds, age, and sex were randomly selected from muzaffargarh (m. garh) and layyah districts of lower punjab, pakistan. the selected goats were visited twice a month to collect information about determinants influencing goat tick infestation prevalence. for acaricidal efficacy, 360 tick-infested adult goats were subjected to an acaricidal treatment and post-treatment quantitative assessment of tick burden. quantification of adult tick detachment 24 h post-treatmen ...201020924608
rickettsial infections of dogs, horses and ticks in juiz de fora, southeastern brazil, and isolation of rickettsia rickettsii from rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks.the present study was performed in an area endemic for brazilian spotted fever (bsf) in juiz de fora, state of minas gerais, brazil, during the years 2007 and 2008, when fatal cases of bsf (caused by rickettsia rickettsii) were reported. adult ticks (acari: ixodidae) identified as rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille) and amblyomma cajennense (fabricius) were collected from dogs and horses, respectively, and tested by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). overall, 13.1% of the rh. sanguineus ticks and ...201020950356
the complete mitochondrial genome of the citrus red mite panonychus citri (acari: tetranychidae): high genome rearrangement and extremely truncated trnas.the family tetranychidae (chelicerata: acari) includes ~1200 species, many of which are of agronomic importance. to date, mitochondrial genomes of only two tetranychidae species have been sequenced, and it has been found that these two mitochondrial genomes are characterized by many unusual features in genome organization and structure such as gene order and nucleotide frequency. the scarcity of available sequence data has greatly impeded evolutionary studies in acari (mites and ticks). informat ...201020969792
ticks parasitizing humans in greece.abstract in summer 2008, two fatal cases were observed in northeastern greece: a crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) case (first report in greece) and a mediterranean spotted fever case. in total, 537 ticks removed from humans who referred for this reason to the two hospitals of the region during june-september 2008 were identified. the vast majority of them (81.5%) were rhipicephalus sanguineus, which is the main vector of rickettsia conorii, while hyalomma marginatum, the main vector of cch ...201020925519
fipronil-induced cell death in salivary glands of rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae) semi-engorged females.the tick rhipicephalus sanguineus is currently considered an urban plague. for this reason many studies are intended to find methods to control these ectoparasites. thus, the present study analyzed the ultrastructural modifications of the salivary glands cells of semi-engorged females of r. sanguineus resulting from their exposition to fipronil (active ingredient of frontline®). the studied individuals were divided into four groups. group 1 was exposed to distilled water (control) and groups 2, ...201020974132
ixodid ticks in bosnia and herzegovina.ticks of the ixodidae family represent an enormous threat to human and animal health. from january to december 2004, a total of 10,050 ixodid ticks were collected from 26 areas in bosnia and herzegovina and determined to the species level. ticks were collected from dogs, sheep, cows, goats, rodents, humans and plants. ixodes ricinus was the most prevalent species, followed by dermacentor marginatus marginatus, rhipicephalus bursa, hyalomma marginatum marginatum, rhipicephalus sanguineus, haemaph ...201020967487
effects of ricinus communis oil esters on salivary glands of rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae).this study showed the interference of esters extracted from ricinus communis in the secretory cycle of salivary glands of rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks, which consequently caused collateral effects on their feeding process. ticks attached on hosts which were fed with commercial feed containing different concentrations of r. communis oil esters suffered damages such as cytoplasmic changes in their salivary glands, notably in the acinar cells, impairing the functioning of the acini and accelerati ...201021070769
rhipicephalus sanguineus on dogs: relationships between attachment sites and tick developmental stages.the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus, is the most widespread tick in the world and infests primarily domestic dogs. studies on the bio-ecology of r. sanguineus have been carried out worldwide, but little is known of the on-dog relationships of tick developmental stages and their possible role on tick feeding performance, reproduction and pathogen transmission. we studied the relationships between different developmental stages of r. sanguineus on particular body areas of naturally infest ...201020957414
effects of ricinoleic acid esters from castor oil of ricinus communis on the vitellogenesis of rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae) ticks.this study examines the effects of ricinoleic acid esters from ricinus communis castor oil on the vitellogenesis of rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks attached to hosts that were fed with commercial rabbit food containing these esters. the oocytes of ticks from the treatment group (tg) showed cytoplasmic changes that inhibited the development of oocytes i and ii to the advanced stages (iv and v) in addition to preventing the maturation of oocytes v, resulting in small ones. in addition, sperm was no ...201021070770
seasonal variation in the effect of climate on the biology of rhipicephalus sanguineus in southern europe.rhipicephalus sanguineus is the most widespread tick in the world and a vector of many pathogens infecting dogs and humans. to date, there have been no investigations on the biology of r. sanguineus under natural mediterranean climatic conditions.201021078221
rhipicephalus microplus salivary gland molecules induce differential cd86 expression in murine macrophages.abstract:201021054882
sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the gp200 protein of ehrlichia canis from dogs in taiwan.ehrlichia (e.) canis is a gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium responsible for canine monocytic ehrlichiosis. currently, the genetic diversity of e. canis strains worldwide is poorly defined. in the present study, sequence analysis of the nearly full-length 16s rdna (1,620 bp) and the complete coding region (4,269 bp) of the gp200 gene, which encodes the largest major immunoreactive protein in e. canis, from 17 taiwanese samples was conducted. the resultant 16s rdna sequences were foun ...201021113103
prevalence of ixodid ticks on cattle and sheep southeast of iran.a survey was carried out to investigate the prevalence of hard tick species (acari: ixodidae) on cattle and sheep southeast of iran. a total of 972 ticks were collected from 280 infested cattle and 1,207 ticks were collected from 632 infested sheep during activating seasons of ticks in 2008-2009. the species collected from cattle were hyalomma marginatum marginatum (50.92%), hyalomma anatolicum excavatum (25.61%), hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (8.12%), hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum (1.85%), and ...201021113660
rickettsia in synanthropic and domestic animals and their hosts from two areas of low endemicity for brazilian spotted fever in the eastern region of minas gerais, brazil.the aim of this study was to understand the current epidemiology of rickettsial diseases in two rickettsial-endemic regions in brazil. in the municipalities of pingo d'agua and santa cruz do escalvado, among serum samples obtained from horses and dogs, reactivity by immunofluorescent assay against spotted fever group rickettsiae was verified. in some serum samples from opossums (didelphis aurita) captured in santa cruz do escalvado, serologic response against rickettsiae was also verified. polym ...201021118939
pathogens and symbionts in ticks: a survey on tick species distribution and presence of tick-transmitted micro-organisms in sardinia, italy.a total of 1485 adult ticks were collected from mammalian hosts in south-eastern sardinia, italy, during the years 2007-2008. ticks were identified and tested by pcr analysis for presence of rickettsia species of the spotted fever group, ehrlichia canis, anaplasma phagocytophilum, coxiella burnetii, bartonella species and leishmania species. among all tick species examined (rhipicephalus sanguineus, rhipicephalus turanicus, rhipicephalus bursa, rhipicephalus pusillus, hyalomma marginatum margina ...201020884769
infrequency of rickettsia rickettsii in dermacentor variabilis removed from humans, with comments on the role of other human-biting ticks associated with spotted fever group rickettsiae in the united states.abstract from 1997 to 2009, the tick-borne disease laboratory of the u.s. army public health command (usaphc) (formerly the u.s. army center for health promotion and preventive medicine) screened 5286 dermacentor variabilis ticks removed from department of defense (dod) personnel, their dependents, and dod civilian personnel for spotted fever group rickettsiae using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. rickettsia montanensis (171/5286 = 3.2%) and ricke ...201021142953
bartonella infection in shelter cats and dogs and their ectoparasites.abstract mainly through vector transmission, domestic cats and dogs are infected by several bartonella spp. and represent a large reservoir for human infections. this study investigated the relationship of prevalences of bartonella infection in shelter dogs and cats and various ectoparasite species infesting them (fleas, ticks, and lice). moreover, relationships between bartonella infection and animal gender and age and presence of ectoparasites were analyzed. blood samples were collected from 1 ...201021142966
crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever in european part of turkey: genetic analysis of the virus strains from ticks and a seroepidemiological study in humans.abstract a survey of ticks from domestic ruminants, together with a serosurvey in humans was conducted in thrace (northwestern turkey) to evaluate the prevalence of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) in ticks and humans. more prevalent ticks were hyalomma marginatum, hyalomma aegyptium, rhipicephalus bursa, and rhipicephalus (boophilus) annulatus, with low numbers of dermacentor marginatus, rhipicephalus sanguineus group, and ixodes ricinus. no differences in the tick faunal compositi ...201021028961
cytotoxic effects of permethrin in oocytes of rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae) fully engorged females: i. direct or indirect action of the acaricide in germ cells?given the wide use of synthetic chemicals to control ticks, this study evaluated the effects of the permethrin pyrethroid on oocytes of rhipicephalus sanguineus fully engorged females in order to examine whether this compound, in addition to the proven neurotoxic effect, also acts directly on germ cells. the results revealed that permethrin effectively inhibits and/or interrupts the reproductive process of r. sanguineus. exposed oocytes exhibited prominent structural changes such as altered shap ...201020960224
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